LIBRARY 

UNIVERSITY 
CALIFOR  ; 
SANTA  CRUZ 


NEW  MANUAL  OF  BOTANY 


OF    THE 


CENTRAL  ROCKY  MOUNTAINS 

(VASCULAR  PLANTS) 


BY 

JOHN  M.  COULTER,  PH.  D. 

PROFESSOR   OF   BOTANY,   THE   UNIVERSITY  OF  CHICAGO 
REVISED    BY 

AVEN  NELSON,  PH.  D. 

PROFESSOR    OF  BOTANY,  THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  WYOMING 


NEW  YORK  • : .  CINCINNATI  . : .  CHICAGO 

AMERICAN   BOOK   COMPANY 


COPYRIGHT,  1909,  BY 
JOHN    M.    COULTER 


Entered  at  Stationers'  Hall,  London 

W.  P.     2 


PREFACE 

IN  1885  the  Manual  of  the  Botany  of  the  Rocky  Mountain  Region 
was  published.  It  was  based  upon  general  explorations  of  the 
region  concerned,  and  was  confessedly  tentative.  During  the 
last  twenty-four  years,  general  explorations  of  the  vascular  flora 
have  merged  into  more  or  less  intensive  studies,  and  the  manual 
long  ago  became  inadequate. 

It  was  the  original  purpose  to  revise  it  as  frequently  as  new 
material  justified,  but  the  author's  time  and  attention  became 
absorbed  in  other  kinds  of  botanical  work,  so  that  no  revision  has 
appeared.  As  the  book  continued  to  be  in  demand,  it  seemed 
necessary,  in  justice  to  its  users,  to  bring  it  up  to  date.  This  work 
has  been  undertaken  by  Professor  Aven  Nelson  of  the  University 
of  Wyoming  (Laramie),  whose  great  familiarity  with  the  flora  of 
the  Rocky  Mountain  region  suggested  his  fitness  for  the  task. 

Professor  Nelson  has  completely  rewritten  the  book,  and  in 
such  a  way  that  it  is  as  far  from  being  a  compilation  as  so  general 
a  manual  can  be.  He  has  checked  up  the  descriptions  by  an 
examination  of  the  plants  and  by  his  extensive  field  experience. 
Descriptions  and  keys  have  been  tested  repeatedly,  and  are 
believed  to  be  workable. 

The  manual  is  intended  to  represent  current  knowledge  in 
reference  to  the  flora  for  the  benefit  of  the  ordinary  user  of  a 
manual.  The  professional  taxonomist  will  not  find  in  it  all  of  the 
subdivisions  of  genera  and  species  that  he  might  wish,  but  it  is 
thought  that  this  will  make  it  more  serviceable  to  the  general 
user,  and  that  it  presents  an  adequate  account  of  the  flora  from 
the  more  conservative  viewpoint. 

The  sequence  of  families  is  that  known  as  Engler's,  which  is  in 
general  use  by  botanists;  and  the  nomenclature,  so  far  as  practi- 
cable, is  that  adopted  by  the  Vienna  Congress.  Names  following 
the  descriptions,  but  without  citation  or  parenthesis,  are  those 
of  the  old  manual,  which  have  been  changed.  Names  with  cita- 
tion and  parenthesis  represent  what  are  regarded  as  synonyms. 
When  new  combinations  have  been  found  necessary,  the  discarded 


4  PREFACE 

combinations  are  indicated  as  are  other  synonyms.  Common 
names  have  been  used  sparingly,  for  it  has  not  been  deemed 
wise  to  propose  them  when  they  are  not  already  in  general  use. 

The  area  covered  can  be  outlined  somewhat  more  exactly  than 
in  the  previous  edition,  as  the  natural  boundaries  of  our  floras  are 
now  better  understood,  which  do  not  always  coincide  with  the 
boundaries  of  States  and  Territories.  The  purpose  has  been  to  use 
Colorado  as  the  center  of  the  flora  included  in  the  manual,  and  to 
present  complete  the  flora  of  that  State,  of  Wyoming,  of  Yellow- 
stone Park,  and  of  the  Black  Hills  of  South  Dakota;  also  to  in- 
clude most  of  Montana,  southern  Idaho,  the  eastern  half  of  Utah, 
and  the  northern  half  of  New  Mexico  and  adjacent  Arizona. 
Naturally  the  manual  will  also  cover  fairly  well  an  indefinite 
border  to  the  territory  outlined. 

It  is  not  possible  to  acknowledge  all  the  sources  of  information 
in  the  preparation  of  a  manual,  but  the  following  list  of  authors 
may  be  cited,  from  whose  publications,  descriptions  and  keys 
have  been  obtained:  LeRoy  Abrams,  L.  H.  Bailey,  N.  L.  Britton, 
F.  V.  Coville,  M.  L.  Fernald,  L.  N.  Goodding,  Asa  Gray,  E.  L. 
Greene,  J.  M.  Greenman,  H.  M.  Hall,  Thomas  Howell,  W.  L. 
Jepson,  Elias  Nelson,  C.  V.  Piper,  B.  L.  Robinson,  J.  N.  Rose, 
P.  A.  Rydberg,  J.  K.  Small,  William  Trelease,  Sereno  Watson, 
and  many  others. 

JOHN  M.  COULTER. 
THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  CHICAGO. 


Ever  since  Professor  Coulter  invited  me  to  undertake  the  re- 
vision of  his  well  known  Manual  I  have  had  his  advice  and  en- 
couragement. The  work  has  gone  through  the  press  under  his 
direct  supervision,  and  all  of  the  proof  sheets  have  passed  through 
his  hands.  I  take  great  pleasure,  therefore,  in  acknowledging  my 
indebtedness  and  in  expressing  my  gratitude  for  his  courtesy  and 
helpfulness.  If  this  new  edition  serves  its  purpose  as  well  as  the 
first,  a  large  measure  of  credit  must  be  given  to  Professor  Coulter. 
For  any  errors  that  the  book  may  contain,  I  assume  entire  re- 
sponsibility, 

AVEN  NELSON. 
THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  WYOMING. 


CONTENTS 

ANALYTICAL  KEY  TO  THE  FAMILIES 7 

PTERIDOPHYTES  (FAMILIES  1-7)     .         .         .      .  .      '  .        .'      .    t    .  17 

SPERMATOPHYTES  (FAMILIES  8-116)       .        .        .        ...        .  .26 

GYMNOSPERMS  (FAMILIES  8-9)            .         .        .        .        .        .  .  26 

ANGIOSPERMS  (FAMILIES  10-116)       .        .         .         .  .  '  .        .  .  31 

MONOCOTYLEDONS  (FAMILIES  10-27)       ....     ^J>  .  31 

DICOTYLEDONS  (FAMILIES  28-116)       «   ...  •     .        ,:      .     ;/.  .  127 

ARCHICHLAMYDEAE  (FAMILIES  28-85)          .        .      '  .        *  .  127 

SYMPETALAE  (FAMILIES  86-116)          ,        .        .        .  ^     ,.  ,366 

SUMMARY        .        .        .         .        .        ,        .        .        .     •  ;        .  603 

ABBREVIATIONS  OF  AUTHORS'  NAMES  .        .    •     ."     .      *,*        .  t.  606 

LIST  OF  NEW  NAMES  AND  COMBINATIONS   .        ...        .        .  .  608 

GLOSSARY       .        .        .'     '  .        .        .        .        ^        .        .        .  .  611 

INDEX  623 


ANALYTICAL  KEY  TO  THE  FAMILIES* 


DIVISION  I.     PTERIDOPHYTES 

Fern-like,  moss-like,  or  rush-like  vascular  plants  without  true  flowers  or 
seeds. 

Stems  conspicuously  jointed,  their  nodes  covered  by  toothed  sheaths; 

sporangia  on  the  scales  of  terminal  dry  cone-like  spikes     4.  EQUISETACEAE,  23 
Stems  without  conspicuously  sheathed  joints. 

Leaves    closely    imbricated    or    very    narrow;    sporangia    sessile, 

axillary. 

Stem  short,  conn-like;  leaves  subulate  to  long-linear  5.  ISOETACEAE,  24 

Stems   elongated,    creeping   or   branching;   leaves   very   short, 

crowded  or  imbricated. 

Sporangia  of  two  kinds,  some  containing  many  minute  spores 
(microspores),  others  bearing  few  (usually  3-4)  much 
larger  spores  (megaspores)  7.  SELAGINELLACEAE,  27 

Sporangia  bearing  uniform  minute  spores  6.  LYCOPODIACEAE,  25 

Leaves  (fronds)  not  closely  imbricated;  if  narrow  without  axillary 

sporangia. 
Leaves  (fronds)  4-foliate,  sporocarps  (inclosing  the  sporangia) 

stalked  from  the  creeping  stem  3.  MARSILEACEAE,  23 

Leaves  (fronds)  not  4-foliate,  simple  or  variously  cleft;  sporangia 
borne  on  the   underside  of  the  ordinary  fronds    (leaves)  or 
on  sporophylls  (specialized  spore-bearing  leaves). 
Sterile  segment  of  the  frond  simple;  the  fertile  a  long-stalked 

simple  spike  1.  OPHIO  GLOSS ACEAE,  17 

Sterile  and  fertile  fronds  or  segments  more  or  less  cleft,  either 

conspicuously  unlike  or  essentially  similar          2.  POLYPODIACEAE,  18 

DIVISION  II.     SPERMATOPHYTES 
Plants  with  seeds  and  mostly  true  flowers. 

SUBDIVISION  I.     GYMNOSPERMS 

Ovules  not  in  a  closed  ovary.    Trees  and  shrubs  with  needle-shaped,  linear, 
or  scale-like  leaves  (mostly  evergreen),  and  monoecious  or  dioecious  cones. 

Staminate  and  pistillate  cones  with  no  true  flowers  (perianth  none), 

the  pistillate  becoming  dry  or  berry-like  8.  PINACEAE,  26 

Staminate  flowers  in  aments;  pistillate  single  or  in  pairs;  perianth 
urn-shaped;  low  shrubs  with  jointed  branches,  and  leaves  re- 
duced to  sheathing  scales  9.  GNETACEAE,  30 

*  Adapted  from  Gray's  New  Manual  of  Botany,  as  revised  by  Dr.  B.  L.  Robinson  and 
Professor  M,  L,  Fernald, 


8  ANALYTICAL   KEY 

SUBDIVISION  II.     ANGIOSPERMS 
Ovules  borne  in  a  closed  ovary,  which  at  maturity  becomes  the  fruit. 

CLASS  1.     MONOCOTYLEDONS 

Stems  mostly  without  central  pith  or  annular  layers,  but  having  the  woody 
fibers  in  small  separate  bundles  which  appear,  in  cross  section,  irregularly 
dispersed  throughout  the  cellular  tissue.  Leaves  mostly  parallel- veined. 
Embryo  with  a  single  cotyledon  and  the  first  leaves  in  germination  alternate. 
Parts  of  the  flower  usually  in  threes  or  sixes,  never  in  fives.  Our  species 
herbaceous. 

THALLOID   AQUATICS  WITHOUT  TRUE   STEMS  OR  LEAVES 

The  plant  body  lens-shaped,   ellipsoidal,   or  flask-shaped,   floating 

18.  LEMNACEAE,  105 

PLANTS  WITH  STEMS  AND  LEAVES 

PERIANTH    FREE    FROM    THE    OVARY   OR    WANTING 

Perianth  wanting,  or  of  scale-like  or  bristle- form  divisions. 

Flowers  inclosed  or  subtended  by  imbricated  chaff-like  scales 
(glumes);  grass-like  plants  with  jointed  stems,  sheathing  and 
mostly  narrow  leaves,  and  one-seeded  fruit. 

Stems  hollow,  round,  or  flattened;  leaf-sheaths  split;  anthers  at- 
tached by  the  middle  16.  GRAMINEAE,  38 
Stems  solid,  usually  more  or  less  triangular;  leaf-sheaths  not  split; 

anthers  attached  at  the  base  17.  CYPERACEAE,  84 

Flowers  not  inclosed  in  chaff-like  scales  (though  sometimes  in  in- 

volucrate  heads). 
Immersed  aquatics,  branching  and  leafy,  the  upper  leaves  often 

floating  12.  NAIADACEAE,  33 

Terrestrial  or  marsh  plants. 

Flowers  monoecious  or  dioecious. 

Flowers  in  cylindrical  spikes  10.  TYPHACEAE,  31 

Flowers  in  lateral  heads  11.  SPARGANIACEAE,  32 

Flowers  perfect. 

Ovaries  3-6,  separating  at  least  when  ripe  13.  JUNCAGINACEAE,  36 

Ovary  single,  of  3  carpels  21  JUNCACEAE,  108 

Perianth  always  present,  herbaceous  or  colored,  never  scale-like  nor  bristle- 
form. 

Pistils  numerous,  in  a  head  or  ring  14.  ALISMACEAE,  37 

Pistil  1,  cells  or  placentae  mostly  3. 
Stamens  all  alike  and  fertile. 

Ovary  of  nearly  separate  carpels  13.  JTTNCAGTNACEAE,  36 

Ovary  often  angled  or  lobed  but  not  deeply  cleft. 
Flowers  perfect ;  plants  not  climbing. 

Divisions  of  the  perianth  alike  or  nearly  so. 

Plant   rush-like;   perianth   small,   greenish   or   purplish- 
brown  21.  JUNCACEAE,  108 
Plant  not  rush-like, 


ANALYTICAL   KEY  9 

Styles  united,  often  short,  or  rarely  wanting;  capsule 

loculicidal. 
Plants    with    bulbs,    corms,    erect    rootstocks,    or 

caudices,  or  bundles  of  fleshy  roots  22.  LILIACEAE,  113 

Plants  with  elongated  horizontal  rootstocks 

24.    CONVALLARIACEAE,   119 

Styles  distinct;  capsule  septicidal  23.  MELANTHACEAE,  117 

Divisions  of  the  perianth  unlike  (3  green  sepals  and  3  col- 
ored petals) ;  leaves  linear  and  the  flowers  in  umbels 

19.    COMMELINACEAE,   107 

Flowers  dioecious;  plants  scrambling  or  climbing     25.  SMILACACEAE,  121 
Stamens  dissimilar,  or  only  3  with  fertile  anthers. 

Peiianth  of  3  herbaceous  sepals  and  3  colored  ephemeral  petals 

19.    COMMELINACEAE,   107 

Perianth  tubular,  6-lobed  20.  PONTEDERIACEAE,  108 

PERIANTH   PRESENT,   ADNATE  TO   THE   OVARY 

Stamens  3  or  more;  flowers  regular  or  nearly  so. 

Aquatics,   ripening   their   fruit   under  water;   flowers   dioecious   or 

polygamous  15.  HYDROCHARITACEAE,  38 

Terrestrial  plants  with  perfect  flowers,  and  2-ranked  equitant  leaves 

26.  IRIDACEAE,  121 

Stamens  1  or  2;  flowers  irregular. 

Sepals  usually  3;  petals  usually  3,  one  of  which  (the  lip)  is  generally 

spurred  27.  ORCHIDACEAE,  122 

CLASS  2.     DICOTYLEDONS 

Stems  with  central  pith  inclosed  by  a  zone  of  wood.  Leaves  net- veined. 
Embryo  with  a  pair  of  opposite  cotyledons.  Parts  of  the  flower  mostly  in 
fours  or  fives. 

COROLLA  WANTING;  OFTEN  THE  CALYX  ALSO 

FLOWERS    MONOECIOUS    OR    DIOECIOUS;    ONE    OR    BOTH    SORTS    IN    AMENTS 

Staminate  or  pistillate  flowers  (not  both)  in  aments  or  in  ament-like  clusters. 

Trees;  the  leaves  alternate. 
The  sap  not  milky. 

Fruit  a  samara,  winged  all  around  31.  ULMACEAE,  143 

Fruit  a  nut  or  an  achene  30.  FAGACEAE,  141 

The  sap  milky  32.  MORACEAE,  143 

Herbs  or  herbaceous  vines,  mostly  with  opposite  leaves. 

Styles  and  stigmas  2  32.  MORACEAE,  143 

Style  and  stigma  1  33.  URTICACEAE,  144 

Staminate  and  pistillate  flowers  both  in  aments. 

Ovary  becoming  a  1-celled,  many-seeded  pod;  the  seeds  hairy-tufted 

28.  SALICACEAE,  127 

Ovary  becoming  a  1-seeded  nut,  achene,  or  berry. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  not  parasitic  29.  BETULACEAE,  139 

Plants  parasitic  on  trees  34.  LORANTHACEAE,  145 


10  ANALYTICAL  KEY 

FLOWERS   NOT  IN   AMENTS 

Ovary  or  its  cells  1-2  (rarely  8~4)-ovuled. 

Pistils  more  than  1,  distinct  or  nearly  so. 

Stamens  inserted  on  the  calyx;  leaves  with  stipules  54.  ROSACEAE,  245 

Stamens  inserted  on  the  receptacle;  calyx  present,  usually  petal- 
like  45.  RANUNCULACEAE,  189 
Pistil  1,  simple  or  compound. 

Ovary  free  from  the  calyx,  which  is  sometimes  wanting. 

Stipules  (ochreae)  sheathing  the  stem  at  the  nodes      36.  POLYGONACEAE,  147 
Stipules  (if  present)  not  sheathing  the  stem. 
Herbs. 

Aquatics,  submerged  or  nearly  so. 

Leaves  whorled,  dissected;  style  1  44.  CERATOPHYLLACEAE,  189 

Leaves  opposite,  entire;  styles  2  65.  CALLITRICHACEAE,  311 

Not  aquatics. 

Style  (if  any)  1  and  stigma  1. 

Flowers  unisexual;  ovary  of  the  fertile  flowers  1 -celled 

33.  URTICACEAE,  144 
Flowers  perfect ;  pod  2-celled  and  2-seeded,  Lepidium  in 

48.  CRUCIFERAE,  207 

Styles  2—3,  or  branched;  ovary  1— 4-celled. 
Ovary  and  pod  3-celled;  juice  usually  milky 

64.    EUPHORBIACEAE,  308 

Ovary  not  3-celled;  juice  not  milky. 

Flowers   in   an   involucrate  head;  fruit  a  3-angled 

achene,   Eriogonum  in  36.  POLYGONACEAE,  147 

Flowers  not  involucrate. 

Leaves   cohered,   at  least  beneath,   with  stellate 

hairs  64.  EUPHORBIACEAE,  308 

Leaves  without  stellate  hairs. 
Leaves  opposite. 

Plant  fleshy,  Salicornia  in  37.  CHENOPODIACEAE,  160 

Plant  not  fleshy. 

Flowers  in  heads  or  spikes ;  anthers  1-celled 

38.  AMARANTHACEAE,  170 
Flowers  sessile  in  forks  of  branching  in- 
florescence, Paronychia  in 

42.  CARYOPHYLLACEAE,  180 
Leaves  alternate. 

Flowers  and  bracts  scarious         38.  AMARANTHACEAE,  170 
Flowers  chiefly  greenish,  no  scarious  bracts 

37.  CHENOPODIACEAE,  160 
Shrubs  or  trees. 
Leaves  opposite. 

Fruit  3-celled,  not  winged  70.  RHAMNACEAE,  314 

Fruit  winged. 

Fruit  2-celled,  a  double  samara  69.  ACERACEAE,  313 

Fruit  1-celled,  a  single  samara  91.  OLEACEAE,  378 

Leaves  alternate. 

Ovary  3-celled  70.  RHAMNACEAE,  314 

Ovary  1-celled  31.  ULMACEAE,  143 


ANALYTICAL   KEY  11 

Ovary  inferior  or  so  closely  and  permanently  invested  by  the 

calyx  as  to  appear  so. 

Parasites  on  the  branches  of  trees  34.  LORANTHACEAE,  145 

Not  parasitic. 

Aquatic  herbs  82.  HALORAGIDACEAE,  345 

Terrestrial. 

Herbs  with  the  calyx  corolla-like. 

Leaves  opposite  39.  NYCTAGINACEAE,  172 

Leaves  alternate  35.  SANTALACEAE,  146 

Shrubs  or  trees  with  scurfy  leaves  79.  ELAEAGNACEAE,  331 

Ovary  or  its  cells  containing  many  ovules. 
Ovary  or  ovaries  superior. 

Ovaries  2  or  more,  separate  45.  RANUNCULACEAE,  189 

Ovary  1. 

Ovary  3-5-celled;  leaves  opposite  or  whorled  40.  AIZOACEAE,  176 

Ovary  1-2-celled.  « 

Leaves  compound  45.  RANUNCULACEAE,  189 

Leaves  simple. 

Sepals  distinct  42.  CARYOPHYLLACEAE,  180 

Sepals  more  or  less  united. 

Calyx  5-toothed  or  -cleft,  Glaux  in  90.  PRIMULACEAE,  372 

Calyx  4-toothed  or  -cleft,  Synthyris  in       104.  SCROPHULARIACEAE,  437 

Ovary  and  pod  inferior,  Chrysosplenium  in  51.  SAXIFRAGACEAE,  233 

CALYX  AND  COROLLA  BOTH  PRESENT 

COROLLA  OF  SEPARATE  PETALS 

Stamens  numerous,  at  least  more  than  10  (rarely  9-10  in  Polanisia)  and  more 
than  twice  as  many  as  the  sepals  or  calyx-lobes. 
Calyx  entirely  free  and  separate  from  the  pistil  or  pistils. 

Pistils  several  to  many,  wholly  distinct,  or  united  at  base  into  a 

strongly  lobed  or  several-beaked  ovary. 

Aquatics  with  peltate  leaves  43.  NYMPHAEACEAE,  188 

Terrestrial  plants. 

Usually  climbers,  with  opposite  leaves,  Clematis  in 

45.  RANUNCULACEAE,  189 
Not  climbing,  the  leaves  alternate. 

Filaments  united  into  a  tube  72.  MALVACEAE,  316 

Filaments  distinct,  on  the  calyx  54.  ROSACEAE,  245 

Pistils  strictly  1  as  to  ovary;  the  styles  and  stigmas  sometimes 

more  numerous. 

Leaves  punctate  with  pellucid  dots  75.  HYPERICACEAE,  320 

Leaves  not  punctate. 
Ovary  simple,  1 -celled. 

Ovules  2,  seed  solitary  56.  DRUPACEAE,  269 

Ovules  many;  leaves  2-3-ternately  compound  or  dissected 

45.  RANUNCULACEAE,  189 
Ovary   compound   as   shown    by   the   number   of    its   cells, 

placentae,  styles,  or  stigmas. 
Ovary  1-celled.  ft 

Placentae  parietal;  juice  watery,  milky,  or  yellow. 

Sepals  2  (rarely  3)  47.  PAPAVERACEAE,  205 


12  ANALYTICAL   KEY 


Is  4  49.  CAPPARIDACEAE,  231 

Placentae  central;  juice  watery;  sepals  2        41.  PORTULACACEAE,  176 
Ovary  several-celled. 

Calyx  valvate  in  bud;  stamens  united  72.  MALVACEAE,  316 

Calyx  imbricate  in  bud;  stamens  not  united     43.  NYMPHAEACEAJ:,  188 
Calyx  more  or  less  united  to  a  compound  ovary. 

Ovary  1-5-celled  (10-celled  in  one  genus  of  Pomaceae). 

Fleshy-stemmed,  without  true  leaves;  petals  numerous     78.  CACTACEAE,  326 
Leaves  present. 

Sepals  or  calyx-lobes  2;  ovules  arising  from  the  base  of  a 

1-celled  ovary  41.  PORTULACACEAE,  176 

Sepals  or  calyx-lobes  more  than  2. 

Leaves  opposite ;  stipules  none  53.  H YDRANQEACEAE,  243 

Leaves  alternate. 
Stipules  present. 

Carpels  distinct,  free  from  the  calyx-tube;  fruit  achenes, 

follicles,  or  drupelets.      » 
Carpels  several  or  numerous,  or  if  solitary  becoming 

an  achene  54.  ROSACEAE,  245 

Carpel  solitary,  becoming  a  drupe  56.  DRUPACEAE,  269 

Carpels  united,  inclosed  by  and  adnate  to  the  calyx- 
tube;  fruit  a  pome  55.  POMACEAE,  265 
Stipules  wanting;  herbage  rough-pubescent              77.  LOASACEAE,  324 

Stamens  not  more  than  twice  as  many  as  .the  petals. 

Stamens  of  the  same  number  as  the  petals  and  opposite  them. 
Ovary  2-4-celled. 

Calyx-lobes  minute  or  obsolete;  petals  valvate  71.  VITACEAE,  315 

Calyx  4-5-cleft;  petals  involute  70.  RHAMNACEAE,  314 

Ovary  1-celled. 

Anthers  opening  by  uplifted  valves  46.  BERBERIDACEAE,  204 

Anthers  not  opening  by  uplifted  valves. 

Style  1,  unbranched;  stigma  1  90.  PRIMULACEAE,  372 

Styles,  style  branches,  or  stigmas  more   than   1;   sepals  or 

calyx-lobes  2  41.  PORTULACACEAE,  176 

Stamens  not  of  the  same  number  as  the  petals,  or  if  of  the  same 

number  alternate  with  them. 

Calyx  free  from  the  ovary,  i.  e.,  ovary  wholly  superior. 
Ovaries  2  or  more,  wholly  separate  or  somewhat  united. 

Stamens  united  with  each  other  and  with  a  large  thick  stigma 

common  to  the  two  ovaries  '95.  ASCLEPIADACEAE,  386 

Stamens  free  from  each  other  and  from  the  pistils. 
Stamens  on  the  receptacle,  free  from  the  calyx. 

Leaves  punctate  with  translucent  dots;  shrubs       62.  RUTACEAE,  306 
Leaves  without  translucent  dots;  herbs. 

Leaves  fleshy  50.  CRASSULACEAE,  232 

Leaves  not  fleshy. 

Ovary  or  lobes  of  the  ovary  2-5,  with  a  common 

style. 

Ovary  2-3-lobed  66.  LIMNANTHACEAE,  312 

Ovary  5-lobed  58.  GERANIACEAE,  302 

Ovaries  with  separate  styles  or  sessile  stigmas 

45.  RANUNCULACEAE,  189 


ANALYTICAL   KEY  13 

Stamens  inserted  on  the  calyx. 

Plant  fleshy;  stamens  just  twice  as  many  as  the  pistils 

50.  CRASSULACEAE,  232 
Plant  not  fleshy ;  stamens  not  twice  as  many  as  the  pistils. 

Stipules  present  54.  ROSACEAE,  245 

Stipules  wanting  51.  SAXIFKAGACEAE,  233 

Ovary  1. 

Ovary  simple,  with  1  parietal  placenta  57.  LEGUMINOSAE,  270 

Ovary  compound,  as  shown  by  the  number  of  its  cells,  pla- 
centae, styles,  or  stigmas. 
Ovary  1-celled. 
Corolla  irregular. 

Petals  4;  stamens  6,  Corydalis  in  47.  PAPAVEBACEAE,  205 

Petals  and  stamens  5  76.  VIOLACEAE,  320 

Corolla  regular  or  nearly  so. 

Ovule  solitary;  trees  or  shrubs  67.  ANACARDIACEAE,  312 

Ovules  more  than  1. 

Ovules  at  the  center  or  bottom  of  the  cell. 

Petals  not  inserted  on  the  calyx       42.  CARYOPHYLLACEAE,  180 
Petals  inserted  on  the  throat  of  a  bell-shaped  or 

tubular  calyx  80.  LYTHRACEAE,  332 

Ovules  on  2  or  more  parietal  placentae. 

Leaves  punctate  with  translucent  dots   75.  HYPERICACEAE,  320 
Leaves  not  punctate. 
Petals  4  or  5 ;  stamens  6. 

Stamens  essentially  equal.  ', 

Calyx  persistent;  fruit  a  capsule  74.  FRANKENIACEAE,  319 
Calyx  deciduous;  fruit  a  stipitate  pod 

49.  CAPP  ARID  ACE  AE,  231 
Stamens  unequal,  two  being  shorter  than  the 

other  four;  pod  sessile  48.  CRTJCIFERAE,  207 

Petals  4  or  5;  stamens  as  many;  fruit  a  berry 

52.  GROSSTJLARIACEAE,  241 
Ovary  2-several-celled. 

Flowers  irregular;  anthers  opening  at  the  top    63.  POLYGALACEAE,  307 
Flowers  regular  or  nearly  so. 

Stamens  neither  just  as  many  nor  twice  as  many  as  the 

petals. 
Trees  or  shrubs. 

Stamens  usually  fewer  than  the  4  petals        91.  OLEACEAE,  378 
Stamens  more  numerous  than  the  petals. 

Woody  throughout;  fruit  a  double  samara  69.  ACERACEAE,  313 
Woody  at  base  only;  fruit  a  capsule  74.  FRANKENIACEAE,  319 
Herbs. 

Petals  5  75.  HYPERICACEAE,  320 

Petals  4  48.  CRUCIFERAE,  207 

Stamens  just  as  many  or  twice  as  many  as  the  petals. 
Ovules  and  seeds  only  1  or  2  in  each  cell. 
Herbs. 

Flowers  monoecious  or  dioecious      64.  EUPHORBIACEAE,  308 
Flowers  perfect  and  symmetrical. 

Cells  of  the  ovary  as  many  as  the  sepals. 

Ovary  2-3-celled  66.  LIMNANTHACEAE,  312 


14  ANALYTICAL   KEY 

Ovary  5-celled  58.  GERANIACEAE,  302 

Cells  of  the  ovary  twice  as  many  as  the  sepals. 

Leaves  abruptly  pinnate  61.  ZYGOPHYLLACEAE,  306 

Leaves  simple  60.  LINACEAE,  304 

Shrubs  or  trees,  with  opposite  leaves. 

Leaves  palmately  veined  69.  ACEBACEAE,  313 

Leaves  pinnately  veined  68.  CELASTRACEAE,  313 

Ovules  and  usually  seeds  several  or  many  in  each  cell. 
Leaves  compound;  the  leaflets  3,  obcordate 

59.    OXALIDACEAE,  304 

Leaves  simple. 

Stipules  present  between  opposite  leaves 

73.  ELATINACEAE,  319 

Stipules  none  when  the  leaves  are  opposite. 
Style  1. 

Stamens  frefe  from  the  calyx. 

With  broad  green  leaves  86.  PYROLACEAE,  366 

Without  green  leaves  87.  MONOTROPACEAE,  368 

Stamens  inserted  on  the  calyx          80.  LYTHRACEAE,  332 

Styles  2-5;  leaves  opposite        42.  CARYOPHYLLACEAE,  180 

Calyx-tube  adherent  to  the  ovary,  at  least  to  its  lower  half. 

Tendril-bearing  and  often  succulent  herbs  112.  CTJCTJRBITACEAE,  472 

Not  tendril-bearing. 

Ovules  and  seeds  more  than  1  in  each  cell. 
Ovary  1 -celled. 

Sepals  or  calyx-lobes  2;  ovules  borne  at  the  base  of  the 

ovary  41.  PORTULACACEAE,  176 

Sepals  or  calyx-lobes  4-5;  placentae  2-3;  fruit  a  berry 

52.  GROSSULARIACEAE,  241 
Ovary  2— many-celled. 

Stamens  inserted  on  or  about  a  flat  disk  which  covers  the 

ovary  68.  CELASTRACEAE,  313 

Stamens  inserted  on  the  calyx. 

Style  1 ;  stamens  4  or  8  81.  ONAGRACEAE,  333 

Styles  2-3;  stamens  5  or  10  51.  SAXIFRAGACEAE,  233 

Ovules  and  seeds  only  1  in  each  cell. 
Stamens  5  or  10. 
Trees  or  shrubs. 

Leaves  simple,  Crataegus  in  55.  POMACEAE,  265 

Leaves  compound  or  prickly  83.  ARALIACEAE,  346 

Herbs. 

Fruit  dry,  splitting  at  maturity;  styles  2     84.  UMBELLIFERAE,  346 
Fruit  berry-like;  styles  2-5,  separate  or  united  83.  ARALIACEAE,  346 
Stamens  4  or  8. 

Style  and  stigma  1 ;  fruit  a  drupe  85.  CORNACEAE,  365 

Fruit  not  drupaceous. 

Style  1 ;  stigma  2-4-lobed  81.  ONAGRACEAE,  333 

Styles  or  sessile  stigmas  1  or  4  82.  HALORAGIDACEAE,  345 

COROLLA   OF   MORE   OR   LESS   UNITED   PETALS 

Stamens  more  numerous  than  the  lobes  of  the  corolla. 
Ovary  1-celled. 

Placenta  1,  parietal  57.  LEGUMINOSAE,  270 


ANALYTICAL   KEY  15 

Placentae  2,  parietal,  Corydalis  in  47.  PAPAVBKACEAB,  205 

Ovary  3-several-celled. 

Stamens  free  from  the  corolla. 
Style  1 ;  leaves  simple. 

Ovary  superior;  fruit  a  capsule  or  berry  88.  ERICACEAE,  369 

Ovary  inferior;  fruit  a  berry  89.  VACCINIACEAE,  372 

Styles  5;  leaves  3-foliolate  59.  OXALIDACEAE,  304 

Stamens  attached  to  the  base  or  tube  of  the  corolla. 

Saprophytic  herbs,  without  green  foliage  87.  MONOTROPACEAE,  368 

Not  saprophytic;  foliage  green. 

Filaments  united  into  a  tube  72.  MALVACEAE,  316 

Filaments  free  from  each  other. 

Low  shrubs,  with  simple  leaves  89.  VACCINIACEAE,  372 

Low  herbs,  with  radical  leaves  ternate  111.  ADOXACEAE,  472 

Stamens  not  more  numerous  than  the  corolla-lobes. 

Stamens  of  the  same  number  as  the  corolla-lobes  and  opposite  them 

90.  PRIMULACEAE,  372 

Stamens  alternate  with  the  corolla-lobes,  or  fewer. 
Ovary  free  from  the  calyx-tube  (superior). 
Corolla  regular. 

Stamens  as  many  as  the  corolla-lobes. 
Ovaries  2,  or,  if  1,  2-horned. 

Stamens  distinct  95.  ASCLEPIADACEAE,  386 

Stamens  united  94.  APOCYNACEAE,  385 

Ovary  1. 

Ovary  deeply  4-lobed. 

Leaves  alternate  100.  BORAGINACEAE,  410 

Leaves  opposite  102.  LABIATAE,  426 

Ovary  not  deeply  lobed. 

Ovary  1-celled;  seeds  several-many. 

Leaves  entire,  opposite  92.  GENTIANACEAE,  379 

Leaves  toothed,  lobed,  or  compound. 

Whole  upper  surface  of  the  corolla  white-bearded; 

leaflets  3,  entire  93.  MENYANTHACEAE,  384 

Corolla  not  conspicuously  bearded;  leaves,  if  com- 
pound, with  toothed  leaflets      99.  HYDROPHYLLACEAE,  405 
Ovary  2-10-celled. 

Leafless,  twining  paraske  96.  CUSCUTACEAE,  389 

Leaves  alternate,  or,  if  opposite,  without  stipules. 

Stamens  free  from  the  corolla,  or  nearly  so   88.  ERICACEAE,  369 
Stamens  on  the  tube  of  the  corolla. 
Stamens  4. 

Stem  with  opposite  leaves;  corolla  petaloid 

101.  VERBENACEAE,  424 

Stem  wanting;  corolla  scarious   108.  PLANTAGINACEAE,  464 
Stamens  5. 

Fruit  of  2  or  4  seed-like  nutlets     100.  BORAGINACEAE,  410 
Fruit  a  few-many-seeded  capsule,  or  berry. 
Styles  2. 

Capsule  few  (mostly  4) -seeded 

97.  CONVOLVULACEAE,  392 
Capsule  many-seeded  99.  HYDROPHYLLACEAE,  405 


16  ANALYTICAL   KEY 

Style  1,  often  branched. 

Branches  of  the  style   (or  at  least  the 

lobes  of  the  stigma)' 3     98.  POLEMONIACEAE,  394 
Branches   of  the  style   or  lobes   of   the 

stigma  2,  or  wholly  united   103.  SOLANACEAE,  433 
Stamens  fewer  than  the  lobes  of  the  corolla. 

Stamens  with  anthers  4,  in  pairs  101.  VERBENACEAE,  424 

Stamens  with  anthers  only  2,  or  rarely  3. 

Ovary  4-lobed,  Lycopus  in  102.  LABIATAE,  426 

Ovary  2-celled,  not  4-lobed. 

Stemless ;  corolla  scarious  108.  PLANTAGINACEAE,  464 

Leafy-stemmed;  corolla  not  scarious,  Veronica  in 

104.    SCROPHULARIACEAE,  437 

Corolla  irregular. 

Stamens  with  anthers  5,  Verbascum  in  104.  SCROPHULARIACEAE,  437 

Stamens  with  anthers  2  or  4. 
Ovules  solitary  in  the  1-4  cells. 

Ovary  4-lobed;  style  rising  from  between  the  lobes  102.  LABIATAE,  426 
Ovary  not  lobed;  style  from  its  apex  101.  VERBENACEAE,  424 

Ovules  2-many  in  each  cell. 

Ovary  imperfectly  4-5-celled  107.  MARTYNIACEAE,  464 

Ovary  1 -2-celled. 

Parasites,  without  green  foliage  106.  OROBANCHACEAE,  463 

Not  parasitic. 

Ovary  1-celled;  stamens  2;  aquatics      105.  PINGUICULACEAE,  462 
Ovary  2-celled;  placentae  in  the  axis,  usually  many- 
seeded  104.  SCROPHULARIACEAE,  437 
Ovary  adherent  to  the  calyx-tube  (inferior). 

Tendril-bearing  herbs;  anthers  often  united  112.  CUCURBITACEAE,  472 

Not  tendril-bearing. 
Stamens  separate. 

Stamens  free  from  the  corolla,  or  nearly  so ;  as  many  as  its 

lobes  113.  CAMPANULACEAE,  473 

Stamens  inserted  on  the  corolla. 

Stamens  1-3,  always  fewer  than  the  corolla-lobes 

115.  VALERIANACEAE,  475 
Stamens  4-5;  leaves  opposite  or  whorled. 

Leaves  opposite  or  perfoliate,  but  neither  whorled  nor 

provided  with  stipules  110.  CAPRIFOLIACEAE,  468 

Leaves  either  opposite  and  stipulate,  or  whorled  and 

without  stipules  109.  RUBIACEAE,  466 

Stamens  united  by  their  anthers;  these  joined  in  a  ring  or  tube. 
Flowers  separate,  not  involucrate;  corolla  irregular 

114.    LOBELIACEAE,  474 

Flowers  in  an  involucrate  head  116.  COMPOSITAE,  476 


• 

DESCEIPTIVE   FLOEA 

• 

PTERIDOPHYTES 
1.  OPHIOGLOSSACEAE  Presl.     ADDER' S-TONGUE  FAMILY 

Leafy  plants;  the  leaves  (fronds)  simple  or  branched,  erect  in  vernation. 
Spores  of  one  kind,  borne  in  special  spikes  or  panicles  in  sporangia  (without 
an  elastic  ring)  which  are  formed  by  groups  of  cells  in  the  interior  of  the  fruit- 
ing segments  of  the  frond.  Prothallia  underground,  destitute  of  cholorophyll. 

1.  BOTRYCHIUM  Swartz.    GRAPE  FERN.    MOONWORT 

Fronds  with  a  posterior  pinnatifid  or  compound  sterile  segment  and  an  an- 
terior panicled  fertile  segment,  the  separate  sporangia  in  a  double  row  on  the 
branches  of  the  panicle.  Bud  inclosed  in  the  base  of  the  stalk. 

Leaf  borne  above  the  middle  of  the  stem. 

Leaf  near  the  middle  of  the  stem,  its  lobes  lunate  or  fan-shaped  .  1.  B.  Lunaria. 

Leaf  near  the  summit  of  the  stem,  triangular  .  .  .  .  2.  B.  lanceolatum. 
Leaf  borne  near  the  base  of  the  stem. 

Sporophyll  simple,  often  much  reduced    .         .         .         .         .  .  3.  B.  simplex. 

Sporophyll  multipinnate  .         .         .         .         .         .         .  .  4.  B.  Coulteri. 

1.  Botrychium  Lunaria  (L.)  Sw.  Schrad.  Journ.  Bot.  2:  110.  1800.    Plant 
1-3  dm.  high,  very  fleshy:  leaf  rising  near  the  middle  of  the  stem,  pinnate  with 
2-8  pairs  of  lunate  or  fan-shaped  lobes  which  vary  from  crenate  to  entire,  over- 
lapping each  other  or  somewhat  distant :  sporophyll  2-3-pinnate,  often  dense, 
2-4  cm.  long;  in  vernation  apex  of  leaf  bent  over  sporophyll. — Colorado,  north 
to  Canada  and  thence  across  the  continent. 

2.  Botrychium  lanceolatum  (Gmel.)  Augs.  Bot.  Notiser  1854:  68.     Plant 
5-25  cm.  high,  scarcely  fleshy:  leaf  sessile  near  the  summit,  deltoid,  once  or 
twice  pinnatifid,  with  oblique  oblong-lanceolate  acute  segments:  sporophyll 
slightly  longer  than  the  leaf,  short-stalked,  2-3-pinnate,  in  vernation  recurved 
with  the  leaf  reclined  upon  it. — Across  the  continent  northward  and  south  in 
the  mountains  to  Colorado. 

3.  Botrychium  simplex  E.  Hitch.  Am.  Journ.  Sci.  6:  103.  1823.     Plant 
smooth,  fleshy,  5-15  cm.  high:  leaf  rising  near  the  base,  short-petioled,  varj'- 
ing  from  simple  and  rounded  obovate  (4-6  mm.  long)  to  triangular-ovate  and 
deeply  3-7-lobed,  and  even  to  fully  ternate  with  incised  divisions;  the  segments 
broadly  obovate-cuneate  or  somewhat  lunate:  sporophyll  a  simple  or  slightly 
compound  spike,  sometimes  reduced  to  only  a  few  sporangia:  spores  large, 
minutely  tuberculate. — Wyoming  to  Montana  and  thence  across  the  con- 
tinent. 

4.  Botrychium  Coulteri  Underw.   Bull.  Torr.   Bot.  Club  25:  537.  1898. 
Stout  and  fleshy,  with  numerous  fleshy  roots:  stem  only  2-3  cm.  long,  swollen 
with  the  contained  bud  of  the  succeeding  season:  leaf  short-petioled,  broader 
than  long,  3-parted  and  each  division  tri-  or  quadripinnatifid ;  the  segments 
obliquely  ovate,  about  10  mm.  long,  with  entire  or  barely  repand  margin: 
sporophyll  large,  paniculate,  3-6  cm.  long;  the  numerous  pinnae  crowded: 
sporangia  numerous,  bright  yellow,  with  copious  yellow  spores. — On  the 
geyser  formations;  Yellowstone  Park  and  Montana. 

BOCKY   MT.    EOT.— 2  17 


18  POLYPODIACEAE    (FERN   FAMILY) 

2.  POLYPODIACEAE  R.  Br.     FERN  FAMILY 

Leafy  plants;  the  leaves  (fronds)  often  much  branched,  circinate  in  verna- 
tion, rising  from  a  rootstock.  Spores  of  one  kind,  borne  on  the  under  surface 
or  margins  of  the  leaves  in  sporangia  (with  an  elastic  ring),  which  are  de- 
veloped from  a  single  epidermal  cell.  Prothallia  above  ground,  green. — The 
sporangia  are  usually  collected  in  little  masses  (fruit  dots  or  sori),  which  are 
'often  covered  by  a  scale  (indusium),  which  is  produced  by  a  cellular  ougrowth 
from  the  frond,  or  by  a  general  involucre  formed  from  the  infolded  margin  of 
the  frond. — Eaton,  Ferns  of  North  America. 

Leaves  of  two  kinds;  the  sterile  broader  than  the  fertile       .         .         .      1.  Cryptogramma. 
Leaves  all  alike. 

Indusium  wholly  wanting. 
Sori  dorsal,  roundish. 

Leaves  2-3-pinnatifid      ........       2.  Phegopteris. 

Leaves  simply  pinnate     .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .3.  Polypodium. 

Sori  marginal,  elongated 4.  Notholaena. 

Indusium  present. 

Formed  from  the  inflexed  leaf-margin. 

Sporangia  on  the  underside  of  the  reflexed  portion  of  the  leaf  .       5.  Adiantum. 
Sporangia    in  a    continuous   vein-like   groove,  or  receptacle, 
which  connects  the  ends  of  the  veins. 

Large  plants  of  moist  copses 6.  Pteridium. 

Small  plants  of  cliffs  and  rock  slides. 

Pinnae  tomentose  or  scaly  beneath    .         .         .         .         .       7.  /  Cheilanthes. 

Pinnae  smooth  beneath 8. '  Pellaea. 

Formed  from    epidermal   cells  (not  from  the  leaf-margin)  and 

variously  attached. 
Sori  round. 

Indusium    superior,    reniform  or    peltate,    attached  by  a 

central  stalk. 
•  Sori  near  the  midvein  of  the  leaf        .....       9.  Dryopteris. 

Sori  near  the  margin  of  the  leaf 10.  Polystichum. 

Indusium  inferior  or  partly  so. 

Hood-like,  attached  to  the  inner  side,  soon  open  on  the  other    1 1 .  Filix. 
Cup-like,    attached    underneath,    bursting   above  into    a 

fimbriated  margin      .         .         .         .         .         .         .12.  Woodsia. 

Sori  oblong  or  linear         .         .         .         .  .         .         .13.  Asplenium. 

1.  CRYPTOGRAMMA  R.  Br.     ROCK  BRAKE 

Rootstocks  short,  bearing  numerous  light-green  small  smooth  fronds  of  two 
kinds;  the  sterile  much  broader  than  the  taller  fertile  ones;  all  with  stramineous 
stipes.  Sori  extending  down  the  free  veins.  Involucre  very  broad,  at  length 
flattened  out  and  exposing  the  now  confluent  sori. 

Stipes  tufted;  fronds  3-4-pinnate      .         .         .         .         .         .         .1.  C.  acrostichoides. 

Stipes  scattered;  fronds  2-3-pinnate          .  ' 2.  C.  Stelleri. 

1.  Cryptogramma  acrostichoides  R.  Br.  App.  Frank,  Journ.  767.     1823. 
Fronds  5-10  cm.  long,  chartaceous,  ovate,  closely  3-4-pinnate;  pinules  ovate 
or  obovate,  adnate-decurrent,  those  of  the  fertile  fronds  narrower  and  longer, 
the  involucres  very  broad:  sori  extending  far  down  the  veinlets. — In  dense 
patches  among  rocks;  California  to  Colorado,  thence  far  northward  and  east 
to  Lake  Superior. 

2.  Cryptogramma  Stelleri  (Cm.)  Prantl,  Engler's  Bot.  Jahrb.  3:  413.  1882. 
Rootstock  very  slender,  creeping,  nearly  naked:  fronds  very  delicate,  5-10  cm. 
long,  oblong-ovate,  pinnate  with  a  few  once  or  twice  pinnatifid  pinnae;  seg- 
ments oblong  or  obovate;  involucres  broad  and  delicate.    Pellaea  gracilis. — 
Crevices  of  damp  and  shaded  limestone  rocks;  Colorado,  northward  and  east- 
ward to  Labrador,  and  thence  south  to  Pennsylvania. 

2.  PHEGOPTERIS  Fee 

Medium  sized  ferns  with  leaves  2-3-pinnate,  triangular-ternate,  the  primary 
divisions  stalked  and  the  rachis  not  winged.  Sori  small,  on  the  back  of  the 
veins  below  their  attenuate  apices.  Indusium  wholly  wanting. 


POLYPODIACEAE    (FERN   FAMILY)  19 

1.  Phegopteris  Dryopteris  (L.)  Fee,  Gen.  Fil.  243.  1850-52.  Fronds 
smooth  and  thin,  1-2  dm.  wide  and  long,  lateral  divisions  divergent,  all  tri- 
angular and  pinnate;  the  pinnae  pinnatifid  into  oblong,  obtuse,  entire  or  even 
pinnately  lobed  segments;  lowest  inferior  pinna  of  the  lateral  divisions  equal 
to  the  second  pinna  of  the  middle  division. — Open  rocky  woods;  reported 
from  Colorado;  across  the  continent  northward. 

3.  POLYPODIUM  L.     POLYPODY 

Stipes  articulated  to  the  branching  rootstocks.  Leaves  pinnate.  Veins  uni- 
formly free.  Sori  large,  round,  on  the  veins  or  at  their  ends,  without  indusium. 

1.  Polypodium  hesperium  Maxon,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.  13:  200.  1900. 
Leaves  subcoriaceous,  5-20  cm.  long,  ovate-oblong  to  oblong-linear,  pinnatifid 
into  linear-oblong  obtuse  or  acute  segments,  the  lowest  ones  rarely  diminished: 
veins  branched  into  three  or  four  veinlets,  the  lowest  ones  on  the  Dipper  side 
of  the  vein  bearing  at  their  thickened  ends  the  subglobose  sori  midway  be- 
tween the  midrib  and  the  margin  of  the  segments.  P.  vulgar e. — From  the 
Rocky  Mountains  eastward  to  the  Atlantic;  also  westward. 

4.  NOTHOLAENA  R.  Br. 

In  ours  the  leaves  are  3-5-pinnate,  and  covered  beneath  with  a  white  or 
yellow  powder,  the  primary  and  secondary  pinnae  distinctly  stalked,  and  the 
ultimate  pinnules  very  small,  oval  or  2-3-lobed.  Sori  somewhat  elongated, 
often  of  very  few  sporangia,  situated  below  the  tips  of  the  veins  near  the 
margin  of  the  lobes  of  the  fronds. 

1.  Notholaena  Fendleri  Kunze,  Farrnkr.  2:  87.  1851.  Leaves  densely 
tufted,  5-15  cm.  long,  broadly  deltoid  ovate,  4-5-pinnate;  the  stipes  dark 
brown;  rachis  and  all  its  branches  flexuous  and  zigzag;  the  pinnae  alternate; 
ultimate  pinnules  2-4  mm.  long. — In  clefts  of  cliffs;  Colorado  to  Arizona  and 
Texas. 

6.  ADIANTUM  L.     MAIDENHAIR 

Stipe  mostly  blackened  or  very  dark  purple-brown,  and  commonly  highly 
polished.  Sporangia  borne  at  the  ends  of  the  veins,  on  the  underside  of  the 
reflexed  margin  of  the  frond.  Midvein  of  the  pinnules  eccentric,  dissolving  in 
the  forking  veinlets. 

Fronds  bipinnate,  ovate-lanceolate          .         .         .         .         .         .     1.  A.  capillus-veneris. 

Fronds  dichotomous,  orbicular  in  outline         .         .         .         .         .     2.  A.  pedatum. 

1.  Adiantum  capillus-veneris  L.  Sp.  PI.  1096.     1753.     Fronds  pyramidal, 
with   the   rachis   continuous  to  the  terminal   pinnule.  2-4  dm.  long,  often 
pendent,  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,   2-3-pinnate  at  base;  pinnules  wedge- 
obovate  or  rhomboid,  1-2  cm.  long,  deeply  and  irregularly  incised,  smooth: 
involucres  lunulate  or  transversely  oblong. — In  moist  rocky  places;  southern 
California  across  the  continent  to  Virginia  and  Florida;  rare  if  at  all  within 
our  range. 

2.  Adiantum  pedatum  L.  Sp.  PI.  1095.    1753.    Frond  often  2-3  dm.  broad: 
stipe  forked  at  the  top,  the  branches  recurved,  and  bearing  several  pinnate 
divisions  on  the  upper  side;  primary  divisions  6-14,  bearing  numerous  oblong 
or  triangular-oblong  pinnules,  which  have  the  lower  margin  entire  and  the 
upper  more  or  less  lobed:  involucres  oblong-lunate  or  transversely  linear. — 
Across  the  continent  and  far  northward ;  within  our  immediate  range  reported 
only  from  the  Black  Hills  of  Dakota,  and  from  Utah. 

6.  PTERIDIUM  Scop.     BRACKEN  OR  BRAKE 

In  ours  the  rootstock  is  stout,  cord-like,  and  extensively  creeping.  Fronds 
scattered,  ternate,  with  decompound  divisions,  and  pale  green  stipe.  Sporangia 


20  POLYPODIACEAE.  (FERN   FAMILY) 

borne  on  a  continuous  vein-like  marginal  receptacle  which  connects  the  ends 
of  the  veins.  Indusium  membranous,  formed  of  the  reflexed  margin  of  the 
leaf.— Pteris. 

1.  Pteridium  aquilinum  (L.)  Kuhn,  Decken's  Reisen  III.  Bot.  Ost-Afrika  11. 
1879.  Leaf  often  very  large,  the  stipe  and  frond  usually  more  than  1  m.  in 
length  and  often  2m.:  frond  broadly  triangular,  primary  divisions  stalked; 
pinnae  mostly  pinnately  lobed,  with  several  to  many  rather  short  obtuse  lobes, 
and  with  a  sometimes  very  long  subentire  apex. — Frequent  in  the  northern 
half  of  the  United  States  and  in  Canada. 

7.  CHEILANTHES  Swz.    LIP  FERN 

Small  ferns,  with  2-4-pinnate  fronds,  and  the  under  surface  either  smooth 
or  variously  covered  with  hair,  wool,  scales,  or  waxy  powder.  Ours  belong  to 
the  section  in  which  the  involucres  are  continuous  around  the  greater  part  of 
the  margin  of  the  very  minute  and  bead-like  ultimate  segments,  and  the  lower 
surface  of  the  fronds  tomentose  or  scaly. 

Fronds  tomentose  beneath,  but  not  scaly    .         .         .         .         .         .         .1.  C.  Feei. 

Fronds  very  scaly  beneath,  tomentum  scanty  or  none   .         .         .         .     2.  C.  Fendleri. 

1.  Cheilanthes  Feei  Moore,  Ind.  Fil.  240.     1857.    Fronds  5-12  cm.  long, 
ovate-lanceolate,  tripinnate  or  bipinnate  with  pinnatifid  pinnules;  ultimate 
segments  less  than  a  line  long;  upper  surface  scantily  tomentose,  the  lower 
surface  matted  with  jointed  woolly  hairs:  involucres  herbaceous,  very  narrow. 
C.  lanuginosa. — In  dense  tufts,  on  dry  exposed  rocks;  Arizona  to  Colorado, 
northward  and  eastward  to  the  Great  Lakes. 

2.  Cheilanthes  Fendleri  Hook.    Sp.  Fil.  2:  103.  1858.    Rootstock  slender, 
its  scales  loose  and  nerveless:  frond  8-15  cm.  long,  tripinnate;  ultimate  pin- 
nules rounded  and  entire,  or  obovate  and  2-3-lobed,  covered  beneath  with 
broadly  ovate  acuminate  *scales,  which  are  sometimes  sparingly  ciliate  at 
base. — In  crevices  of  rocks;  Colorado  to  Arizona  and  Texas. 

8.  PELLAEA  Link.     CLIFF  BRAKE 

Rock-loving  small  or  medium-sized  ferns  with  pinnate  or  pinnatifid  leaves, 
glabrous,  having  neither  tomentum  nor  scales.  Sori  marginal  and  ultimately 
in  a  confluent  line.  Involucre  membranous  and  continuous  around  the  pin- 
nules. 

Fronds  herbaceous  or  sub  coriaceous;  the  veins  clearly  visible. 

Pinnae  6-8,  membranous  .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .  1.  P.  Breweri. 

Pinnae  2-5,  subcoriaceous          .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .  2.  P.  occidentalis. 

Fronds  coriaceous;  the  veins  not  perceptible. 

Closely  tripinnate,  4-5  cm.  long       .         .         .         .         .         .         .  3.  P.  densa. 

Bipinnate,  10-20  cm.  long 4.  P.  Wrightiana. 

1.  Pellaea  Breweri  DC.  Eat.  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  6:  555.    1866.      Rootstock 
short,    densely   covered    with   narrow   fulvous   chaff:    fronds   membranous, 
5-15  cm.  long,  simply  pinnate  with  mostly  unequally  2-lobed  pinnae;  the  seg- 
ments obtuse,  in  the  fertile  frond  narrower:  indusium  continuous,  pale:  veins 
repeatedly  forked. — From  California  to  Utah  and  Colorado. 

2.  Pellaea  occidentalis  (E.  Nels.)  Rydb.,  Underw.  in  Our  Native  Ferns  98. 
1900.    Rootstock  short  and  thick,  densely  covered  with  rusty  hair-like  scales: 
stipes  caespitose,  1-4  cm.  long,  dark  brown,  glabrous,  shining,  very  slender: 
fronds  3-8  cm.  long,  oblong,  simple-pinnate;  pinnae  2-5  pairs,  oblong,  mostly 
obtuse,  dark  green,  shining,  firm  and  somewhat  coriaceous,  entire,  or  the 
lower  with  1  or  2  lobes  at  the  base:  indusium  broad,  wholly  covering  the  sori. 
P.  atropurpurea  in  part.      (P.  pumila  Rydb.  Mem.  N.  Y.  Bot.  Gard.  1:4. 
1900.) — Colorado  to  Montana,  and  west  to  Washington. 

3.  Pellaea  densa  (Brack.)  Hook.  Sp.  Fil.  2:  150,  t.  125.  1858.    Rootstock 
slender,  chaffy  with  blackish  scales:  stipes  densely  tufted,  wiry,  very  slender, 


POLYPODIACEAE    (FERN   FAMILY)  21 

brown,  8-20  cm.  long:  fronds  3-5  cm.  long,  ovate,  closely  tripinnate;  the 
ultimate  segments  linear,  6-12  mm.  long,  sessile;  the  sterile  ones  serrate. — In 
clefts  of  rocks;  northwestern  Wyoming  to  Oregon  and  California. 

4.  Pellaea  Wrightiana  Hook.  1.  c.  142,  t.  115.  Rootstock  short,  thick, 
densely  chaffy:  stipes  crowded,  purplish-brown:  fronds  1-2  dm.  long,  lanceolate 
to  triangular-ovate,  bipinnate;  pinnae  longer  than  broad,  having  3-13  oval  or 
oblong-oval  pinnules;  fertile  ones  with  the  margins  rolled  in  to  the  midvein. — 
Exposed  rocky  places  in  canons;  Colorado  to  Arizona  and  Texas. 

9.  DRYOPTERIS  Adans.     SHIELD  FERN 

Rather  large  coarse  ferns;  in  ours  the  fronds  bipinnate  and  subcoriaceous. 
Indusia  roundish-reniform  with  a  narrow  sinus,  attached  to  the  middle  of  the 
sorus  by  a  short  central  stalk.  Veins  free  and  the  large  sori  borne  near  the  mid- 
vein. — Aspidium  in  part. 

1.  Dryopteris  Filix-mas  (L.)  Schott.  Gen.  Fil.  1834.  Fronds  3-8  dm.  long, 
broadly  oblong-lanceolate,  somewhat  narrowed  and  twice  pinnate  towards  the 
base;  pinnae  lanceolate-acuminate  from  a  broad  base;  pinnules  or  segments 
oblong  to  ovate-lanceolate,  obtuse  or  acute,  toothed  or  incised,  not  glandular 
but  sometimes  slightly  chaffy  beneath,  the  upper  confluent:  sori  near  the  mid- 
.vein,  commonly  only  on  the  lower  half  of  each  segment:  stalks  more  or  less 
chaffy  with  large  scales.  Aspidium  Filix-mas.  MALE  FERN. — Somewhat  vari- 
able; cosmopolitan,  and  not  infrequent  in  our  range. 

10.  POLYSTICHUM  Roth.     HOLLY  FERN 

Ferns  with  pinnate  leaves  and  numerous  large  contiguous  round  sori;  the 
indusium  orbicular  and  entire,  fixed  by  the  depressed  center  to  the  middle  of 
the  sorus.  Pinnae  and  pinnules  often  auricled  on  the  upper  side  of  the  base. 
Veins  all  free  and  the  large  sori  borne  near  the  margin  of  the  leaf. — Aspidium 
in  part. 

1.  Polystichum  Lonchitis  (L.)  Roth,  Tent.  Fl.  Germ.  3:  71.  1800.  Fronds 
simple  pinnate,  1-4  dm.  long  (stalks  only  3-7  cm.),  linear-lanceolate;  pinnae 
broadly  lanceolate,  falcate,  sharply  spinulose-serrate,  the  lower  ones  symmet- 
rically triangular  and  shorter,  the  upper  ones  strongly  auricled. — Mountains 
of  Colorado,  Utah,  and  Wyoming,  north  to  Canada  and  east  to  the  great  lakes. 

11.  FILIX  Adans. 

Tufted  ferns  with  slender  and  delicate  twice  or  thrice  pinnate  fronds  and 
cut-toothed  lobes.  Indusium  delicate,  hood-like,  or  arched,  attached  by  a 
broad  base  on  the  inner  side  partly  under  the  sorus,  free  at  the  other  side  and 
early  thrown  back  or  withering  away.  V,eins  free. — Cystopteris. 

1.  Filix  fragilis  (L.)  Underw.  Our  Native  Ferns  119.  1900.  Fronds 
1-3  dm.  long,  broadly  lanceolate,  usually  bipinnate;  pinnae  oblong-ovate, 
pointed;  pinnules  ovate  or  oblong,  variously  toothed  or  incised.  Cystopteris 
fragilis.  BRITTLE  FERN. — Usually  in  shaded  rock-crevices;  throughout  North 
America. 

12.  WOODSIA  R.  Br. 

Small  tufted  ferns  growing  on  exposed  rocks.  Ours  have  the  stipes  not 
articulated  to  the  rootstock,  and  the  fronds  are  glandular-pubescent  or 
smooth,  not  chaffy.  Indusium  situated  beneath  the  sorus  and  partly  or  wholly 
inclosing  it,  soon  dividing  into  irregular  lobes  or  bursting  into  a  delicate  fringe 
above. 

Fronds  glandular-puberulent  beneath      .         .         .         .         .         .         .1.  W.  scopulina. 

Fronds  smooth  beneath  .........     2.  W.  oregana. 


22  POLYPODIACEAE    (FERN  FAMILY) 

1.  Woodsia  scopulina  D.  C.  Eat.  Can.  Nat.  2:  90.  1865.    Fronds  1-2  dm. 
long,  puberulent  beneath  with  minute  jointed  hairs  and  stalked  glands,  oblong- 
ovate  and  crenulate:  indusia  deeply  cleft  into  narrow  segments  terminating  in 
jointed  hairs. — In  dense  masses  on  rocks  and  in  crevices;  Minnesota  to  Cali- 
fornia, south  in  the  mountains  to  Colorado. 

2.  Woodsia  oregana  D.  C.  Eat.  1.  c.    Very  similar,  but  with  smooth  fronds, 
the  fertile  taller  than  the  sterile:  the  indusium  reduced  to  a  few  moniliform 
hairs. — From  Arizona  and  Colorado  to  British  Columbia  and  Lake  Superior. 

13.  ASPLENIUM  L.    SPLEENWORT 

Plants  very  variable  in  size,  with  simple  pinnate,  2-3-pinnate,  or  pinnatifid 
leaves.  Sori  oblong  or  linear,  borne  on  veins  more  or  less  oblique  to  the 
rachis  or  the  midrib,  not  confluent.  Indusium  straight  or  sometimes 
curved,  opening  toward  the  midrib  when  single  (sometimes  double).  Veins 
free. 

Fronds  simply  pinnate. 

Pinnae  12-30  pairs,  oval,  ovate,  or  rhomboidal,  obtuse. 

Rachis  purple-brown          „         .         .         .         .         .         .         .     1.  A.  trichomanes. 

Rachis  green      .         . 2.  A.  viride. 

Pinnae  only  2-5,  linear-cuneate     .         .         .         .         .         .         .     3.  A.  septentrionale. 

Fronds  2-3-pinnate  or  pinnatifid. 

Fronds  3-10  cm.  long,  terriate  and  bipinnate         .         .         .         .     4.  A.  Andrewsii. 

Fronds  2-4  dm.  long,  bipinnate     .         .         .         .         .         .         .     5.  A.  Filix-femina. 

1.  Asplenium  trichomanes  L.  Sp.  PL  1080.     1753.    Fronds  1-2  dm.  long, 
narrow,  simply  pinnate,  with  15-30  pairs  of  subsessile,  roundish-oval,  or  oval- 
oblong  pinnae;  these  obtusely  cuneate  or  truncate  at  base,  entire  or  crenu- 
late, rarely  slightly  incised,  falling  separately  from  the  persistent  rachis:  stipes 
purple-brown,  shining. — Colorado,  Wyoming,  and  across  the  continent. 

2.  Asplenium  viride  Huds.  Fl.  Angl.  385.     1762.     Stipes  densely  tufted, 
5-10  cm.  long,  naked,  the  lower  part  chestnut-brown,  merging  into  the  green 
of  the  rachis:  fronds  narrow,  5-15  cm.  long,  with  12-20  pairs  of  ovate  or 
rhomboidal  pinnae;  these  obliquely  truncate  at  base  and  crenate  on  the  outer 
edge:  rachis  naked:  sori  numerous. — Idaho,  northern  Wyoming,  and  across 
the  continent. 

3.  Asplenium  septentrionale  (L.)  Hoffm.  Deutsch.  Fl.  2:  12.  1795.    Stipes 
densely  tufted,  8-15  cm.  long,  slender,  naked,  ebeneous  toward  the  base: 
fronds  irregularly  forking,  consisting  of  2-5  narrowly  linear-cuneate  rather 
rigid  segments,  which  are  entire  or  sometimes  cleft  at  the  ends  into  a  few 
narrow  teeth:  sori  elongated,  placed  near  the  margin,  usually  facing  each  other 
in  pairs,  commonly  only  2  or  3  to  each  segment.     Acrapteris  septentrionale 
(L.)  Link. — In  clefts  in  exposed  rocks;  southern  Wyoming  to  New  Mexico  and 
Arizona. 

4.  Asplenium  Andrewsii  A.  Nels.  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.  17:  174.  1904. 
Rootstock  enveloped  in  matted  roofs:  stipes  few  to  several,  ebeneous  below, 
passing  into  the  green  of  the  rachis:  frond  thin-herbaceous,  deltoid-ovate,  often 
ternate ;  pinnae  lanceolate,  tapering  gradually  into  the  pinnatifid  tip ;  pinnules 
ovate-lanceolate,  sharply  incised  and  somewhat  incisely  serrate:  sori  short  but 
almost  connecting  with  those  in  the  successive  lobes,  forming  nearly  a  contin- 
uous sorus  from  the  base  to  the  apex  of  the  pinnule :  indusium  straight,  finally 
forced  back  and  concealed  by  the  sporangia. — Type  locality,  sandstone  cliff, 
Boulder  Canon,  Colorado. 

5.  Asplenium  Filix-femina  (L.)  Bernh.  Schrad.  Neues  Journ.  Bot.  ] :  26. 
1806.     Fronds  3-8  dm.  long:  delicate  and  softly  membranaceous,  oblong- 
lanceolate,  2-3-pinnate;  pinnules  adnate  to  the  secondary  rachis,  ovate  to 
elongated-lanceolate,  variously  toothed  or  incised :  indusia  more  or  less  curved, 
often  crossing  the  fertile  veinlet  and  continued  a  short  distance  down  the 
other  side  of  it,  lacerate-ciliate.     LADY  FERN. — Widely  distributed;  not  rare 
in  our  range. 


EQUISETACEAE    (HORSETAIL   FAMILY)  23 

3.  MARSILEACEAE  R.  Br. 

Perennial  herbaceous  plants  rooting  in  the  mud,  with  slender  creeping  root- 
stocks,  and  4-foliate  or  filiform  long-petioled  leaves.  The  sporocarps  borne  at 
the  base,  either  sessile  or  on  a  stipe  (petiole),  crustaceous,  ovoid  or  bean- 
shaped,  2-valved,  several-celled  and  containing  both  megaspores  and  micro- 
spores;  the  former  give  rise  to  prothallia  producing  archegonia;  the  latter  to 
prothallia  producing  antheridia. 

MARSILEA  L. 

Characters  of  the  family: 

Sporocarp  toothed  above 1.  M.  vestita. 

Sporocarp  rounded  above       .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .     2.  M.  oligospora. 

1.  Marsilea  vestita  Hook.  &  Grev.    Ic.  Fil.  PL  159.    1831.    Slender,  8-15 
cm.  high:  leaflets  broadly  cuneate,  entire  or  slightly  toothed:  sporpcarp  4-7 
mm.  long,  3-5  mm.  wide,  densely  covered  with  soft  spreading  hair-like  scales; 
the  lower  tooth  short  and  blunt;  the  upper  acute,  longer,  sometimes  curved: 
sori  in  each  valve  10—11;  megaspores  in  each  sorus  12-20  (usually  15-18). — 
Variable  and  widely  dispersed  but  rare;  possibly  not  within  our  range. 

2.  Marsilea  oligospora  L.  N.  Good.  Bot.  Gaz.  33:  66.  1902.    Plant  4-7  cm. 
high:  leaflets  woolly  or  becoming  glabrous,  6-10  mm.  long,  3-7  mm.  wide: 
sporocarp  solitary,  4-6  mm.  long,  4-5  mm.  wide,  covered  with  long,  straight 
and  appressed  (rarely  somewhat  woolly)  pubescence :  raphe  short :  lower  tooth 
short  and  blunt,  upper  a  mere  rounded  papilla  or  wanting:  peduncle  5-8  mm. 
long:  sori  5-8  in  each  valve;  megaspores  oval  to  barely  oblong,  6-9  in  each 
sorus. — Northwestern   Wyoming    (Jackson's   Hole   and   Yellowstone   Park). 
Possibly  the  Rocky  Mountain  specimens  all  belong  to  this  rather  than  to  the 
preceding  species. 

4.  EQUISETACEAE  Michx.     HORSETAIL  FAMILY 

Perennials  with  subterranean  rootstocks.  Stems  rush-like,  simple  or 
branched,  striate,  jointed,  usually  hollow.  Leaves  of  two  kinds:  the  sterile 
reduced  to  toothed  sheaths  at  the  nodes;  the  fertile  shield-shaped  and  form- 
ing a  short  spike  terminating  the  stem.  Occurring  mostly  in  moist  or  sandy 
situations. 

1.  EQUISETUM  L.     HORSETAIL.    SCOURING  RUSH 

Stems  simple  or  branched,  the  joints  having  closed  ends.  Leaves  of  the 
fruiting  cones  5-7-angled,  with  sporangia  hood-like.  Spores  round,  furnished 
with  two  slender  filaments  attached  by  the  middle  and  clavate  at  the  free 
ends.  Prothallia  above  ground,  green,  usually  dioecious. 

Stems  dying  down  to  the  ground  each  year. 

Stems  of  two  kinds;  the  fertile  simple;  the  sterile  with  whorls  of  slen- 
der branches  at  the  nodes. 
Fertile  stems  withering  early          .         .         .         .         .         .         .     1.  E.  arvense. 

Fertile  stems  persisting  for  the  season. 2.  E.  pratense. 

Stems  all  alike,  simple. 

Sheaths  with  about  8  white-margined  teeth     .         .         .         .         .     3.  E.  palustre. 

Sheaths  with  about  18  dark-brown  teeth 4.  E.  fluviatile. 

Stems  perennial,  evergreen. 
Stems  many-grooved. 

Rough  with  conspicuous  tubercles. 

Stems  thick,  often  1-3  m.  high 5.  E.  robustum. 

Stems  slenderer,  mostly  less  than  5  dm.  high  .         .         ,         .     6.  E.  hiemale. 

Nearly  smooth,  the  tubercles  inconspicuous 7.  E.  laeyigatum. 

Stems  with  only  6-10  grooves    .         , 8.  E.  variegatum. 


24  ISOETACEAE  (QUILLWORT  FAMILY) 

1.  Equisetum  arvense  L.  Sp.  PI.  1061.     1753.     Stems  of  two  kinds;  the 
fertile  in  early  spring,  soft,  pale  or  brownish,  with  loose  and  usually  distant 
8-12-toothed  sheaths,  1-2  dm.  high,  crowned  by  the  short  spike  of  sporophylls, 
withering  early;  the  sterile  stems  slender,  becoming  3-5  dm.  high,  10-14- 
furrowed,  with  numerous  verticillate  4-angled  solid   slender  branches  with 
4-toothed   sheaths.      COMMON   HORSETAIL. — Across   the   continent;   also  in 
Europe  and  Asia. 

2.  Equisetum  pratense  Ehrh.  Hanov.  Mag.  138*    1784.     Differing  from 
the  preceding  in  that  the  fertile  stem  is  persistent,  withering  (after  the  spores 
are  shed)  only  at  summit,  then  putting  out  branches  and  becoming  like  the 
sterile  in  appearance:   branchlets   triangular  with  3-toothed  sheaths. — Re- 
ported from  Colorado,  but  rare  in  our  range. 

3.  Equisetum  palustre  L.  Sp.  PI.  1061.     1753.     Stems  all  alike,  slender, 
2-4  dm,  high,  deeply  5-9-grooved,  with  conspicuous  wing-like  ridges:  sheaths 
with  about  8  lance-subulate  teeth:  branches  few,  short;  their  sheaths  about 
5-toothed. — Scarcely  within  our  range,  but  possibly  occurring  from  Wyoming 
to  Montana  and  thence  across  the  continent,  and  northward. 

4.  Equisetum  fluviatile  L.  Sp.  PL  1062.     1753.    Stems  5-8  dm.  high,  at 
first  simple  and  then  tipped  with  the  short  spike  of  sporophylls,  later  produc- 
ing erect  yellow  branches;   furrows  numerous,   inconspicuous:   sheaths  ap- 
pressed  with  about  18  dark  brown,  short,  acute,  rigid  teeth. — In  bogs  and  in 
the  borders  of  shallow  ponds,  northwestern  Wyoming  and  Montana  and  thence 
across  the  continent  northward. 

5.  Equisetum  robustum  A.  Br.,  Engelm.  Am.  Journ.  Sci.  46:  88.  1844. 
Stems  evergreen,  usually  very  stout  and  tall,  often  1  m.  or  more  high  and 
2  cm.  in  diameter:  the  ridges  narrow,  rough  with  one  line  of  tubercles:  sheaths 
short,  with  a  black  girdle  above  the  base,  rarely  with  a  black  limb,  teeth  about 
40,  3-keeled,  ovate-subulate,  deciduous. — In  many  parts  of  North  America 
north  of  Mexico;  also  in  Asia.  ^ 

6.  Equisetum  hiemale  L.  1.  c.    Stems  lower  and  slenderer,  3-8  dm.  high: 
the  ridges  roughened  by  two  more  or  less  distinct  lines  of  tubercles:  sheaths 
elongated,  with  a  black  girdle  above  the  base  and  a  black  limb  of  about  20 
(17-26)  narrowly  linear  teeth,   1-keeled  at  the  base  and  with  subulate  de- 
ciduous points:  spikes  tipped  with  a  rigid  point.     The  common  SCOURING 
RUSH. — Nearly  throughout  North  America;  also  in  Europe  and  Asia. 

7.  Equisetum  laevigatum  A.  Br.,  Engelm.  Am.  Journ.  Sci.  46:  87.  1844. 
Stems  3-10  dm.  high,  sometimes  with  numerous  branches:  the  ridges  convex, 
obtuse,  smooth  or  barely  roughish  with  minute  tubercles:  sheaths  elongated, 
with  a  narrow  black  limb   and   about   22   linear-subulate  caducous  teeth, 
1-keeled  below. — From  New  Mexico  to  Canada  and  across  the  continent. 

8.  Equisetum  variegatum  Schleich.  Cat.  PL  Helvet.  27.    1807.     Stems  in 
tufts  from  a  branched  base,  slender,  ascending,  2-5  dm.  high,  usually  simple, 
only  5-10  grooved:  sheaths  green,  variegated  with  black  above;  the  5-10  teeth 
tipped  with  a  deciduous  bristle. — Colorado  to  Utah  and  Wyoming  and  almost 
across  the  continent. 

5.  ISOETACEAE  Underw.    QUILLWORT  FAMILY 

Mostly  aquatic  plants,  with  a  short  solid  corm-Hke  stem  (trunk)  and  elon- 
gated grass-like  leaves,  the  bases  of  which  are  expanded  and  have  thin  stipule- 
like  infolded  margins  (the  velum),  which  inclose  large  simple  ovoid  thin- walled 
sporangia;  the  outer  ones  containing  large  spherical  megaspores;  those  of  the 
inner  leaves  filled  with  very  minute  grayish  microspores. 

1.  ISOETES  L.     QUILLWORT 

Characters  those  of  the  family.  For  an  elaboration  of  the  genus,  see  Under- 
wood's Our  Native  Ferns.  Our  species  (as  reported  at  present)  belong  to  the 


SELAGINELLACEAE  25 

group  with  bilobed  trunks,  are  all  submerged,  with  quadrangular  leaves  and 
an  incomplete  velum. 

Leaves  acute,  not  long-pointed;  stomata  absent 1.  I.  lacustris. 

Leaves  with  a  long  fine  point;  stomata  present  .         .         .         .         .         .     2.  I.  Bolanderi. 

1.  Isoetes  lacustris  L.  Sp.  PI.  1100.    '1753.     Leaves  stout,  rather  rigid, 
acute  but  scarcely  tapering,  dark  or  olive-green,  10-25  in  number,  5-15  cm. 
long,  with  no  stomata:  sporangium  orbicular  to  broadly  elliptical,  not  spotted, 
with  a  rather  narrow  velum;  megaspores  0.5-0.8  mm.  in  diameter,  marked 
all  over  with  distinct  or  somewhat  confluent  crests:  microspores  smooth, 
0.035-0.046  mm.   in  the  longer  diameter. — Generally  distributed  through- 
out northern,  America. 

la.  Isoetes  lacustris  paupercula  Engelm.  Trans.  St.  Louis,  Acad.  4:  377. 
1882.  Leaves  fewer  (10-18),  thinner,  shorter:  spores  smaller;  megaspores 
0.50-0.66  mm.  in  diameter;  microspores  somewhat  granulated,  0.026-0.036 
mm.  long. — Grand  Lake,  Middle  Park,  Colorado,  and  near  Mt.  Shasta,  Cali- 
fornia. 

2.  Isoetes  Bolanderi  Engelm.  Am.  Nat.  8:  214.  1874.    Leaves  erect,  soft, 
bright  green,  tapering  to  a  fine  point,  5-25  in  number,  5-10  cm.  long,  generally 
not  many  stomata:  sporangium  broadly  oblong,  mostly  without  spots,  with 
a  narrow  velum;  megaspores  0.30-0.40  mm.  thick,  marked  with  minute  low 
tubercles  or  warts;  microspores  0.026-0.031  mm.  long,  generally  spinulose, 
rather  smooth. — In  ponds  and  shallow  lakes  in  the  Rocky  Mountains,  Sierra 
Nevada  of  California,  and  Cascades. 

6.  LYCOPODIACEAE  Michx.    CLUB  Moss  FAMILY. 

Moss-like  plants,  with  small  leaves  imbricated  in  4-many  rows  on  the 
pinnately  or  dichotomously  branching  stems,  and  (in  ours)  with  reniform 
1-celled  sporangia  in  the  axils  of  bracts,  forming  stalked  or  sessile  spikes. 
Spores  all  alike.  Prothallia  subterranean. 

1.  LYCOPODIUM  L.     CLUB  Moss.     GROUND  PINE 

Characters  those  of  the  family.  In  ours  the  leaves  (bracts)  of  the  spike  are 
yellowish,  ovate  or  heart-shaped,  very  different  from  the  other  leaves. 

1.  Lycopodium  annotinum  L.  Sp.  PL  1103.  1753.  Stems  prostrate  and 
creeping,  3-10  cm.  long;  the  ascending  branches  similar,  dichotomous,  10- 
15  cm.  high;  leaves  in  several  ranks,  equal,  spreading,  rigid,  lanceolate, 
pointed,  serrulate,  4-5  mm.  long:  spikes  solitary  at  the  ends  of  leafy  branches. 
— From  Colorado  to  Washington,  northward  and  eastward  across  the  conti- 
nent. 

7.  SELAGINELLACEAE  Underw. 

Moss-like  terrestrial  annual  or  perennial  plants  with  slender  branching 
stems  and  small  leaves  arranged  in  4  or  several  ranks.  Sporangia  solitary, 
in  the  axils  of  the  leaves  of  the  somewhat  quadrangular  spike,  minute,  sub- 
globose  ;  some  containing  4  megaspores ;  others  numerous  microspores.  From 
each  of  these  spores  are  developed  the  prothallia  bearing  archegonia  and 
antheridia  respectively. 

1.  SELAGINELLA  Beauv. 

Characters  those  of  the  family.  In  ours  the  leaves  are  all  alike,  arranged  in 
many  ranks,  those  of  the  fruiting  spikes  4-ranked. 


26  PINACEAE    (PINE   FAMILY) 

Stems  very  short,  densely  tufted 1.  S.  densa. 

Steins  creeping,  5-10  cm.  long. 

Leaves  with  a  conspicuous  white  awn 2.  S.  rupestris. 

Leaves  obtuse,  not  awned       .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .  3.  S.  mutica. 

1.  Selaginella  densa  Rydb.  Mem.  N.  Y.  Bot.  Gard.  1:  7.  1900.    Densely 
tufted;  sterile  branches  very  short:  leaves  crowded  and  many-ranked,  3-5  mm. 
long,  ciliate  on  the  margin  and  tipped  with  a  white  bristle:  fertile  branches 
1-2  cm.  long;  bracts  imbricated,  4-ranked,  triangular-ovate,  deeply  grooved 
dorsally,  tipped  with  a  bristle  shorter  than  those  of  the  leaves. — The  most 
frequent  species  in  our  range;  Colorado  and  Utah  to  Montana. 

2.  Selaginella  rupestris  L.  Sp.  PI.  1101.    1753.    Stems  creeping,  5-10  cm. 
long,  somewhat  flexuous,  with  ascending  tips,  rooting  throughout  their  whole 
length,  more  or  less  branched:  leaves  imbricated  in  8  ranks,  ciliate-margined 
and  tipped  with  a  white  awn:  spikes  sharply  quadrangular,  10-20  mm.  long. — 
Across  the  continent  northward;  apparently  in  Colorado,  though  ours  belong 
mostly  to  the  following  variety. 

2a.  Selaginella  rupestris  Fendleri  Underw.  Bull..Torr.  Bot.  Club  25:  127. 
1898.  Differs  from  the  species  in  the  laxer  leaves  which  are  tipped  with  a 
shorter  awn  and  have  denticulate  cilia  on  the  margins:  spikes  flabby  and  flex- 
uous: megaspores  coarsely  areolate. — Colorado  and  New  Mexico. 

3.  Selaginella  mutica  D.  C.  Eat.,  Underw.  Bull.  Torr.  Club  25:  128.  1898. 
Stems  creeping,  rather  rigid,  8-15  cm.  long,  pinnately  branched:  leaves  6- 
ranked,  closely  imbricated,  only  1  mm.  long,  obtuse,  grooved  on  the  back, 
devoid  of  terminal  seta  but  with  spreading  marginal  cilia :  spike  quadrangular, 
its  bracts  acute  and  sometimes  submucronate. — Colorado  to  Arizona  and  New 
Mexico. 

GYMNOSPERMS 

Trees  and  shrubs  representing  an  ancient  and  at  one  time  very  abundant 
flora,  now  reduced  to  a  relatively  small  number  of  genera  and  species,  mostly 
Evergreens.  Plants  monoecious  or  dioecious.  Ovules  naked,  i.  e.,  not  in- 
closed by  the  carpel;  the  latter  is  represented  by  a  scale  or  a  bract  or  in  some 
instances  is  wholly  wanting.  Cotyledons  two  or  often  several  in  a  whorl. 

8.  PINACEAE  Lindl.    PINE  FAMILY 

Trees  or  sometimes  shrubs,  evergreen,  more  or  less  resinous.  Leaves  needle- 
shaped  or  scale-like.  Staminate  and  pistillate  cones  on  the  same  individual 
(except  in  Juniperus);  the  staminate  clusters  of  an  indefinite  number  of 
stamens  only;  the  pistillate  of  few  to  many  scales  which  become  in  fruit  a  dry 
cone,  with  two  or  more  ovules  at  or  on  the  base  of  each  scale.  In  Juniperus 
the  fruit  is  small,  semi-fleshy,  and  berry-like. 

Fruits  large,  becoming  dry  cones. 

Leaves  in  bundles  of  2-5  (rarely  solitary);  cones  of  thickened  corky 

scales,  the  seeds  maturing  the  second  year 1.  Pinus. 

Leaves  single,  usually  less  than  3  cm.  long;  cones  coriaceous;  seeds  ma- 
turing the  first  year. 
Branchlets  rough  from  the  prominent  persistent  leaf-bases;  cones 

pendulous  ..........     2.  Picea. 

Branches  smooth,  the  leaves  disarticulating  close  to  the  bark  leaving 

a  smooth  oval  scar. 
Cones  erect;  the  bracts  aristate  or  mucronate       .         .         .         .3.  Abies. 

Cones  pendulous;  the  bracts  exserted  and  3-pointed     .         .         .4.  Pseudotsuga. 
Fruits  small,  semi-fleshy  and  berry-like 5.  Juniperus. 

1.  PINUS  L.     PINE 

Trees.  Leaves  of  two  kinds,  the  primary  ones  early  deciduous,  the  secondary 
(ordinary  foliage)  slender,  needle-shaped,  in  bundles  of  2-5  (mostly  soli- 


PINACEAE    (PINE   FAMILY)  27 

tary  in  No.  5),  united  at  the  base  by  a  sheath  formed  from  the  bud-scales. 
Cones  large,  the  scales  becoming  thick  and  woody  and  bearing  two  seeds  on  the 
base  of  each  scale,  not  maturing  til)  the  second  year. 

Leaves  5  in  each  fascicle;  seeds  winged. 
Scales  not  tipped  with  a  prickle. 

Cones  narrowly  ovoid  or  subcylindrical;  the  scales  separating  at 

maturity  and  discharging  their  seeds        .         .         .         .         .1.  P.  flexilis. 

Cones  ovoid;  their  scales  remaining  closed  at  maturity         .         .     2.  P.  albicaulis. 
Scales  tipped  with  a  prickle       .          .         .         .         .         .  .     3.  P.  aristata. 

Leaves  in  fascicles  of  2-3  (rarely  1);  scales  usually  spiny-tipped;  seeds 

winged  or  wingless. 
Leaves  4-7  cm.  long. 

Leaves  subterete  or  triangular  with  smooth  edges;  seeds  wingless. 

Two  leaves  in  each  fascicle 4.  P.  edulis. 

Some  or  most  of  the  fascicles  reduced  to  one  leaf     .         .         .     5.  P.  monophylla. 
Leaves  regularly  in  pairs,  semiterete,  with  flat  faces  and  serrulate 

edges      .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .     6.  P.  Murrayana. 

Leaves  10-18  cm.  long      .  .         .         .         .         .         .         .     7.  P.  scopulorum. 

1.  Pinus  flexilis  James,  Long's  Exp.  2:  34.  1823.     A  tree  with  furrowed 
gray  bark,  short  trunk,  5-10  dm.  in  diameter,  freely  branched  upward,  becom- 
ing 12-25  m.  high:  leaves  in  fascicles  of  5,  4-7  cm.  long,  rather  stout  and 
rigid:  cones  narrowly  ovoid  to  subcylindrical,  greenish,  8-15  cm.  long;  the 
scales  unarmed,  broad,  moderately  thickened  at  the  ends,  opening  at  maturity 
and  the  seeds  soon  falling  out.     (Apinus  flexilis  Rydb.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club 
32:  598.  1905.)     LIMBER  PINE. — On  wind-swept  ridges  and  slopes,  situations 
to  which  its  remarkably  flexible  branches  adapt  it;  at  high  elevations  much 
reduced  in  size,  or  depressed;  New  Mexico  to  Montana  and  westward. 

2.  Pinus    albicaulis  Engelm.  Trans.  Acad.  Sci.   St.  Louis  2:  209.   1868. 
Very  similar  to  the  preceding  in  aspect:  cones  oval  or  subglobose,  sessile, 
dark  purple;  the  scales  with  thickened  ends,  often  sharp-beaked,  but  not 
awned,  remaining  closed  at  maturity.  .  (Apinus  albicaulis  Rydb.  1.  c.)     WHITE- 
BARK  PINE. — Usually  lower  and  with  more  rounded  head  than  the  preceding; 
from  middle  elevations  to  timber  line;  northwestern  Wyoming,  far  northward 
and  westward. 

3.  Pinus  aristata    Engelm.  Am.  Journ.    Sci.  II.  34:  331.  1862.     A  tree 
12-15  m.  high,  4-7  dm.  in  diameter,  in  alpine  stations  usually  much  dwarfed: 
leaves  in  fascicles  of   5,   erect,   curving,    3-angled,    smooth,    submucronate, 
green,  each  side  with  a  white  glaucous  stripe :  cones  violet-brown,  narrowly 
ovoid,  resinous,  7-10  cm.  long;  scales  with  thickened  rhombic  ends,  with  small 
beak  and  tipped  with  a  lanceolate-subulate  often  recurved  awn,  opening  and 
discharging  the  seeds.      BRISTLE-CONE  PINE. — Subalpine;  from  Colorado  to 
Nevada  and  California. 

4.  Pinus  edulis  Engelm.  Bot.  Wisliz.  Rep.  88.    1848.    A  low  round-topped 
tree  branched  from  or  near  the  base,  4-6  m.  high:   leaves  mostly  in  pairs 
(rarely  in  threes),  3-5  cm.  long,  rigid,  curved  or  nearly  straight,  spreading: 
cones  sessile,  subglobose,  about  5  cm.  long;  the  tips  of  the  scales  thick,  trun- 
cate, raised-pyramidal  but  without  awns  or  prickles:   seeds  large,  brown, 
wingless,  edible.     (Caryopitys  edulis  Small,  Fl.  S.  U.  S.  29.     1903.)     PINON 
or  NUT  PINE. — From  Texas  and  Colorado  to  Utah  and  Arizona. 

5.  Pinus  monophylla  Torr.  &  Frem.  Fremont's  2d  Rep.  319,  t.  4.     1845. 
Closely  resembling  the  preceding:  leaves  usually  only  one  from  each  sheath. 
(Caryopitys  monophylla  Rydb.  1.  c.  597.)     SINGLE-LEAF  PINON. — rFrom  the 
Wasatch  in  Utah  to  Nevada  and  Arizona. 

6.  Pinus  Murrayana  Oreg.  Com.  in  Murray  Rep.  Bot.  Exp.  Oreg.  No.  740, 
t.  3.     1853.     Usually  growing  in  dense  groves  or  forests  and  then  tall  (15- 
30  m.)  and  very  slender,  nearly  devoid  of  branches  except  at  the  summit;  if 
growing  in  more  open  ground,  more  freely  branched  and  stockier:  leaves  semi- 
terete,  rather  rigid,  about  5  cm.  long:  cones  small,  adhering  tenaciously  to  the 
branches,  which  are  often  marked  by  the  dead,  persistent  cones  of  the  previous 
years;  scales  closely  compacted,  with  quadrangular  ends,  armed  with  slender 
more  or  less  recurved  prickles  which  are  often  deciduous:  seeds  red-brown, 
winged.    LODGE  POLE  PINE. — Used  to  some  extent  for  lumber,  but  especially 


28  PINACEAE  (PINE  FAMILY) 

the  source  of  the  millions  of  poles  used  for  fences  in  our  range.  Supplying  most 
of  the  tepee  poles  of  the  past  generations  of  Indians.  Common  in  our  range; 
extending  to  Alaska. 

7.  Pinus  scopulorum  (Engelm.)  Lemmon,  Gard.  &  For.  183.  1897.  Very 
variable  in  size  but  often  becoming  a  large  tree  25-40  m.  high;  the  trunk 
1-2  m.  in  diameter:  bark  thick,  deeply  furrowed:  leaves  in  fascicles  of  2  or  3 
(normally  3),  1-1.5  dm.  long,  crowded  brush-like  on  the  ends  of  the  branchlets: 
cones  7-12  cm.  long;  scales  much  thickened  at  the  outer  end  and  bearing  a 
sharp  recurved  prickle:  seeds  brown,  winged,  broadest  above  the  middle. 
ROCK  PINE. — Closely  allied  to  P.  ponderosa  Dougl.,  of  more  northern  and 
western  range  and  by  many  considered  a  variety  of  it.  Throughout  our  range. 

2.  PICEA  Link.     SPRUCE 

Spire-shaped  trees,  often  tall  and  slender.  Leaves  spirally  arranged,  jointed 
near  the  base,  falling  when  dry  and  leaving  the  branchlets  rough  with  the  pro- 
jecting bases.  Cones  pendulous,  oblong,  of  numerous  scales  bearing  two  ovules. 

Branchlets  pubescent;  leaves  flexible  and  abruptly  acute  .  .  .1.  P.  Engelmannii. 
Branchlets  smooth  and  shining;  leaves  rigid,  spinescent  .  .  .  2.  P.  Parryana. 

1.  Picea  Engelmannii  (Parry)  Engelm.  Trans.  Acad.  Sci.  St.  Louis  2:  212. 
1863.     A  tall  pyramidal  tree,  25-40  m.  high,  becoming  much  dwarfed  or  even 
depressed-spreading  and  shrub-like  at  high  elevations:  branches  verticillate, 
horizontal  or  the  upper  ascending;  branchlets  puberulent;  bark  light  reddish: 
leaves  15-30  mm.  long,   singly  and   somewhat  uniformly  distributed  over 
the  branchlets,  compressed  quadrangular,  abruptly  acute:  cones  oval  or  ob- 
long, about  5  cm.  long;  scales  thin,  tough,  truncate  and  entire  or  denticulate. 
ENGELMANN  SPRUCE. — A  valuable  tree,  often  occurring  in  extensive  almost  un- 
broken forests;  middle  elevations  to  timber-line.      Throughout  the  Rocky 
Mountain  region  and  west  to  the  coast  ranges. 

2.  Picea  pungens    Engelm,  London  Gard.  Chron.  1879:   334.   Of  strictly 
conical  growth  with  spreading  branches:   bark  thick,  smooth  and   gray,  in 
older  trees  becoming  very  thick,  hard  and  rigid:  branchlets  smooth  and  shin- 
ing: leaves  2-3  cm.  long,  very  pungent:  staminate  aments  3-4  cm.  long,  with 
pale  shining  rounded  scales :  cones  abundant,  solitary  or  clustered,  cylindrical, 
drooping,  6-10  cm.  long,  light  brown;  scales  oval  or  subrhombic,  more  or  less 
elongated  above,  undulate  and  retuse.      [P.  Parryana  (Andre)  Parry,  Gard. 
Chron.  2:  725. 1883.]     BLUE  SPRUCE. — This  is  a  comparatively  small  tree,  with 
soft  wood;  the  foliage  usually  blue-green;  the  needles  sharply  4-angled.     It  is 
used  extensively  for  ornamental  planting,  and  as  the  chosen  "  State  Tree  "  of 
Colorado  it  is  of  interest.     Found  also  in  Wyoming  and  Utah. 

3.  ABIES  Juss.     FIR 

Trees  of  pyramidal  form  and  rapid  growth,  but  with  brittle  and  easily  de- 
caying wood.  Leaves  on  the  horizontal  branchlets  appearing  2-ranked  by  a 
twist  near  the  base,  in  ours  bearing  stomata  on  both  sides,  with  two  longi- 
tudinal resin-ducts. 

Scales  of  cone  much  wider  than  long,  twice  as  long  as  the  entire  pointed 

bract  "  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  1.  A.  concolor. 

Scales  of  cone  suborbicular,  three  times  as  long  as  the  lacerate-margined 

abruptly  acuminate  bract 2.  A.  lasiocarpa. 

1.  Abies  concolor  (Gord.)  Parry,  Am.  Nat.  9:  204.  1875.  A  large  tree  25-50 
m.  high,  with  a  diameter  of  6-12  dm.  and  a  rough  grayish  bark:  leaves  mostly 
obtuse,  pale  green,  with  the  2  resin-ducts  close  to  the  epidermis  of  the  lower 
surface:  cones  oblong-cylindrical,  7-12  cm.  long  and  3-4  cm.  in  diameter,  pale 
green  or  sometimes  dull  purplish;  scales  25-30  mm.  wide,  nearly  twice  wider 
than  high:  seeds  8-12  mm.  long,  acute  at  the  base,  dark  or  dull  brown,  with 
rose-colored  wings.  WHITE  FIR. — From  southern  Colorado  to  California  and 
thence  northward  to  Oregon. 


PINACEAE  (PINE  FAMILY)  29 

2.  Abies  lasiocarpa  (Hook.)  Nutt.  Sylva  3:  138.  1849.  Not  so  tall,  20- 
30  m.  high,  with  very  pale  and  thin,  smooth,  or  only  in  very  old  trees  cracked, 
and  ashy-gray  bark:  leaves  dark  green  above,  sharp-pointed,  with  the  two 
resin-ducts  about  equidistant  from  upper  and  lower  surface:  cones  oblong- 
cylindrical,  6-7  cm.  long  and  3-4  cm.  in  diameter,  purplish-brown;  scales 
nearly  orbicular  or  sometimes  quadrangular,  12-20  mm.  long  and  broad:  seeds 
about  6  mm.  long,  with  dark  lustrous  wings  covering  nearly  the  entire  surface 
of  the  scales.  A.  subalpina.  ALPINE  FIR. — Bark  usually  containing  many 
balsam  reservoirs  or  pustules  which  has  given  rise  to  one  of  its  common  names, 
BALSAM.  Colorado  and  Wyoming  and  far  westward  and  northward. 

4.  PSEUDOTSUGA  Carr.     FALSE  HEMLOCK  SPRUCE 

A  large,  stately  tree,  occurring  in  the  mountains  at  middle  elevations,  on 
moist  slopes  and  plateaus.  Leaves  with  short  petioles,  twisting  on  the  base  so 
as  to  appear  comb-like  on  the  branches,  which  are  smooth  when  the  leaves 
have  fallen  and  marked"  only  by  oval  scars;  stomata  on  the  lower  surface  only, 
close  to  the  epidermis  of  which  are  the  two  lateral  resin-ducts.  Fruit  an  ovate- 
oblong  pendulous  cone  maturing  in  one  season;  the  bracts  longer  than  the 
scales.  Seeds  winged. 

1.  Pseudotsuga  mucronata  (Raf.)  Sudw.  Contrib.  U.  S.  Nat.  Herb.  3:  266. 
1895.  A  large  tree,  35-80  m.  high,  1-4  m.  in  diameter,  with  very  thick  brown 
deeply  fissured  bark:  leaves  flat,  linear,  15-25  m.  or  more  long:  cones  5-10  cm. 
long,  subcylindrical ;  bracts  more  or  less  exsert  and  spreading  or  reflexed,  giv- 
ing a  fringed  appearance  to  the  cones:  seeds  triangular,  on  the  upper  side 
convex  and  reddish-brown,  on  the  lower  flat  and  white,  6  mm.  long.  P. 
Douglasii.  DOUGLAS  SPRUCE. — Throughout  the  Rocky  Mountains  and  west- 
ward to  the  coast  ranges;  reaching  its  greatest  proportions  in  Oregon. 

6.  JUNIPERUS  L.    JUNIPER 

Trees  or  shrubs  with  subulate  or  scale-like  leaves,  often  of  two  forms. 
Cones  dioecious  or  rarely  monoecious,  in  short  lateral  aments;  the  staminate 
oblong  or  ovoid,  with  2-6-celled  anthers;  the  pistillate  of  a  few  opposite  some- 
what fleshy  scales.  Ovules  solitary  on  each  scale.  Fruits  globose,  berry-like 
by  the  coalescence  of  the  fleshy  scales.  Seeds  1-6,  large,  bony,  wingless. 

Trees  or  tree-like,  2-several  m.  high;  leaves  scale-like. 
Seeds  solitary;  berry  8-10  mm.  in  diameter. 

Leaves  opposite  (rarely  in  threes);  seed  acute  at  apex,  rounded  at  base. 

Flesh  of  berry  thin  and  resinous         .         .         .         .         .         .     1.  J.  monosperma. 

Flesh  of  berry  dry  and  sweet 2.  J.  utahensis. 

Leaves  3-ranked;  berry  dry  but  resinous;  seed  large  with  obtuse 

apex  and  tumid  base 3.  J.  Knightii. 

Seeds  2-4,  berries  smaller 4.  J.  scopulorum. 

Shrubs,  usually  in  caespitose  clumps. 

Leaves  subulate,  about  1  cm.  long 5.  J.  communis. 

Leaves  scale-like  at  least  in  part       .         .         .         .         .         .         .     6.  J.  Sabina. 

1.  Juniperus  monosperma  (Engelm.)  Sarg.  Silva.  N.  Am.  10:  89.  1889.     A 
tree,  occasionally  12-15  m.  high,  freely  branched,  forming  an  open  irregular 
head:  bark  thin,  gray,  broken  into  shreddy  scales:  leaves  in  pairs,  or  rarely  in 
threes,  acute,  rounded  or  thickened  on  the  back,  usually  less  than  3  mm.  long; 
on  young  plants  or  vigorous  shoots  longer,  sharp-pointed  and  glandular  on  the 
back:   staminate  ament  with  8-10  stamens;   the  pistillate  with  spreading 
pointed  scales:  fruit  globose  or  oblong,  dark  blue  or  copper-color  with  bloom, 
thin  resinous  flesh,  and  a  solitary  (rarely  2)  4-angled  obtusish  seed. — Southern 
Colorado  to  Texas  and  west  to  Nevada  and  Arizona. 

2.  Juniperus  utahensis  '(Engelm.)  Lemm.  3rd  Bien.  Rep.  Cal.  St.  Bd.  For. 
183.   1890.    A  bushy  tree  5  m.  or  more  high;  the  many  erect  contorted  branches 
forming  a  broad  open  head :  leaves  opposite,  rarely  in  threes,  acute  or  acumi- 
nate, rarely  glandular  on  the  back,  persistent  for  many, years:  berries  subglo- 


30  GNETACEAE    (JOINT   FIR  FAMILY) 

bose  or  oblong,  marked  by  the  tips  rf  the  flower-scales,  3-6  mm.  long;  the 
flesh  dry  and  sweet:  seeds  usually  solitary,  ovate,  acute,  conspicuously  acutely 
angled,  the  apex  brown.  UTAH  JUNIPER. — From  the  Wasatch  Mountains  in 
Utah  to  California  and  Arizona. 

3.  Juniperus  Knightii  A.  Nels.  Bot.  Gaz.  25:  198.  1898.    A  scraggy  shrub 
or  small  tree,  3-7  m.  high,  much  branched  from  the  base,  i.  e.,  trunkless  or 
breaking  up  into  several  subequal  trunks  also  freely  branched;  the  branches 
widely  spreading,  the  lowest  almost  resting  upon  the  ground :  leaves  3-ranked, 
closely  appressed,  rhomboidal  in  outline,  thick,  not  pitted  or  glandular,  long 
persistent:  branches  and  fruiting  branchlets  thick  and  rather  rigid:  berries 
blue-green  or  copper-colored,  marked  by  the  points  of  the  flower  scales,  ovoid 
or  subglobose,  7-10  mm.  in  diameter;  the  flesh  dry  and  closely  adherent  but 
more  or  less  resinous  (not  sweet) :  seed  solitary,  ovate,  obtuse,  slightly  grooved 
above,  rounded  or  tumid  at  base,  probably  not  maturing  till  the  autumn  of  the 
second  year.      DESERT  JUNIPER. — Common  in  arid  situations  (canons  and 
slopes) ;  central  to  southwest  Wyoming,  probably  adjacent  Utah,  and  in  similar 
situations  in  western  Colorado. 

4.  Juniperus  scopulorum  Sarg.  Gard.  &  For.  10:  423.  1897.    A  tree  10- 
20  m.  high,  with  short,  stout  trunk,  or  sometimes  branched  from  the  base  (in 
very  exposed  situations),  often  a  mere  shrub:  leaves  opposite,  appressed,  acute 
(in  seedlings  long  and  subulate),  glandular  on  the  back,  dark  green  or  pale  and 
glaucous:  fruit  ripening  at  the  end  of  the  second  season,  globose,  bright  blue, 
with  glaucous  bloom;  the  flesh  resinous:  seeds  usually  2  (often  more),  acute, 
prominently  grooved  and  angled.     J ' .  virginiana.     ROCKY  MOUNTAIN  JUNI- 
PER.— Widely  distributed  in  the  mountains  and  table-lands  of  western  America, 
at  middle  elevations. 

5.  Juniperus  communis  L.  Sp.  PI.  1040.    1753.    A  low  tree  or  more  often 
an  erect  shrub :  leaves  in  threes,  subulate,  rigid,  prickly  pointed,  straight  and 
slender,  1-2  cm.  long:  berry  dark  blue. — Only  the  shrubby  form  within  our 
range  and  that  passing  into  the  variety 

5a.  Juniperus  communis  sibirica  (Burgsd.)  Rydb.  Contrib.  U.  S.  Nat. 
Herb.  3:  533.  1896.  A  low  spreading  shrub,  rarely  1  m.  high,  forming  dense, 
usually  circular  patches:  leaves  in  threes,  crowded,  rigid,  channeled,  and  often 
whitish  above:  berries  small,  fleshy,  bluish,  1-3-seeded.  /.  communis  alpina. — 
Rocky  hillsides  and  mountain  slopes;  throughout  our  range. 

6.  Juniperus  Sabina  L.  Sp.  PI.  1039.    1753.    A  depressed  shrub  usually  less 
than  1  m.  high,  in  our  range  wholly  prostrate,  the  stems  creeping  and  rooting: 
leaves  short  and  scale-like,  4-ranked,  on  young  plants  subulate  and  spiny- 
tipped:  berry  light  blue,  glaucous,  borne  on  short  peduncle-like  branchlets: 
seeds  1-4. — On  banks  and  slopes;  not  frequent;  Wyoming  and  Montana,  east 
to  New  York. 

9.  GNETACEAE  Lindl.    JOINT  Fra  FAMILY 

Shrubs  or  small  trees,  mostly  with  jointed  opposite  or  fascicled  branches 
and  foliaceous  or  scale-like  opposite  (or  ternate)  exstipulate  leaves,  the  flowers 
mostly  dioecious,  with  decussate  persistent  bracts.  Staminate  flowers  in 
aments,  with  solitary  or  monadelphous  stamens  within  a  membranous  bifid 
calyx-like  perianth,  the  anther-cells  dehiscent  by  a  pore  or  chink  at  the  apex. 
Pistillate  flower  an  erect  sessile  ovule  terminated  by  an  exserted  style-like 
process,  included  within  a  perianth  which  becomes  hardened  and  often  thick- 
ened in  fruit. 

1.  EPHEDRA  L.     JOINT  I^RS 

Shrubs  with  numerous  Equisetum-like  branches.  Leaves  reduced  to  sheath- 
ing scales,  persistent  or  deciduous.  Inflorescence  axillary;  the  3-8  filaments 
united  into  a  clavate  stamineal  column. 


TYPHACEAE    (CAT-TAIL  FAMILY)  31 

Scales  and  branches  opposite;  bracts  connate 1.  E.  aritisyphilitica. 

Scales  and  branches  in  threes;  bracts  hardly  connate. 

Scales  short  (2-3  mm.);  fruit  scabrous        .         .         .         .         .  2.  E.  Torreyana. 

Scales  long  (6-12  mm.);  fruit  smooth 3.  E.  trifurca. 

1.  Ephedra  antisyphilitica  Mey.  Monog.  Ephedr.  101.     1846.    Stems  mostly 
lax  and  slender,  declinate  and  nearly  prostrate:  bark  not  shreddy  or  fibrous: 
scales  distinct,  subpersistent,  very  short  and  triangular-ovate,  or  when  young 
setaceously  tipped  and  slightly  sheathing  (sometimes  4  mm.  long):  aments  on 
short  bracteate  peduncles:  filaments  distinct  above  the  perianth:  pistillate 
flowers  with  3  or  4  pairs  of  bracts:  fruit  5-6  mm.  long. — Colorado  to  Texas  and 
New  Mexico. 

2.  Ephedra  Torreyana  Wats.  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  14:  299.  1899.     Erect,  3- 
10  dm.  high  or  more,  the  branches  often  somewhat  flexuous,  not  spinose, 
usually  ternate:  scales  short,  sheathing,  ternate,  with  broad  and  acutish  or 
rarely  narrow  lobes,  subpersistent,  not  becoming  shreddy:  staminate  aments 
nearly  sessile,  of  6-8  whorls  of  broad  bracts;  perianth  round-ovate,  slightly 
exserted;  anthers  5-8,  stipitate:  pistillate  flowers  6-10  mm.  long,  on  a  very 
short  peduncle,  of  5-6  whorls  of  thin  broadly  dilated  unguiculate  more  or 
less  crenulate  bracts:  fruit  solitary  or  in  threes,  oblong- lanceolate,  scabrous, 
8  mm.  long  or  less. — Colorado  to  California. 

3.  Ephedra  trifurca  Torr.  Bot.  Emory  Rep.   152.     1848.     Erect,  much 
branched,  4-16  dm.  high,  the  straight  rigid  branches  spinosely  tipped:  scales 
conspicuous,  sheathing,  6-12  mm.  long,  sharply  acuminate,  persistent,  becom- 
ing whitish  and  shreddy:  staminate  aments  on  a  very  short  peduncle,  of  5 
whorls  of  ovate  bracts  about  equaling  the  cuneate-oblong  perianths:  anthers 
(4  or  5)  stipitate:  fertile  flowers  nearly  sessile,  10-12  mm.  long,  of  numerous 
whorls   (8-10)  of  very  thin  and   scarious   entire  round-cordate  unguiculate 
bracts:  fruit  solitary,  12  mm.  long,  4-sided,  attenuate  upward,  smooth. — 
Texas  to  Arizona  and  north  to  Colorado. 


ANGIOSPERMS 

The  prevailing  seed-plants  of  the  present  flora,  characterized  by  ovules  be- 
ing inclosed  by  the  carpel. 

10.  TYPHACEAE  J.     St.  Hil.    CAT-TAIL  FAMILY 

Rootstocks  creeping.  Leaves  long,  sheathing  the  base  of  the  simple  joint- 
less  stems,  erect,  thickish.  Flowers  in  a  long  and  very  dense  cylindrical  spike 
terminating  the  stem;  the  upper  part  consisting  of  stamens  only,  inserted  di- 
rectly on  the  axis,  and  intermixed  with  long  hairs;  the  lower  part  consisting  of 
stipitate  1-celled  ovaries,  the  stipes  bearing  club-shaped  bristles,  which  form 
the  copious  down  of  the  fruit.  Nutlets  minute,  very  long  stalked.  Spathes 
merely  deciduous  bracts,  or  none. 

1.  TYPHA  L. 

Characters  of  the  family. 

1.  Typha  latifolia  L.  Sp.  PI.  971.    1753.    Stout  and  tall,  1-2  m.  high:  leaves 
flat,  sheathing,  1-2  cm.  broad,  exceeding  the  stem:  spike  1-3  dm.  long;  the 
upper  half  staminate;  the  lower  pistillate,  dark  brown,  2-3  cm.  thick:  pistillate 
flowers  without  bracelets;  stigma  rhombic-lanceolate:  pollen  grains  in  fours. — 
In  marshes  throughout  North  America. 

2.  Typha  angustifolia  L.  1.  c.     Leaves  narrower:  spike  brown,  the  stami- 
nate and  pistillate  portions  distant,  the  pistillate  with  bractlets:  stigmas  lin- 


32  SPARGANIACEAE    (BUR-REED   FAMILY) 

ear:  pollen  grains  simple. — Reported  from  Denver;  abundant  on  the  Atlantic 
coast;  also  in  Europe  and  Asia. 

11.  SPARGANIACEAE  Agardh.    BUR-REED  FAMILY 

Rootstocks  creeping  and  stolonif erous :  roots  fibrous.  Stems  simple  or 
branching,  sheathed  below  by  the  base  of  the  linear  leaves.  Flowers  collected 
in  separate  dense  and  spherical  leafy-bracted  heads,  which  are  scattered  along 
the  summit  of  the  stem;  the  upper  sterile,  consisting  merely  of  stamens,  with 
minute  scales  irregularly  interposed;  the  lower  or  fertile  larger,  consisting  of 
numerous  sessile  1-2-celled  pistils,  each  surrounded  by  3-6  scales  much  like  a 
calyx.  Fruit  wedge-shaped  or  club-shaped,  more  or  less  corky  toward  the 
summit,  the  hard  endocarp  perforated  at  the  apex. 

SPARGANIUM  L. 

Characters  of  the  family. 

Fruits  sessile,  angular         ...  .  .     1.  S.  eurycarpum. 

Fruits  stalked,  terete  or  fusiform. 
Emergent  and  erect. 

Inflorescence  branched        .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .     2.  S.  androcladum. 

Inflorescence  simple     • 3.  S.  simplex. 

Submersed  or  floating. 

Inflorescence  branched         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .     4.  S.  angustifolium. 

Inflorescence  simple    .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .     5.  S.  minimum. 

1.  Sparganium  eurycarpum  Engelm.  Gray,  Man.  Ed.  2.  430.    1856.   Stems 
stout,  erect,  5-10  dm.  high,  with  branched  inflorescence:  leaves  mostly  flat  and 
merely  keeled:  pistil  attenuate  into  a  short  style  bearing  2  elongated  stigmas: 
fruit  heads  2-6  or  more,  2-3  cm.  broad:  fruit  many-angled,  sessile,  when 
mature  with  a  broad  and  depressed  or  retuse  summit,  abruptly  tipped  in  the 
center. — Borders  of  ponds  and  streams ;  across  the  northern  part  of  the  United 
States. 

2.  Sparganium  androcladum  (Engelm.)  Morong,  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club 
15:  78.  1888.    Stems  erect,  slender,  3-5  dm.  high,  sparingly  or  freely  branched: 
pistillate  heads  3-7,  sessile  or  the  lowest  peduncled;  style  and  stigmas  6  mm. 
long:  fruiting  heads  12-25  mm.  in  diameter:  fruits  fusiform,  5-6  mm.  long, 
smooth  or  angled  at  the  summit,  often  contracted  in  the  middle;  the  stipe  3 
mm.  long. — In  bogs  and  shallow  water;  northeastern  part  of  our  range  to 
New  England. 

3.  Sparganium  simplex  Huds.  Fl.  Angl.  Ed.  2.   401.  1788.    Stems  slender, 
erect,  2-4  dm.  high:  leaves  more  or  less  triquetrous:  fertile  heads  (1-4)  of  the 
usually  simple  inflorescence  often  above  the  axils,  sessile  or  peduncled,  12- 
15  mm.  wide  in  fruit:   stigma  linear,  equaling  the  rather  slender  style,  or 
shorter:  nutlets  pale,  fusiform  or  narrowly  oblong,  about  4  mm.  long,  more  or 
less  contracted  in  the  middle. — Northern  Wyoming  and  thence  across  the 
continent. 

4.  Sparganium  angustifolium  Michx.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  2:  189.  1803.    Floating 
in  shallow  or  deep  water:  stems  slender:  leaves  long  and  narrow,  flat,  with 
sheaths  often  inflated  at  base:  inflorescence  3-10  cm.  long:  staminate  heads 
1-4;  pistillate  1-4,  usually  above  the  axil,  sessile  or  the  lower  pediceled: 
mature  fruiting  heads  7-15  mm.  in  diameter;  nutlets  often  contracted  in  the 
middle. — Seemingly  frequent  in  our  range;  from  New  Foundland  to  California. 

5.  Sparganium  minimum  Fries.  Summa  Veg.  Skand.  2:  560.  1846.    Usually 
floating,  with  very  slender  stems  and  thin  flat  narrow  leaves:  fertile  heads  1  or 
2,  axillary,  sessile  or  peduncled,  8-10  mm.  wide:  stigma  oval,  about  as  long  as 
the  short  style,  scarcely  surpassing  the  oval  or  obovate  denticulate  scales: 
fruit  oblong-obovate,  2-4  mm.  long,  pointed,  somewhat  triangular,  the  stipe 
very  short. — Colorado  to  New  England. 


NAIADACEAE    (PONDWEED   FAMILY)  33 

12.  NAIADACEAE  Lindl.    PONDWEED  FAMILY 

Marsh  or  mostly  immersed  aquatic  plants  with  jointed,  leafy  stems,  and 
the  leaves  sheathing  at  base  or  stipulate.  Flowers  perfect,  monoecious  or 
dioecious,  often,  spathaceous.  Perianth  of  4  segments,  or  membranaceous,  or 
wanting.  Stamens  1-4.  Ovaries  1-9,  distinct,  1-celled,  1-ovuled. — Naiadaceae 
in  part. 

Flowers  perfect;  leaves  alternate;  anthers  2  or  4,  sessile. 

Perianth-segments  4,  distinct;  ovaries  sessile      .         .         .         .         .1.  Potamogeton. 

Perianth  wanting;  ovaries  at  length  stipitate     .         .          .         .         .2.  Ruppia. 
Flowers  monoecious  or  dioecious;  leaves  opposite  or  fascicled;  stamen 
solitary. 

Leaves  entire;  flowers  clustered  in  the  axils 3.  Zannichellia. 

Leaves  spiny- toothed;  flowers  solitary  in  the  axils     .         .         .         .4.  Naias. 

1.  POTAMOGETON  L.     PONDWEED 

Herbs  of  fresh  or  saline  ponds  and  streams,  with  jointed  mostly  rooting 
stems,  and  2-ranked  leaves,  which  are  usually  alternate  or  imperfectly  op- 
posite: the  submersed  ones  pellucid,  the  floating  ones  often  dilated  and  of 
firmer  texture.  Stipules  membranous,  more  or  less  united  and  sheathing. 
Spikes  sheathed  by  the  stipules  in  the  bud,  mostly  later  raised  on  a  peduncle 
to  the  surface  of  the  water.  Flowers  perfect.  Sepals  4,  rounded,  valvate  in 
the  bud.  Stamens  4,  opposite  the  sepals;  anthers  nearly  sessile,  2-celled. 
Ovaries  4  (rarely  only  one),  with  an  ascending  campylotropous  ovule;  stigma 
sessile  or  on  a  short  style.  Fruit  drupe-like  when  fresh,  more  or  less  com- 
pressed; endocarp  (nutlet)  crustaceous. 

Some  of  the  leaves  floating. 

Floating  leaves  elliptic  to  oblanceolate,  petioled. 

Submerged  leaves  bladeless       .         .         .         .         .         .  1.  P.  natans. 

Submerged  leaves  with  a  proper  blade. 

Of  two  forms — elliptic  and  lanceolate 2.  P.  amplifolius. 

Of  one  form — all  alike. 
Linear. 

Filiform,  with  adnate  stipules          .         .         .         .  3.  P.  diversifolius. 

Broadest  at  base;  with  free  stipules         .         .         .  4.  P.  heterophyllus. 

Not  linear. 

Petiole  of  floating  leaves  long  (3-10  cm.)       .         .  5.  P.  lonchites. 

Petiole  of  floating  leaves  short  (3-15  mm.). 

Blade  elliptic 6.  P.  Zizii. 

Blade  oblanceolate      .         .         .         .         .         .  7.  P.  alpinus. 

None  of  the  leaves  floating. 

Leaves  with  lanceolate  or  broader  blade. 

Amplexicaul 8.  P.  perfoliatus. 

Sessile  or  nearly  so  ........       9.  P.  lucens. 

Leaves  linear. 

Stipules  free;  style  present. 

Leaves  glandular  at  base        .......     10.  P.  pusillus. 

Leaves  not  glandular  at  base 11.  P.  foliosus. 

Stipules  adnate. 

Style  present,  deciduous;  fruit  plump     .         .         .         .         .12.  P.  pectinatus. 
Style  wanting;   stigma  sessile,   persistent     .         .         .         .     13.  P.  filiformis. 

1.  Potamogeton  natans  L.  Sp.  PI.  126.     1753.    Stem  rather  stout,  simple 
or  sparingly  branched:   floating  leaves  thick,   ovate-elliptic   to   lanceolate, 
acutish,  slightly  cordate  at  base,  21-29-nerved,  mostly  shorter  than  the  peti- 
ole;   stipules  long  and  conspicuous;   upper  submerged  leaves  rarely  with  a 
small  lanceolate  blade,  the  lower   (formed  early  in  the  season)  reduced  to 
phyllodia:  peduncle  stout,  bearing  an  emersed  spike:  fruit  turgid,  obliquely 
obovate,  acute:  nutlet  with  a  small  deep  pit  on  each  side. — Across  the  con- 
tinent, in  ponds  and  ditches.     In  deeper  or  flowing  water  the  plant  becomes 
more  slender  and  often  wholly  submerged. 

2.  Potamogeton  amplifolius  Tuckerm.  Am.  Journ.  Sci.  II.  6:  225.  1848. 
Stems  often  stout,  simple:  floating  leaves  (sometimes  wanting)  30-50-nerved, 
elliptic  to  oblong-lanceolate,  acute,  mostly  rounded  or  slightly  cordate  at 

ROCKY  MT.   EOT. 3 


34  NAIADACEAE    (PONDWEED   FAMILY) 

base,  on  stout  petioles  about  equaling  the  blade;  submerged  leaves  often  very 
large,  mostly  falcate  and  somewhat  undulate,  acute,  attenuate  to  a  usually 
short  petiole :  spike  thick,  on  a  very  stout  peduncle :  fruit  large,  3-keeled,  with 
a  broad,  stout  beak:  sides  of  the  nutlet  not  pitted.- — In  ponds  and  streams; 
from  New  Mexico  to  the  Atlantic  States;  also  in  California  and  Oregon. 

3.  Potamogeton  diversifolius  Raf.  Med.  Rep.  II.  5:  354.   1808.     Floating 
leaves  oval  to  lance-oblong,  often  acute,  longer  than  the  filiform  petioles,  with 
about  5-7  nerves  beneath,  deeply  impressed ;  submerged  leaves  very  numerous, 
almost  setaceous,  2-10  cm.  long,  very  rarely  1  mm.  wide;  stipules  obtuse: 
emersed  spikes  8-14  mm.  long;  submersed  spikes  1-4-flowered,  their  peduncles 
(of  their  own  length)  frequently  recurved:  fruit  minute,  about  8-toothed  on 
the  margin. — Montana,   probably  Wyoming,   east  to  New  Brunswick  and 
Florida. 

4.  Potamogeton  heterophyllus  Schreb.  Spicil.  Fl.  Lips.  21.     1771.    Stems 
very  slender,  branching:  floating  leaves  rather  thin,  9-15-nerved,  small,  oblong- 
elliptic,  acutish,  rounded  or  cuneate  at  base,  on  slender  petioles  mostly  equal- 
ing or  exceeding  the  blade;   submerged  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  variable  in 
length,  more  commonly  short,  acute  or  acuminate,  narrowed  at  base:  spikes 
rather  loose,  on  stout  often  elongated  peduncles:  fruit  round-obovate,  acute, 
scarcely  keeled. — In  still  or  flowing  water;  from  the  Yellowstone  eastward; 
also  in  Nevada  and  California. 

5.  Potamogeton  lonchites  Tuckerm.   Am.  Journ.  Sci.   II.  6:  226.  1848. 
Stem  rather  slender,  branching:  floating  leaves  thickish,  1 1-23-nerved,  long 
elliptical  to  oblong-lanceolate,  acute  or  acutish,  rather  abruptly  narrowed  into 
a  petiole  usually  longer  than  the  blade;  submerged  leaves  thin  and  long, 
mostly  linear-lanceolate,  attenuate  at  base,  the  lower  sessile:  spikes  on  stout 
peduncles:  fruit  obliquely  obovate,  carinate,  acute:  nutlet  somewhat  3-keeled, 
the  sides  scarcely  impressed. — Usually  in  streams;  from  Mexico  to  the  Atlantic 
States;  also  in  the  Pacific  States. 

6.  Potamogeton  Zizii  Roth,  Enum.  1:  531. 1827.    Stems  branching,  slender: 
floating  leaves  many-nerved,  narrowly  elliptic,  4-10  cm.  long,  mostly  acute, 
short-petioled  or  often  nearly  sessile;  submerged  leaves  lanceolate  or  oblan- 
ceolate,  thin,  acute,  longer  than  the  floating  leaves,  7-17-nerved:  peduncles 
thicker  than  the  stem,  long:  spike  often  5  cm.  long:  fruit  obliquely  ovoid, 
rather  large,  dorsally  3-keeled. — Wyoming  and  Montana,  east  to  the  Atlantic 
States. 

7.  Potamogeton  alpinus  Balbis,  Misc.  Bot.   13.     1804.     Floating  leaves 
(often   wanting)  rather  thin,   11-17-nerved,  narrowly  oblong-elliptic  or  ob- 
lanceolate,  acutish,  attenuate  into  a  very  broad,  short  petiole;  submerged 
leaves  as  large  as  the  floating,  sessile  or  nearly  so,  narrowly  oblong-lanceolate, 
obtuse  or  acute:  spikes  rather  slender,  on  stout  often  elongated  peduncles:  fruit 
round-obovate,  acutely  margined,  beaked  by  the  rather  long  style:   nutlet 
pitted  on  each  side.    P.  rufescens. — In  ponds  and  streams;  Colorado  to  Mon- 
tana, and  in  the  Atlantic  States. 

8.  Potamogeton  perfoliatus  L.  Sp.  PI.  126.     1753.    The  large  leaves  long- 
lanceolate  from  a  cordate-clasping  base,  and  acuminate,  wavy,  8-12  cm.  long: 
peduncles  thickened  upward :  fruit  irregularly  obovate,  obtusely  margined,  the 
sides  with  a   shallow  indentation.     P.  perfoliatus  lanceolatus. — Colorado  to 
Montana,  thence  across  the  continent. 

9.  Potamogeton  lucens  L.  Sp.  PL  127.     1753.     Stem  stout,  branching: 
leaves  usually  large,  5-15  cm.  long,  oblong-lanceolate  or  oblanceolate,  abruptly 
acute  or  acuminate,  often  undulate-serrate,  narrowed  at  base  to  a  short  petiole 
or  subsessile;  stipules  large:  peduncles  often  elongated:  fruit  acute,  slightly 
keeled. — From  New  Mexico  to  California;  also  eastward  to  Florida  and  New 
England. 

10.  Potamogeton  pusillus  L.  Sp.  PI.  127.    1753.    Stem  slender,  flattish  or 
nearly  cylindrical,  often  very  branching:  leaves  narrow  or  setaceous-linear, 
acuminate,  acute  or  subacute,  1-3-nerved,  furnished  with  translucent  glands 
on  each  side  at  the  base;  stipules  at  first  obtuse:  spikes  interrupted  or  capitate, 
2-8-flowered,  on  rather  long  peduncles:  fruit  obliquely  elliptical,   scarcely 


NAIADACEAE    (PONDWEED   FAMILY)  35 

keeled:  apex  of  embryo  incurved  and  directed  obliquely  downward. — In  ponds 
and  slow  streams;  almost  throughout  North  America,  but  rare  in  our  range. 

11.  Potamogeton  foliosus  Raf.  Med.  Rep.  II.  5:  354.  1808.     Stem  filiform, 
somewhat  flattened,  freely  branching:  leaves  narrowly  linear,  3-5  cm.  long, 
1-2  mm.  broad,  acute,  obscurely  3-nerved;  stipules  obtuse:  spikes  capitate, 
1^4-flowered,  on  short  club-shaped  peduncles:   fruit  roundish-lenticular,  the 
back  more  or  less  crested. — Mostly  in  still  water,  often  in  stagnant  and  alkaline 
ponds;  Colorado  to  Montana,  and  across  the  continent. 

12.  Potamogeton  pectinatus  L.  Sp.  PI.  127.    1753.    The  slender  stems  freely 
branched,  3-8  dm.  long;  the  branches  repeatedly  dichotomous:  leaves  tapering 
to  the  setaceous  apex,  1 -nerved,  5-15  cm.  long,  sometimes  capillary  and  nerve- 
less; sheaths  of  the  stipule *with  scarious  margins:  fruit  obliquely  ovoid,  with 
a  hard  thick  shell,  3—4  mm.  long,  not  keeled  but  with  obscure  lateral  ridges  on 
the  back,  the  sides  full  and  convex. — In  fresh  or  saline  waters;  very  common 
in  our  range;  across  the  continent. 

13.  Potamogeton  filifonnis  Pers.  Syn.  1:  152.  1805.    Resembling  narrow- 
leaved  forms  of  the  last  species,  low  and  very  leafy:  peduncles  much  elongated: 
fruit  much  smaller  (2  mm.  long)  and  thinner,  round-obovate,  not  keeled  upon 
the  rounded  back,  tipped  with  the  broad  sessile  stigma.    P.  marinus. — Similar 
habitat  and  about  the  same  range  as  the  last. 

2.  RUPPIA  L. 

Aquatic  herbs,  growing  under  water,  with  long  and  thread-like  forking 
stems,  and  slender  almost  capillary  alternate  leaves,  sheathing  at  the  base. 
Flowers  rising  to  the  surface  at  the  time  for  expansion,  perfect,  2  or  more  ap- 
proximated on  a  slender  spadix,  which  is  at  first  inclosed  in  the  sheathing 
spathe-like  base  of  a  leaf,  entirely  destitute  of  floral  envelopes,  consisting  of 
two  sessile  stamens,  each  with  2  large  and  separate  anther-cells,  and  4  small 
sessile  ovaries.  Stigma  sessile,  depressed.  Fruit  small  obliquely  ovate,  pointed 
drupes,  each  raised  on  a  slender  stalk  which  appears  after  flowering;  the 
spadix  itself  also  then  raised  on  an  elongated  thread-form  peduncle. 

Pedicels  1-3  cm.  long;  fruit  conical-ovoid       .         .         .         .         .         .     1.  R.  maritima. 

Pedicels  3-6  cm.  long;  fruit  gibbous  at  base  and  strongly  curved      .         .     2.  R.  curvicarpa. 

1.  Ruppia  maritima  L.  Sp.  PL  127.    1753.    Leaves  linear-capillary:  fruiting 
peduncles  capfltary,  7-15  cm.  long;  pedicels  1-3  cm.  long:  fruit  (drupe  or  nut) 
conical-ovate,  sometimes  somewhat  gibbous  at  base  and  obliquely  erect. — 
Shallow  bays  and  in  marshes  along  the  Atlantic  and  Pacific  coasts;  apparently 
aiso  in  salt  springs  and  creeks  in  the  interior. 

2.  Ruppia  curvicarpa  A.  Nels.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  26:  122.  1899.    Stems 
light  green,  6  dm.  or  more  in  length,  capillary  and  fragile  at  maturity:  leaves 
variable  in  length,  3  cm.  or  more:  peduncles  long:  pedicels  several  in  a  cluster, 
capillary,  fragile,  from  3-6  cm.  long:  drupes  black  at  maturity,  oblong,  2  mm. 
in  length,  gibbous  at  base,  hence  appearing  obliquely  placed  on  the  pedicel, 
increasing  slightly  in  diameter  upward  to  the  abruptly  bent  beak  which  is 
tipped  with  a  sharp  acumination. — Alkali  lakes,  southern  Wyoming;  probably 
in  similar  waters  elsewhere  in  the  interior  table-lands. 

3.  ZANNICHELLIA  L. 

Very  slender  and  branching,  with  very  narrow  or  filiform  opposite  leaves, 
not  sheathing  and  with  small  stipules.  Flowers  monoecious,  axillary,  sessile 
or  nearly  so.  Sterile  flowers  of  a  single  naked  stamen  with  slender  filament. 
Fertile  flowers  solitary,  usually  in  the  same  axils,  with  a  cup-shaped  mem- 
branous spathe  or  perianth;  ovaries  nearly  sessile,  becoming  more  or  less  stip- 
itate;  stigmas  peltate.  Fruit  an  obliquely  oblong  beaked  nutlet. 

1.  Zannichellia  palustris  L.  Sp.  PL  969.  1753.  Stems  1-5  dm.  long  or 
more,  leafy:  leaves  1-7  cm.  long:  fruit  somewhat  incurved,  often  more  or  less 
toothed  on  the  back. — In  fresh- water  ponds  and  slow  streams;  from  New 


30  JUNCAGINACEAP:  (ARROW  GRASS  FAMILY) 

Mexico  and  southern  Colorado  northward,   and  in  both  the  Pacific  and  the 
Atlantic  States. 

4.  NAIAS  L. 

Slender  branching  herbs,  growing  under  water,  with  opposite  and  linear 
leaves  somewhat  crowded  into  whorls,  spinulose-toothed,  sessile  and  dilated 
at  base.  Flowers  very  small,  solitary,  but  often  clustered  in  the  axils;  dioecious 
or  monoecious,  axillary,  solitary  and  sessile;  the  sterile  consisting  of  a  single 
stamen  inclosed  in  a  little  membranous  spathe;  anther  at  first  nearly  sessile, 
the  filament  at  length  elongated.  Fertile  flowers  consisting  of  a  single  ovary 
tapering  into  a  short  style;  stigmas  2-4,  awl-shaj^d.  Fruit  a  little  seed-like 
nutlet,  inclosed  in  a  loose  and  separable  membranous  epicarp. 

Leaves  acuminate;  seeds  with  30-50  rows  of  faint  reticulations         .     1.  N.  flexilis. 
Leaves  abruptly  acute;  seeds  with  16-20  rows  of  conspicuous  reticu- 
lations       .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .     2.  N.  guadalupensis. 

1.  Naias  flexilis  (Willd.)  Host.  &  Schmidt.  Fl.  Sed.  384.    1824.    Stems  very 
slender:  leaves  linear,  becoming  acuminate,  minutely  serrulate,  1-3  cm.  long; 
sheaths  obliquely  rounded,  with  5-10  teeth  on  each  edge:  dioecious:  fruit 
ellipsoid,  about  3  mm.  long,  tipped  with  the  long  style  and  the  3  short  stigmas: 
seeds  smooth  and   shining,  sometimes  faintly  sculptured  with  30-50  rows  of 
reticulations. — Said  to  occur  in  most  parts  of  North  America. 

2.  Naias  guadalupensis  (Spreng.)  Morong,  Mem.  Torr.  Club  32:  60.  1893. 
Very  similar,  but  the  stems  long  (3-6  dm.)  and  freely  branched:  leaves  shorter, 
the  edges  parallel,  abruptly  acute :  fruit  dull  (not  shining)  and  strongly  marked 
with    16-20  rows  of  reticulations  which  are  transversely  oblong. — Widely 
distributed  but  not  common;  Colorado  to  Florida  and  Oregon. 

13.  JUNCAGINACEAE  Engler  &  Prantl.     ARROW  GRASS 

FAMILY 

Rush-like  plants  growing  in  wet  or  marshy  places,  ours  in  saline  soils. 
Leaves  rush-like  or  cylindrical.  Flowers  in  simple  spikes  or  racemes,  perfect; 
perianth  segments  3-6;  stamens  3-6.  Ovaries  3-6,  more  or  less  united  when 
immature. — Naiadaceae  in  part. 

1.  TRIGLOCHIN  L.     ARROW  GRASS 

Perennials,  with  rush-like  fleshy  leaves,  below  sheathing  the  base  of  the 
wand-like  naked  and  jointless  scape.  Flowers  small,  in  a  spiked  raceme, 
bractless.  Sepals  and  petals  nearly  alike  (greenish),  ovate,  concave,  decid- 
uous. Stamens  3-6;  anthers  oval,  on  very  short  filaments.  Pistils  united 
into  a  3-6-celled  compound  ovary;  stigmas  sessile;  ovules  solitary.  Capsule 
splitting  when  ripe  into  3-6  carpels,  which  separate  from  a  persistent  central 
axis. 

Carpels  6;  fruit  obtuse  at  base        .         .         .         .         .         .         .  1.  T.  maritima. 

Carpels  3;  fruit  attenuate  at  base 2.  T.  palustris. 

1.  Triglochin  maritima  L.   Sp.  PI.  339.     1753.    Rather  stout,  2-10  dm. 
high:  leaves  shorter  than  the  scape,  2-4  mm.  broad:  raceme  usually  crowded, 
1-3  dm.  long:    flowers  2  mm.  broad:  fruit  obtuse  at  base,  6-carpeled,  3-5 
mm.  long,  and  about  equaling  the  pedicels. — In  saline    places  across  the 
continent. 

2.  Triglochin  palustris  L.  Sp.   PI.  338.     1753.     Slender,   1-3  dm.  high: 
leaves  less  than  2  mm.  broad:  flowers  smaller:  fruit  attenuate  at  base,  3- 
carpeled,  5-8  mm.  long,  exceeding  the  pedicels,  separating  from  below  up- 
ward.— From  the  Rocky  Mountains  eastward  across  the  continent.    . 


ALISMACEAE    (WATER   PLANTAIN    FAMILY)  37 

14.  ALISMACEAE  DC.     WATER  PLANTAIN  FAMILY 

Marsh  herbs,  with  scape-like  stems,  sheathing  leaves,  and  perfect  or  monoe- 
cious flowers  not  on  a  spadix,  furnished  with  both  calyx  and  corolla.  Sepals 
and  petals  each  3,  distinct.  Ovaries  numerous,  distinct,  becoming  achenes  in 
fruit. — Roots  fibrous;  leaves  radical,  petiolate,  strongly  nerved  with  trans- 
verse veinlets,  the  earlier  sometimes  without  blade;  flowers  in  a  loose  raceme 
or  panicle. 

Leaves  elliptic-ovate;  flowers  perfect     .         .         .  ••/   *•  '.  .         .       •-••      "  .     1.  Alisma. 
Leaves  sagittate;  flowers  monoecious  or  dioecious       .         .         •  .,     •         •     2.  Sagittaria. 

1.  ALISMA  L.     WATER  PLANTAIN 

Roots  fibrous.  Leaves  ajl  from  the  root,  several-ribbed,  with  connected 
veinlets.  Scape  with  whorled  panicled  branches.  Flowers  small,  white  or 
pale  rose-color,  perfect.  Petals  involute  in  the  bud.  Stamens  definite,  mostly 
6.  Ovaries  many  in  a  simple  circle  on  a  flattened  receptacle,  forming  flattened 
coriaceous  achenes,  which  are  dilated  and  2-3-keeled  on  the  back. 

1.  Alisma  Plantago-aquatica  L.  Sp.  PL  342.  1753.  Perennial  by  a  stout 
proliferous  corm:  leaves  long-petioled,  ovate,  oblong,  or  lanceolate,  or  even 
linear,  acute,  mostly  rounded  or  heart-shaped  at  base,  3-9-nerved:  panicle 
loose,  compound,  many-flowered,  3-5  dm.  long:  carpels  obliquely  obovate, 
forming  an  obtusely  triangular  whorl  in  fruit.  (A.  brevipes  Greene,  Pitt. 
4:  158.  1900.) — In  shallow  water  or  on  muddy  banks;  North  America,  Europe, 
and  Asia. 

2.  SAGITTARIA  L.     ARROWHEAD 

Marsh  or  aquatic  mostly  perennial  stoloniferous  herbs,  with  milky  juice 
and  fibrous  roots;  the  scapes  sheathed  at  base  by  the  bases  of  the  long  cellular 
petioles,  of  which  the  primary  ones,  and  sometimes  all,  are  flattened,  nerved, 
and  destitute  of  any  proper  blade  (i.  e.,  are  phyllodia);  when  present  the 
blade  is  arrow-shaped  or  lanceolate,  nerved  and  with  cross-veinlets  as  in 
Alisma.  Flowers  monoecious,  or  often  dioecious.  Petals  imbricated  in  the 
bud.  Stamens  indefinite,  rarely  few.  Ovaries  many,  crowded  in  a  spherical 
or  somewhat  triangular  depressed  head  on  a  globular  receptacle,  in  fruit  form- 
ing flat  membranaceous-winged  achenes. 

Beak  of  achene  wanting  or  merely  an  erect  tooth  in  the  margin  of  its  wing. 
Basal-lobes  of  leaf  shorter  than  the  .blade. 

Basal-lobes  acute     .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .  1.  S.  arifolia. 

Basal-lobes  obtuse  .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .  2.  S.  hebetiloba. 

Basal-lobes  of  leaf  much  longer  than  the  blade     .         .         .         .         .  3.  S.  longiloba. 

Beak  of  achene  i  to  J  as  long  as  the  body      .         .         .         .         .         .  4.  S.  latifolia. 

1.  Sagittaria  arifolia  (Nutt.)  J.  G.  Smith,  Ann.  Rep.  Mo.  Bot.  Card.  6:  32. 
pL  I.     1894.     Glabrous  or  nearly  so:  leaves  sagittate,  usually  broad,  with 
curved  margin,  rather  abruptly  acute ;  the  lobes  acute  or  acuminate,  divergent 
but  incurved,  usually  less  than  half  as  long  as  the  blade:  bracts  lanceolate, 
as  long  as  the  fertile  pedicels  or  longer:  petals  white,  6-10  mm.  long:  fila- 
ments glabrous:  achene  obovate,  .2  mm.  long,  winged,  with  a  short  tooth-like 
beak  at  one  side  of  the  summit.     S.  variabilis  in  part. — On  muddy  banks  or  in 
shallow  ponds;  frequent  in  our  range,  and  extending  from  Michigan  to  Cali- 
fornia. 

2.  Sagittaria  hebetiloba  A.  Nels.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  26:  6.  1899.    Very 
similar  to  the  preceding  but  usually  larger  in  every  way:  leaves  broad,  with 
curved  sides  and  rounded  abruptly  acutish  apex;  the  lobes  broad  and  abruptly 
rounded,  very  obtuse:  beak  of  achene  oblique  or  erect,  very  short,  merely  a 
blunt  tooth  at  the  side  of  the  rounded  summit  of  the  body. — Type  locality, 
Platte  Canon,  eastern  Wyoming;  possibly  local  or  a  mere  form  of  the  preced- 
ing. . 


38  GRAMINEAE  (GRASS  FAMILY) 

3.  Sagittaria  longiloba   Engelm.  in  Torr.  Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  212.     1859. 
Glabrous:  petioles  and  scapes  rather  long  and  slender:   leaves  with  short 
lanceolate  blade  and  usually  very  long  linear-lanceolate  acute  lobes,  2-3  times 
as  long  as  the  blade:  bracts  lanceolate,  acuminate:  stamens  numerous;  the 
filaments  longer  than  the  anthers:   achene  quadrate-obovate,    winged  all 
around,  beak  wanting  or  nearly  so. — Nebraska  and  Colorado  to  Mexico. 

4.  Sagittaria  latifolia  Willd.  Sp.  PL  4:  409.  1806.    Monoecious,  as  are  all  of 
ours,  glabrous  or  nearly  so,  2-10  dm.  high:  leaves  broad  and  abruptly  con- 
tracted to  the  acute  apex;  basal  lobes  usually  broad,  divergent  and  often 
slightly  out-curved,  about  half  as  long  as  the  blade:  bracts  acute  or  obtuse: 
flowers  rather  large,  2-3  cm.  broad:  achene  with  broad  wing  on  either  side 
narrowed  into  the  nearly  horizontal  slender  beak,  one  third  as  long  as  the 
body. — Very  variable;  throughout  North  America;  infrequent  in  our  range. 

15.  HYDROCHARITACEAE  Aschers.     TAPE  GRASS  FAMILY 

Represented  in  our  range  by  a  single  genus,  which  see  for  characters. 

PHILOTRIA  Raf.     WATERWEED 

Perennial  slender  submerged  herbs,  with  elongated  branching  stems 
thickly  beset  with  pellucid  and  veinless,  1-nerved,  sessile,  whorled  or  opposite 
leaves.  The  staminate  flowers  (rarely  seen)  commonly  break  off,  as  in  Vallis- 
neria,  and  float  on  the  surface,  where  they  expand  and  shed  their  pollen 
around  the  stigmas  of  the  fertile  flowers,  raised  to  the  surface  by  the  pro- 
longed calyx-tube. — (Elodea  Michx.) 

1.  Philotria  canadensis  (Michx.)  Brit.  Science  II.  2:  5.  1895.  Leaves  in 
threes  or  fours,  or  the  lower  opposite,  varying  from  linear  to  oval-oblong,  mi- 
nutely serrulate:  stamens  9  in  the  sterile  flowers,  3-6  almost  sessile  anthers  in 
the  fertile.  [P.  angustifolia  (Muhl.)  Brit,  and  P.  minor  (Engelm.)  Small.] 
— Slow  streams  and  ponds,  common;  widely  distributed  in  North  America; 
rather  rare  in  our  range. 

16.  GRAMINEAE  Juss.    GRASS  FAMILY 

Annual  or  perennial  herbs  of  various  habit,  rarely  shrubs  or  trees.  Stems 
(culms)  generally  hollow  or  sometimes  solid,  the  nodes  closed.  Leaves  sheath- 
ing, the  sheaths  usually  split  to  the  base  on  the  side  opposite  the  blade,  a 
scarious  or  cartilaginous  ring  (ligule)  borne  at  the  base  of  the  leaf-blade. 
Inflorescence  spicate,  racemose,  or  paniculate,  consisting  of  spikelets  com- 
posed of  two-many  2-ranked  imbricated  bracts,  the  2  lowest  in  the  complete 
spikelet  always  empty  (glumes),  1  or  both  sometimes  wanting.  One  or  more 
of  the  upper  bracts  (lemmas)  usually  contains  in  the  axil  a  flower,  which  is 
usually  inclosed  by  a  bract-like  awnless  organ  called  the  palet,  placed  opposite 
the  lemma  with  its  back  to  the  axis  (rachilla)  of  the  spikelet,  generally 
2-keeled.  Flowers  perfect  or  staminate,  sometimes  monoecious  or  dioecious, 
subtended  by  1-3,  usually  2  minute  hyaline  scales  (lodicules)  placed  at  the 
base  of  the  ovary  opposite  the  palet.  Stamens  1-6,  usually  3;  anthers  2-celled, 
versatile,  longitudinally  dehiscent.  Ovary  1-celled,  1-ovuled;  styles  1-3, 
usually  2  and  lateral;  stigmas  hairy  or  plumose.  Fruit  a  seed-like  grain 
(caryopsis).  Endosperm  starchy. 

Various  terms  have  been  used  to  designate  the  bracts  (glumes)  of  the 
spikelets.  In  the  treatment  here  Mr.  C.  V.  Piper's  suggestion  has  been  adopted, 


GRAMINEAE  (GRASS  FAMILY) 


39 


as  follows:  The  two  empty  glumes  are  merely  the  glumes;  the  flowering  glume 
is  the  lemma;  the  additional  glume  in  the  Paniceae  (the  so-called  third  glume) 
is  the  sterile  lemma;  palet  and  lodicule  are  used  as  heretofore. 

Key  to  the  Tribes  * 

Spikelets  falling  from  the  pedicels  entire,  naked  or  inclosed  in 

bristles  or  bur-like  involucres,  1-flowered,  or  if  2-flowered 

the  lower  flower  staminate;  no  upper  empty  lemmas;  ra- 

chilla  not  extending  above  the  sterile  lemma. 

Spikelets  round  or  somewhat  compressed  dorsally;  glumes 

manifest;  hilum  punctiform. 
Lemma  and  palet  hyaline,  thin,  much  more  delicate  in 

texture  than  the  glumes. 

Spikelets  in  pairs,  one  sessile  and  the  other  pedicellate 
Spikelets  not  in  pairs  (Alopecurus,  Polypogon,  Cinna, 

etc.) 

Lemma,  at  least  that  of  the  perfect  flower,  similar  in  tex- 
ture to  the  glumes,  or  thicker  and  firmer,  never  hya- 
line and  thin. 

Lemma  and  palet  membranous;  the  first  glume  usually 
larger  than  the  rest       ...... 

Lemma  and  palet  chartaceous  to  coriaceous,  very  dif- 
ferent in  color  and  appearance  from  the  glumes. 
Spikelets  much  compressed  laterally;  glumes  none  or  rudi- 
mentary; hilum  linear 

Spikelets  with  the  glumes  persistent,  the  rachilla  articulated 

above  them,   1-many-flowered;  frequently  the  upper 

lemmas  are  empty;  rachilla  often  produced  beyond  the 

sterile  lemma. 

Spikelets  borne  in  an  open  or  spike-like  panicle  or  raceme, 

usually  upon  distinct  pedicels. 
Spikelets  1 -flowered. 

Glumes  4;  palet  1-nerved  ..... 

Glumes  2,  rarely  1;  palet  2-nerved  (except  in  Cinna) 
Spikelets  2-many-flowered. 

Lemma   usually   shorter  than  the  glumes;    the  awn 
dorsal  and  usually  bent       ..... 

Lemma  usually  longer  than  the  glumes;  the  awn  termi- 
nal and  straight  (rarely  dorsal  in  Bromus)  or  none 
Spikelets  in  two  rows,  sessile  or  nearly  so. 

Spikelets  on  one  side  of  the  continuous  axis,  forming  one- 
sided spikes      ........ 

Spikelets  alternately  on  opposite  sides  of  the  axis,  which 
is  often  articulated 


Tribe        I.  Andropogoneae. 

Tribe  VI.  Agrostideae. 

Tribe  II.  Zoysieae. 

Tribe  III.  Paniceae. 

Tribe  IV.  Oryzeae. 


Tribe       V.  Phalarideae. 
Tribe     VI.  Agrostideae. 


Tribe   VII.  Aveneae. 

Tribe     IX.  Festuceae. 

Tribe  VIII.  Chlorideae. 

Tribe      X.  Hordeae. 


Tribe  I.  ANDROPOGONEAE 

Rachis-internodes  not  sulcate;  branches  of  the  simple  panicle  paired, 

or  rarely  single  or  variously  branched. 
Some  or  all  of  the  racemes  sessile         ......       1.  Andropogon. 

All  of  the  racemes  more  or  less  peduncled. 

Pedicellate  spikelets  wanting    . 3.  Sorghastrum. 

Pedicellate  spikelets  present  and  usually  staminate         .         .       4.  Sorghum. 
Rachis-internodes  sulcate .2.  Amphilophis. 

Tribe  II.  ZOYSIEAE 
Inflorescence  in  terminal  spikes 6.  Hilaria. 


This  excellent  key  to  the  tribes  represented  in  our  range  is  taken  without  change  (except 
erms  used)  from  Rydbei    '    ™ 
from  those  of  Rydberg's  Fl, 


in  terms  used)  from  Rydberg's  Flora  of  Colorado.     The  generic  kevs  have  been  adapted 
"1,  Colo,;  Piper  s  Fl.  Wash.;  and  Brittons  Man. 


40 


GRAMINEAE    (GRASS    FAMILY) 


Tribe  III.  PANICEAE 

Spikelets  without  a  subtending  involucre  of  bristles  or  valves. 
Spikelets  in  one-sided  racemes  or  spikes. 

First  glume  well  developed        ...... 

First  glume  small  or  abortive. 

Plant  annual          .         .    • 

Plant  perennial      ........ 

Spikelets  not  in  one-sided  racemes  or  spikes. 

Glumes  awned  .         .         .         .         .         ... 

Glumes  not  awned     ........ 

Spikelets  involucrate. 

The  involucre  consisting  of  bristles       . 

The  involucre  consisting  of  spine-bearing  valves  forming  a  bur 


6.  Paspalum. 


7.  Syntherisma. 

8.  Brachiaria. 


Tribe  IV.  ORYZEAE 


Flowers  perfect;  glumes  wanting 


Tribe  V.  PHALARIDEAE 

Uppermost  floret  perfect,  the  others  empty      ..... 
Uppermost  floret  perfect,  the  others  staminate        .... 

Tribe  VI.  AGROSTIDEAE 

Lemma  with  a  long  terminal  awn,  and  closely  embracing  the  grain. 
Spikelets  not  in  pairs. 

Fruiting  lemma  thin  and  membranous 
Fruiting  lemma  firm  and  indurated. 

Awns  3-b  ranched  .         ».  •    . 

Awns  simple. 

Twisted,  persistent  on  the  lemma 

Straight,  deciduous  from  the  lemma. 

Lemma  glabrous  or  appressed-pubescent 

Lemma  long  silky-pubescent  .         .         .         . 

Spikelets  paired,  in  a  spike-like  raceme       ..... 

Lemma  awnless  or  short- awned,  and  loosely  investing  the  grain. 
Inflorescence  a  dense  spike. 

Spikelets  persistent;  lemma  awnless  or  with  a  short  terminal  awn. 
Spikes  cylindrical  ........ 

Spikes  ovoid  ......... 

Spikelets  early  deciduous;  lemma  with  a  dorsal  awn 
Inflorescence  a  loose  panicle. 

Pericarp  discharging  the  seed  at  maturity. 

A  diminutive  alpine  perennial        ...... 

Larger  and  mostly  at  middle  and  lower  altitudes. 
Nerves  of  lemma  not  pilose         .         .         .         .         . 

Nerves  of  lemma  pilose      ....... 

Pericarp  permanently  investing  the  seed. 

Palet  1 -nerved;  stamen  1 

Palet  2-nerved;   stamens  3. 
Lemma  naked  at  the  base 
Lemma  with  a  tuft  of  long  hairs  at  the  base. 
Thin-membranous  .         .         ... 

Chartaceous    . 


9.  Echinochloa. 

10.  Panicum. 

11.  Chaetochloa. 

12.  Cenchrus. 


13.  Homalocenchrus. 


14.  Phalaris. 

15.  Hierochloe. 


20.  Muhlenbergia. 

16.  Aristida. 

17.  Stipa. 


18.  Oryzopsis. 

19.  Eriocoma. 
21.  Lycurus. 


22.  Phleum. 
27.  Polypogoii. 

23.  Alopecurus. 


24.  Phippsia. 

25.  Sporobolus. 

26.  Blepharineuron, 

28.  Cinna. 

29.  Agrostis. 


30.  Calamagrostis. 

31.  Calamovilfa. 


Tribe  VII.  AVENEAE 
Awn  of  the  lemma  dorsal. 

Spikelets  less  than  1  cm.  long. 

Lemma  erose-truncate 

Lemma  2-toothed,  with  awn  twisted  and  bent    . 
Spikelets  more  than  1  cm.  long     . 
. \\vii  of  the  lemma  terminal,  between  the  teeth 


32.  Deschampsia. 

33.  Trisetum. 

35.  Avena. 

36.  Danthonia. 


GRAMINEAE  (GRASS  FAMILY) 


41 


Tribe  VIII.  CHLORIDEAE 

Spikelets  with  perfect  flowers. 

Spikelets  deciduous  as  a  whole,  the  articulation  below  the  glumes. 

Spikelets  much  flattened;  glumes  unequal,  keeled      .         .         .40.  Beckmannia. 
Spikelets  subterete;  glumes  equal,  convex       ....     37.  Spartina. 
Spikelets  in  part  persistent,  the  articulation  above  some  of  the 
glumes. 

Spikes  few  (1-4)       .         .         . 38.  Bouteloua. 

Spikes  numerous. 

Spikes  long,  very  slender;  plant  annual         .         .         .         .34.  Schedonnardus. 

Spikes  short,  one-sided  .         .         .         .         .         .         .     39.  Atheropogon, 

Spikelets  with  imperfect  flowers,  the  pistillate  very  different  from  the 

staminate  and  on  very  short  culms          .....     41.  Buchloe. 

Tribe  IX.  FESTUCACEAE 

Lemma  3-lobed  and  3-awned 42.  Scleropogon. 

Lemma  entire  or  2-lobed. 

Rachilla  long-hirsute    ..'.......     44.  Phragmites. 

Rachilla  glabrous  or  with  short  hairs. 

Plant  prostrate,  with  spinescent  leaves     .....     43.  Munroa. 

Plants,  erect,  leaves  not  spinescent. 
Lemma  3-nerved  (or  rarely  1). 
Lateral  nerves  hairy. 

Inflorescence  a  congested  raceme;  leaves  with  cartilagi- 
nous margins  .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .45.  Tricuspis. 

Inflorescence  a  panicle;  leaves  not  cartilaginous  on  the 

margins  ........     47.  Diplachne. 

Lateral  nerves  glabrous. 

Lemma  long-hirsute  at  base    .         .         .         .         .         .46.  Redfieldia. 

-Lemma  glabrous  at  base. 
Glumes  similar. 

Inflorescence  spike-like    ......     50.  Koeleria. 

Inflorescence  an  open  panicle. 

Rachilla    continuous;    flowering  glumes   decidu- 
ous, the  palet  persistent      .         .         .         .48.  Eragrostis. 

Rachilla  articulated;  flowering  glume  and  palet 

both  deciduous      ......     51.  Catabrosa. 

Glumes  very  dissimilar       ......     49.  Eatonia. 

Lemma  5-nerved  or  more. 

Spikelets  with  the  upper  florets  sterile  and  folded  about 

each  other 52.  Melica. 

Spikelets  with   the  upper  floret  perfect,   or  narrow  and 

abortive 

Stigmas  arising  below  the  apex  of  the^ ovary  .         .         .     60.  Bromus. 
Stigmas  arising  at  the  apex  of  the  ovary. 
Lemma  compressed  and  keeled. 

Awn-pointed 54.  Dactylis. 

Pointless. 

Glumes  1 -3-nerved. 

S carious-margined  .         .         .         .         .55.  Poa. 

Membranous     .......     56.  Graphephorum. 

Glumes  5-nerved  or  more     .....     53.  Distichlis. 

Lemma  convex  or  rounded  on  the  back. 

Acute  or  awned 59.  Festuca. 

Obtuse  and  scarious  at  apex. 

Prominently  5-7-nerved       .....     67.  Glyceria. 
Obscurely  5-nerved      ......     58.  Puccinellia. 

Tribe  X.  HORDEAE 
Spikelets  mostly  solitary  at  each  joint  of  the  rachis. 

Spikelets  placed  edgewise  on  the  rachis 61.  Lolium 


42  GRAMINEAE  (GRASS  FAMILY) 

Spikelets  placed  flatwise  on  the  rachis 62.  Agropyron. 

Spikelets  2  or  more  at  each  joint  of  the  rachis. 

Spikelets  1 -flowered      .........  63.  Hordeum. 

Spikelets  2-many-flowered. 

Rachis  continuous     .........  64.  Elymus. 

Rachis  readily  separating  into  joints       .....  66.  Sitanion. 

1.  ANDROPOGON  L.     BEAED  GRASS  OR  BLUE-STEM 

Perennials,  usually  with  long  narrow  leaves,  and  terminal  and  axillary 
racemes.  Spikelets  in  pairs  at  each  node  of  the  jointed  hairy  rachis,  one  sessile 
and  perfect,  the  outer  with  a  pedicel  and  either  staminate,  empty,  or  reduced 
to  a  single  glume.  Perfect  spikelet  consisting  of  4  glumes ;  the  outer  2  coriaceous, 
the  second  keeled  and  acute;  the  two  inner  hyaline,  the  fourth  more  or  less 
awned  and  subtending  a  palet  and  perfect  flower.  Stamens  1-3.  Grain  free. 

Racemes  solitary,  distinct,  1-3  at  each  node  .  .  .  .  .  .  1.  A.  scoparius. 

Racemes  in  pairs  or  approximate. 

Awn  loosely  spiral,  geniculate        .         .  .  .  .  .  .  .  2.  A.  furcatus. 

Awn  straight  or  sometimes  wanting       .  .  .  .  .  .  .  3.  A.  Hallii. 

1.  Andropogon  scoparius  Michx.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  1:  57.  1803.    Culms  tufted, 
6-12  dm.  tall:  sheaths  sometimes  glaucous:  leaves  15-30  cm.  long,  scabrous : 
spikes  25-50  mm.  long,  loose,  distinct,  and  1-3  at  each  node,  on  long-exserted 
slender  peduncles:  rachis  slender,  flexuous;  joints  and  pedicels  cilia te  with  long 
spreading  hairs:   outermost  glume  of  sessile  spikelet  about  6  mm.  long;  awn 
spiral,  10-12  mm.  long;  pediceled  spikelet  a  single  awn-pointed  glume. — Dry, 
sandy  soil;'  throughout  our  range. 

2.  Andropogon  furcatus  Muhl.  Willd.  Sp.  PI.  4:  919.  1806.    Culms  stout, 
9-18  dm.  tall:  sheaths  smooth  and  glabrous:  leaves  15-45  cm.  long:  spikes  2-5, 
in  pairs  or  approximate,   5-10  cm.  long;  joints  of  the  rachis  and  pedicels 
ciliate  with  short  hairs:  outermost  glume  of  sessile  spikelet  6-8  mm.  long;  awn 
of  the  sterile  lemma  loosely  spiral,  geniculate,   10-14  mm.  long;  pediceled 
spikelet  of  4  glumes. — Eastern  part  of  our  range  and  eastward. 

3.  Andropogon  Hallii  Hack.  Sitz.  Akad.  Wiss.  Wien  89:  127.  1884.    Culms 
robust,  9-18   dm.  tall,  more  or  less  glaucous:  sheaths  somewhat  glaucous: 
leaves  3  dm.  long  or  less:  spikes  2-5,  in  pairs  or  approximate,  5-10  cm.  long: 
joints  of  the  rachis  and  pedicels  villous  with  long  hairs:  outermost  glume  of 
sessile  spikelet  about  8  mm.  long,  acuminate,  glabrous  at  base,  from  sparingly 
to  copiously  silky-pubescent  toward  the  apex;   awn  of  the  sterile  lemma 
straight,  4-10  mm.  long,  or  sometimes  wanting;  pediceled  spikelet  consisting 
of  4  glumes,  generally  larger  than  the  sessile   spikelet  and  inclosing  three 
stamens. — Dry,  sandy  soil  of  the  plains  and  foothills;  along  the  eastern  border 
of  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

2.  AMPHILOPHIS  Nash 

Perennials,  usually  with  flat  leaves  and  showy,  often  silvery-white  panicles, 
the  axis  short,  making  the  panicle  appear  fan-like,  or  elongated  with  the 
branches  more  scattered.  Racemes  usually  numerous,  the  internodes  with 
manifestly  thickened  margins,  the  median  portion  thin  and  translucent;  the 
pedicels  of  the  same  structure,  the  margins  ciliate  with  long  hairs.  Sessile 
spikelets  of  4  glumes,  the  first  one  2-keeled,  the  second  1 -keeled,  the  lemmas 
hyaline,  the  latter  very  narrow,  stipe-like,  somewhat  thickened,  gradually 
merging  into  a  usually  geniculate,  contorted  or  spiral  awn,  or  the  awn  rarely 
wanting.  Pedicellate  spikelets  staminate  and  similar  to  the  sessile,  or  sterile 
and  smaller.  Stamens  3.  Styles  distinct;  stigmas  plumose.  Grain  free,  in- 
closed in  the  lemmas. 

1.  Amphilophis  Torreyanus  (Steud.)  Nash,  Brit.  Man.  71.  1901.  Culms 
erect,  4-10  dm.  tall,  the  nodes  naked:  sheaths  more  or  less  glaucous:  leaves 
7-17  cm.  long,  glaucous:  spikes  25-35  mm.  long,  in  a  terminal  long-exserted 
panicle  4-10  cm.  long;  outermost  glume  of  sessile  spikelet  3-4  mm.  long,  about 


GRAMINEAE  (GRASS  FAMILY)          43 

equaling  the  terminal  hairs  of  the  rachis-joints,  lanceolate,  acute;  awn  8-16 
mm.  long,  spiral;  pediceled  spikelet  rudimentary.  (Andropogon  Torreyanus 
Steud.) — Kansas  and  Colorado;  extending  southward  and  westward  to  Ne- 
vada. 

3.  SORGHASTRUM  Nash 

Annual  or  perennial,  generally  tall  grasses,  with  long  narrow  flat  leaves  and 
terminal  panicles.  Spikelets  in  pairs  or  threes  at  the  end  of  the  branches; 
one  sessile  and  perfect;  the  lateral  pediceled,  empty,  or  reduced  to  the  pedicel 
only.  Perfect  spikelet  consisting  of  4  glumes;  the  two  outer  indurated  and 
shining;  the  inner  hyaline,  the  fourth  awned  and  subtending  a  palet  and  per- 
fect flower,  or  the  palet  sometimes  wanting.  Stamens  3.  Styles  distinct; 
stigmas  plumose.  Grain  free. 

1.  Sorghastrum  nutans  (L.)  Nash,  in  Small  Fl.  66.  1903.  Stout  perennials, 
9-18  dm.  high:  lower  leaves  3  dm.  or  more  in  length:  panicle  1-3  dm.  long, 
brownish-yellow;  branches  5-10  cm.  long,  erect-spreading:  spikelets  erect  or 
somewhat  spreading;  first  glume  of  sessile  spikelet  6-8  mm.  long,  pubescent 
with  long  hairs;  second  glume  glabrous;  awn  1-2  cm.  long,  the  column  having 
but  a  single  bend;  lateral  spikelets  wanting.  Chrysopogon  nutans. — Extend- 
ing into  our  range  from  the  eastern  United  States. 

4.  SORGHUM  Pers. 

Annual  or  perennial  grasses,  with  long,  broad,  flat  leaves  and  terminal, 
ample  panicles.  Spikelets  in  pairs  at  the  nodes,  or  in  threes  at  the  ertds  of  the 
branches,  one  sessile  and  perfect,  the  lateral  pediceled,  staminate  or  empty. 
Sessile  spikelet  consisting  of  4  glumes,  the  outer  indurated  and  shining,  ob- 
scurely nerved,  inner  hyaline,  the  fourth  awned  and  subtending  a  small  palet 
and  perfect  flower,  or  palet  sometimes  wanting.  Stamens  3.  Styles  distinct. 
Grain  free. 

1.  Sorghum  halepense  (L.)  Pers.  Syn.  1:  101.  1805.  Stout  perennial, 
9-20  dm.  tall:  sheaths  smooth;  leaves  3  dm.  or  more  long,  6-25  mm.  wide: 
panicle  15-45 ^cm.  long:  outer  glumes  of  sessile  spikelet  4-6  mm.  long,  usually 
purplish,  pubescent  with  long  appressed  hairs;  awn  when  present  8-16  mm. 
long.  JOHNSON  GRASS. — Introduced  in  fields  and  waste  places. 

5.  HILARIA  H.B.K.     BLACK  BUNCH-GRASS 

Caespitose  or  decumbent  perennials,  often  stoloniferous,  with  flat  or  in- 
volute leaves  and  terminal  solitary  spikes.  Spikelets  sessile,  in  groups  of  three 
at  each  joint  of  the  zigzag  continuous  rachis,  forming  terminal  spikes,  the 
several  groups  falling  off  entire;  the  two  outer  or  anterior  spikelets  staminate 
and  2-3-flowered,  the  posterior  or  inner  one  pistillate  or  hermaphrodite,  and 
1-flowered.  Glumes  firmer  in  texture  than  the  lemmas,  unequal,  many- nerved, 
more  or  less  connate  below,  entire  at  the  apex  or  more  often  divided,  usually 
unequally  2-lobed  with  one  to  several  intermediate  awns  or  awn-like  divi- 
sions; lemmas  much  narrower.  Stamens  3.  Styles  connate  below;  stigmas 
shortly  plumose.  Grain  ovate  or  oblong,  included  within  the  lemmas,  free. 

1.  Hilaria  Jamesii  (Torr.)  Benth.  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  19:  62.  1881.  Rather 
coarse,  branching,  3-5  dm.  high:  spikes  erect,  often  purplish,  5-8  cm.  long: 
spikelets  8-10  mm.  long,  hairy  at  base;  staminate  spikelets  2-flowered,  the 
glumes  5-nerved,  the  outer  glume  with  an  awn  from  the  back  longer  than  the 
spikelet,  the  inner  unawned. — Mesas  and  table-lands  from  southern  Wyoming 
to  New  Mexico  and  southern  California. 

6.  PASPALUM  L. 

Perennials,  various  in  habit;  with  usually  flat  leaves  and  1-flowered  spike- 
lets  borne  singly  or  in  pairs  in  2  rows  on  1-sided  spikes,  which  are  single,  in 


44  GRAMINEAE    (GRASS   FAMILY) 

pairs  or  panicled.  Spikelets  oblong  to  orbicular,  flat  on  the  outer  surface,  con- 
vex on  the  inner.  Glumes  3,  the  outer  ones  membranous,  the  inner  one  in- 
durated and  plumose.  Grain  ovoid  or  oblong,  free. 

1.  Paspalum  setaceum  Michx.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  1:  43.  1803.  Culms  mostly 
erect,  3-6  dm.  tall,  slender,  smooth:  sheaths  and  leaves  generally  very  pu- 
bescent; the  latter  7-20  cm.  long,  2-6  mm.  wide,  erect,  acuminate:  spikes 
4-8  cm.  long,  more  or  less  curved,  generally  solitary,  occasionally  2,  on  a  long- 
exserted  slender  peduncle,  with  usually  1  or  2  additional  shorter  peduncles 
from  the  same  upper  sheath:  spikelets  about  1.5  mm.  long,  in  2  narrow  rows, 
broadly  obovate,  very  obtuse;  empty  glumes  3-nerved,  glabrous  or  pubescent, 
third  glume  obovate,  shining. — Colorado  and  eastward. 

7.  SYNTHERISMA  Walt. 

Annuals,  with  flat  leaves  and  spikelets  borne  in  pairs  or  sometimes  in  threes, 
in  secund  spikes  which  are  digitate  or  approximate  at  the  summit  of  the  culm. 
Spikes  often  purplish.  Glumes  of  the  spikelet  4,  sometimes  3  by  the  suppres- 
sion of  the  lowest  one ;  the  fourth  or  innermost  glume  chartaceous,  subtending 
a  palet  of  similar  texture  and  a  perfect  flower.  Stamens  3.  Stigmas  plumose. 

1.  Syntherisma  sanguinalis  (L.)  Dulac.  Fl.  Hautes-Pyr.  77.  1867.  Culms 
3-8  dm.  high,  becoming  prostate  at  base  and  rooting  at  -the  lower  nodes: 
lower  sheaths  densely  papillose-hirsute:  leaves  4-20  cm.  long,  4-10  mm.  wide, 
more  or  less  papillose-hirsute  on  both  surfaces:  racemes  3-10,  5-18  cm.  long: 
spikelets  25-30  mm.  long  and  about  0.8mm.  wide,  elliptic-lanceolate,  acute,  in 
pairs,  the  first  glume  minute,  triangular,  the  second  3-nerved,  about  one  half 
as  long  as  the  spikelet,  the  third  7-nerved,  the  fourth  yellowish- white,  acutely 
apiculate.  Panicum  sanguinale.  CRAB  GRASS. — Generally  introduced  in  fields 
and  waste  grounds. 

8.  BRACHIARIA  Ledeb. 

Annuals  or  perennials  with  flat  leaves  and  a  panicle  composed  of  alternate 
scattered  one-sided  racemes  with  the  spikelets  borne  in  2  rows.  Spikelets 
1-flowered,  articulated  to  the  pedicel  below  the  glumes.  Glumes  4,  the  outer 
3  membranous,  the  fourth  chartaceous,  inclosing  a  palet  of  similar  texture 
and  a  perfect  flower.  Stamens  3.  Styles  distinct;  stigmas  plumose.  Grain 
free. — Panicum  in  part. 

1.  Brachiaria  obtusa  (H.B.K.)  Nash,  Brit.  Man.  77.  1901.  Glabrous 
stoloniferous  perennial,  the  culms  3-6  dm.  high,  simple  or  branching  at  base: 
leaves  6-22  cm.  long,  2-6  mm.  wide,  usually  erect,  long-acuminate:  panicle 
5-15  cm.  long,  composed  of  3-5  erect  racemes  18-37  mm.  long:  spikelets  about 
3  mm.  long,  crowded,  oval  or  obovoid,  obtuse,  turgid;  first  glume  shorter  than 
the  rest,  obtuse,  5-nerved;  second,  third  and  fourth  glumes  about  equal,  the 
second  and  third  5-nerved,  the  fourth  chartaceous. — Colorado  and  southward. 

9.  ECHINOCHLOA  Beauv. 

Commonly  annuals  with  broad  leaves  and  a  terminal  inflorescence  consist- 
ing of  one-sided  racemes  racemosely  or  paniculately  arranged.  Spikelets 
] -flowered,  singly  disposed,  or  in  smaller  racemes  or  clusters  on  the  ultimate 
divisions  of  the  inflorescence.  Glumes  4,  the  outer  3  membranous,  hispid  on 
the  nerves,  the  third  and  usually  also  the  second  awned  or  sometimes  merely 
awn-pointed,  the  awn  often  very  long;  fourth  glume  indurated,  shining, 
frequently  pointed,  inclosing  a  palet  of  similar  texture  and  a  perfect  flower. 
Stamens  3.  Styles  distinct;  stigmas  plumose.  Grain  free. — Panicum  in  part. 

1.  Echinochloa  Crus-galli  (L.)  Beauv.  Agros.  53.  1812.  Annuals,  4-12  dm. 
high,  the  culms  often  branching  at  base:  sheaths  smooth  and  glabrous:  leaves 


GRAMINEAE  (GRASS  FAMILY)  45 

15-60  cm.  long,  6-25  mm.  wide,  smooth  or  scabrous:  panicle  composed  of 
5-15  sessile,  erect  or  ascending  branches,  or  the  lower  branches  spreading  or 
reflexed :  spikelets  ovate,  green  or  purple,  densely  crowded  in  2-4  rows  on  one 
side  of  the  rachis;  second  and  third  glumes  about  3  mm.  long,  scabrous  or 
hispid,  the  second  awnless  or  with  a  long  rigid  awn,  the  third  awnless  or  short 
awned,  the  fourth  ovate,  abruptly  pointed.  BARNYARD  GRASS. — Introduced 
in  fields  and  waste  grounds. 

10.  PANICUM  L.     PANIC  GRASS 

Annuals  or  perennials,  various  in  habit/  with  open  or  contracted  panicles. 
Spikelets  1-2-flowered,  when  2-flowered  the  lower  one  staminate.  Glumes  4, 
the  3  lower  membranous,  empty,  or  the  third  with  a  staminate  flower,  varying 
in  the  same  species;  the  inner  or  fourth  glume  chartaceous,  shining,  inclosing 
a  palet  of  similar  texture  and  a  perfect  flower;  awns  none.  Stamens  3. 
Styles  distinct;  stigmas  plumose.  Grain  free,  inclosed  in  the  hardened  fruit- 
ing glume  and  palet. 

Spikelets  acuminate. 

Annual;  spikelets  2-2. 5  mm.  long    .         .         .         .        ...     . ..  .         .     1.  P.  capillare. 

Perennial;  spikelets  4-4.5  mm.  long        .         .         .         .         .         .     2.  P.  virgatum. 

Spikelets  obtuse  or  barely  pointed. 

Leaves  smooth  above,  scabrous  beneath;  spikelets  about  3  mm.  long    3.  P.  Scribnerianum. 

Leaves  more  or  less  pubescent  on  both  surfaces;  spikelets  1.5-2.5 

mm.  long 4.  P.  scoparium. 

1.  Panicum  capillare  L.  Sp.  PI.  58.     1753.     Culms  erect  or  decumbent, 
3-6  dm.  tall,   simple  or  sometimes  sparingly  branched:  sheaths  papillose- 
hirsute:  leaves  15-30  cm.  long,  6-16  mm.  wide,  pubescent:  panicles  widely 
spreading,  capillary,  the  terminal  one  20-25  cm.  long;  the  lateral  panicles, 
when  present,  smaller:  spikelets  2-2.5  mm.  long,  acuminate;  first  glume  one 
fourth  to  one  half  as  long  as  the  spikelet;  second  and  third  glumes  nearly 
equal,  very  acute;'  the  foucth  1.5  mm.  long.    WITCH  GRASS. — Dry  soil;  a  weed 
in  cultivated  fields.^ 

2.  Panicum  virgatum  L.  Sp.  PI.  59.    1753.    Stout,  erect,  glabrous,  perennial, 
9-15  dm.  high,  usually  forming  large  tufts,  with  strong  creeping  rootstocks: 
leaves  elongated,  3  dm.  long  or  more,  6-12  mm.  wide,  flat,  long-acuminate, 
narrowed  toward  the  base,  glabrous,  rough  on  the  margins:  panicle  15-50  cm. 
long,  the  lower  branches  10-25  cm.  long,  more  or  less  widely  spreading  or 
sometimes  nearly  erect:  spikelets  ovate,  acuminate,  4-4.5  mm.  long;  first 
glume  acuminate,  about  one  half  as  long  as  the  spikelet,  3-5-nerved;  second 
glume  generally  longer  than  the  others,  5-7-nerved;  the  third  similar  and 
usually  subtending  a  palet  and  staminate  flower.    SWITCH  GRASS. — Sandy  river 
bottoms;  extending  into  our  range  from  the  eastern  United  States. 

3.  Panicum   Scribnerianum   Nash,  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club   22:  421.  1895. 
Perennial,  2-4  or  more  dm.  high:  culms  erect,  finally  branching,  sparingly 
pubescent:  sheaths  usually  papillose-pilose:  leaves  more  or  less  spreading, 
flat,  smooth  above,  scabrous  beneath,  5-10  cm.  long,  6-12  mm.  wide:  panicles 
small,  ovoid,  3-7  cm.  long:  spikelets  turgid,  obovoid,  obtusish,  about  3  mm. 
long,  sparsely  pubescent  or  nearly  glabrous. — Throughout  our  range. 

4.  Panicum  scoparium  Lam.  Encycl.  4:  744.  1797.    Perennial,  1-4  or  more 
dm.  high:  culms  erect  or  ascending  and  finally  more  or  less  branched,  usually 
densely  pubescent  with  spreading  hairs  as  also  the  sheaths,  the  nodes  bearded 
and  with  a  glabrous  ring  immediately  below:  leaves  more  or  less  softly  pubes- 
cent on  both  surfaces  and  often  somewhat  villous,  scabrous  on  the  margins, 
5-15  cm.  long,  5-10  mm.  wide:  panicles  ovoid  or  subpyramidal,  4-7  cm.  long: 
spikelets  ovate,  subacute,  1.5-2,  rarely  2.5  mm.  long,  pubescent. — Throughout 
our  range. 

11.  CHAETOCHLOA  Scribn. 

Annuals  or  perennials  with  erect  culms,  few  leaves,  and  bristly  spike-like 
panicles.  Spikelets  1-flowered,  or  rarely  with  a  second  staminate  flower,  the 


46  GRAMINEAE    (GRASS    FAMILY) 

basal  bristles  single  or  in  clusters  below  the  articulation  of  the  rachilla,  and 
therefore  persistent.  Glumes  of  the  spikelet  4,  the  other  three  membranous, 
the  third  often  subtending  a  palet  and  rarely  a  staminate  flower;  inner  or 
fourth  chartaceous,  subtending  a  palet  of  similar  texture  and  a  perfect  flower. 
Stamens  3.  Styles  distinct,  elongated;  stigmas  plumose.  Grain  free,  in- 
closed in  the  lemmas. — Setaria. 

Annual;  panicle  dense      .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .     1.  C.  viridis. 

Perennial;  panicle  more  or  less  interrupted      .         .         .         .         .         .     2.  C.  composita. 

1.  Chaetochloa  viridis  (L.)  Scribn.  U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.  Div.  Agros.  Bull.  4:  39. 
1897.    Erect  glabrous  caespitose  annuals,  2-9  dm.  high:  leaves  7-25  cm.  long, 
4-12  mm.  wide:  spikes  compound,  3-10  cm.  long:  spikelets  about  3  mm.  long, 
elliptic,  much  shorter  than  the  green  or  sometimes  yellowish  bristles;   first 
glume  less  than  one  half  as  long  as  the  spikelet,  1-3-nerved ;  second  and  third 
glumes   obtuse,  5-nerved;    fourth  glume  equaling  or  slightly  exceeding  the 
second.       GREEN  FOXTAIL. — Introduced  into  cultivated  grounds  and  waste 
places. 

2.  Chaetochloa  composita  (H.B.K.)  Scribn.  U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.  Div.  Agros. 
Bull.  4:  39.  1897.    Pale  glaucous  caespitose  perennial,  3-10  dm.  high,  much 
branched  from  the  base:  culms  scabrous  and  often  pubescent,  rarely  glabrous, 
the  nodes  bearded  with  a  ring  of  silky  appressed  hairs:  leaves  10-25  cm.  long, 
2-5  mm.  wide,  scabrous  on  both  sides  or  sometimes  nearly  glabrous:  spikes 
usually  more  or  less  interrupted,  5-16  cm.  long:  spikelets  2  or  rarely  3  mm. 
long,  narrowly  ovate,  acute,  much  shorter  than  the  single  or  rarely  paired, 
green,  flexuous  bristles;  first  glume  one  half  as  long  as  the  spikelet,  3-nerved; 
second  and  third  glumes  acute  or  apiculate,  5-nerved;  fourth  glume  slightly 
exceeding  the  second.    Setaria  setosa  caudata. — Southwestern  Colorado. 

12.  CENCHRUS  L.     SAND  BUR 

Annuals  or  perennials,  usually  with  flat  leaves.  Spikelets  1-4  together  in 
terminal  spikes  or  racemes,  subtended  by  a  spiny  involucre  which  is  deciduous 
with  them  at  maturity.  Glumes  4;  the  first  hyaline;  the  second  and  third 
membranous,  the  latter  sometimes  having  a  palet  and  staminate  flower  in  its 
axil;  the  fourth  chartaceous,  subtending  a  palet  of  similar  structure  which 
incloses  a  perfect  flower.  Stamens  3.  Styles  united  below;  stigmas  plumose. 
Grain  free,  inclosed  in  the  lemmas. 

1.  Cenchrus  tribuloides  L.  Sp.  PL  1050.  1753.  Culms  erect  or  decumbent 
from  an  annual  root,  2-5  or  more  dm.  high:  sheaths  usually  loose,  com- 
pressed, smooth:  leaves  6-12  cm.  long:  spikes  2-6  cm.  long,  sometimes  par- 
tially included  in  the  upper  sheath:  involucres  crowded  on  the  scabrous  rachis, 
2-flowered,  globose,  pubescent  except  at  the  base,  forming  spiny  burs,  the 
spines  stout:  spikelets  about  6  mm.  long. — Sandy  fields  and  waste  grounds; 
extending  into  our  range  from  the  eastern  and  southern  United  States. 

13.  HOMALOCENCHRUS  Mieg. 

Marsh  grasses  with  flat,  narrow,  generally  rough  leaves  and  paniculate  in- 
florescence. Spikelets  1-flowered,  perfect,  strongly  flattened  laterally,  and 
usually  more  or  less  imbricated.  Glumes  2,  chartaceous,  the  outer  one  broad 
and  strongly  coriduplicate,  the  inner  much  narrower.  Stamens  1-6.  Styles 
short,  distinct;  stigmas  plumose.  Grain  ovoid,  free. 

1.  Homalocenchrus  oryzoides  (L.)  Poll.  Hist.  PI.  Palat.  1:  52.  1776. 
Rather  stout  rough  much-branched  perennial,  3-12  dm.  high:  leaves  7-25  cm. 
long,  4-10  mm.  wide:  terminal  panicle  12-22  cm.  long,  finally  long-exserted, 
its  branches  lax,  and  later  widely  spreading;  lateral  panicle  generally  included: 
spikelets  4-5  mm.  long,  about  1.5  mm.  wide,  elliptic;  glumes  pubescent,  the 
outer  one  hispid  on  the  keel  and  on  the  margins:  stamens  3.  RICE  CUT-GRASS. — 
In  swamps  and  along  streams  in  the  eastern  part  of  our  range;  rare. 


GRAMINEAE    (GRASS   FAMILY)  47 

14.  PHALARIS  L.     CANARY  GRASS 

Annuals  or  perennials  with  flat  leaves,  inflorescence  spike-like,  capitate,  or 
a  narrow  panicle.  Spikelets  crowded,  1-flowered.  Glumes  5;  the  first  and 
second  about  equal  in  length,  strongly  compressed  laterally,  usually  wing- 
keeled;  third  and  fourth  glumes  much  smaller  or  reduced  to  mere  rudiments; 
fifth  glume  subtending  a  palet  similar  to  itself  and  a  perfect  flower.  Sta- 
mens 3.  Styles  distinct;  stigmas  plumose.  Grain  oblong,  free,  smooth,  in- 
closed in  the  indurated  glume. 

Outer  glumes  not  winged;  inflorescence  a  narrow  panicle     .         .  1.  P.  arundinacea. 

Outer  glumes  broadly  winged;  inflorescence  a  spike-like  panicle     .         .     2.  P.  caroliniana. 

1.  Phalaris  arundinacea  L.  Sp.  PI.  55.    1753.    Stout  erect  glabrous  peren- 
nial, 6-15  dm.  high:  leaves  8-25  cm.  long,  6-16  mm.  wide:  panicle  7-20  cm. 
long,  dense  and  contracted:  spikelets  5-6  mm.  long;  outer  glumes  3-nerved; 
third  and  fourth  glumes  less  than  one  half  as  long  as  the  fifth;  fifth  glume 
about  three  fourths  as  long  as  the  spikelet,  pubescent  with  long  appressed 
silky  hairs.    REED  CANARY  GRASS. — Throughout  our  range. 

2.  Phalaris  caroliniana  Walt.  Fl.  Car.  74.     1788.    Comparatively  slender 
annual,  3-10  dm.  high:  leaves  rather  short,  5-15  cm.  long,  4-10  mm.  wide: 
spike-like  panicle  oblong,   densely  flowered,  2-10  cm.  long:  spikelets  5  mm. 
long;  third  and  fourth  glumes  less  than  one  half  as  long  as  the  fifth;  fifth 
glume  about  two  thirds  as  long  as  the  spikelets,  acuminate,  pubescent  with 
long  appressed  hairs. — Infrequent  in  our  range. 

15.  HIEROCHLOE  Gmel.     HOLY  GRASS.     VANILLA  GRASS 

Aromatic  perennials  with  flat  leaves  and  contracted  or  open  panicles. 
Spikelets  3-flowered,  the  terminal  flower  perfect,  the  others  staminate. 
Glumes  5;  the  first  and  second  nearly  equal,  acute,  glabrous;  the  third  and 
fourth  somewhat  shorter,  obtuse,  entire,  emarginate,  2-toothed  or  2-lobed, 
with  or  without  an  awn,  inclosing  a  palet  and  perfect  flower.  Stamens  in  the 
staminate  flowers  3,  in  the  perfect  2.  Styles  distinct;  stigmas  plumose. 
Grain  free,  inclosed  in  the  glumes. — (Savastana  Schrank.) 

1.  Hierochloe  odorata  (L.)  R.  &  S.  Syst.  2:  513.  1817.  Slender  sweet- 
scented  stoloniferous  perennial,  3-6  dm.  high:  lower  leaves  elongated,  1-2  dm. 
long,  2-6  mm.  wide;  the  upper  ones  1-5  cm.  long:  panicle  brownish,  open,  4- 
10  cm.  long,  the  branches  in  pairs:  spikelets  yellowish-brown  and  purple,  4-6 
mm.  long;  first  and  second  glumes  acute;  third  and  fourth  villous  and  strongly 
ciliate,  awn-pointed.  Hierochloe  borealis. — Throughout  our  range. 

16.  ARISTIDA  L.    THREE-AWNED  GRASS 

Tufted  annuals  or  perennials  with  narrow,  often  involute-setaceous  leaves. 
Spikelets  narrow,  1-flowered,  in  terminal  more  or  less  expanded  panicles. 
Glumes  narrow,  carinate;  lemma  rigid  and  convolute,  bearing  three  awns  oc- 
casionally united  at  the  base,  the  lateral  awns  rarely  wanting  or  reduced  to 
rudiments;  palet  2-nerved.  Stamens  3.  Styles  distinct;  stigmas  plumose. 
Grain  free,  tightly  inclosed  in  the  lemma. 

First  and  second  glumes  subequal      .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .1.  A.  oligantha. 

First  glume  about  one  half  as  long  as  the  second       .         .         .         .         .     2.  A.  longiseta. 

1.  Aristida  oligantha  Michx.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  1:  41.  1803.  Tufted  annual, 
2-4  dm.  high,  with  slender  dichotomously  branched  culms  and  loose  sheaths: 
leaves  smooth,  2-15  cm.  long,  1-2  mm.  wide:  spikelets  few,  in  a  lax  spike-like 
raceme  or  panicle;  first  glume  5-nerved,  occasionally  7-nerved  at  base,  equal- 
ing or  somewhat  shorter  than  the  second,  which  bears  an  awn  4-8  mm.  long; 
lemma  shorter  than  the  first  glume;  awns  divergent  or  spreading,  middle  one 
4-6  cm.  long,  lateral  ones  somewhat  shorter. — Infrequent;  Colorado. 


48  GRAMINEAE  (GRASS  FAMILY) 

2.  Aristida  longiseta  Steud.  Syn.  PI.  Gram.  420.  1855.  Densely  tufted 
glabrous  perennial,  1-4  dm.  high,  with  numerous  involute  basal  leaves,  and 
erect  simple  culms:  panicles  few-flowered,  1-2  dm.  long,  its  branches  solitary 
or  2  or  3  at  the  lower  nodes,  each  bearing  1-3  spikelets  (usually  1):  spikelets 
20-25  mm.  long;  empty  glumes  unequal,  acute  or  with  a  mucronate  tip  1  mm. 
long;  the  first  shorter  than  the  lemmas  and  about  one  half  the  length  of  the 
second;  the  second  much  exceeding  the  lemma;  setae  nearly  equal,  about 
7  cm.  long. — Sandy  soil;  throughout  our  range. 

2a.  Aristida  longiseta  robusta  Merrill,  U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.  Div.  Agros.  Cir. 
34.  5.  1901.  Stout,  3-4  dm.  high,  with  more  rigid  inflorescence  and  usually 
longer  leaves  than  in  the  species:  glumes  prominently  cleft  at  apex,  bearing  in 
the  cleft  a  scabrous  awn  about  2  mm.  long. — Same  range. 

26.  Aristida  longiseta  Fendleriana  (Steud.)  Merrill,  1.  c.  Two  to  four  dm. 
high:  basal  leaves  numerous:  panicle  strict:  glumes  generally  cleft  at  the 
apex  and  bearing  a  short  awn;  second  glume  equaling  or  slightly  exceeding 
the  lemma;  setae  subequal,  2-3  cm.  long. — Eastern  Wyoming,  Colorado,  and 
southward. 

17.  STIPA  L.     FEATHER  GRASS 

Tufted  perennials,  the  leaves  usually  convolute,  rarely  flat,  the  inflorescence 
paniculate.  Spikelet  1-flowered,  narrow.  Glumes  narrow,  acute  or  acuminate, 
obtuse  or  awned;  lemma  rigid,  convolute,  with  a  hairy  callus  at  base,  and 
bearing  a  more  or  less  bent  awn,  which  is  spiral  at  the  base  and  articulated 
to  the  glume;  palet  2-nerved.  Stamens  3,  rarely  fewer.  Styles  short,  dis- 
tinct; stigmas  plumose.  Grain  narrow,  free,  tightly  inclosed  in  the  lemma. 

Awn  less  than  5  cm.  long. 
Panicle  loose. 

Awn  scabrous  .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .  1.  S.  Richardsonii. 

Awn  plumose  .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .  2.  S.  mongolica. 

Panicle  contracted  and  spike-like. 

Awn  plumose,  the  hairs  over  1  mm.  long. 

Glumes  16-18  mm.  long        .         ..'.'..         .         .         .         .       3.  S.  speciosa. 

Glumes  10-12  mm.  long        .         .         .         .         .         .  6.  S«  occidentalis. 

Awn  not  plumose,  pubescence,  if  any,  less  than  1  mm.  long. 
Lemma  with  a  distinct  crown  of  hairs  at  apex. 

Glumes  10-14  mm.  long  .         .         .         .         .  4.  S.  Scribneri. 

Glumes  7-10  mm.  long 5.  S.  Lettermanii. 

Lemma  not  crowned  with  a  tuft  of  hairs  or  the  crown,  if  any, 
indistinct. 

/"    Sheaths  pubescent 8.  S.  Williamsii. 

Sheaths  smooth. 

Very  tall,  8-18  dm.  high 10,  S.  Vaseyi. 

Less  than  10  dm.  or  rarely  12  dm.  high. 

Awn  35-40  mm.  long          .         .         .         .         .  9.  S.  Nelsonii. 

Awn  less  than  35  mm.  long. 

Margins  of  sheaths  pilose         .         .         .         .         .11.  S.  viridula. 
Margins  of  sheaths  not  pilose          .         .         .  7.  S.  columbiana. 

Awn  5  cm.  or  more  in  length. 

Awn  plumose 12.  S.  neo-mexicana. 

Awn  not  plumose. 

Glumes  24-36  mm.  long 13.  S.  spartea. 

Glumes  18-24  mm.  long 14.  S.  comata. 

1.  Stipa  Richardsonii  Link,  Hort.  Berol.  2:  245.  1833.     Erect,  slender, 
6-9  dm.  high:  leaves  long  and  narrow,  involute:  panicle  loose  and  open,  more 
or  less  nodding,  7-12  cm.  long,  with  very  slender,  few-flowered  branches: 
spikelets  8-9  mm.  long,  broadly  lanceolate,  acute;  glumes  unequal,  the  lower 
about  9  mm.  long,  the  upper  one  fourth  shorter,  both  3-nerved;  lemma  6  mm. 
long,  sparsely  hairy,  brown;  awn  slender,  scabrous,  12-20  mm.  long. — Through- 
out our  range  and  northward. 

2.  Stipa  mongolica  Turcz.  in  Trin.  Gram.  Suppl.  42.     1836.      Slender, 
densely  tufted,  about  3  dm.  high,  with  short,  setaceous  leaves  and  loosely 
few-flowered  purplish  panicles  7-10  cm.  long:  glumes  5  mm.  long,  equal,  ob- 
tuse, smooth,  subhyaline;  lemma  about  4  mm.  long,  thinly  hairy  below  and  at 
the  2- toothed  apex;  callus  short,  obtuse;  awn  12-16  mm.  long,  geniculate  and 
twisted  below,  long-plumose-hairy. — Mountains  of  Colorado. 


GRAMINEAE    (GRASS   FAMILY)  49 

3.  Stipa  speciosa  Trin.  &  Rupr.  Agrostidea  3:  45.  1842.    Erect  and  rather 
stout,  densely  tufted,  3-6  dm.  high,  with  long  narrow  radical  leaves,  and  erect 
contracted  panicle  12-16  cm.  long:  glumes  16-18  mm.  long,  nearly  equal, 
acuminate,  hyaline,  the  first  3-,  the  second  5-7-nerved;  lemma  silky-pubescent, 
10-12  mm.  long;  callus  short,  curved;  awn  3-4  cm.  long,  geniculate  below  the 
middle,  the  twisted  portion  plumose  with  white  silky  hairs  3-6  mm.  long. — 
Extending  into  Colorado  from  the  southwest. 

4.  Stipa  Scribneri  Vasey,  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  11:    125.  1884.    Stout,  erect 
and  smooth,  4-8  dm.  high,  with  rather  long,  narrow,  involute-pointed  culm 
leaves,  and  contracted  panicles  12-16  cm.  long:  uppermost  culm-leaf  almost 
equaling  the  panicle:  glumes  unequal;  the  first  12-14  mm.  long;  the  second 
about  10  mm.  long,  both  3-nerved,  acuminate;  lemma  &-10  mm.  long  and 
crowned  with  a  tuft  of  rather  long  hairs;  awn  once  or  twice  bent,  twisted  in 
the  lower  half,  16-18  mm.  long. — Southern  Colorado  and  New  Mexico. 

5.  Stipa  Lettermanii  Vasey,  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  13:  53.  1886.    Slender 
and  glabrous,  with  wiry  culms  2-6  dm.  high,  filiform  leaves,  and  slender,  few- 
flowered,  interrupted,  shortly  exserted  panicles  5-15  cm.  long:  glumes  narrow, 
more  or  less  hyaline,  equal  or  nearly  so,  smooth  or  very  minutely  scabrous  on 
the  back,  7-9  or  rarely  10  mm.  long;  lemma  4-5  mm.  long,  pilose,  the  hairs 
spreading  and  forming  a  more  or  less  distinct  crown  at  apex ;  the  callus  acute. — 
In  dry  soil  throughout  our  range. 

6.  Stipa  occidentalis  Thurb.  in  Bot.  King's  Exp.  380.    1871.    Slender,  erect 
and  tufted,  3-8  dm.  high,  with  narrow  setaceously  pointed  leaves  and  erect, 
contracted  panicles  8-16  cm.  long:  glumes  about  equal,  thin-membranous  and 
carinate  above,  10-12  mm.  long;  lemma  clothed  with  a  thin,  short  pubescence, 
5-6  mm.  long;  awn  twice  bent,  twisted  to  the  second  bend,  pubescent  or  sub- 
plumose  on  the  lower  half,  the  upper  half  minutely  scabrous,  25-35  mm.  long. 
— Extending  into  Wyoming  from  the  far  west. 

7.  Stipa  columbiana  Macoun,  Cat.  Can.  PI.  Part  IV.  191.    1888.    Erect  and 
slender  or  rather  stout,  4-9  dm.  high,  glabrous  or  the  culms  minutely  pubescent 
below  the  nodes,  with   long   narrow   leaves  and  usually  purplish  panicles 
15-20  cm.  long:  glumes  somewhat  unequal,  7-9  mm.  long,  usually  more  or 
less  purplish;  lemma  4-5  mm.  long,  thinly  pilose;  the  callus  short  and  acute; 
awn  usually  twice  bent,  twisted  to  the  second  bend,  minutely  scabrous,  15- 
25  mm.  long.    [S.  minor  (Vasey)  Scribn.] — Common  in  the  mountains  through- 
out our  range. 

8.  Stipa  Williamsii  Scribn.  U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.  Div.  Agros.  Bull.  11:  45.  1898. 
Erect  and  rather  stout,  7-9  dm.  high,  with  long  flat  leaves  and  strict  panicles 
10-22  cm.  long:  culms  pubescent  at  least  near  the  nodes:  sheaths  softly  pubes- 
cent, at  least  the  lower  ones:  glumes  nearly  equal,  about  9  mm.  long,  smooth 
or  very  minutely  scabrous;  lemma  about  6  mm.  long,  clothed  with  appressed 
hairs,  the  callus  sharply  pointed;  awn  usually  twice  bent,  twisted  to  the 
second   bend,    minutely    scabrous,    2-3    cm.    long. — Infrequent;    Wyoming, 
Montana,  and  eastern  Idaho. 

9.  Stipa  Nelsonii  Scribn.  U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.  Div.  Agros.  Bull.  11:  46.  1898. 
Rather  stout,  glabrous,  6-9  dm.  high,  with  long,  narrow  leaves:  panicles  strict, 
10-25  cm.  long,  pale  and  of  a  silvery  and  comose  appearance:  glumes  narrow, 
thin  and  hyaline  excepting  the  nerves  which  are  quite  prominent,  smooth  or 
minutely  scabrous  on  back,  the  first  about  10  mm.  long,  the  second  a  little 
shorter;  lemma  6-7  mm.  long,  clothed  with  soft,  silky  hairs;  the  callus  rather 
acute;  awn  usually  twice  bent,  twisted  to  second  bend,  scabrous,  35-40  mm. 
long. — Throughout  our  range. 

10.  Stipa  Vaseyi  Scribn.  U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.  Div.  Agros.  Bull.  11:  46.  1898. 
Stout,  erect,  8-18  dm.  high,  with  long  flat  leaves  and  erect,  densely  flowered 
panicles  20-45  cm.  long:  sheaths  usually  pilose  at  the  throat  and  often  sparsely 
so  on  the  margins:  glumes  nearly  equal,  about  10  mm.  long,  firm  in  texture, 
minutely  but  distinctly  scabrous  on  the  back;  lemma  pubescent,  6-7  mm. 
long;  the  callus  acute;  awn  scabrous,  usually  twice  bent,  twisted  to  the  second 
bend,  25-35  mm.  long. — Colorado  and  southward. 

11.  Stipa  viridula  .Trin.  Gram.  Suppl.  39.    1836.    Erect  and  rather  stout, 

ROCKY    MT.  BOT. 4 


50  GRAMINEAE  (GRASS  FAMILY) 

6-12  dm.  high,  with  involute  pointed  leaves,  and  narrow  greenish  contracted 
panicles  10-15  cm.  long:  sheaths  pilose  about  the  throat  and  on  the  margins: 
glumes  equal,  with  prominent  green  nerves,  smooth  or  nearly  so,  subulate- 
pointed,  8-9  mm.  long;  lemma  pubescent,  about  4  mm.  long;  the  callus  blunt 
or  subacute;  awn  usually  twice  bent,  twisted  to  the  second  bend,  minutely 
scabrous,  25-30  mm.  long. — At  the  lower  altitudes  throughout  our  range. 

12.  Stipa  neo^mexicana  (Thurb.)  Scribn.  U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.  Div.  Agros.  Bull. 
17:  132.  1899.    Erect,  rather  stout  and  densely  tufted,  3-9  dm.  high,  with  in- 
volute leaves,  and  narrow  racemose  panicles  8-10  cm.  long:  glumes  nearly 
equal,  long-setaceous-pointed,  5-7-nerved,  3-4  cm.  long;  lemma  10-14  mm. 
long,  clothed  with  a  close  appressed  pubescence;  awn  8-12  cm.  long,  plumose- 
hairy  excepting  near  the  base. — Extending  into  Colorado  from  the  south. 

13.  Stipa  spartea  Trin.  Mem.  Acad.  St.  Petersb.  VI.  1:  82.  1831.    Stout 
and  erect,  with  simple  culms  6-10  dm.  high,  long  narrow  leaves  and  con- 
tracted   few-flowered    panicles    10-20    cm.    long:    glumes   subulate-pointed, 
slightly  unequal,   24-36  mm.  long;  lemma  16-20  mm,,  long,  including  the 
barbed  and  very  sharp-pointed  callus,  sparsely  pubescent  below  and  crowned 
with  a  few  short  hairs;  awn  stout,  twisted  and  pubescent  below,  twice  bent 
near  the  middle,  8-17  cm.  long.     PORCUPINE  GRASS. — Extending  into  our  range 
from  the  northeast. 

14.  Stipa  comata  Trin.  &  Rupr.  Agros.  3:  75,*  1842.    Rather  stout,  erect, 
tufted,  3-9  dm.  high,  with  mostly  involute  leaves  tind  loosely-flowered  panicles 
16-24  cm,  long:  sheaths  loose,  the  uppermost  inflated  and  inclosing  the  base  of 
the  panicle;  ligule  conspicuous,  acute,  4-6  mm.  long:  glumes  nearly  equal, 
long-attenuate-pointed,  18-24  mm.  long;  lemma  8-15  mm.  long,  including  the 
long,  sharp  callus,  thinly  pubescent;  awn  obscurely  twice  bent  below,  vari- 
ously curled  and  twisted  or  only  slightly  flexuous  above,  sparsely  pubescent 
below,  10-15  cm.  long  (S.  Tweedyi  Scribn.  U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.  Div.  Agros.  Bull. 
11:  47.  1898).    NEEDLE  GRASS. — New  Mexico  to  British  Columbia. 

18.  ORYZOPSIS  Michx.     RICE  GRASS 

Usually  tufted,  the  leaves  flat  or  convolute  and  the  inflorescence  paniculate. 
Spikelets  1-flowered,  broad.  Glumes  about  equal,  obtuse  or  acuminate; 
lemma  shorter  or  a  little  longer  than  the  glumes,  broad,  bearing  a  terminal 
awn  which  is  early  deciduous,  the  callus  at  base  of  the  lemma  short  and  obtuse, 
or  a  mere  scar.  Stamens  3.  Styles  distinct;  stigmas  plumose.  Grain  oblong, 
free,  tightly  inclosed  in  the  convolute  lemma. 

Leaves  1-2.5  mm.  wide. 

Awn  less  than  2  mm.  long     .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .     1.  O.  juncea. 

Awn  more  than  2  mm.  long. ' 

Panicle  narrow         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .2.  O.  exigua. 

Panicle  open  3.  O.  micrantha. 

Leaves  4-8  mm.  wide     .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         ,  4.  O.  asperifolia. 

1.  Oryzopsis  juncea  (Michx.)  B.  S.  P.  Prel.  Cat.  N.  Y.  67,    1888.    Erect, 
glabrous,  slender,  tufted,  15-60  cm.  high,  with  erect  involute  leaves  and  nar- 
row panicles  2-5  cm.  long:  sheaths  crowded  below;  leaves  filiform,  smooth  or 
scabrous:  spikelets  3-4  mm.  long:  glumes  about  equal,   glabrous,  whitish; 
lemma  pubescent  with  short  appressed  silky  hairs;  awn  2  mm.  long  or  less. — 
Colorado  and  northward  and  eastward. 

2.  Oryzopsis  exigua  Thurb.  in  Wilkes  U.  S.,  Explor.  Exped.  17:  481.  1874. 
Slender,  densely  tufted>   15-40  cm.  high,  with  filiform  leaves,  and  narrow 
simple  few-flowered  panicles  2-6  cm.  long:  spikelets  4-5  mm.  long,  on  short 
appressed  branches:  glumes  nearly  equal,  abruptly  mucronate-pointed ;  lemma 
thinly  pubescent;  awn  about  4  mm.  long,  twisted  below,  curved  or  geniculated 
when  mature. — In  the  mountains;  Wyoming  and  northwestward. 

3.  Oryzopsis  micrantha  (Trin.  &  Rupr.).    Thurb.  in  Gray,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat. 
Sci.  Phila.  1863:  78.    Erect  and  slender,  3-7  dm.  high,  with  narrow  scabrous 
leaves,  and  small-flowered  spikelets  in  open  panicles  8-16  cm.  long:  spikelets 
20-25  mm.  long,  much  crowded  at  the  ends  of  the  branches  of  the  panicles: 


GRAMINEAE    (GRASS   FAMILY)  51 

glumes  broadly  ovate,  acute,  nearly  equal,  smooth  or  scabrous  on  the  keel; 
lemma  acuminate,  the  strongly  scabrous  midrib  excurrent  in  a  short  point; 
awn  slender,  6  mm.  long. — Throughout  our  range. 

4.  Oryzopsis  asperifolia  Michx.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  1:51. 1803.  Erect  and  slender, 
with  smooth  or  scabrous  culms  25-50  cm.  long,  long  rough  flat  evergreen  leaves, 
and  narrow  simple  few-flowered  panicles  6-10  cm.  long:  sheaths  crowded  at 
the  base;  leaves  4-8  mm.  wide:  spikelets  6-8  mm.  long:  glumes  glabrous,  green, 
the  margins  whitish;  lemma  whitish,  sparingly  pubescent;  awn  slightly  twisted, 
10-12  mm.  long. — Colorado  and  northward. 

19.  ERIOCOMA  Nutt. 

Densely  tufted  perennials  with  rigid  culms,  and  contracted  or  open  panicles. 
Spikelets  1-flowered.  Glumes  membranous,  broad;  lemma  firm,  becoming 
hard  in  fruit,  broadly  oval  to  elliptic,  densely  pubescent  with  silky  hairs  and 
bearing  a  terminal  readily  deciduous  awn ;  the  callus  at  the  base  short  and  ob- 
tuse. Stamens  3.  Styles  distinct;  stigmas  plumose.  Grain  free,  inclosed  in 
the  lemma. 

Panicle  diffuse,  the  divisions  filiform,  flexuous  and  widely  spreading  .  I.E.  cuspidata. 
Panicle  more  or  less  open,  the  branches  erect  or  ascending  .  .  .  2.  E.  caduca. 

1.  Eriocoma  cuspidata  Nutt.  Gen.   1:  40.    1818.     Culms  3-6  dm.  high: 
leaves  narrow,  involute,  smooth  or  somewhat  scabrous:  panicle  dichotomously 
branched,  diffuse,  12-15  cm.  long:  spikelets  6-8  mm.  long,  on  filiform  and 
flexuous  pedicels:  glumes  pubescent,  3-5-nerved,  broad  and  ventricose  below, 
attenuate-pointed ;  lemma  about  one  half  as  long  as  the  glumes,  broadly  oval, 
densely  pubescent  with  long  silky  erect  hairs  about  one  and  a  half  times  its 
own  length;  awn  4-6  mm.  long,  readily  falling  off.    INDIAN  MILLET. — Through- 
out our  range. 

2.  Eriocoma  caduca  (Scribn.)  Rydb.  Mem.  N.  Y.  Bot.  Gard.  1:  25.  1900. 
Culms  3-5  dm.  high:  leaves  narrow,  smooth  or  somewhat  scabrous:  panicle 
more  or  less  open;  the  branches  erect  or  ascending,  5-15  cm.  long:  spikelets 
5-6  mm.  long:  glumes  scabrous  or  attenuate-pointed,  3-nerved;  lemma  about 
one  half  the  length  of  the  glumes,  elliptic,  densely  clothed  with  silky  hairs  of 
less  than  its  own  length;  awn  7-9  mm.  long,  readily  falling  off. — Infrequent; 
northern  Colorado  and  northward  to  Montana. 

20.  MUHLENBERGIA  Schreb.     DROP-SEED.     HAIR  GRASS 

Perennials  (rarely  annuals)  of  greatly  varying  habit,  with  flat  or  involute 
leaves,  small  spikelets,  and  narrow  or  open  panicles.  Rootstocks  often  scaly. 
Spikelets  1-flowered,  very  rarely  2-flowered.  Glumes  2,  membranous  or 
hyaline,  acute  and  sometimes  awned;  lemma  3-5-nerved,  subtending  a  palet 
and  perfect  flower  and  rarely  an  empty  lemma,  obtuse,  acute,  or  very  often 
produced  into  a  capillary  awn;  callus  minute;  palet  2-keeled.  Stamens  often 
3.  Styles  distinct;  stigmas  plumose.  Grain  narrow,  free,  tightly  inclosed  in 
the  lemma. 

Panicle  contracted,  spike-like,  the  short  branches  rarely  spreading. 
Without  scaly  rootstocks. 

Awn  2-20  mm.  long         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .     1.  M.  gracilis. 

Awn  less  than  2  mm.  long. 

Panicles  2-5  cm.  long;  second  glume  3-nerved     .         .         .         .     2.  M.  filiculmis. 

Panicle  5-9  cm.  long;  second  glume  1-nerved     .         .         .         .     3.  M.  Wrightii. 

With  scaly  rootstocks. 

Culms  more  or  less  branched     .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .     4.  M.  racemosa. 

Culms  simple  .         .          .         .         ...         .         .         .         .     5.  M.  comata. 

Panicle  open,  its  branches  long  and  spreading. 

Secondary  branches  of  the  panicle  single;  awn  2-4  mm.  long     .         .     6.  M.  gracillima. 
Secondary  branches  of  the  panicle  fascicled;  awn  1-2  mm.  long         .     7.  M.  pungens. 

1.  Muhlenbergia  gracilis  Trin.  Unifl.  193.  1824.  Slender  but  rather  rigid, 
densely  caespitose,  15-60  cm.  high,  with  narrow  involute  leaves  and  con- 


52  GRAMINEAE  (GRASS  FAMILY) 

tracted  panicles  8-15  cm.  long:  leaves  scabrous,  6-10  cm.  long,  1-2  mm.  wide: 
spikelets  sessile  or  pedicellate,  3-4  mm.  long:  glumes  nearly  equal  in  length; 
the  first  about  one  half  as  long  as  the  lemma,  1-nerved,  acute  or  erose  at 
apex;  the  second  a  little  longer  than  the  first,  3-nerved  and  3-toothed,  rarely 
entire  at  apex;  lemma  pubescent  or  scabrous  on  the  back,  ciliate  on  the  mar- 
gins; awn  flexuous,  8-20  mm.  long. — Colorado  and  southward. 

la.  Muhlenbergia  gracilis  breviaristata  Vasey,  Contr.  U.  S.  Nat.  Herb. 
3:  67.  1892.  Slender,  15-30  cm.  high:  panicle  about  5  cm.  long:  awn  2-4  mm. 
long. — Wyoming  and  southward. 

2.  Muhlenbergia  filiculmis  Vasey,  Contr.  U.  S.  Nat.  Herb.  1:  267.  1893. 
Low  and  tufted,  with  scape-like  culms  15-35  cm.  high,  short  setaceous  radical 
leaves,  and  narrow  spike-like  panicles  2-5  cm.  long:  first  glume  1-nerved, 
1  mm.  long;  the  second  3-nerved,  3-toothed,  5  mm.  long;  lemma  ciliate  on  the 
margin  of  the  lower  half,  3-nerved,  2.5  mm.  long,  shading  into  an  awn  about 

1  mm.  long. — Colorado. 

3.  Muhlenbergia  Wrightii  Vasey,  Coult.  Man.  Rocky  Mt.  Bot.  409.    1885. 
Erect  or  decumbent,  30-75  cm.  high,  with  keeled  sheaths  and  densely  flowered, 
cylindrical,  spike-like  panicles  5-9  cm.  long:  leaves  rigid,  8-12  cm.  long,  the 
tips  filiform:  spikelets  often  2-flowered:  glumes  subequal,   1-nerved,  about 

2  mm.  long,  thin  at  base,  ovate,  awn-pointed;  lemma  a  little  thicker  and 
longer,  very  short-pubescent,  3-nerved,  ovate,  acute,  tipped  with  a  very  short 
stiff  awn. — Colorado  and  south  west  ward. 

4.  Muhlenbergia  racemosa  (Michx.)  B.  S.  P.  Prel.  Cat.  N.  Y.  67.     1888. 
Rather  stout  and  upright,  6-9  dm.  high,  with  very  tough  and  densely  scaly 
rootstocks,  simple  or  more  or  less  branched  culms,  and  densely-flowered  nar- 
row panicles  5-10  cm.  long:  leaves  5-12  cm.  long,  2-6  mm.  wide,  scabrous: 
spikelets  much  crowded:  glumes  of  the  spikelet  acuminate,  4-6  mm.  long,  in- 
cluding the  awn,  smooth  or  scabrous  (especially  on  the  keel) ;  lemma  one  half 
to  two  thirds  as  long,  acuminate,  the  strongly  scabrous  midrib  excurrent  in  a 
short  point. — Throughout  our  range. 

5.  Muhlenbergia  comata  (Thurb.)  Benth.  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  19:  82.  1881. 
Either  stout  or  slender,  upright,  3-9  dm.  high,  with  flat  leaves  and  densely 
flowered,  more  or  less  lobed  or  interrupted  panicles  8-10  cm.  long:  leaves  6-12 
cm.  long,  2-4  mm.  wide,  erect,  rough:  glumes  of  the  spikelet  equal,  or  the 
second  a  little  longer,  smooth,  scabrous  on  the  keel;  lemma  shorter,  smooth 
and  glabrous,  bearing  an  awn  2-3  times  its  length,  the  basal  hairs  silky,  erect, 
fully  as  long  as  the  scale. — Throughout  our  range  and  far  westward. 

6.  Muhlenbergia  gracillima  Torr.  Pac.  R.  R.  Rept.  45:  155.  1857.     Densely 
tufted,  with  slender  culms  2-4  dm.  high,  numerous  involute  basal  leaves  and 
open  capillary  panicles   10-20   cm.  long:   leaves  3-5  cm.   long,  smooth  or 
somewhat  scabrous,  secondary  branches  of  the  panicle  fascicled:  spikelets 
about  as  long  as  the  filiform  pedicels,  which  are  clavate-thickened  at  the  apex: 
glumes   unequal,    usually   awn-pointed   or   short-awned,    slightly   scabrous; 
lemma  2.5-3  mm.  long,  longer  than  the  glumes,  sometimes  twice  as  long, 
scabrous;  awn  2-4  mm.  long. — Colorado  and  southward. 

7.  Muhlenbergia  pungens  Thurb.  in  Gray,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila. 
1863:  78.  Culms  2-4  dm.  high,  from  creeping  rootstocks,  erect  from  a  decum- 
bent branching  base,  rigid,  minutely  pubescent:  leaves  3-5  cm.  long,  involute- 
setaceous,  rigid,  scabrous:  panicle  open,  7-15  cm.  long,  the  primary  branches 
solitary,  much  divided  from  near  the  base,  the  divisions  apparently  fascicled: 
spikelets  on  long  pedicels  which  are  clavate-thickened  at  the  apex:  glumes 
when  mature  equaling  or  often  shorter  than  the  body  of  the  lemma,  scabrous, 
especially  on  the  keel;  lemma,  when  mature,  1.5-2  mm.  long,  scabrous;  the 
awn  shorter  than  its  body. — Infrequent  in  our  range;  south  to  Texas  and 
Arizona. 

21.  LYCURUS  H.B.K.    TEXAN  TIMOTHY 

Caespitose  erect  or  ascending  perennials  with  narrow  or  often  convolute 
leaves  and  cylindrical,  usually  densely  flowered,  spike-like  terminal  panicles. 
Spikelets  1-flowered,  usually  in  pairs.  Glumes  2,  3-nerved,  the  nerves  often 


GRAMINEAE    (GRASS   FAMILY)  53 

produced  into  awns;  lemma  3-nerved,  awned,  broader  and  longer  than  the 
glumes;  palet  a  little  smaller  and  more  slender,  2-nerved,  2-keeled,  very  shortly 
2-toothed.  Stamens  3.  Styles  short,  distinct;  stigmas  plumose.  Grain  in- 
cluded within  the  lemma,  free. 

1.  Lycurus  phleoides  H.B.K.  Nov.  Gen.  et  Sp.  PL  1:  142,  t.  45.  1815. 
Slender,  wiry,  20-45  cm.  high,  much  branched  and  often  geniculate  at  the 
base,  with  narrow,  long-pointed  leaves  and  cylindrical  spike-like  panicles 
3-6  cm.  long:  spikelets  4  mm.  long,  with  awned  glumes;  the  first  glume  often 
terminating  in  two  unequal  awns;  the  lemma  terminating  in  an  awn  as  long 
as  its  body. — Colorado  to  Texas  and  westward. 

22.  PHLEUM  L.    TIMOTHY 

Annual  or  perennial  grasses  with  flat  leaves  and  spicate  inflorescence. 
Spikelets  1-flowered.  Glumes  membranous,  compressed,  keeled,  the  apex 
obliquely  truncate,  the  midnerve  produced  into  an  awn;  the  lemma  much 
shorter,  broader,  hyaline,  truncate,  denticulate  at  the  summit;  palet  narrow, 
hyaline.  Stamens  3.  Styles  distinct,  somewhat  elongated;  stigmas  plumose. 
Grain  ovoid,  free,  inclosed  in  the  lemma  and  palet. 

Spikes  usually  elongated;  upper  sheath  not  inflated  .  .  .  .  .  1.  P.  pratense. 
Spikes  not  elongated,  ovoid  to  oblong;  upper  sheath  inflated  .  .  .  2.  P.  alpinum. 

1.  Phleum  pratense  L.  Sp.  PI.  59.     1753.     Perennial,  with  erect  simple 
culms  3-12  dm.  high:  upper  sheath  long  and  not  inflated  or  very  slightly  so: 
leaves  smooth  or  scabrous,  8-20  cm.  long,  4-6  mm.  wide:  spike  usually  elon- 
gated cylindric,  4-15  cm.  long,  5-8  mm.  in  diameter:  glumes  of  the  spikelet 
(exclusive  of  the  awn)  2-5  mm.  long,  ciliate  on  the  keel,  the  awn  less  than 
half  their  length.     TIMOTHY. — Cultivated  and  becoming  naturalized  in  fields 
and  waysides. 

2.  Phleum  alpinum  L.  Sp.  PL  59.    1753.    Perennial,  15-45  cm.  high,  the 
culms  simple,  erect  or  sometimes  decumbent:  upper  sheath  usually  much  in- 
flated; leaves  smooth  beneath,  scabrous  above;  the  lower  ones  5-7  cm.  long, 
2-8  mm.  wide;  the  uppermost  less  than  25  mm.  long:  spike  short,  ovoid  to 
oblong  and  cylindric,  13-50  mm.  long,  6-12  mm.  in  diameter:  glumes  of  the 
spikelet  (exclusive  of  the  awn)  3  mm.  long,  strongly  ciliate  on  the  keel,  the 
awn  about  one  half  their  length.     MOUNTAIN  TIMOTHY. — Moist  soil  in  the 
mountains. 

23.  ALOPECURUS  L. 

Annuals  or  perennials,  with  erect  or  ascending  culms,  flat  leaves  and  densely 
flowered  cylindrical  or  ovoid  spike-like  or  capitate  inflorescence.  Spikelets 
1-flowered,  flattened.  Glumes  acute,  sometimes  short-awned,  more  or  less 
united  below,  compressed-keeled;  keel  ciliate  or  somewhat  winged;  lemma 
truncate  or  obtuse,  hyaline,  3-nerved,  awned  on  the  back,  subtending  a  per- 
fect flower  and  usually  a  palet;  palet  hyaline,  acute,  sometimes  wanting. 
Stamens  3.  Styles  distinct  or  rarely  united  at  base;  stigma  elongated,  hairy. 

Spikes  5-8  cm.  long,  4-6  mm.  broad    •         .         .         .         .         .  1.  A.  fulvus. 

Spikes  2-3  cm.  long,  8-15  mm.  broad 2.  A.  occidentals. 

1.  Alopecurus  fulvus  Smith,  Eng.  Bot.  21,  t.  1467.  1793.  Glabrous  or 
very  nearly  so:  culms  1-4  dm.  high,  erect,  or  sometimes  decumbent  at  the 
base:  leaves  2-15  cm.  long,  1-4  mm.  wide,  scabrous  especially  above,  the 
uppermost  sometimes  exceeding  the  spike:  spikes  5-8  cm.  long,  4-6  mm. 
broad:  spikelets  about  3  mm.  long;  glumes  slightly  united  at  base,  obtuse  or 
subacute,  smooth,  glabrous  except  for  the  pubescent  lateral  nerves  and  the 
strongly  ciliate  keel;  lemma  equaling  or  slightly  longer  than  the  glumes,  ob- 
tuse, smooth  and  glabrous;  awn  inserted  very  little  below  the  middle  of  the 
glume  and  equaling  or  slightly  exceeding  it.  A.  geniculatus  fulvus. — In  wet 
swales;  throughout  our  range. 


54  GRAMINEAE  (GRASS  FAMILY) 

2.  Alopecurus  occidentals  Scribn.  Bot.  Gaz.  11:  170.  1886.  Erect,  rather 
slender,  6-9  dm.  high:  leaves  flat,  5-15  cm.  long,  4-7  mm.  wide:  spikes  2-3  cm. 
long,  8-15  mm.  broad:  spikelets  3.5-4.5  mm.  long,  compressed:  glumes  sub- 
equal,  acute,  silky-hairy  on  the  keels  and  pilose  on  the  sides;  lemma  a  little 
shorter  than  the  glumes,  the  margins  connate  to  near  the  middle,  pubescent 
near  the  apex;  awn  inserted  below  the  middle,  about  6  mm.  long. — In  the 
high  mountains. 

24.  PHIPPSIA  R.  Br. 

Low  tufted  perennial,  with  flat  leaves  and  slender  few-flowered  panicles. 
Spikelets  1-flowered.  Glumes  minute,  the  first  often  wanting;  lemma  thin- 
membranous,  keeled;  palet  somewhat  shorter,  2-keeled.  Stamen  1,  rarely 
2  or  3.  Styles  short,  distinct;  stigmas  plumose.  Grain  oblong,  inclosed  in 
the  lemma  and  palet,  which  readily  split  and  allow  it  to  drop  out. 

1.  Phippsia  algida  (Soland.)  R.  Br.  Suppl.  App.  Parry's  Voy.  275.  1824. 
Smooth  and  glabrous  throughout,  2-10  cm.  high:  leaves  narrow  and  soft, 
25  mm.  in  length  or  less,  0.5-2  mm.  wide,  obtuse:  panicles  contracted,  simple, 
6-35  mm.  long,  scarcely  exceeding  the  leaves:  spikelets  1-1.5  mm.  long: 
glumes  minute,  unequal,  acutish;  lemma  broad,  1-nerved,  obtuse  or  sub- 
truncate  and  somewhat  erose,  the  palet  about  two  thirds  as  long,  broad, 
2-keeled,  erose-truncate. — High  mountain  peaks  of  Colorado,  and  probably 
of  Wyoming;  in  the  arctic  regions  generally. 

25.  SPOROBOLUS  R.  Br.     DROP-SEED  GRASS.     RUSH  GRASS 

Perennials  or  rarely  annuals,  with  flat  or  convolute  leaves  and  open  or  con- 
tracted panicles.  Spikelets  generally  small,  1-flowered,  occasionally  2-3- 
flowered.  Glumes  of  the  1-flowered  spikelets  2,  membranous,  unequal,  the 
first  somewhat  shorter;  lemma  equaling  or  longer  than  the  glumes;  palet 
2-nerved.  Stamens  2-3.  Styles  very  short,  distinct;  stigmas  plumose. 
Grain  free,  and  often  early  deciduous. 

Panicle  contracted,  spike-like. 

Plant  only  2-4  cm.  high 1.  S.  Wolfii. 

Plant  more  than  4  cm.  high. 

Lemmas  3-4.5  mm.  long 2.  S.  brevifolius. 

Lemmas  less  than  3  mm.  long. 

Panicle  more  or  less  inclosed  in  inflated  leaf-sheaths      .         .      3.  S.  vaginaeflorus. 
Panicle  exserted      .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .  4.  S.  simplex. 

Panicle  open,  at  least  during  anthesis. 
First  glume  about  equaling  the  second. 

Annual        .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .  5.  S.  confusus. 

Perennial  .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .  6.  S.  asperifolius. 

First  empty  glume  one  half  as  long  as  the  second. 
Spikelets  2.5  mm.  long  or  less. 

Glumes  both  nerveless  .         .         .         .         .  7.  S.  airoides. 

Glumes  one  or  both  1-nerved 


Panicle  12-20  cm.  long 
Panicle  3-8  cm.  long 
Spikelets  4-5.5  mm.  long 


8.  S.  cryptandrus. 
.      9.  S.  argutus. 
.    10.  S.  heterolepis. 


1.  Sporobolus  Wolfii  Vasey,  Bull.  Torr.  Club   10:  52.  1883.    Slender  an- 
nual, branching  at  base,  2-4  cm.  high:  leaves  mostly  radical,  flat  or  involute, 
3-12  mm.  long:  panicles  spike-like,  simple,  few-flowered,  terminal  and  lateral; 
the  lateral  ones  partly  inclosed  in  the  loose  sheaths:   spikelets  about  1  mm. 
long:  glumes  oval,  subequal,  0.7  mm.  long;  lemma  about  1  mm.  long. — Twin 
Lakes,  Colorado. 

2.  Sporobolus  brevifolius  (Nutt.)  Scribn.  Mem.  Torr.   Bot.  Club   5:  39. 
1895.     Smooth  glabrous  perennial:  culms  15-45  cm.  high,  arising  from  a 
horizontal  rootstock,  branching  at  base,  slender,  erect  or  geniculate:  leaves 
1-5  cm.  long,  involute-setaceous:  panicle  1-7  cm.  long,  linear,  its  branches 
6-12  mm.  long,  erect  or  appressed:  spikelets  2.5-3  mm.  long:  glumes  unequal, 
less  than  half  as  long  as  the  lemma,  obtuse  or  acute,  scabrous  on  the  keel  and 
at  the  apex;  lemma  long-acuminate,  somewhat  cuspidate,  scabrous  toward 
the  apex. — Throughout  our  range. 


GRAMINEAE    (GRASS   FAMILY)  55 

3.  Sporobolus  vaginaeflorus  (Torr.)  Wood,  Classbook  775.  1861.    Slender 
caespitose  annual,  2-4  dm.  high:  leaves  2  mm.  wide  or  less,  smooth  and 
glabrous  beneath,  scabrous  and  hairy  near  the  base  above,  attenuate  into  a 
slender  involute  point:  panicles  spike-like,  terminal  and  axillary,  about  2  cm. 
long,  mostly  inclosed  in  the  somewhat  inflated  leaf-sheaths:  spikelets  3.5-4.5 
mm.  long:  glumes  unequal,  acuminate;  lemma  scabrous,  sparingly  appressed- 
pubescent,  about  as  long  as  the  second  glume  and  equaling  or  slightly  ex- 
ceeded by  the  very  acute  palet. — Infrequent;  extending  into  our  range  from 
the  east. 

4.  Sporobolus  simplex  Scribn.  U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.  Div.  Agrps.  Bull.  11:  48. 
1898.     Very  slender  densely  tufted  annual,  5-30  cm.  high,  with  short  narrow 
leaves,  scape-like  culms,  and  linear,  few-flowered  panicles  2  cm.  long,  exserted 
nearly  half  their  length:  spikelets  about  1.5-2  mm.  long:  glumes  unequal, 
1-neryed,    obtuse   and   usually   erose-dentate   at   summit;  lemma  3-nerved, 
acuminate  and  cuspidate.     [S.  filiformis  (Thurb.)  Scribn.  U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.  Div. 
Agros.  Bull.  17:  173.  1899.] — Extending  into  our  range  from  the  west. 

5.  Sporobolus  confusus  (Fourn.)  Vasey,  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  15:  293. 
1888.    Slender  branching  tufted  annual,  8-20  cm.  high,  with  capillary  ovoid 
or  oblong  panicles  8-15  cm.  long:  leaves  flat,  1-4  cm.  long,  1.5  mm.  or  less 
wide:  spikelets  1.25-1.5  mm.  long:  glumes  obtuse,  nearly  equal,  one  half  to 
two  thirds  as  long  as  the  lemma,  glabrous  or  pubescent;  lemma  obtuse,  usually 
pubescent,  sometimes  glabrous. — Throughout  our  range. 

6.  Sporobolus  asperifolius  (Nees  &  Mey.)  Thurb.  in  Wats.  Bot.Cal.  2:  269. 
1880.    Slender  leafy  perennial,  10-35  cm.  high,  with  erect  culms  from  a  de- 
cumbent and  branched  base  and  diffuse  panicles  6-10  cm.  long:  leaves  numer-i 
ous,  2-8  cm.  long,  2-3  mm.  wide  at  base,  acuminate,  strict,  often  erect,  flatf 
glabrous,  smooth  beneath,  very  rough  above:  spikelets  1.5  mm.  long,  occa- 
sionally 2-3-fl owered :  glumes  subequal,  acute,  glabrous,  sparingly  scabrous; 

.lemma  obtuse  or  acute,  glabrous,  somewhat  exceeding  the  second  glume. — 
Throughout  the  western  half  of  North  America. 

7.  Sporobolus  airoides  Torr.  Pac.  R.  R.  Rept.  73:  21.  1856.     Stout  coarse 
and  rigid  densely  caespitose  perennial,  3-9  dm.  high,  with  long,  narrow  leaves 
and  open  spreading  pyramidal  panicles  10-25  cm.  long:  leaves  smooth  be- 
neath, scabrous  above  and  sometimes  sparingly  hairy  near  the  base,  1-3  mm. 
wide  at  the  base,  attenuate  into  a  long  slender  involute  point ;  the  basal  about 
one  half  as  long  as  the  culm;  the  upper  culm  leaves  5-12  cm.  long:  spikelets 
1.5-2  mm.  long:  glumes  acute,  glabrous,  nerveless,  unequal,  the  first  about 
half  as  long  as  the  second;  lemma  equaling  the  second  glume  and  the  palet. — 
From  Mexico  to  Dakota  and  west  to  the  Pacific  States. 

8.  Sporobolus  cryptandrus  (Torr.)  Gray,  Man.  576.  1848.     Erect  glabrous 
perennial,  4^-7  dm.  high:  sheaths  with  a  dense  pilose  ring  at  the  summit; 
leaves  7-15  cm.  long,  2-4  mm.. wide,  flat,  scabrous  above,  long-acuminate: 
panicles  12-20  cm.  long,  spreading  in  flower,  usually  narrow,  more  or  less  in- 
closed in  the  upper  sheath:  spikelets  2-2.5  mm.  long:  glumes  acute,  glabrous, 
the  first  one  half  as  long  as  the  second,  which  is  about  as  long  as  the  lemma. — 
Across  the  continent  northward,  and  south  in  the  interior  to  Mexico. 

9.  Sporobolus  argutus  (Nees)  Kunth,  Enum.  1:  215.  1833.     Caespitose 
perennial,  2-4  dm.  high,  with  flat  leaves  and  open  panicles  3-8  cm.  long,  the 
branches  verticillate  and  spreading  in  flower:  leaves  25-50  mm.  long,  2-4  mm. 
wide  at  the  base,  acuminate,  smooth  and  glabrous  beneath,  scabrous  and 
often  sparingly  hairy  at  the  base  above:  spikelets  1.5  mm.  long: 'glumes  smooth 
and  glabrous,  the  first  rounded  or  obtuse,  one  fourth  as  long  as  the  acute 
second  one;  lemma  about  equaling, the  second  glume,  acute. — Colorado  and 
southward. 

10.  Sporobolus  heterolepis   Gray,   Man.   576.  1848.     Rather  stout  erect 
caespitose  perennial  3-9  dm.  high":  leaves  involute-setaceous,  glabrous,  the 
margins  and  upper  part  of  the  midrib  very  rough;   the  basal  about  three 
fourths  as  long  as  the   culm,  occasionally  equaling  it;    those  of  the   culm 
shorter:  panicle  loose  and  open,  7-25  cm.  long:  spikelets  4-5.5  mm.  long: 
glumes  very  unequal,  sharply  acuminate-pointed,  the  first  subulate,  about 


56  GRAMINEAE    (GRASS   FAMILY) 

half  the  length  of  the  broad  second  one;  lemma  glabrous,  acute  or  obtuse, 
shorter  than  the  second  glume. — Dry  soil;  in  the  eastern  part  of  our  range  and 
eastward. 

26.  BLEPHARINEURON  Nash 

Tufted  perennial  with  simple  culms,  long  leaves,  and  terminal  loosely 
flowered  open  panicles.  Spikelets  1-flowered.  Glumes  membranous,  1-nerved, 
acute,  smooth  and  glabrous,  the  first  narrower  and  shorter  than  the  second; 
lemma  3-nerved,  the  nerves  densely  pilose  with  long  silky  hairs  for  nearly 
their  entire  length,  the  midnerve  often  shortly  excurrent  at  apex;  palet  as 
long  as  the  lemma,  2-nerved,  densely  pilose  between  the  nerves.  Stamens  3. 
Styles  2,  distinct;  stigmas  plumose. 

1.  Blepharineuron  tricholepis  (Torr.)  Nash,  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  25:  88. 
1898.  Erect  and  slender,  3-6  dm.  high,  with  narrow,  glabrous  leaves,  and 
more  or  less  spreading  panicles  6-18  cm.  long:  spikelets  2.5-3  mm.  long: 
glumes  thin,  carinate;  lemma  equaling  or  a  little  longer  than  the  second 
glume,  entire  or  minutely  2-toothed  at  the  obtuse  apex. — Colorado,  Utah,  and 
southward. 

27.  POLYPOGON  Desf.     BEARD  GRASS 

Mostly  annuals  with  decumbent  or  rarely  erect  culms,  flat  leaves,  and  spike- 
like  panicles.     Spikelets  1-flowered.     Glumes  each  extended  into  an  awn; 
t  lemma  smaller,  generally  hyaline,  short-awned  from  below  the  apex,  sub- 
vtending  a  shorter  palet.     Stamens  1-3.    Styles  short,  distinct;  stigmas  plu- 
mose.   Grain  free,  inclosed  in  the  glume  and  palet. 

1.  Polypogon  monspeliensis  (L.)  Desf.  Fl.  All.  1:  67.  1798.  Caespitose 
glabrous  annual  1-6  dm.  high:  leaves  4-15  cm.  long,  3-6  mm.  wide,  scabrous, 
especially  above:  panicle  2+10  cm.  long,  dense,  spike-like,  the  branches  about 
1  cm.  in  length,  ascending:  spikelets  crowded:  glumes  about  2  mm.  long,  ob- 
tuse, slightly  bifid,  scabrous,  bearing  a  more  or  less  bent  awn  4-6  mm.  long; 
lemma  much  shorter,  erose-truncate,  hyaline,  bearing  a  delicate  awn  about 
0.5  mm.  long,  inserted  below  the  apex.  BEARD  GRASS. — Introduced  into  fields 
and  waste  places;  infrequent. 

28.  CINNA  L.     INDIAN  REED 

Tall  perennials  with  numerous  flat  leaves  and  many-flowered,  nodding  pani- 
cles. Spikelets  1-flowered.  Glumes  keeled,  acute;  the  lemma*  similar  but 
usually  short-awned  on  the  back,  subtending  a  palet  and  a  stalked  perfect 
flower;  palet  a  little  shorter,  1-nerved.  Stamens  1.  Styles  short,  distinct; 
stigmas  plumose.  Grain  narrow,  free,  inclosed  in  the  lemma  and  palet. 

Panicle  contracted,  its  branches  erect         .         .         .         .         .         .     1.  C.  arundinacea. 

Panicle  lax,  its  branches  drooping         .         .         .         .         .         .         .     2.  C.  latifolia. 

1.  Cinna  arundinacea  L.  Sp.  PL  5.  1753.    Culms  1-2  m.  high,  rather  ro- 
bust, leafy  to  the  top:  panicle  2-3  dm.  long,  quite  dense:  spikelets  4-6  mm. 
long:  glumes  scabrous  throughout;  lemma  about  equaling  the  second  glume; 
awn  seldom  exceeding  the  lobes  of  the  emarginate  lemma. — Swamps;  across 
the  continent. 

2.  Cinna  latifolia  (Trev.)  Griseb.  in  Ledeb.  Fl.  Ross.  4:  435.  1853.    Rather 
slender,  smooth,  6-12  dm.  high,  the  culms  erect  and  simple:  leaves  10-25  cm. 
long,  4-12  mm.  wide,  scabrous:  panicles  1-2  dm.  long,  open,  the  capillary 
branches  generally  spreading,  flexuous  and  often  drooping:  spikelets  3  mm. 
long:  glumes  scabrous,  the  outer  acute,  strongly  hispid  on  the  keel,  about 
equaling  the  second ;  lemma  usually  exceeded  by  the  second  glume,  bearing  a 
rough  awn  1-2  mm.  long  from  the  2-toothed  apex. — Damp  woods;  rare  within 
pur  range;  northward  and  east  to  Newfoundland;  also  in  Europe. 


GRAMINEAE    (GRASS   FAMILY)  57 

29.  AGROSTIS  L.     BENT  GRASS.     HERD'S  GRA.SS 

Tufted  annuals  or  perennials  with  flat  or  bristle-like  leaves  and  small  spike- 
lets  in  open,  usually  diffuse  panicles.  Spikelets  1 -flowered.  Glumes  mem- 
branous, keeled,  acute;  lemma  shorter,  obtuse,  hyaline,  sometimes  bearing  a 
dorsal  awn,  subtending  a  perfect  flower;  palet  distinct,  short.  Stigmas  plu- 
mose. Grain  free,  inclosed  in  the  lemma. 

Rachilla  prolonged  behind  the  palet     .         .         .         .         .         .         .     1 .  A.  Thurberiana. 

Rachilla  not  prolonged  behind  the  palet. 
Palet  evident,  2-nerved. 

Plant  usually  30  cm.  or  more  high      .         .         .         .         .         .  ~  2.  A.  alba. 

Plant  low. 

Erect,  scarcely  stoloniferous      .         .         .         .         .         .         .     3.  A.  humilis. 

Low  and  spreading  by  stolons  .         .         .         .         .         .         .     4.  A.  depressa. 

Palet  wanting,  or  a  small  nerveless  scale. 

Panicle  narrow,  either  strict  or  open  but  not  diffuse. 

Plant  20-30  cm.  high  ' 5.  A.  asperifolia. 

Plant  10-20  cm.  high *6.  A.  Rossae. 

Panicle  diffusely  spreading. 
Lemma  awnless. 

Plant  20-80  cm.  high    .         .         .         .  .         .         .  -7.  A.  hiemalis. 

Plant  10-20  cm.  high «.8.  A.  idahoensis. 

Lemma  awned  .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .     9.  A.  melaleuca. 

1.  Agrostis  Thurberiana  A.  S.  Hitch.  U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.  Bu.  PL  Ind.  Bull.  68. 
^1905.    Culms  tufted,  slender,  20-40  cm.  high,  somewhat  decumbent  at  base: 

basal  leaves  numerous,  lax,  slightly  scabrous;  culm  leaves  2  or  3;  ligule  semi- 
circular, 6  mm.  long:  panicle  narrow  and  lax,  more  or  less  drooping,  5-8  cm. 
long,  somewhat  scabrous  on  the  branches  which  are  flower-bearing  from  the 
middle:  spikelets  2  mm.  long:  glumes  equal,  acute;  lemma  nearly  as  long  as 
the  glumes,  obtuse,  faintly  5-nerved;  palet  about  1.3  mm.  long;  callus  obscurely 
hairy. — From  western  Wyoming  to  Washington. 

2.  Agrostis  alba   L.  Sp.  PI.  63.  1753.     Perennial,  variable  in  habit,  often 
stoloniferous,  with  smooth  culms  3-9  dm.  high,  flat  leaves,  and  erect  many- 
flowered  open  panicle  4-18  cm.  long:  leaves  5-20  cm.  long,  2-6  mm.  wide, 
scabrous:  spikelets  2-2.5  mm.  long:  glumes  about  equal,  acute,  Smooth  and 
glabrous,  except  on  the  hispid  or  scabrous  keel;  lemma  shorter  than  the 
glumes,  obtuse  or  acute;  palet  one  half  to  three  fourths  as  long  as  the  glume. 
REDTOP. — Naturalized  in  meadows  and  on  wet  banks. 

3.  Agrostis  humilis  Vasey,  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club   10:  21.  1883.     Culms 
slender,  tufted  from  a  perennial  root,  10-40  cm.  high:   leaves  mostly  basal, 
2-10  cm.  long,  2  mm.  wide,  flat  and  thin  or  rarely  conduplicate  and  filiform: 
panicles   2-8  cm.  long,  narrow,  or  in  rank-growing  plants  open  and  loosely 
flowered:  spikelets  usually  purple,  1.5-2  mm.  long:  glumes  equal,  abruptly 
pointed,  smooth  or  nearly  so ;  lemma  as  long  as  the  glumes,  awnless ;  palet  two 
thirds  as  long  as  the  lemma. — Colorado  to  Montana  and  west  to  the  Pa- 
cific States. 

4.  Agrostis   depressa  Vasey,  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  13:  54.  1886.    Tufted 
and  freely  stoloniferous  from  the  base :  culms  geniculate-decumbent,  becoming 
erect,  usually  12-20  cm.  high:   leaves  3-5  cm.  long,  1  mm.  wide;   the  culm 
leaves  very  scabrous;  ligule  conspicuous,  2-3  mm.  long:  panicles  narrow  and 
spike-like:  glumes  equal,  acute,  roughish  on  the  keel  above;  lemma  shorter, 
with  a  minute  prickle  on  the  back  below  the  tip;  palet  half  as  long  as  the 
lemma. — Colorado  to  California  and  Washington. 

5.  Agrostis  asperifolia  Trin.  Gram.  Unifl.  207.  1824.     Erect  tufted  peren- 
nial, 3-9  dm.  high,  with  rough  leaves  and  contracted  panicles  6-25  cm.  long: 
leaves  3-20  cm.  long,  2-8  mm.  wide:  panicles  often  interrupted  or  glomerate, 
the  branches  erect  and  crowded,  spikelet-bearing  to  the  base:  spikolets  2-2.5 
mm.  long:  glumes  scabrous,  especially  on  the  keel;  lemma  about  three  fourths 
the  length  of  the  second  glume;  palet  minute.    A.  exarata,  at  least  in  part. — 
Throughout  our  range  and  westward. 

6.  Agrostis  Rossae  Vasey,  Contrib.  U.  S.  Nat.  Herb.  3:  76.  1892.     Culms 
rather  stout,  10-20  cm.  high,  tufted  but  not  stoloniferous:  leaves  mostly  basal, 
2-5  cm.  long,  1-2  mm.  wide;  sheaths  rather  conspicuous:  panicle  contracted, 


58  GRAMINEAE    (GRASS   FAMILY) 

3-6  cm.  long;  the  branches  appressed:  spikelets  green  or  purple,  2  mm.  long: 
glumes  subequal,  acute,  scabrous;  lemma  1.5  mm.  long,  awnless,  a  few  short 
hairs  at  the  base;  palet  very  minute. — From  Wyoming  to  Washington  and 
California. 

7.  Agrostis  hiemalis   (Walt.)    B.  S.  P.  Prel.  Cat.  N.  Y.  68.  1888.    Erect 
slender  tufted  biennial  or  perennial,  3-6  dm.  high:  leaves  5-12  cm.  long,  1-3 
mm.  wide,  usually  erect,   roughish:    panicle  2-7  cm.  long,  usually  purplish, 
the  capillary  scabrous  branches  ascending,  sometimes  widely  spreading,  or 
often  drooping,  the  divisions  spikelet-bearing  at  the  extremities:  spikelets 
1.5-2  mm.  long:  glumes  acute,  scabrous  toward  the  apex  on  the  keel;  lemma 
two  thirds  the  length  of  the  first  or  equaling  it,  obtuse,  rarely  bearing  a  short 
awn;  palet  usually  very  small.    A.  scabra. — In  most  parts  of  North  America. 

8.  Agrostis  idahoensis  Nash,  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  24:  42.  1897.     Erect 
slender  loosely  or  densely  tufted  perennial,  6-25  cm.  high:  leaves  flat  or  con- 
duplicate,  2-8  cm.  long,  1-2  mm.  wide:  panicle  pyramidal  or  more  or  less  con- 
tracted, often  purplish,  2-8  cm.  long:  spikelets  1.5-2.5  mm.  long:  glumes 
acute,  nearly  equal;  lemma  slightly  shorter  than  the  glumes,  awnless,  obtuse, 
often  minutely  toothed  at  apex,  3-4-nerved  above,  5-nerved  below;    palet 
usually  wanting,  when  present  minute  or  two  thirds  as  long  as  the  lemma. — 
In  the  mountains;  from  Colorado  to  California. 

9.  Agrostis  melaleuca  (Trin.)  A.  S.  Hitch.  1.  c.    Plants  scattered,  of  single 
or  few  culms,  30-50  cm.  high,  leafy:  panicle  copper-colored,  oblong,  open:\ 
lemma   awned. — This    species,  which   belongs   primarily   to   the   sphagnum 
swamps  of  the  far  Northwest,  has  been  reported  from  alpine  stations  in  Colo- 
rado. 

30.  C  ALA  M  AGROSTIS  Adans.     REED  GRASS 

Perennials  or  rarely  annuals,  various  in  habit,  with  flat  leaves  and  small 
spikelets  in  open  or  contracted  panicles.  Spikelets  1-flowered,  the  rachilla 
usually  prolonged  beyond  the  flower  and  pubescent.  Glumes  carinate,  mem- 
branous; lemma  hyaline,  shorter  than  the  outer  glume,  obtuse,  usually  copi- 
ously long-hairy  at  the  base,  or  rarely  the  hairs  scanty  or  short,  and  bearing  a 
straight,  bent,  or  twisted  dorsal  awn;  palet  shorter,  2-nerved.  Stamens  3. 
Styles  short,  distinct;  stigmas  plumose.  Grain  free,  inclosed  by  the  glume 
and  palet,  and  more  or  less  adherent. — Deyeuxia. 

Panicle  more  or  less  open,  the  lower  rays  often  long  and  spreading. 

Lemma  4-toothed,  with  short  stout  awn       .         .         .         .         .     1.  C.  Scribneri. 

Lemma  bifid,  wjfeh  weak  slender  awn      .         .         .         .         .         .     2.  G.  canadensis. 

Panicle  rather  narrow  and  dense,  all  the  rays  short,  ascending  or  erect. 
Leaves  more  or  less  involute,  at  least  at  tip. 
Erect,  rigid  and  taper-pointed. 

Smooth  3.  C.  Suksdorfii. 

Scabrous. 

Awn  bent  and  twisted 4.  C.  purpurascens. 

Awn  stout  and  straight 5.  C.  montanensis. 

Lax  and  almost  filiform       .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .     6.  C.  neglecta. 

Leaves  flat  or  nearly  so. 
Sheaths  smooth. 
Culms  densely  tufted        .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .     7.  C.  hyperborea. 

Culms  scarcely  tufted 8.  C.  inexpansa. 

Sheaths  rough      .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .     9.  C.  scopulorum. 

1.  Calamagrostis  Scribneri  Beal,  Grasses  N.  A.  2:  343.  1896.    Culms  5-8 
dm.  high,  slender:  leaves  flat,  2-3  dm.  long:  panicle  contracted,  10-15  cm. 
long,  the  branches  somewhat  spreading:  spikelets  4  mm.  long,  brown  or  pur- 
plish: glumes  lanceolate,  acute,  scabrous  on  the  back;  lemma  shorter,  4-toothed 
at  apex;    the  awn  straight,  attached  below  the  middle,  equaling  the  outer 
glume;  palet  as  long  as  its  lemma,  irregularly  2-toothed;  callus  hairs  about 
one-half  as  long  as  the  lemma. — Wyoming  and  Montana  to  Washington. 

2.  Calamagrostis  canadensis  (Michx.)  Beauv.  Agrost.  157.  1812.    Culms 
erect,  smooth,  8-12  dm.  high,  rarely  branching  below:  leaves  about  3  dm. 
long,  4-8  mm.  broad,  flat;  ligule  short,  lacerate;  sheaths  appressed,  shorter 
than  the  internocies:   spikelets  2-3  mm.  long:  glumes  unequal,  lanceolate, 


GRAMJNEAE  (GRASS  FAMILY)  59 

acute;  lemma  nearly  as  long,  2-toothed  at  apex;  awn  very  slender,  attached 
near  the  middle,  about  as  long  as  its  lemma;  palet  shorter  than  the  lemma; 
callus  hairs  as  long  as  the  glumes. — Acroap  the  continent  northward;  frequent 
in  our  range. 

2a.  Calamagrostis  canadensis  acuminata  Vasey,  Bull.  U.  S.  Div.  Agrost. 
5:  26.  1897.  Sheaths  rarely  slightly  bearded  at  junction  with  the  blade  which 
is  short-scabro-pubescent  above,  panicle  smaller,  more  flexuous  and  densely 
flowered,  usually  dark  purple:  spikelets  3.5-4  mm.  long:  glumes  attenuate- 
acuminate,  sometimes  subfalcate,  very  scabrous  or  substrigose;  awn  longer 
than  the  lemma. — The  more  usual  form  in  our  range. 

3.  Calamagrostis    Suksdorfii    Vasey,    Monog.    Grasses    U.   S.   82.    1892. 
Culms  tufted,  5-8  dm.  high:  leaves  of  culm  mostly  3,  12-15  cm.  long,  with 
slender,  acuminate  points;  upper  ligules  3-5  cm.  long,  the  lower  sheaths 
shorter  and  the  upper  longer  than  the  internodes:  panicle  erect,  6-12  cm. 
long,  moderately  close,  pale  or  purplish;  the  rays  glomerate,  unequal,  the 
shorter  ones  crowded  with  the  almost  sessile  spikelets:  glumes  3-4  mm.  long, 
acute,  whitish,  translucent,  smooth  except    on  the  midnerve;  lemma  thin, 
4-nerved  and  4-toothed,  shorter  than  the  glumes;  palet  about  as  long  as  its 
lemma,  2-toothed;  hairs  of  callus  very  short. — Northwestern  Wyoming  to 
California  and  Washington. 

4.  Calamagrostis    purpurascens  R.  Br.  Rich.  App.  Frank.  Journ.  731. 
J0T1823.     Culms  tufted,  erect,  rigid,  3-5  dm.  high:  leaves  numerous,  crowded 

near  the  base,  rigid;  the  radical  half  as  long  as  the  culm;  the  upper  attenuate- 
pointed,  very  scabrous,  thick  and  involute;  ligule  truncate  or  lacerate;  sheath 
rough,  striate:  panicle  spike-like,  dense,  generally  purplish;  rays  mostly  in 
fives,  appressed:  spikelets  5-6  mm.  long:  glumes  ovate-lanceolate,  acute, 
4-toothed;  the  awn  near  the  base,  twisted  below  and  bent  at  the  middle, 
longer  than  the  glumes;  hairs  of  the  callus  scanty  and  very  short. — From 
Colorado  far  northward,  and  thence  across  the  continent. 

5.  Calamagrostis  montanensis  Scribn.  Vasey,  1.  c.     Culms  stoloniferous, 
2-3  dm.  high,  rather  rigid,  erect:  radical  leaves  involute-setaceous,  12-15  cm. 
long;  culm  leaves  similar  but  shorter,  scabrous:  panicle  linear  to  oblong, 
5-7  cm.  long;  rays  short,  fascicled:  glumes  narrowly  lanceolate,  acute,  4-5 
mm.  long,  with  the  pedicels  scabrous,  whitish;  lemma  shorter  bifid;  hairs  of 
callus  much  shorter  than  the  glume. — Wyoming  to  Canada  and  west  to  the 
Pacific. 

6.  Calamagrostis    neglecta   (Ehrh.)   Gaertn.   Fl.  Wetterau  1:  94.    1799. 
Glabrous  throughout:  culms  4-6  dm.  high,  erect,  simple,  slender:  sheaths 
shorter  than  the  internodes;  leaves  narrow;  the  basal  one  third  as  long  as  the 
culm;  those  of  the  culm  4-10  cm.  long,  erect:  panicle  contracted,  5-10  cm. 
long;  the  rays  erect,  2-3  cm.  long:  spikelets  4  mm.  long:  glumes  scabrous; 
lemma  obtuse,  shorter  than  the  glumes,  its  awn  exceeding  the  body. — Colo- 
rado and  far  northward  and  thence  across  the  continent. 

7.  Calamagrostis  hyperborea  Lange,  Fl.Dan.  50:  t.  3.  1880.    Culms  densely 
tufted,  rigid,  stout,  4-10  dm.  high:  sheaths  smooth  and  glabrous;  leaves  stiff 
and  very  rough  on  both  surfaces,  flat,  or  often  involute  at  the  tip,  1-3  dm. 
long:  panicle  contracted,  7-14  cm.  long,  its  branches  short,  usually  erect: 
spikelets  3-4  mm.  long:  glumes  scabrous,  acute;  lemma  nearly  as  long  and 
usually  equaled  by  the  callus  hairs;  awn  about  as  long  as  the  lemma.— Colo- 
rado to  Greenland  and  Alaska. 

7a.  Calamagrostis  hyperborea  elongata  Kearney,  Rev.  Calamagr.  41. 
1898.  Taller  and  less  tufted. 

76.  Calamagrostis  hyperborea  americana  (Vasey)  Kearney,  1.  c.  Panicle 
very  dense  and  the  spikelets  usually  only  3  mm.  long. — This  form  occurs  very 
frequently  in  our  range. 

8.  Calamagrostis  inexpansa  Gray,  Gram.  &  Cyp.  1:    No.  20.  1834.    Culms 
but  little  tufted,  8-12  dm.  high:  sheaths  smooth  and  glabrous;  leaves  rough, 
2—3  dm.  long:  panicle  15-20  cm.  long,  usually  nodding  at  the  summit,  the  rays 
rather  long,  erect:  spikelets  4-5  mm.  long:  glumes  rigid,  hispid  on  the  keel, 
acute;  lemma  scabrous;   callus  hairs  as  long  as  the  glume  or  shorter;  awn 


60  GRAMINEAE  (GRASS  FAMILY) 

variable,  sometimes  exceeding  the  lemma. — From  our  range  to  the  Atlantic 
States. 

9.  Calamagrostis  scopulorum  J^nes,  Proc.  Cal.  Acad.  Sci.  II.  5:  722.  1895. 
Culms  densely  tufted,  5-7  dm.  high:  leaves  coarse,  striate-nerved,  6  mm. 
broad  and  about  3  dm.  long;  ligule  scabrous:  inflorescence  spicate,  8-15  cm. 
long;  rays  about  5,  pubescent:  spikelets  pale,  appressed,  about  4  mm.  long: 
glumes  equal,  ovate-lanceolate,  acute,  glabrous  and  hyaline  except  the  sca- 
brous nerve;  lemma  4-toothed  at  apex,  scabrous  throughout,  equaling  the 
glabrous  2-toothed  hyaline  palet;  callus  hairs  shorter  than  the  palet. — South- 
western Colorado  to  Nevada. 

31.  CALAMOVILFA  Hack. 

Rather  tall,  rigid  perennials  with  stout  horizontal  rootstocks,  elongated 
leaves  and  loosely  spreading  panicles.  Spikelets  1-flowered,  the  rachilla  not 
prolonged  beyond  the  flower.  Glumes  1-nerved,  acute,  unequal;  lemma 
longer  or  shorter  than  the  second  glume,  with  a  ring  of  hairs  at  the  base;  palet 
strongly  2-keeled.  Stamens  3.  Styles  distinct;  stigmas  plumose.  Grain  free. 

1.  Calamovilfa  longifolia  (Hook.)  Hack.  True  Grasses  113.  1890.  Culms 
3-9  dm.  long,  erect,  simple,  stout,  smooth  and  glabrous:  sheaths  crowded  and 
overlapping,  glabrous  or  rarely  pilose;  leaves  2-3  dm.  long  or  more:  panicle 
narrow,  often  3  dm.  long  or  more,  pale,  the  branches  erect  or  ascending,  the 
lower  10-25  cm.  long:  spikelets  6-8  mm.  long:  glumes  acute,  smooth,  the  first 
shorter  than  the  second;  lemma  a  little  longer  or  slightly  shorter  than  the 
second  glume,  and  nearly  twice  the  length  of  the  copious  basal  hairs;  palet 
slightly  shorter  than  the  lemma. — Sandy  soil;  more  or  less  frequent  through- 
out our  range. 

32.  DESCHAMPSIA  Beauv.     HAIR  GRASS 

Annuals  or  perennials  with  flat  or  involute  leaves,  and  rather  small,  shining 
spikelets  in  terminal  or  lateral,  narrow  or  loose  panicles.  Spikelets  2-flowered, 
both  flowers  perfect,  the  hairy  rachilla  extended  beyond  the  flowers  or  rarely 
terminated  by  a  staminate  one.  Glumes  keeled,  acute,  membranous,  shining, 
persistent;  the  lemmas  of  about  the  same  texture,  deciduous,  bearing  a  dorsal 
awn,  the  apex  toothed;  palet  narrow,  2-nerved.  Stamens  3.  Styles  distinct; 
stigmas  plumose.  Grain  oblong,  free,  inclosed  in  the  lemma. 

Panicle  open,  its  branches  spreading       .         .         .         .         .         .  1.  D.  caespitosa. 

Panicle  strict,  its  branches  erect  or  appressed       .         .         .         „         .     2.  D.  elongata. 

1.  Deschampsia  caespitosa  (L.)  Beauv.  Agrost.  91,  t.  18.  1812.    Densely 
caespitose,  with  very  numerous  basal  leaves:  stems  erect,  slender,  6-10  dm. 
high:  sheaths  much  shorter  than  the  internodes;  leaves  flat,  smooth  beneath, 
scabrous  above;  the  basal  about  one  third  as  long  as  the  stem:  panicle  open, 
8-15  cm.  long,  the  branches  widely  spreading,  often  somewhat  flexuous,  the 
lower  5-12  cm.  long:  spikelets  3-4  mm.  long:  glumes  unequal,  1-3-nerved, 
lanceolate,  acute;  lemmas  oblong,  erose,  truncate  at  the  apex;  awn  straight, 
inserted  above  the  middle,  2-4  mm.  long. — Frequent  in  moist  meadow-like 
grounds;  throughout  our  range,  far  northward  and  across  the  continent.    The 
species  is  variable  and  some  varieties  have  been  named,  but  they  are  in  turn 
variable. 

2.  Deschampsia  elongata  (Hook.)  Munro,  in  Benth.  PI.  Hartw.  342,  t.  228. 
1857.     Culms  slender,  tufted,  2-4  dm.  high:  leaves  narrow,  mostly  smooth, 
4-10  cm.  long:  panicle  narrow,  simple  or  branching,  about  one  third  as  long 
as  its  culm;  the  rays  capillary,  scabrous,  appressed,  bearing  spikelets  from  the 
middle  up:    glumes  equal,  ovate-lanceolate  or  narrower,  3-nerved,  green  and 
scabrous  on  the  keel;  lemma  broad,  5-toothed,  indistinctly  or  not  nerved; 
palet  2-toothed;  awn  slender,  from  near  the  base,  about  4  mm.  long. — North- 
ern Wyoming  to  California  and  Washington. 


GRAMINEAE    (GRASS  FAMILY)  61 

33.  TRISETUM  Pers.     OAT  GRASS 

Tufted  perennials  (rarely  annuals)  with  flat  leaves  and  dense  and  spike- 
like  or  narrow  panicles.  Spikelets  2-4-flowered,  the  flowers  all  perfect,  or 
the  uppermost  staminate;  rachilla  glabrous  or  pilose,  extended  beyond  the 
flowers.  Glumes  membranous,  unequal,  acute,  persistent;  lemmas  2  or  more, 
usually  shorter  than  the  glumes,  deciduous,  2-toothed,  bearing  a  dorsal  awn 
below  the  apex,  or  the  lower  one  sometimes  awnless;  palet  narrow,  hyaline, 
2-toothed.  Stamens  3.  Styles  distinct;  stigmas  plumose.  Grain  free,  inclosed 
in  the  lemma. 

Panicle  spike-like;  first  glume  3-nerved      .         .         .         .         .         .     1.  T.  subspicatum. 

Panicle  open;  first  glume  1 -nerved .     2.  T.  montanum. 

1.  Trisetum  subspicatum    (L.)  Beauv.  Agrost.  180.  1812.    Softly  pubes- 
cent to  glabrous:  stems  simple,  erect,  2-5  dm.  high:  sheaths  shorter  than  the 
internodes;  leaves  3-10  cm.  long,  2-4  mm.  wide:  panicle  spike-like,  3-10  cm. 
long,  sometimes  interrupted  below;  the  rays  erect:  spikelets  2-3-flowered: 
glumes  hispid  on  the  keel,  shining;  lemmas  acuminate,  scabrous;  awn  in- 
serted below  the  sinus  on  the  2-toothed  palet  which  it  usually  distinctly  sur- 
passes.— Very  common  on  mountain  slopes  in  most  parts  of  North  America. 

2.  Trisetum    montanum    Vasey,   Bull.   Torr.   Bot.   Club    13:    118.  1886. 
Culms  smooth,  slender,  2-5  dm.  high:  leaves  12-25  cm.  long,  somewhat  sca- 
brous; lower  sheaths  pubescent:  panicle  loose  and  open  but  not  spreading;  rays 
in  fascicles  of  5,  unequal,  1-4  cm.  long,  suberect:  spikelets  5  mm.  long,  2- 
flowered:  glumes  unequal;  lemmas  about  4  mm.  long  and  surpassing  the 
glumes,  acuminate  and  terminating  in  two  short,  fine  setae,  indistinctly  5- 
nerved;  palet  narrow,  bidentate. — In  the  mountains  from  Colorado  to  New 
Mexico. 

34.  SCHEDONNARDUS  Steud.     CRAB  GRASS 

Annual  with  branching  culms,  narrow  leaves,  and  slender  spikes  arranged 
along  a  common  axis.  Spikelets  1 -flowered,  sessile  and  alternate  on  the 
rachis.  Glumes  narrow,  membranous,  acuminate;  lemma  longer,  of  similar 
texture;  palet  narrow,  shorter.  Stamens  3.  Styles  distinct;  stigmas  plumose. 
Grain  linear,  free,  inclosed  in  the  rigid  lemma. 

1.  Schedonnardus  paniculatus  (Nutt.)  Trelease  in  Branner  &  Coville, 
Kept.  Geol.  Surv.  Ark.  18884:  236.  1891.  Culms  20-45  cm.  long,  erect,  slen- 
der, rigid,  branching  at  the  base,  scabrous:  sheaths  crowded  at  the  base  of  the 
culm,  compressed,  smooth  and  glabrous:  leaves  plane  or  folded,  spirally 
twisted,  smooth,  5-8  cm.  long,  2  mm.  wide  or  less:  spikes  numerous,  rigid, 
widely  spreading,  alternate,  the  lower  5-10  cm.  long,  the  axis  and  branches 
triangular:  spikelets  2.5-3  mm.  long,  sessile  and  appressed,  alternate:  glumes 
hispid  on  the  keel,  the  second  longer  than  the  first  and  exceeded  by  the  acute 
lemma. — Dry  prairies  in  the  eastern  part  of  our  range,  and  south  to  Texas. 

35.  A  YEN  A  L.     TRUE  OAT  GRASS 

Annual  or  perennial  grasses  with  flat  leaves.  Spikelets  panicled,  1-2  or 
sometimes  many-flowered;  the  lower  perfect;  the  upper  mostly  staminate. 
Glumes  unequal;  lemma  1  (rarely  more),  rounded  on  the  back,  mostly  5-11- 
nerved,  bearing  a  long,  usually  bent  or  twisted  awn  on  the  back  or  between 
the  two  acute  teeth  at  the  apex.  Stamens  3.  Style  short,  distinct;  the 
stigmas  plumose.  Grain  oblong-linear,  deeply  grooved,  free  but  inclosed  in 
the  palet. 

Annual  .         .         .         .         .         .'  .         .  „  .  .  1.  A.  fatua. 

Perennial. 

Panicle  open;  the  spikelets  on  rather  long  capillary  rays  .  .  .  2.  A.  striata. 

Panicle  narrow  and  spike-like    .         .         .         .         .  .  .  .  3.  A.  Mortoniana. 


62  GRAMINEAE    (GRASS   FAMILY) 

1.  Avena  fatua  L.  Sp.  PL  80.  1753.     A  glabrous  annual  much  resembling 
the  common  cultivated  oat  (A.  saliva):  leaves  flat,  long,  broad  and  scabrous: 
panicle  open,  of  few  spikelets  on  filiform  unequal  rays :  spikelets  2-3-flowered : 
glumes  ovate-lanceolate,  20-25  mm.  long,  with  9  prominent  nerves;  lemma 
9-nerved;  the  awn  from  near  the    middle,  twisted,  abruptly  bent  near  the 
middle;   palet   shorter  than  the  glumes,  pubescent.      WILD  OATS. — An   oc- 
casional weed  in  cultivated  fields;  widely  introduced  from  the  Mediterranean 
region. 

2.  Avena  striata  Michx.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  1:  73.  1803.     Glabrous  and  smooth 
throughout,  slender,  3-6  dm.  high:  leaves  narrow:  panicle  simple,  loose,  with 
spikelets  on  capillary  pedicels:  lower  glume  1 -nerved;  the  upper  3-nerved; 
flowers  short-bearded  at  base;  the  soon  bent  or  divergent  awn  inserted  just 
below  the  tapering  very  sharply  cuspidate  2-cleft  tip  of  the  palet. — Colorado 
to  Montana  and  thence  eastward  and  westward. 

3.  Avena  Mortoniana  Scribn.  Bot.  Gaz.  21:  133.  1896.     A  smooth,  erect 
perennial,  1-4  dm.  high:  ligule  ovate,  acute;  blades  narrow,  5-20  cm.  long: 
spikelets  4-5-fl owered :  glumes  lanceolate,  subequal,  3-nerved;  lemma  12  mm. 
long,  5-nerved;  the  awn  near  the  middle,  surpassing  the  glume  by  7-10  mm.; 
palet  shorter  than  the  lemma,  keel  ciliate.     (A .  americana  Scribn.  Bull.  Agrost. 
U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.  7:  183.  1897  may  be  distinct,  but  seems  rather  to  be  merely 
the  more  robust  form  occurring  in  the  same  range.) — Colorado  to  Montana, 
in  the  mountains. 

36.  DANTHONIA  DC.     OAT  GRASS 

Mostly  perennials  of  strict  habit  and  with  either  flat  or  convolute  leaves, 
and  open  or  contracted  panicle.  Rachilla  hairy  and  extending  above  the 
flowers.  Spikelets  of  3  or  more  perfect  flowers.  Glumes  subequal,  acute, 
longer  than  the  7-11-nerved  lemmas;  awn  composed  of  the  3  middle  nerves, 
flattish  and  spirally  twisted  at  base,  inserted  between  the  sharp-pointed  teeth 
of  the  lemma. 

Leaves  or  sheaths  or  both  silky-hairy. 

Spikelets  very  few  or  often  solitary    .         .         .         .         .         ,         .  1.  D.  unispicata. 

Spikelets  several  to  many         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .  2.  D.  californica. 

Leaves  and  sheaths  glabrous. 

Lemma  7-nerved         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .  3.  D.  intermedia. 

Lemma  1 1-nerved       .  ........  4.  D:  Parryi. 

1.  Danthonia  unispicata  Munro,  Vasey,  Cat.  Gr.  59.     1885.     Culms  1-2 
dm.  high,  more  or  less  tufted:  leaves  in  dense  radical  tufts,  sparsely  softly 
silky-villous;  the  ^heaths  densely  villous  with  white  spreading  hairs,  arising 
in  small  clusters  from  minute  white  papillae:  spikelets  very  few,  usually 
solitary-terminal;  otherwise  much  as  in  the  following. — Rather  frequent  in 
our  range  and  extending  west  to  California. 

2.  Danthonia  californica  Boland,  Proc.  Cal.  Acad.  2:  182.  1863.     Stems 
sometimes  decumbent  at  base,  5-7  dm.  high:  leaves,  especially  the  lower, 
convolute  and  setaceously  pointed,  with  sheaths  silky  pubescent  and  bearded 
at  the  throat:  panicle  mostly  a  simple  raceme:  glumes  usually  purplish  with 
scarious   margins,  pointed,  the   upper    5-7-nerved;  lemma  broad,  its  teeth 
about  half  its  own  length,  with  marginal  tufts  of  long  silky  hairs  at  or  below 
the  middle;  awn  about  equaling  the  lemma;  palet  obtuse,  hairy  on  the  nerves. — 
Colorado  to  Montana  and  west  to  California. 

3.  Danthonia  intermedia  Vasey  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  10:  52.  1883.    Culms 
2-4  dm.  high,  leafy  below:  ligule  a  hairy  ring;  blades  15-25  cm.  long,  mostly 
narrow,  panicle  narrow,  dense,  3-5  cm.  long:  spikelets  5-flowered:   glumes 
subequal,  5-nerved,  with  cross- veins;  lemma  7-nerved,  sharply  toothed,  hairy 
on  the  margins;  palet  2-toothed:  grain  flattened,  obovate.     D.  spicata,  as  to 
this  range.— Colorado  to  Manitoba  and  California. 

4.  Danthonia  Parryi  Scribn.  Bot.  Gaz.  21:  133.  1896.     Very  similar  but 
larger  in  every  way,  3-6  dm.  high:  panicle  more  lax,  of  fewer  and  larger  spike- 
lets:  glumes  ovate-lanceolate,  3-nerved  or  at  base  5-7-nerved;  lemma  about 


GRAMINEAE    (GRASS    FAMILY)  63 

11-nerved,  with  long  acuminate  teeth  and  long  pilose  on  back  and  margins; 
palet  shorter,  bidentate.    D.  sericea  as  to  this  range. — Colorado  and  Wyoming. 

37.  SPARTINA  Schreb.     CORD  OR  MARSH  GRASS 

Perennials,  with  simple  and  rigid  reed-like  stems,  from  extensively  creeping 
scaly  rootstocks,  very  smooth  sheaths,  and  long  tough  leaves.  Spikelets 
1-flowered,  very  much  flattened,  jointed  and  sessile  in  2  ranks  on  the  outer 
side  of  a  triangular  rachis.  Glumes  unequal,  acute  or  bristle-pointed;  palet 
thin,  equaling  or  longer  than  the  lemma.  Stamens  3.  Styles  long,  more  or 
less  united.  Grain  free. 

First  glume  and  lemma  subequal        .         .         .  .       .         .         .         .1.8.  cynosuroides. 

First  glume  twice  as  long  as  the  lemma 2.  S.  gracilis. 

1.  Spartina  cynosuroides  (L.)  Willd.  Enum.  80.     1809.     Stems  4-10  dm. 
high:  leaves  3-6  dm.  long,  tapering  to  a  long  slender  involute  point:  spikes 
5-20,  scattered  and  spreading,  at  least  at  maturity,  the  pedicels  and  common 
axis  strongly  hispid  on  the  angles :  lower  glume  very  narrow ;  the  upper  broad, 
spinulose  hispid  on  the  keel  and  tapering  to  a  rough  awn;  lemma  very  rough  on 
the  midrib  which  terminates  just  below  its  tip. — Across  the  continent  along 
the  borders  of  lakes  and  rivers. 

2.  Spartina  gracilis  Trin.  Mem.  Acad.  St.  Petersb.  6:  5.  1840.    Stems  more 
slender,  2-6  dm.  high,  exceeding  the  spreading  distichous  rough  and  rigid 
leaves:  spikes  4-10,  mostly  sessile,  closely  appressed  to  the  nearly  smooth 
rachis:  glumes  very  unequal,  the  lower  acuminate,  the  upper  acute,  they  and 
the  lemma  ciliate  and  hispid  upon  the  keek — In  saline  soils  from  Oregon  to 
Texas. 

38.  BOUTELOUA  Lag.     GRAMA  GRASS 

Annual  or  perennial  grasses  with  slender  culms  and  narrow  flat  or  con- 
volute leaves  and  slender  dense  one-sided  spikes.  Spikelets  1-2-flowered,  ar- 
ranged in  two  rows  on  one  side  of  a  flat  rachis;  the  rachilla  bearing  1-3  empty 
lemmas  or  bristles  (or  rarely  staminate  flowers)  above  the  single  perfect 
flower.  Glumes  acute  and  keeled;  lemma  broader  and  3-toothed;  palet  hya- 
line. Stamens  3.  Styles  distinct.  Grain  oblong,  free. 

Glumes  hirsute  or  villous. 

Rachilla  with  rudimentary  lemma  glabrous      .         .         .         .  .1.  B.  hirsuta. 

Rachilla  with  rudimentary  lemma  bearing  a  tuft  of  hair  at  apex  .  2.  B.  oligost&chya. 
Glumes  glabrous. 

Lemma  4-lobed         .         .         .         .         ...         .         .         .  .     3.  B.  polystachya. 

Lemma  3-lobed         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .  .     4.  B.  prostrata. 

1.  Bouteloua  hirsuta  Lag.  Var.  Cienc.  2:  141.  1805.    Tufted,  1-4  dm.  high: 
leaves  flat,  lance-linear,  papillose  hairy  or  glabrous:  spikes  1-4,  oblong-linear, 
very  dense:  upper  glume  hispid  with  strong  bristles  from  dark  warty  glands; 
lemma  pubescent,  3-cleft;  sterile  lemma  and  its  pedicel  glabrous,  the  3  awns 
longer  than  the  glumes  and  fertile  flower. — Colorado  to  Mexico,  and  eastward 
to  Texas  and  Illinois. 

2.  Bouteloua  oligostachya   (Nutt.)  Torr.  in  Gray  Man.  553.  1856.     Gla- 
brous, 1-4  dm.  high:  leaves  very  narrow:  spikes  1-5,  oblong-linear,  very  dense: 
glumes  sparingly  sdft-hairy;  pedicel  of  the  sterile  lemma  copiously  villous- 
tufted  at  the  summit;  the  3  awns  equaling  the  larger  glume. — From  the 
Saskatchewan  to  Texas,  Mexico,  and  southern  California. 

3.  Bouteloua  polystachya  (Benth.)  Torr.  Pacif.  R.  R.  Rep.  5:  366.  1857. 
Stems  1-3  dm.  long:  leaves  scabrous:  spikes  3  to  6  or  more,  narrowly  linear, 
dense,   the  scabrous  rachis  hispid-ciliate;  lemma  and  rudimentary  lemma 
4-lobed,  3-awned  and  ciliate  on  the  nerves. — Reported  from  southern  Colo- 
rado and  Utah;  New  Mexico  to  southern  California. 

4.  Bouteloua  prostrata  Lag.  1.  c.    A  similar  slender  tufted  annual  1-2  dm. 
high:  leaves  short  and  narrow:  spikes  solitary,  terminal,  curved,  1-2  cm. 


64  GRAMINEAE    (GRASS   FAMILY) 

long:  glumes  very  unequal,  3-lobed  and  3-awned,  pubescent  on  the  back  be- 
low.— Colorado  to  Mexico. 

39.  ATHEROPOGON  Muhl. 

Slender  perennials  with  narrow  leaves  and  numerous  short  straight  scattered 
often  reflexed  spikes  arranged  in  a  long  one-sided  raceme.  Spikelets  1- 
flowered;  the  rachilla  surpassing  the  flower  and  bearing  awns  or  scales  at  its 
summit.  Glumes  unequal,  narrow,  keeled;  lemma  broader,  3-toothed  and 
awned,  inclosing  the  2-toothed  palet.  Stamens  3.  Styles  distinct,  with 
plumose  stigmas.  Grain  free,  inclosed  in  the  lemma. — Bouteloua  in  part. 

1.  Atheropogon  curtipendula  (Michx.)  Fourn.  Mex.  PI.  En.  Gram.  138.  1881. 
Stems  tufted,  3-6  dm.  high,  simple,  smooth:  leaves  narrow,  flat  or  involute, 
rough  at  least  above:  spikes  about  1  cm.  long,  nearly  sessile,  20-60  in  num- 
ber, in  a  loose  one-sided  general  spike  or  raceme:  glumes  scabrous  on  the 
keel:  anthers  orange-red.  Bouteloua  racemosa. — Dry  soil,  hillsides  and  fields; 
very  widely  distributed  in  North  America. 

40.  BECKMANNIA  Host. 

An  erect  perennial  grass  with  flat  leaves  and  a  long  terminal  narrow  panicle. 
Spikelets  subsessile,  broad,  compressed,  1-2-flowered.  Empty  glumes  mem- 
branous, compressed,  concave-inflated,  obtuse  or  abruptly  acute,  1-2-flowered; 
lemma  narrow,  membranous;  palet  hyaline,  2-keeled.  Stamens  3.  Styles  dis- 
tinct, with  plumose  stigmas.  Oblong  grain  free  but  inclosed  in  the  lemma  and 
palet. 

1.  Beckmannia  erucaeformis  (L.)  Host.  Gram.  Austr.  3:  5.  1805.  Stems 
stout,  3-10  dm.  high:  leaves  1-3  dm.  long;  ligules  elongated:  panicle  1-3  dm. 
long,  erect,  strict,  secund,  the  short  crowded  branchlets  densely  flowered  from 
the  base:  spikelets  nearly  orbicular,  the  upper  rudimentary  floret  minute, 
stipitate. — In  wet  swales;  widely  distributed  west  of  the  Mississippi. 

41.  BUCHLOE  Engelm.     BUFFALO  GRASS 

Perennial,  creeping  or  stoloniferous.  Spikelets  dioecious  (rarely  monoe- 
cious), very  unlike:  staminate  spikelet  2-3-flowered,  sessile  in  two  rows  in 
short  one-sided  spikes;  glumes  1-nerved,  subacute,  the  second  larger  but 
shorter  than  the  florets;  lemma  3-nerved,  slightly  exceeding  the  palet:  pistil- 
late spikelets  1 -flowered,  in  short  spikes;  glumes  nearly  equal,  united  at  the 
base,  3-toothed,  indurated,  larger  than  the  floret;  lemma  narrow,  mem- 
branaceous,  2-cleft  or  nearly  entire,  inclosing  the  palet  and  large  grain. — (Bul- 
bilis  Raf.) 

1.  Buchloe  dactyloides  (Nutt.)  Engelm.  Trans.  St.  Louis  Acad.  1:  432. 
1859.  Culms  1-2  dm.  high  from  a  tufted  leafy  base,  propagating  chiefly  by 
runners:  leaves  flat,  1-2  mm.  wide,  attenuate:  staminate  spikelets  in  pectinate 

r":es  1  cm.  long  or  less;  pistillate  spikelets  (rare)  in  terminal  or  axillary 
ters,  subtended  by  inflated  involucral  sheaths. — Formerly  one  of  the  im- 
portant grasses  of  the  plains,  from  Texas  to  Minnesota,  but  now  rapidly  dis- 
appearing. 

42.  SCLEROPOGON  Philippi 

Slender  stemmed  grasses  with  short  flat  leaves,  from  matted  rootstocks. 
Spikelets  dioecious  (rarely  monoecious),  very  unlike,  narrowly  paniculate: 
staminate  spikelets  compressed,  linear,  many  (10-14)-flowered;  glumes  lan- 
ceolate, acute,  subequal,  nearly  equaling  the  contiguous  florets;  lemma  3- 
toothed  or  subentire,  equaled  by  the  palet:  pistillate  spikelets  narrowly 
cylindrical,  3-5-flowered;  glumes  lanceolate,  the  upper  larger;  lemma  rigid, 


GRAMINEAE    (GRASS   FAMILYJ  65 

cylindrical,  enveloping  the  palet;  long  internode  of  the  rachilla  5-nerved,  the 
three  prominent  nerves  terminating  in  3  long  straight  twisted  awns. 

1.  Scleropogon  Karwinskianus  (Fourn.)  Benth.  Wats.  Proc.  Am.  Acad. 
18:  181.  1883.  Culms  1-3  dm.  high,  generally  simple  above  the  caespitose 
leafy  base:  staminate  spikelets  5-8,  1-3  cm.  long;  pistillate  spikelets  1-2  cm. 
long;  awns  rigid,  several  times  longer  than  the  florets. — Colorado  to  Texas  and 
Arizona.  . 

43.  MUNROA  Torr. 

A  low  tufted  grass,  with  flat  rather  thick  leaves  fasciculately  crowded  at 
the  nodes.  Spikelets  3-5-flowered,  perfect  or  the  upper  florets  sterile,  sessile 
in  leafy  clusters  at  the  nodes  and  ends  of  branches.  Glumes  thin,  lanceolate, 
subequal,  slightly  shorter  than  the  contiguous  florets;  lemmas  herbaceous  or 
coriaceous,  obtuse  or  dentate,  mucronate,  convex,  enveloping  the  palet  and 
stamens.  Grain  translucent,  broadly  spindle-shaped. 

1.  Munroa  squarrosa  (Nutt.)  Torr.  Pac.  R.  R.  Rep.  4:  158.  1856.  Culms 
1-2  dm.  high,  spreading,  fasciculately  branched :  leaves  2-3  cm.  long,  rigid 
and  pungent:  spikelets  2-5-flowered,  the  flowers  perfect:  glumes  shorter  than 
the  3-toothed  lemma;  palet  obtuse. — From  Montana  to  Texas  and  Arizona. 

44.  PHRAGMITES  Trin.     REED  GRASS 

Tall  stout  broad-leaved  grasses  from  long  perennial  rootstocks.  Spikelets 
3-7-flowered,  cuneate,  in  large  plume-like  panicles.  Glumes  lanceolate,  the 
second  one  a  third  longer  than  the  first  and  about  equaling  the  florets;  lemma 
lanceolate,  attenuate,  entire,  glabrous,  much  longer  than  the  palet;  inter- 
nodes  of  rachilla.pilose  with  silky  hairs  as  long  as  the  florets. 

1.  Phragmites  communis  Trin.  Fund.  Agrost.  134.  1820.  Culms  2-3  m. 
high:  leaves  narrowed  at  the  base:  spikelets  nearly  1  cm.  long. — Wet  land 
throughout  the  United  States;  often  improperly  called  Pampas  Grass. 

45.  TRICUSPIS  Beauv. 

Tufted  perennial  grasses  with  short  pointed  strongly  keeled  leaves  and 
simple  or  compound  panicles.  Spikelets  (in  ours)  compressed,  in  short  sub- 
capitate  panicles  on  the  simple  nearly  naked  culms,  bleaching  white  at  ma- 
turity. Stamens  3.  Styles  short,  with  plumose  stigmas.  Grain  free,  inclosed 
in  the  lemma. — Triodia  in  part. 

1.  Tricuspis  acuminata  Munro,  Gray  Proc.  Acad.  Phila.  1863:  335.  Stems 
simple,  1  dm.  or  more  high,  usually  with  but  a  single  node,  which  bears  a  very 
short  leaf:  radical  leaves  3-5  cm.  long;  those  of  the  stem  shorter:  panicle 
dense,  ovoid,  3-4  cm.  long,  with  a  few  erect  branches:  spikelets  8-12-flowered: 
glumes  acuminate,  the  upper  subaristate;  lemma  scarcely  bifid,  with  a  central 
seta  one  fourth  its  length,  densely  silky  below,  with  a  conspicuously  silky  tuft 
near  the  base.  Triodia  acuminata. — Colorado  and  Utah  to  Texas  and  Arizona. 

46.  REDFIELDIA  Vasey 

A  tall  perennial  grass  with  long  narrow  leaves  and  an  ample  panicle.  Spike- 
lets  1-3-flowered,  the  flowers  perfect.  Glumes  about  equal,  1-nerved;  lemmas 
membranous,  5-nerved,  with  a  ring  of  hairs  at  the  base;  palet  2-nerved,  shorter 
than  the  lemma.  Stamens  3.  Styles  long,  distinct;  stigmas  short,  plumose. 
Gram  free,  oblong. — Graphephorum  in  part. 

1.  Redfieldia  flexuosa  (Thurb.)  Vasey,  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  14:  133.  1887. 
Stems  5-7  dm.  high,  smooth:  leaves  3-5  dm.  long,  setaceous-acuminate: 
panicle  loosely  flowered;  branches  scattered:  spikelets  ovate,  3-6-flowered, 

ROCKY  MT.    BOT. — 5 


66  GRAMINEAE    (GRASS   FAMILY) 

much  shorter  than  the  pedicels:  glumes  1-nerved,  acute,  half  shorter  than  the 
spikelet;  lemma  keeled,  3-nerved  (lateral  nerves  prominent),  scabrous- 
pubescent,  erose  denticulate  at  apex,  mucronate,  villous  at  base.  Graphe- 
phorum  flexuosum. — Plains  of  Colorado  and  adjacent  regions. 

47.  DIPLACHNE  Beauv. 

Perennial  grasses  with  abundant  narrow  leaves.  Spikelets  2-12-flowered, 
linear,  compressed  or  subterete,  sessile  or  short-pediceled,  on  the  lower  sides  of 
the  rays  of  the  racemose  panicle  (rarely  in  a  simple  spicate  panicle) :  rays  hori- 
zontal to  nearly  erect,  spikelet-bearing  to  the  base.  Glumes  1-nerved,  acute  or 
somewhat  tridentate,  the  second  larger  but  not  exceeding  the  adjacent  floret; 
lemma  membranaceous,  rarely  rigid,  obtuse,  truncate  or  acute,  sometimes 
short-awned  or  3-toothed,  often  pubescent  on  the  3  nerves  near  the  base, 
slightly  exceeding  the  palet.  Grain  translucent,  amber-colored,  oblong,  or 
subterete.  Internodes  of  rachilla  glabrous. 

1.  Diplachne  acuminata  Nash,  Brit.  Man.  128.  1901.  Culms  tufted,  3-6 
dm.  high,  simple  or  branching:  leaves  very  rough,  usually  involute  when  dry: 
racemes  numerous,  ascending:  lemma  6-7  mm.  long,  entire  and  acuminate  or 
sometimes  obscurely  2-toothed,  the  midnerve  extending  into  an  awn.  D. 
fascicularis. — Colorado  to  Nebraska  and  south  to  Arkansas. 

48.  ERAGROSTIS  Beauv. 

Perennials  or  annuals,  usually  with  numerous  leaves  somewhat  pilose  at  the 
ligule.  Spikelets  3-30-flowered,  compressed,  awnless,  perfect  except  the  upper 
floret.  Panicle  usually  large  and  spreading,  rarely  contracted  or  subcapitate; 
rachilla  usually  persistent  with  the  palets.  Glumes  ovate,  acute,  or  subob- 
tuse,  smooth  or  slightly  hispid  on  the  keel;  palets  arched,  2-keeled,  slightly 
shorter  than  the  lemma.  Grain  oblong  or  globose,  semitranslucent,  amber- 
colored,  terete  or  with  a  shallow  channel. 

Spikelets  2-3  mm.  wide         .         .         .         .         .         .         . .       •         .         .I.E.  major. 

Spikelets  1-2  mm.  wide         . 2.  E.  pilosa. 

1.  Eragrostis  major  Host.  Gram.  4:  t.  14.  1809.     Culms   2-5  dm.  high, 
leafy:  leaves  flat,  4-8  mm.  wide:  panicles  rather  densely  flowered,  oblong, 
1-2  dm.  long:  spikelets  sessile  or  short-pediceled,  6-15  mm.  long,  6-20-flowered: 
upper  glume   somewhat  3-nerved;   lemma  obtuse,  prominently  nerved,  one 
fourth  longer  than  the  ciliate  palet:  grain  subglobose,  0.8  mm.  in  diameter. — 
Introduced  everywhere  in  the  United  States  and  northern  Mexico. 

2.  Eragrostis  pilosa  (L.)   Beauv.  Agrost.  71.  1812.    Culms  2-5  dm.  high, 
rather  weak:  leaves  usually  pilose  at  the  ligule:  panicle  1-2  dm.  long,  diffuse; 
branches  5  cm.  long  or  less:  spikelets  3-6  mm.  long,  4-8-flowered;  florets 
rather  loose  on  the  elongated  rachilla :  glumes  unequal,  about  one  half  as  long 
as  the  contiguous  florets;  lemma  nearly  smooth,  subacute,  slightly  exceeding 
the  smooth  palet:  grain  oblong,  smooth,  nearly  1  mm.  long. — The  native  form, 
which  has  been  called  E.  Purshii,  does  not  seem  to  be  distinct  from  the  in- 
troduced species  here  described ;  one  or  both  of  the  forms  occur  in  most  por- 
tions of  the  United  States. 

49.  EATONIA  Raf. 

Erect  grasses  with  slender  simple  culms  and  usually  flat  puberulent  leaves. 
Spikelets  usually  2-flowered,  with  a  naked  pedicel-like  rudiment,  compressed, 
cuneate,  awnless,  perfect,  numerous,  short-pediceled  or  nearly  sessile  on  the 
verticillate  branches  of  the  rather  slender  panicles;  rachilla  smooth,  articu- 
lated above  the  thin  herbaceous  glumes.  First  glume  narrowly  lanceolate, 
1-nerved;  second  glume  broad,  obovate,  3-nerved;  lemma  lance-oblong,  her- 


GRAMINEAE  (GRASS  FAMILY)  67 

baceous  with  membranaceous  margins,  nearly  smooth,  indistinctly  3-nerved, 
slightly  exceeding  the  very  thin  palet.  Gram  lance-oblong,  yellow,  nearly 
opaque. 

Panicle  dense     .         . 1.  E.  obtusata. 

Panicle  lax         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         ,         .         .     2.  E.  pe.nnsylvanica. 

1.  Eatonia  obtusata  (Michx.)  Gray  Man.  558.  1856.    Culms  4-8  dm.  high: 
panicle  1-2  dm.  long;  branches  short,  erect:  spikelets  short-pediceled,  about 
2.5 f  mm.  long:   upper  glume  broadly  obovate,  obtuse,  exceeding  the  lower, 
nearly  one  third  shorter  than  the  lower  floret;  lemma  slightly  exceeding  the 
palet.     Aira  obtusata  Michx. — Moist  land,  central  Texas  to  Minnesota  and 
eastward.    Var.  robusta  Vasey  is  robust  and  scabrous  throughout  (5-10  dm. 
high),  with  panicle  dense,  interrupted  spike-like,  and  spikelets  about  3  mm. 
long. — Frequent  in  our  range;  across  the  continent. 

2.  Eatonia  pennsylvanica  (DC.)  Gray,  1.  c.    Culms  5-10  dm.  high:  panicle 
1-2  dm.  long,  often  slightly  nodding;  branches  ascending:  spikelets  3  mm. 
long:  empty  glume  oblong-obovate,  often  subacute,  about  equaling  the  lower 
in  length,  one  third  shorter  than  the  lower  floret;  lemma  slightly  exceeding 
the  palet. — Extending  through  the  northern  part  of  our  range  from  the  east- 
ward. 

50.  KOELERIA  Pers. 

Erect  perennial  grasses  with  simple  culms,  and  numerous  usually  flat  leaves 
at  the  base.  Spikelets  2-4-flowered,  with  an  obscure  naked  pedicel-like  rudi- 
ment, compressed,  awnless,  short  pediceled,  in  narrow  subspicate  panicles: 
rachilla  hispidulous,  articulating  above  the  glumes.  Glumes  lanceolate,  acute 
carinate,  herbaceous  with  membranaceous  margins,  subequal,  the  first  1- 
nerved,  the  second  3-nerved,  nearly  smooth,  equaling  or  slightly  exceeding 
the  thin,  hyaline  palet. 

1.  Koeleria  cristata  (L.)  Pers.  Syn.  1:  97.  1805.  Culms  3-6  dm.  high:  pani- 
cle subspicate,  sometimes  interrupted  near  the  base  and  usually  tapering  near 
the  apex:  spikelets  mostly  2-flowered,  4-6  mm.  long:  glumes  about  equaling 
the  lower  floret;  lemma  acute  or  mucronulate. — Very  common  in  our  range; 
on  hillsides  and  bench  lands. 

51.  CATABROSA  Beauv. 

A  creeping  perennial  aquatic  grass,  erect  or  spreading,  with  flat  leaf-blades 
and  an  open  panicle  with  capillary  branches.  Spikelets  2,  rarely  3-4-fl  owered ; 
the  rachilla  smooth,  articulated  between  the  flowers.  Glumes  thin,  mem- 
branaceous, broad,  unequal,  very  obtuse;  lemma  nrm-membranaceous,  obtuse 
or  barely  3-toothed,  longer  than  the  glumes,  conspicuously  3-nerved;  palet 
2-keeled,  about  as  long  as  its  lemma.  Stamens  3.  Styles  distinct.  Gram 
obovoid-oblong. 

1.  Catabrosa  aquatica  (L.)  Beauv.  Agrost.  97.  1812.  Stems  1-5  dm.  high, 
rather  stout,  ascending:  leaves  5-15  cm.  wide,  scabrous  on  the  margin:  panicle 
uniform,  branchlets  numerous,  divided:  flowers  light  brown:  glumes  pur- 
plish.— In  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

52.  MELICA  L. 

Slender  leafy  perennial  grasses  with  large  spikelets.  Panicle  open.  Spike- 
lets  short-pediceled  and  somewhat  racemose  along  the  few  branches,  3-12- 
flowered,  oblong  or  conical,  awnless;  the  upper  1-5  florets  imperfect,  unlike  the 
lower  perfect  ones  and  convolute  around  each  other  forming  a  clavate  or  ob- 
long rudiment.  Glumes  thin,  broad,  the  upper  usually  larger,  7-9-nerved;- 
lemma  ovate,  scarious  at  the  obtuse  or  subacute  apex,  5-15-nerved,  one  third 
longer  than  the  palet.  Grain  oblong  or  broadly  spindle-shaped,  channeled, 
opaque. 


68  GRAMINEAE    (GRASS   FAMILY) 

Panicle  lax  or  the  spikelets  spreading;  stems  not  bulbous  at  base. 

Spikelets  at  length  pendulous     .         .         .         .         .         .         .  .  1.  M.  parviflora. 

Spikelets  ascending  on  the  long  lax  branchlets  of  the  panicle        .  .  2.  M.  Smithii. 
Panicle  dense  and  narrow;  stems  with  bulbous  base. 

Second  glume  evidently  shorter  than  the  lemma         .         .         .  .  3.  M.  spectabilis. 

Second  glume  and  lemma  subequal     .         .         .         .         .         .  .  4.  M.  bulbosa. 

1.  Melica  parviflora  (Porter)  Scribn.  Mem.  Torr.  Club  5:  50.  1894.    Culms 
5-8  dm.  high:  leaves  narrow,  2-3  dm.  long:  spikelets  racemose,  pendent  on 
the  few  slender  branches,  8-12  mm.  long,  2-4-flowered:  glumes  equal,  about 
one  third  shorter  than  the  lower  floret:  grain  oblong,  subacute,  2.5  mm.  long. 
M.  Porteri. — Colorado  to  Arizona  and  Texas. 

2.  Melica  Smithii  (Porter)  Vasey,  Beat's  Grasses  N.  A.  2:  509.  1896.    Culms 
slender,  5-10  dm.  high:  leaves  flat,  thin,  scabrous,  15^-20  cm.  long,  6-8  mm. 
broad:  panicle  open,  15-20  cm.  long;  the  rays  mostly  single,  distant,  at  length 
spreading,  bearing  rather  few  spikelets  mostly  above  the  middle:  spikelets 
2-5-flowered:    glumes   scabrous;   lemma   7-nerved,    2-toothed;   palet   linear, 
longer  than  its  lemma. — Northern  part  of  our  range  and  thence  eastward  and 
westward. 

3.  Melica  spectabilis  Scribn.  Proc.  Phila.  Acad.  45.     1885.     Panicle  nod- 
ding, loosely  few-flowered,  the  slender  branches  erect-spreading:    terminal 
floret   acute:    lemma   very  broadly  acuminate,  obtuse   or   notched   at  the 
tip.     M.  bulbosa  of  Bot.  King's  Exp.  and  Fl.  Colorado.     This  differs  from 
M .  bulbosa  Geyer  in  its  usually  taller  and  more  slender  stems,  more  open 
and  nodding  panicle,  more  slender  and  flexuose  pedicels,  shorter  glumes, 
and  broader  lemmas  which  taper  abruptly  to  a  rounded  and  usually  two- 
lobed  summit. — In  the  mountains,  from  Colorado  and  Utah  to  Montana  and 
Idaho. 

4.  Melica  bulbosa  Geyer,  Hook.  Journ.  Bot.  8:  19.  1873.     Stems  single  or 
densely  tufted,  usually  4-5  dm.  high,  simple:  sheaths  and  upper  surface  of  the 
leaves  scabrous:  panicle  erect,  the  branches  appressed,  few-flowered:  spikelets 
10-12  mm.  long,  with  5-8  perfect  flowers,  the  terminal  floret  acute. — From 
Wyoming  and  Montana  to  Oregon  and  Washington. 

63.  DISTICHLIS  Raf. 

Rather  low  rigid  leafy  grasses  from  perennial  running  rootstocks.  Dioecious. 
Spikelets  6-15-flowered,  compressed,  linear  or  narrowly  oval,  smooth,  awnless, 
in  small  subspicate  panicles.  Second  glume  slightly  larger  than  the  first,  but 
shorter  than  the  lower  floret;  lemma  rather  rigid,  ovate,  acute,  indistinctly  7- 
11 -nerved,  slightly  larger  than  the  thin  palet.  The  pistillate  spikelets  more 
turgid,  otherwise  alike.  Grain  oblong,  oblique,  subacute,  opaque. 

1.  Distichlis  spicata  (L.)  Greene,  Bull.  Cal.  Acad.  2:  415.  1887.  Culms 
erect,  2-4  dm.  high:  leaves  usually  crowded,  distichous  and  rigid:  panicle 
4-8  cm.  long:  spikelets  about  1  cm.  long. — Common  in  saline  soil  throughout 
our  range  and  far  to  the  northwestward. 

64.  DACTYLIS  L.    ORCHAKD  GRASS 

Rather  stout  tufted  perennial  grasses  with  numerous  rough  leaves.  Spike- 
lets  2-4-flowered,  with  a  glumiferous  rudiment,  perfect,  compressed,  sessile  or 
very  short-pediceled  in  glomerate  clusters  in  a  rather  dense  branching  panicle ; 
bracts  all  herbaceous,  or  the  lower  ones  submembranaceous,  carinate  and 
hispid-ciliate  on  the  keel.  Glumes  lanceolate,  acute,  subequal,  shorter  than  the 
lower  florets;  lemma  mucronate,  5-nerved,  slightly  exceeding  the  hyaline 
palet.  Grain  linear,  yellow,  opaque,  channeled  or  triquetrous. 

1.  Dactylis  glomerata  L.  Sp.  PI.  71.  1753.  Culms  6-10  dm.  high,  simple: 
leaves  flat,  hispid,  2-4  dm.  long:  panicle  1-2  dm.  long,  irregularly  pyramidal: 
spikelets  5-8  mm.  long. — Introduced;  a  valuable  grass  in  cultivation. 


GRAMINEAE    (GRASS   FAMILY) 


09 


65.  POA  L.     MEADOW  GRASS.     SPEAR  GRASS.     BLUE  GRASS 

Annual  or  perennial  grasses  with  flat  or  convolute  leaves  and  numerous 
spikelets  in  contracted  or  open  panicles.  Spikelets  2-10-flowered  with  a 
glumaceous  rudiment,  perfect,  compressed,  ovate,  awnless,  in  a  contracted  or 
open  panicle.  Glumes  membranaceo-herbaceous,  lance-ovate,  subacute,  the 
first  1-nerved,  the  second  3-nerved;  lemma  thin,  herbaceous,  subacute  or 
obtuse,  5-nerved,  usually  pubescent  on  the  keel  and  with  cobwebby  hairs  at 
the  base,  longer  than  the  hyaline  palet.  Grain  oblong,  linear,  much  shorter 
than  the  floret. 


Annual;  lemma  without  cobwebby  hairs  at  the  base 
Perennials. 

Stems  flattened,  2-edged;  panicle  small         .... 

Stems  cylindrical. 

Lemma  webbed,  i.  e.,  with  a  tuft  of  fine  hairs  at  the  base 

(except  No.  8). 
Panicle  large. 

Its  branches  not  reflexed. 

Lemmas  acute  ....... 

Lemmas  obtuse. 

Broader  than  the  second  glume      .... 

Not  broader  than  the  second  glume 
Its  branches  reflexed  ...... 

Panicle  small,  its  fruiting  branches  reflexed. 

Leaves  more  or  less  conduplicate  .... 

Leaves  flat. 

Lemma  copiously  pubescent  on  the  mid-   and    lat- 
eral nerves     ........ 

Lemma  glabrate  and  cobweb  nearly  or  quite  wanting 
Lemma  not  webbed. 

Leaves  short  and  broad;  panicle  small,  open;  spikelets 
rounded  at  the  base         ...... 

Leaves  normal;  panicle  various;,  spikelets  acute  at  base. 
Low  alpine  grasses. 

Lemma  pubescent  on  the  mid-  and  lateral  nerves     . 
Lemma  glabrous        ....... 

Taller  grasses  of  subalpine  or  lower  stations. 
Spikelets  strongly  flattened;  lemmas  acute. 

Flowers  perfect;  lemmas  hairy  on  the  nerves  and 

internerves. 

Plants  with  creeping  rootstocks;  panicle  open. 
Leaf-sheaths  retrorsely  strigose     . 
Leaf-sheaths  glabrous     ..... 

Plants  tufted,  no  creeping  rootstocks ;  panicle 

narrow. 

Lemmas  strongly  purple-tinged 
Lemmas  mostly  greenish. 

Glumes  subequal          ..... 

Glumes  unequal 

Flowers  dioecious;  internerves  glabrous. 
Ligules  short,  rounded  or  truncate  at  apex. 
Panicle  narrow,  long-peduncled 
Panicle  more  open,  and  with  shorter  peduncle 
Ligules  longer  and  acute    ..... 

Spikelets  rounded  (scarcely  at  all  flattened);  lemmas 

narrow  but  not  acute. 
Lemmas  scabrous  throughout. 

Lemmas  and  glumes  unequal;  leaves  narrow  and 
involute       ....... 

Lemmas  and  glumes  subequal;  leaves  broader 
and  usually  flat  ..... 

Lemmas  scabrous  above  only,  strigose  below. 
Leaves  pale  (yellowish),  very  narrow  and  usu- 
ally involute        ...... 

Leaves  dark  green.. 

Leaves  plicate         ...... 

Leaves  flat 


1.  P.  annua. 

2.  P.  compressa. 


3.  P.  pratensis. 

4.  P.  flava. 

5.  P.  interior. 

6.  P.  platyphylla. 

7.  P.  arctica. 


8.  P.  reflexa. 

9.  P.  laxa. 


10.  P.  alpina. 


11.  P.  Pattersonii. 

12.  P.  Lettermannii. 


13.  P.  Wheeleri. 

14.  P.  nervosa. 


15.  P.  subpurpurea. 

16.  P.  subaristata. 

17.  P.  epilis. 


18.  P.  longipedunculata. 

19.  P.  Fendleriana. 

20.  P.  longiligula. 


21.  P.  laevigata. 

22.  P.  nevadensis. 

23.  P.  lucida. 


24.  P.  Buckleyana. 

25.  P.  Sheldonii. 


1.  Poa  annua  L.  Sp.  PI.  68.  1753.  Culms  5-30  cm.  tall,  from  an  annual 
root,  erect  or  decumbent  at  base,  somewhat  flattened,  smooth:  sheaths  loose, 
usually  overlapping;  leaves  1.25-10  cm.  long,  1.5-3  mm.  wide,  smooth:  panicle 
1.25-10  cm.  in  length,  open;  branches  spreading,  6-35  mm.  long,  naked  at 
base-,  spikelets. 3-5-flowered,  3-5  mm.  long:  glumes  smooth,  the  first  narrow, 
acute,  1-nerved,  about  two  thirds  as  long  as  the  broad  and  obtuse  3-nerved 


70  GRAMINEAE    (GRASS   FAMILY) 

second  one;  lemma  2.5-3  mm.  long,  distinctly  5-nerved,  the  nerves  pilose  be- 
low.— More  or  less  frequent  in  waste  and  cultivated  grounds  throughout 
North  America. 

2.  Poa  compressa  L.  Sp.  PL  69.     1753.     Pale  bluish-green,  glabrous:  culms 
1.5-6  dm.  tall,  decumbent  at  the  base,  from  long  horizontal  rootstocks,  much 
flattened:  sheaths  loose,  flattened,  shorter  than  the  internodes;  leaves  2.5-10 
cm.  long,  about  2  mm.  wide,  smooth  beneath,  rough  above:  panicle  usually 
contracted,  the  branches  erect  or  ascending,  2.5  cm.  long  or  less,  spikelet- 
bearing  nearly  to  the  base:  spikelets  3-9-flowered,  3-8  mm.  long:  lower  glumes 
acute,  3-nerved;  lemma  2-2.5  mm.  long,  obscurely  3-nerved,  the  nerves  spar- 
ingly pubescent  toward  the  base. — Infrequent  in  our  range;  common  eastward. 

3.  Poa  pratensis  L.  Sp.  PL  67.  1753.     Culms  3-12  dm.  high,  sending  out 
numerous  running  rootstocks  from  the  base:  sheaths  compressed,  overlapping 
below,  ligule  1.5  mm.  long;  blades  1-6  mm.  wide,  those  of  the  culm  5-15  cm. 
long,  the  basal  ones  much  longer:  panicle  pyramidal,  the  slender  branches  in 
rather  remote  fascicles  of  3-5,  ascending,  naked  at  base:  spikelets  crowded, 
3-5-flowered,  4-5  mm.  long:  lemmas  3  mm.  long,  copiously  webbed  at  base; 
intermediate  nerves  strong,  glabrous.     KENTUCKY  BLUE  GRASS.     JUNE  GRASS. 
(P.  pseudopratensis  Scrib.  &  Rydb.  Contrib.  Nat.  Herb.  3:  532.  1896;  P.  phoe- 
nicea  Rydb.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  32:  605.  1905.)— Europe,  Asia,  and  America; 
mostly  as  an  introduced  hay  and  pasture  grass,  but  indigenous  also  in  our 
range. 

4.  Poa  flava  L.  Sp.  PL  68.  1753.     Culms  4.5-15  dm.  tall:  leaves  5-15  cm. 
long,  2-4  mm.  wide,  smooth  or  rough:  panicle  1.5-3  dm.  in  length,  open,  the 
branches  spreading  or  ascending,  5-12  cm.  long,  divided  and  spikelet-bearing 
above  the  middle:   spikelets  3-5-flowered,   3-4  mm.   long,   exceeding  their 
pedicels,  acute:  lemma  obtuse,  somewhat  webby  at  the  base,  2-3  mm.  long, 
silky-pubescent  on  the  lower  half  of  the  marginal  nerves  and  the  mid-nerve, 
the  intermediate  nerves  obscure  or  wanting.     P.  serotina.    [P.  crocata  Michx. 
(?).] — Same  ranges  as  the  preceding;  known  as  FALSE  REDTOP  and  FOWL 
MEADOW  GRASS. 

5.  Poa  interior  Rydb.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  32:  604.  1905.    Culms  1.5-6 
dm.  tall,  erect,  slender,  sometimes  rigid:  leaves  2.5-10  cm.  long,  2  mm.  wide 
or  less,  erect,  smooth  or  rough:  panicle  5-12.5  cm.  in  length,  open,  the  branches 
erect  or  ascending,  rarely  spreading,  2.5-5  cm.  long:  spikelets  2-5-flowered, 
3-5  mm.  long:    glumes  acute  or  acuminate,  1-3-nerved;   lemma   obtuse  or 
acute,  2-2.5  mm.  long,  faintly  5-nerved,  somewhat  webby  at  base,  the  mid- 
nerve  and  the  marginal  nerves  silky-pubescent  on  the  lower  half.    P.  caesia 
strictior.     (P.  memoralis    of  Am.  authors  as  to  the  western  plants;   not  P. 
nemoralis  L.    P.  glauca  Vahl.  also  is  here  included.) — Very  common;  Rocky 
Mountains  to  the  Atlantic  States. 

6.  Poa  platyphylla   Nash.  &  Rydb.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  28:  266.  1901. 
Culms  5-8  dm.  high,  with  slender  roots:  leaves  flat;  culm  leaves  5-6,  rather 
broad  and  flat;  the  lower  short;  the  upper  12-15  cm.  long,  sheathing  the  base 
of  the  panicle;  sheaths  flattened,  scabrous:  panicle  large  and  loose;  its  branches 
distant,  the  lower  mostly  in  threes,  or  rarely  in  fives  and  10-12  cm.  long, 
capillary,  erect  at  first  but  soon  spreading:  spikelets  closely  racemed  on  the 
slender  branchlets,  mostly  3-flowered,  4-5  mm.  long:  glumes  acute,  unequal, 
3-nerved,  scabrous  on  the  keel ;  lemma  5-nerved,  slightly  pubescent  below  and 
on  the  keel  and  slightly  webbed  on  the  base.    (P .  occidentalis  Vasey,  Contrib. 
U.  S.  Nat.  Herb.  1:  274.  1893,  the  earlier  but  untenable  name.     Lately  fre- 
quently distributed  as  P.  leptocoma.} — Montana  to  Utah  and  New  Mexico. 

7.  Poa  arctica  R.  Br.  in  Parry's  1st  Voyage,  Supp.  288.    1824.    Smooth  and 
glabrous:  culms  1-4  dm.  tall,  erect,  slender:  leaves  2.5-10  cm.  long,  1-2  mm. 
wide:  panicle  2.5-10  cm.  in  length,  open,  the  branches  generally  widely  spread- 
ing and  more  or  less  flexuous,  2.5-6  cm.  long:  spikelets  3-5-flowered,  5-7  mm. 
long:   glumes  acute  or  acuminate,   1-3-nerved;  lemma  about  4  mm.  long, 
faintly  5-nerved,  the  nerves  short-pilose  on  the  lower  half,  minutely  pubescent 
between  the  nerves,  somewhat  webbed  at  the  base. — In  the  mountains  of 
Colorado  and  far  northward. 


GRAMINEAE    (GRASS   FAMILY)  71 

8.  Poa  reflexa  Vasey  and  Scribn.  Contrib.  U.  S.  Nat.  Herb.  1:  276.  1893. 
Culms  2-4  dm.  high,  slender,  erect,  smooth:  leaves  of  the  culm  about  3,  mostly 
narrow,  acute,  5-8  cm.  long:  sheaths  long,  smooth;  ligule  obtuse,  about  2  mm. 
long:  panicle  pyramidal,  5-10  cm.  long,  with  about  6  nodes;  the  branches 
capillary,  rather  distant,  the  lower  ones  5-8  cm.  long,  smooth,  spreading  and 
becoming  reflexed,    spikelet-bearing  near  the  end:   spikelets   2-3-flowered, 
3-4  mm.  long:  glumes  acute,  smooth;  lemma  ovate-lanceolate,  acute,  ob- 
scurely nerved,  pubescent  on  the  nerves  and  at  the  base ;  palet  pubescent  on 
the  keels.     (P.  acuminata  Scribn.  Beal's  N.  Am.  Gr.  2:  538.  1896;  P.  pudica 
Rydb.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  32:  603.  1905.) — Wet  sandy  soils,  at  middle  or 
higher  elevations;  Montana  to  New  Mexico. 

9.  Poa  laxa  Haenke,  Sudet.  118.  1791.    Culms  3  dm.  tall  or  less,  erect,  sim- 
ple:  leaves   2.5-7.5   cm.  in  length,  the   branches  usually  erect,  sometimes 
ascending,  2.5  cm.  long  or  less:  spikelets  3-5-flowered,  4-5  mm.  long:  glumes 
usually  3-nerved,  acute,  glabrous,  rough  on  the  keel  at  its  apex;   lemma 
3-3.5  mm.  long,  obtuse,  3-nerved,  or  sometimes  with  an  additional  pair  of 
obscure  nerves,  the  mid-nerve  pilose  on  the  lower  half,  rough  above,  the  lateral 
ones  pilose  for  one  third  their  length. — In  the  Rocky  Mountains  and  in  those 
of  New  England  and  New  York;  infrequent  in  our  range. 

10.  Poa  alpina  L.  Sp.  PI.  67.  1753.    Smooth  arid  glabrous:  culms  1-4.5  dm. 
tall:  ligule  2  mm.  long,  truncate;  leaves  2.5-7.5  cm.  long,  2-4  mm.  wide, 
abruptly  acute:  panicle  2.5-7.5  cm.  in  length,  the  branches  generally  widely 
spreading,  2.5  cm.  long  or  less:  spikelets  3-5-flowered,  5-6  mm.  long:  glumes 
broad,  glabrous,  rough  on  the  keel,  acute;  lemma  about  4  mm.  long,  obtuse, 
pilose  for  half  the  length,  pubescent  between  the  nerves  toward  the  base. — 
Frequent  in  the  mountains  and  extending  northward  and  eastward. 

11.  Poa  Pattersonii  Vasey,  1.  c.  275.    Culms  low,  densely  tufted,  15-25  cm. 
high,  slender,  naked  above:  radical  leaves  numerous,  5-8  cm.  long,  very  nar- 
row, flat  or  conduplicate,  smooth:  panicle  dense,  weakly  erect,  or  nodding; 
branches  mostly  in  twos,  subappressed :  spikelets  4-6  mm.  long,  2-3-flowered: 
glumes  nearly  as  long  as  the  lemma,  acute;   lemma  purplish,  acute,  4  mm. 
long,  pubescent  on  the  lateral  nerves  and  below  the  middle  but  not  webbed 
at  the  base;  palet  pubescent  on  the  keels.    (P.  rupestris  Vasey,  a  name  re- 
placed by  P.  rupicola  Nash,  Mem.  N.  Y.  Bot.  Gard.  1:  49.  1900.) — Alpine; 
Colorado  and  Wyoming. 

12.  Poa  Lettermannii  Vasey,  Contrib.  Nat.  Herb.  1:  273.  1893.     Dwarf, 
densely  tufted,  5-10  cm.  high:  leaves  mostly  radical,  flat,  3-5  cm.  long;  ligule 
rather  conspicuous,  acute ;  cauline  leaves  1  or  2 :  panicle  10-25  mm.  long,  rather 
dense;  branches  mostly  in  twos,  short,  erect,  with  1-3  spikelets:  glumes  nearly 
as  long  as  the  spikelets,  acute,  nearly  smooth,  3-4  mm.  long;  lemma  shorter, 
ovate-oblong,  acute,  obscurely  nerved,  smooth;  palet  2-toothedat  the  acumi- 
nate apex. — Alpine  summits,  Colorado  to  Washington. 

13.  Poa  Wheeleri  Vasey,  Rothr.  Rep.  6:  291.  1878.    Culms  3-8  dm.  high, 
from  running  rootstocks:    ligules  about  2  mm.  long;  leaves  of  sterile  shoots 
15-24  cm.  long,  2-4  mm.  wide,  rigid,  conduplicate  or  involute,  with  a  firm 
oblique  point:  panicle  open,  10-15  cm.  long,  its  slender  branches  mostly  in 
pairs,  the  longer  about  5  cm.  long:  spikelets  lance-elliptic,  .4-6  mm.  long, 
3-flowered:  glumes  subequal,  3-nerved;  lemma  oval,  subacute,  about  as  long, 
ciliate  on  the  lateral  nerves  and  below;  palet  truncate,  ciliate  on  the  keel. — 
Frequent  in  our  range  and  extending  to  Washington. 

14.  Poa  nervosa  (Hook.)  Vasey,  111.  N.  Am.  Gr.  2:  81.  1893.    Culms  4-8 
dm.  high,  rather  slender,  smooth:  radical  leaves  narrowly  linear,  15-25  cm. 
long;  those  of  the  culms  about  3,  rather  distant,  erect,  flat,  3-8  cm.  long, 
2-4  mm.  wide:  panicle  5-12  cm.  long,  branches  ^spreading,  the  lower  2-5 
together,  filiform,  naked  below,  few-flowered  near  the  ends:  spikelets  3-8- 
flowered,  4-5  mm.  long:  lemma  linear-lanceolate,  strongly  5-nerved,  minutely 
scabrous  on  the  nerves;  palet  and  lemma  subequal.      [P.   Traceyi  Vasey, 
Contrib.  U.  S.  Nat.  Herb.  1:  276.  1893;  P.  flexuosa  occidentalis  Vasey;  P. 
occidentalis  (Vasey)  Rydb.;  P.  callichroa  Rydb.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  32:  603. 
1905.] — Idaho  and  Montana  to  Colorado, 


72  GRAMINEAE    (GRASS   FAMILY) 

15.  Poa  subpurpurea  Rydb.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  32:  606.  1905.    A  tufted, 
erect,  somewhat  wiry  perennial:  culms  2-4  dm.  high:  leaves  flat:  panicle  ob- 
long or  pyramidal,  dense,  4-6  cm.  long:  spikelets  ovate,  3-5-flowered,  6-8  mm. 
long:  lemma  oval,  obtuse,  minutely  scabrous  on  the  back  and  hispid-ciliate 
on  the  keel;  palet  about  5  mm.  long.     (P.  purpurascens  Vasey,  Bot.  Gaz. 
6:  297.  1881;  the  name  preoccupied.) — Alpine;  Colorado  (?)  to  British  Co- 
lumbia. 

16.  Poa  subaristata  Scribn.  Beal's  N.  Am.   Gr.   2:   533.  1896.     Slender, 
densely  tufted,  2-5  dm.  high:  leaves  of  sterile  shoots  conduplicate,  scabrous, 
6-12  cm.  long;  sheaths  of  the  stem  2,  smooth,  the  upper  one  nearly  half  as 
long  as  the  stem;  the  upper  leaf  pungent,  4-5  cm.  long:  panicfe  dense,  some- 
what interrupted,  4-7  cm.  long:  spikelets  4-7-flowered,  6-10-mm.  long:  glumes 
subequal,  linear-lanceolate,  5-6  mm.  long,  1-nerved;  lemma  as  long,  scabrous 
on  the  nerves;  palet  shorter,  ciliate  on  the  keels. — Colorado  to  Montana  and 
Idaho. 

17.  Poa  epilis  Scribn.  Circ.  U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.  Div.  Agrost.  9:  5.  1899. 
Densely  tufted,  5-10  dm.  high:  basal  leaves  numerous,  slender,  acute,  flat  (or 
convolute  when  dry),  those  of  the  sterile  shoots  1-2  dm.  long;  sheaths  much 
shorter  than  the  intern  odes:  panicle  dense,  bronzed  or  purple:  spikelets  some- 
what compressed,  about  5  mm.  long:  glumes  smooth,  unequal,  acute,  or 
acuminate;  the  lower  1-nerved;  the  upper  3-nerved,  3  mm.  long  and  exceeding 
the  lower;  lemma  5-nerved,  rough-hispid  on  the  back,  obtuse;  palet  ciliate  on 
the  keels,  with  2-toothed  apex :  grain  acute  at  both  ends,  with  a  white  tubercle 
at  the  apex. — Colorado  to  Wyoming  and  Montana. 

18.  Poa  longipedunculata  Scribn.  Bull.  U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.  Div.  Agrost. 
11:  54.   1898.    Slender,  tufted,  erect,  4-7  dm.  high,  with  short  creeping  root- 
stocks,  smooth  except  on  the  axis  of  the  panicle:  leaf  blades  of  the  sterile 
shoots  5-20  cm.  long;  those  of  the  culm  two  or  three,  the  uppermost  some- 
times reduced  to  a  mucronate  point:  panicle  dense,  5-7  cm.  long;  its  branches 
1-2  cm.  long:  spikelets  somewhat  compressed,  3-5-flowered,  about  6  mm. 
long:  glumes  scabrous  on  the  keels,  the  first  2-nerved,  the  second  3-nerved, 
with  broadly  subhyaline  margins;  lemma  roughened  on  the  keel  above  and 
finely  pubescent  toward  the  base,  about  4-nerved;  palet  shorter  than  its 
lemma. — Frequent  throughout  our  range  on  mountain  slopes. 

19.  Poa  Fendleriana  (Steud.)  Vasey,  111.  N.  Am.  Gr.  2:   74.  1893.     Pale 
green,  strict  and  nearly  smooth,  2-5  dm.  high,  from  short  rootstocks:  leaves 
as  in  the  last  but  less  harsh  and  rigid :  panicle  spike-like,  lanceolate  or  slightly 
spreading,  5-10  cm.  long:  spikelets  ovate-lanceolate,  compressed,  4-8-flowered, 
7-8  mm.  long:  glumes  subequal,  oval,  acute,  irregularly  toothed  or  obtuse, 
1-3-nerved,  4-5  mm.  long;  lemma  about  as  long,  pubescent  below  on  the  keel 
and  marginal  nerves,  otherwise  smooth.     P.  calif ornica;  P.  andina  Nutt. 
(P.  brevipaniculata  S.  &  W.  Circ.  U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.  Div.  Agrost.  9:  2.  1899.) — 
New  Mexico  to  Wyoming  and  westward. 

20.  Poa  longiligula  S.  &  W.  Circ.   U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.  Div.  Agrost.  9:  3. 
1899.     Glaucous,  tufted,  3-5  dm.  high:  culms  rather  rigid  and  harsh:  basal 
leaves  numerous,  flat  or  conduplicate,  1-2  dm.  long,  with  a  conspicuous  de- 
current  ligule ;  the  cauline  few  and  short :  panicle  dense,  ovate,  erect :  spikelets 
compressed,  ovate-lanceolate,  4-6-flowered,  6-10  mm.  long:  glumes  unequal, 
rough-hispid  on  the  back;  the  lower  1-nerved;  the  upper  3-nerved  and  about 
5  mm.  long;  lemma  5-nerved,  somewhat  scabrous  on  the  back  and  woolly- 
pubescent  on  the  lower  half  of  the  back  and  the  marginal  nerves,  usually 
erose-dentate,  with  broad  hyaline  margins;  palet  shorter  than  its  glume,  with 
green  hispid  pubescent  keels. — Frequent  in  our  range. 

21.  Poa  laevigata  Scribn.  Bull.  U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.  Div.  Agrost.  5:  31.  1897. 
Culms  densely  tufted,  6-8  dm.  tall,  erect,  slender,  the  innovations  1-2  dm. 
long:  sheaths*  smooth  and  glabrous;  leaves  1  dm.  or  less  long:  panicle  very 
slender,  8-14  cm.  long,  its  larger  branches  3-5  cm.  long:  spikelets  5-7  mm. 
long,  3-4-flowered,  lemmas  3-4  mm.  long,  hispidulous  all  over,    obtuse  to 


acutish. — Very  nearly  related  to  the  preceding;  same  range. 
22.  Poa  nevadensis  Vasey,  Scribn.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club 


GRAMINEAE    (GRASS   FAMILY)  73 

Culms  5-10  dm.  high,  scabrous  below  the  panicle:  sheaths  and  leaves  scabrous, 
very  narrow  and  folded  when  dry;  the  radical  15-25  cm.  long;  the  upper  3-6 
cm.  long;  ligule  scabrous,  about  4  mm.  long:  panicle  narrow,  dense,  10-15  cm. 
long;  branches  2  or  more  at  each  node,  the  lower  often  4-5  cm.  long  and 
branched:  spikelets  3-8-flowered,  6-8  mm.  long:  glumes  scabrous,  subequal, 
obtuse  or  subacute,  3-nerved;  lemma  shorter,  scarious  margined  above,  the 
nerves  obscure;  palet  ciliate  on  the  keels,  scabrous  between  them. — Not  in- 
frequent, especially  in  the  western  part  of  our  range. 

23.  Poa  lucida  Vasey,  1.  c.  274.    Culms  6-8  dm.  tall,  erect,  the  innovations 
2-3  dm.  long:  sheaths  smooth  and  glabrous;  leaves  of  the  culms  1  dm.  or  less 
long,  those  on  the  innovations  much  longer:  panicle  1-2  dm.  long,  its  larger 
branches  3-5  cm.  long:  spikelets  6-10  mm.  long,  4-6-fl owered :  the  lemmas 
about  4.5  mm.  long,  appressed-pubescent  below  with  long  hairs,  obtuse  or 
acutish.    (P.  planifolia  S.  &  W.  1.  c.  3.) — Moist  hillsides  and  meadows;  Mon- 
tana to  Colorado  and  Nebraska. 

24.  Poa  Buckleyana  Nash,  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  22:  465.  1895.    Culms 
1.5-4  dm.  tall,  rarely  taller,  erect,  rigid:  ligule  4-6  mm.  long,  acute;  leaves 
2.5-10  cm.  long,  about  2  mm.  wide,  erect,  flat,  becoming  involute,  smooth  or 
rough:  panicle  2.5-10  cm.  in  length,  contracted,  the  branches  erect,  3.75  cm. 
long  or  less,  spikelet-bearing  nearly  to  the  base:  spikelets  2-5-flowered,  4-6 
mm.  long:  lemmas  about  4  mm.  long,  obtuse  or  acutish,  appressed-pubescent 
below  with  long  hairs.     P.  tenuifolia.    [P.  gracillima  Vasey  (?),  Contrib.  Nat. 
Herb.  1:  272.  1893;  P.  Sandbergii  Vasey,  1.  c.  276.]— Very  common  in  our 
range,  and  westward  to  California. 

25.  Poa  Sheldonii  Vasey,  Contrib.  Nat.  Herb.  1:  276.  1893.    Culms  3-6  dm. 
tall,  erect,  rigid:  sheaths  usually  overlapping;  ligule  2-4  mm.  long,  acute; 
leaves  smooth  beneath,  rough  above,  1-2  mm.  wide,  flat  or  folded,  pungently 
pointed,  those  of  the  culm  1.25-2.5  cm.  long,  erect,  the  basal  leaves  7.5-15  cm. 
long:  panicle  contracted,  5-12.5  cm.  in  length,  the  branches  erect,  spikelet- 
bearing  nearly  to  the  base,  3.75  cm.  long  or  less:  spikelets  4-7-flowered,  5-7 
mm.  long:  lemmas  3-4  mm.  long,  erose-truncate  at  apex,  strongly  silky- 
pubescent  on  the  nerves  for  half  their  length,  the  lower  part  very  pubescent 
between  the  nerves;  intermediate  nerves  very  obscure.    (P.  arida  Vasey,  1.  c. 
270,  name  untenable;   P.  pratericola  Rydb.  &  Nash,  Mem.  N.  Y.  Bot.  Gard. 
1:  51.  1900;  P.  juntifolia  Scribn.  Bull.  U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.  Div.  Agrost.  11:  52. 
1898,  seems  to  be  only  the  large  forms  of  the  species.) — Common  and  varying 
greatly  under  the  extremely  variable  environments  found  within  our  range. 

66.  GRAPHEPHORUM  Desv. 

Slender  erect  grasses,  with  flat  leaves  and  a  usually  contracted  nodding 
panicle.  Spikelets  2-4-flowered,  flattened,  the  rachilla  hirsute  and  extending 
beyond  the  flowers.  Glumes  somewhat  shorter  than  the  lemmas,  thin- 
membranous,  acute,  keeled:  lemmas  membranous,  obscurely  nerved,  entire, 
sometimes  short-awned  just  below  the  apex.  Stamens  3.  Styles  distinct; 
stigmas  plumose.  Grain  glabrous. 

1.  Graphephorum  Wolfii  Vasey,  Desc.  Cat.  Gr.  U.  S.  55.  1885.  Culms 
erect,  3-6  dm.  high:  leaves  scabrous,  flat,  15-20  cm.  long:  panicle  upright, 
subspicate,  6-15  cm.  long:  spikelets  2-3-flowered,  purplish:  glumes  subequal, 
5-£  mm.  long,  the  first  1-nerved,  the  second  3-nerved ;  lemma  nearly  as  long, 
faintly  5-nerved,  bearing  an  awn  1  mm.  or  less  long;  palet  usually  shorter  than 
its  lemma:  grain  linear-oblong.  G.  melicoides,  as  to  our  range. — Colorado, 
Utah,  Wyoming,  and  northward.  • 

67.  GLYCERIA  R.  Br.    MANNA  GRASS 

Rather  coarse  broad-leaved  grasses,  the  florets  early  deciduous.  Spikelets 
4-15-flowered,  slightly  compressed,  linear  or  oblong,  smooth  or  slightly  hispid, 
awnless,  in  narrow  or  open  spreading  panicles.  Glumes  unequal,  persistent, 


74  GRAMINEAE    (GRASS   FAMILY) 

thin,  one  half  as  long  as  the  adjacent  florets;  lemma  herbaceous,  membrana- 
ceous  at  the  obtuse  apex,  7-9-nerved,  nearly  equaled  or  slightly  exceeded  by 
the  bidentate  palet.  Grain  Mnear  or  fusiform,  narrowly  channeled. — (Pani- 
cularia  Fabr.) 

Spikelets  ovate  to  oblong. 

Panicle  at  length  nodding,  10-20  cm.  long. 

Floral  glume  7-nerved,  1 .5-2  mm.  long 1.  P.  nervata. 

Floral  glume  5-neryed.  2-3  mm.  long      .         .         .         .         .         .     2.  P.  pauciflora. 

Panicle  erect  or  nodding,  20-40  cm.  long     .         .         .         .         .         .     3.  P.  grandis. 

Spikelets  linear. 

Floral  glume  thin,  hispidulous  on  the  nerves      .         .         .         .         .     4.  P.  borealis. 

Floral  glume  firm,  hispidulous  all  over       .         .         .         .         .         .     5.  P.  fluitans. 

1.  Glyceria   nervata  (Willd.)  Trin.  Mem.  Acad.  St.  Petersb.  VI.  1:  365. 
1831.    Stems  4-10  dm.  high:  leaves  variable,  sometimes  3-4  dm.  long,  usually 
roughish  above,  as  are  the  closed  sheaths:  panicle  1-2  dm.  long,  its  flexuose 
capillary  branches  in  twos  or  threes,  and  soon  diffusely  spreading  and  pen- 
dulous:  spikelets   2-4  mm.   long,  5-7-flowered,  sometimes  purplish:  lemma 
7-nerved,  finely  scabrous,  strongly  convex  near  the  apex. — In  moist  meadows 
and  along  water  courses,  across  the  continent. 

2.  Glyceria  pauciflora  Presl.  Rel.  Haenke,  1:  257.  1830.    Stems  3-10  dm. 
high,  from  a  creeping  root:  leaves  1-3  dm.  long,  scabrous  on  the  margins; 
sheaths  split:  panicle  1-2  dm.  long,  loose,  its  capillary  branches  in  threes 
below,  in  pairs  above,  flower-bearing  from  near  the  middle:  spikelets  4-5  mm. 
long,  4-6-flowered:  lemma  5-nerved,  scabrous,  its  scarious  tip  serrulate  or 
toothed,  more  or  less  purplish. — From  Colorado  and  Utah  northward  and 
westward. 

3.  Glyceria  grandis  Wats,  in  Gray.  Man.  Ed.  6.  667.  1890.     Stems  stout, 
erect,  8-15  dm.  high:  leaves  large,  3-6  dm.  long:  panicle  ample,  2-4  dm.  long, 
much  branched,  the  numerous  branches  ascending,  spreading  with  age:  spike- 
lets  4-6  mm.  long,  5-9-flowered,  usually  purplish:  flowering  glume  7-nerved, 
entire.    G.  aquatica. — In  wet  grounds,  from  Colorado  to  California  and  Oregon, 
thence  eastward  across  the  continent;  called  REED  MEADOW  GRASS. 

4.  Glyceria  borealis  (Nash).  A.  Nels.    Glabrous:  culms  erect  from  a  creeping 
base,  4. 5-15  dm.  tall:  sheaths  overlapping,  smooth  or  roughish,  the  uppermost 
one  inclosing  the  base  of  the  panicle;  leaves  linear,  abruptly  acuminate,  1-5  dm. 
long,  2-10  mm.  wide:  panicle  slender,  the  exserted  portion  1.5-5  dm.  long,  its 
branches  appressed  or  nearly  so:  spikelets  1-1.8  cm.  long,  7-13-flowered,  ap- 
pressed:  glumes  1-nerved,  unequal;  lemma  thin,  4-5  mm.  long,  7-nerved,  the 
nerves  only  scabrous;  palet  slightly  shorter  than  the  scale.     (Panicularia 
borealis   Nash,    Bull.  Torr.    Bot.   Club   24:   348.  1897.)— In   shallow  water; 
Wyoming  to  Montana,  and  thence  across  the  continent. 

5.  Glyceria  fluitans  (L.)  R.  Br.  Prodr.  Fl.  Nov.  Holl.  1:  179.  1810.    Very 
similar  to  the  preceding,  the  culms  6-10  dm.  high,  slender,  erect,  or  somewhat 
spreading:  spikelets  7-13-flowered,  linear,  1-2  cm.  long:  lemma  hispidulous  all 
over,  shorter  than  the  bidentate  palet.— In  shallow  water;  Colorado  to  Canada, 
thence  eastward  and  westward. 

58.  PUCCINELLIA  Parl. 

Perennial  grasses,  with  flat  or  involute  leaves  and  contracted  or  open 
panicles.  Spikelets  3-several-flowered.  Glumes  obtuse  or  acute,  unequal; 
lemma  obtuse  or  acute,  rounded  on  the  back,  5-nerved,  the  nerves  very  ob- 
scure or  almost  wanting;  palet  about  equaling  the  lemma.  Stamens  3.  Styles 
wanting;  stigmas  sessile,  simply  plumose.  Grain  compressed,  usually  adhering 
to  the  palet. 

1.  Puccinellia  airoides  (Nutt.)  Wats.  &  Coult.  in  Gray  Man.  668.  1890. 
Stems  tufted,  2-5  dm.  high:  leaves  short  and  narrow,  mostly  convolute  and 
glaucous:  panicle  very  variable,  erect,  narrow  and  one-sided,  its  rays  in  fives 
or  fewer:  spikelets  3-12-flowered:  glumes  from  narrow  and  acute  to  broad  and 
obtuse,  3-nerved  or  the  lower  1-nerved;  lemma  oblong-linear,  minutely  pubes- 


GRAMINEAE    (GRASS   FAMILY)  75 

cent  at  base,  with  broadly  scarious  apex,  faintly  5-nerved,  truncate  or  erose- 
dentate:  stigmas  with  simple  hairs.  Glyceria  distans. — Wet  saline  soil;  New 
Mexico  to  Montana  and  thence  in  similar  situations  to  the  coasts. 

59.  FESTUCA  L.     FESCUE 

Erect  simple-stemmed  grasses.  Spikelets  4-15-flowered,  perfect  except  the 
glumiferous  rudiment,  compressed,  short-pediceled  or  nearly  sessile,  in  narrow 
or  open  spreading  panicles.  Glumes  acute,  narrow,  unequal,  about  one  third 
shorter  than  the  adjacent  florets;  lemma  herbaceous  or  coriaceous,  obscurely 
5-nerved,  hispidulous,  slightly  pubescent  or  smooth,  acute  or  awned,  convex, 
often  involute;  palet  bidentate,  nearly  equaling  the  lemma.  Grain  narrowly 
linear  or  fusiform,  channeled,  usually  adhering  to  the  enveloping  glume  and 
palet. 

Annual;  stamens  2      .         ",       "'..;..         .         .         .         .1.  F.  octoflora. 

Perennial;  stamens  3. 

Plants  with  narrow  involute  leaves,  usually  tufted. 
Densely  tufted,  not  rhizomatous  nor  stoloniferous. 
Lemmas  more  than  twice  as  long  as  the  first  glume. 

Awn  long  (equaling  or  longer  than  the  glume)         .         .         .     2.  F.  ovina. 
Awn  short      .  .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .     3.  F.  arizonica. 

Lemmas  less  than  twice  as  long  as  the  first  glume    .         .         .     4.  F.  brachyphylla. 
More  open,  rhizomatous  or  stoloniferous      .         .         .         .         .     5.  F.  rubra. 

Plants  with  flat  broad  leaves. 
The  second  glume  3-5-nerved. 

Panicle  with  spreading  or  reflexed  branches;  awns  long     .         .     6.  F.  Jonesii. 
Panicle  with  ascending  branches;  awns  short  or  wanting          .     7.  F.  elatior. 
The  second  glume  1 -nerved,  or  3-nerved  at  base  only. 

Panicle  open 8.  F.  scabrella. 

Panicle  spike-like          .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .     9.  F.  confinis. 

1.  Festuca  octoflora  Walt.  Fl.  Car.  81.  1788.    Stems  often  filiform,  1-4  dm. 
high:  the  erect  leaves  3-7  cm.  long;  sheaths  sometimes  pubescent:  panicle  4-6 
cm.  long,  simple,  often  secund:  spikelets,  including  awns,  8-10  mm.  long, 
7-13-flowered:  glumes  subulate,  very  acute,  the  lower  at  least  half  the  length 
of  the  upper;  lemma  involute,  rough,  4  mm.  long  exclusive  of  its  awn,  which  is 
mostly  snorter  than  the  palet  and  often  very  short.    F.  tenella. — Across  the 
continent. 

2.  Festuca  ovina  L.  Sp.  PI.  73. 1753.   Stems  2-5  dm.  high,  glaucous:  leaves  all 
setaceous  or  the  upper  flat;  ligule  2-lobed  and  auric  ulate:  panicle  short,  more 
or  less  compound,  somewhat  one-sided,  the  branches  mostly  solitary:  spike- 
lets  3-8-flowered:  lemma  about  6  mm.  long,  ternate,  mucronate  or  with  an 
awn  half  its  own  length. — Many  varieties  of  this  common  species  have  been 
designated,  but  the  distinctions  between  them  can  be  drawn  with  difficulty. 
Across  the  continent  northward  and  south  in  the  mountains. 

2a.  Festuca  ovina  ingrata  Hack.  Beal's  Grasses  2:  598.  1896.  Near  the 
preceding,  densely  tufted,  1-3  dm.  high:  leaves  setaceous,  3-8  cm.  long;  the 
sheaths  entire  to  the  throat,  splitting  with  age:  panicle  dense,  linear,  simple, 
racemose,  3-6  cm.  long:  spikelets  elliptical,  6  mm.  long,  1-4-flowered:  glumes 
subequal;  lemma  3-4  mm.  long,  smooth  or  scabrous,  its  awn  1-2  mm.  long; 
palet  oblong,  acute,  2-toothed.  [F.  ingrata  (Hack.)  Rydb.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot. 
Club  32:  608.  1905.] — Throughout  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

3.  Festuca  arizonica  Vasey,  Contrib.  Nat.  Herb.  1:  277.  1893.    Firm  and 
tufted,  5-7  dm.  high:  leaves  very  numerous,  stiff,  filiform-setaceous,  scabrous 
margined;  the  upper  two  or  three  with  long  sheaths,  and  blades  15-25  cm. 
long;  ligules^short,  with  prominent  auricles:  panicle  narrow,  6-12  cm.  long; 
the  branches  alternate,  erect  and  appressed:  spikelets  about  10  mm.  long, 
lance-linear,    on    short    pedicels,    4-5-flowered:    glumes    unequal,    3-nerved; 
lemma  longer,  thick,  acuminate,  with  an  awn  1-2  mm.  long,  obscurely  5-nerved; 
palet  equaling  its  lemma,  scabrous  on  the  keels. — Colorado  to  New  Mexico  and 
Arizona. 

4.  Festuca   brachyphylla   Schultes,    Mant.    2:  646.    1824.     Smooth   and 
glabrous:  culms  densely  tufted,  2  dm.  tall  or  less,  slender,  erect,  much  exceed- 
ing the  short  basal  leaves:  sheaths  coarsely  striate;  leaves  very  narrow,  in- 


76  GRAMINEAE    (GRASS   FAMILY) 

volute,  at  least  when  dry,  those  on  the  culm  1.25  cm.  or  less  long,  erect  or 
ascending:  panicle  2.5  cm.  or  less  long,  nearly  simple,  its  branches  appressed: 
spikelets  2-4-flowered:  glumes  acuminate,  the  first  1-nerved,  the  second 
3-nerved;  lemma  acute  or  acuminate,  rough  toward  the  apex,  4-5  mm.  long, 
exclusive  of  the  scabrous  awn,  which  is  1-2.5  mm.  long.  (F.  minutiflora  Rydb. 
1.  c.)- — Alpine  stations  throughout  our  range;  also  northeastern  America. 

5.  Festuca  rubra  L.  Sp.  PI.  74.    1753.    Culms  4.5-7.5  dm.  tall,  from  running 
rootstocks,  erect,  simple:  basal  leaves  involute-filiform,  7.5-15  cm.  long;  culm 
leaves  shorter,  erect,  flat,  or  involute  in  drying,  minutely  pubescent  above: 
panicle  5-12  cm.  in  length,  sometimes  red,  open  at  flowering  time,  contracted 
in  fruit:  spikelets  3-10-flowered,  8-12  mm.  long:  glumes  acute,  unequal,  the 
first  1-nerved,  shorter  than  the  3-nerved  second;  lemma  about  6  mm.  long, 
obscurely  5-nerved,  sometimes  scabrous,  bearing  awns  of  less  than  their  own 
length.     (F.  vallicola  Rydb.  Mem.  N.  Y.  Bot.  Gard.  1:  57.  1900;  F.  Earlei 
Rydb.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  32:  608.  1905.)— Rather  frequent  in  the  moun- 
tains of  our  range;  across  the  continent  northward. 

6.  Festuca  Jonesii  Vasey,  1.  c.     Culms  slender  or  stoutish,  4-8  dm.  high: 
culm  leaves  3-5,  flat,  1-3  dm.  long,  4-8  mm.wide;  sheaths  shorter  than  the 
internodes:  panicle  ample,  very  open,  15-30  cm.  long;  the  branches 'mostly  in 
pairs  at  the  5-8  distant  nodes,  slender,  flexuous,  8-15  cm.  long,  at  length 
spreading  or  reflexed:  spikelets  numerous,  3-5-flowered:  glumes  lanceolate, 
unequal;  lemma  3-nerved,  minutely  scabrous,  terminated  by  a  slender  awn 
longer  than  its  body;  palet  as  long  as  its  lemma,  with  2  narrow  teeth  at  apex. — 
Northwestern  Wyoming  and  westward. 

7.  Festuca  elatior  L.  1.  c.  75.    Culms  6-15  dm.  tall,  erect,  simple:  leaves 
1-4  dm.  long,  4-8  mm.  wide,  flat,  smooth  beneath,  more  or  less  rough  above: 
panicle  1-3.5  dm.  in  length,  often  nodding  at  the  top,  simple  to  very  com- 
pound, the  branches  ascending  or  erect,  5-20  cm.  long:  spikelets  5-9-flowered, 
9-12  mm.  long:  glumes  acute,  the  first  1-3-nerved,  the  second  3-5-nerved; 
lemma  acute  or  short-pointed,  smooth  and  glabrous,  5-6  mm.  long,  indis- 
tinctly 5-nerved.    TALL  FESCUE. — A  valuable  introduced  hay  grass;  fields  and 
waste  grounds. 

8.  Festuca  scabrella  Torr.  in  Hook.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  2:  252.  1840.     Culms 
3-6  dm.  tall,  erect,  usually  rough  below  the  panicle:   sheaths   overlapping, 
smooth;  leaves  rough,  2  mm.  wide  or  less,  those  of  the  culms  2.5-7.5  cm.  long, 
erect,  the  basal  flat,  much  longer  and  readily  deciduous  from  the  sheaths, 
involute  in  drying:  panicle  7.5-10  cm.  in  length,  open,  its  branches  ascending 
or  the  lower  widely  spreading:  spikelets  3-5-flowered,  about  8  mm.  long: 
glumes  scarious,   unequal,    smooth,  the  first    1-nerved,  the   second   longer, 
3-nerved;   lemma  about  6  mm.  long,  scabrous,  often  bearing  a  short  awn  2 
mm.  long  or  less.    (F.  Thurberi  Vasey,  Rothr.  Rep.  292.    1878;  F.  campestris 
Rydb.  Mem.  N.  Y.  Bot.  Gard.  1:  57.  1900.) — In  the  mountains  from  New 
Mexico  to  Montana;  apparently  across  the  continent  northward. 

9.  Festuca  confinis  Vasey,  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  11:  126.  1884.    Culms 
tufted,  erect,  rigid,  the  base  clothed  with  dry  leafless  sheaths:  sheaths  smooth 
and  glabrous;  leaves  erect,  stiff,  smooth  beneath,  rough  above,  2.5  dm.  long 
or  less,  2-4  mm.  wide,  those  on  the  culm  much  shorter  than  those  of  the  in- 
novations: panicle  strict,  narrow,  10-12  cm.  long,  its  branches  erect  or  ap- 
pressed: spikelets  usually  3-flowered,  7-8  mm.  long:  the  glumes  acute,  the 
lemmas  strongly  scabrous.   [F.  Kingii  (Wats.)  Scribn.;  F.  Watsonii  (Nash)]. — 
Sandy  banks;  throughout  our  range. 

60.  BROMUS  L.     BROME  GRASS 

Rather  coarse  grasses  with  flat  leaves.  Spikelets  5-15-flowered,  large,  per- 
fect except  the  upper  florets,  in  open  panicles,  the  triquetrous  pedicels  thick- 
ened upward,  at  length  drooping.  Glumes  subequal,  two  thirds  as  long  as 
the  adjacent  florets,  acute  or  subacute,  the  first  1-3-nerved,  the  second  3- 
9-nerved;  lemma  herbaceous,  rather  rigid,  convex  or  carinate,  acute,  den- 
ticulate or  obtuse,  short-awned  or  awnless;  palets  ciliate  on  the  two  keels, 


GRAMINEAE    (GRASS   FAMILY)  77 

at  length  adhering  to  the  prominent  groove  in  the  linear  smooth  amber- 
colored  grain. 

Annuals  (introduced). 
Lemma  awned. 

Awn  longer  than  the  glume       .         .         .         .         .         .  1.  B.  tectorum. 

Awn  shorter  than  the  glume 2.  B.  secalinus. 

Lemma  not  awned        .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .  3.  B.  brizaeformis. 

Perennials  (indigenous  except  No.  4). 

Lower  glume  1-nerved;  the  upper  3-nerved. 

Sheaths  and  leaves  smooth  or  nearly  so    .         .         .         .         .       4.  B.  inermis. 

Sheaths  and  leaves  more  or  less  pubescent  or  scabrous. 

Panicle  erect 5.  B.  Pumpellianus. 

Panicle  dropping. 

Leaves  pilose  on  both  sides  or  nearly  glabrous         .         .       6.  B.  ciliatus. 
Leaves  scabrous  above,  glabrous  below      .         .         .  7.  B.  Richardsonii. 

Lower  glume  3-nerved;  the  upper  3-7-nerved. 

Panicle  drooping       .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .       8.  B.  Porteri. 

Panicle  erect. 

Sheaths  and  leaf-blades  pilose       .         .         .         .         .  9.  B.  marginatus. 

Sheaths  and  leaf-blades  smooth  or  scabrous         .  .       .         .     10.  B.  polyanthus. 

1.  Bromus  tectorum  L.  Sp.  PI.  77.    1753.    Culms  1.5-6  dm.  tall,  erect  from 
an  annual  root:  sheaths,  at  least  the  lower  ones,  softly  pubescent;  leaves  2.5-10 
cm.  long,  2-4  mm.  wide,  softly  pubescent:  panicle  5-15  cm.  in  length,  open, 
the  branches  slender  and  drooping,  somewhat  one-sided :   spikelets  numerous, 
5-8-flowered,    on   capillary   recurved    slender   pedicels:,  glumes    acuminate, 
usually  rough  or  hirsute,  the  first  1-nerved,  the  second  longer,  3-nerved; 
lemma  8-12  mm.  long,  acuminate,  7-nerved,  usually  rough  or  hirsute;  awn 
1.2-1.6  cm.  long. — A  weed  naturalized  from  Europe;  rare  in  our  range. 

2.  Bromus  secalinus  L.  1.  c.  76.    Culms  4-8  dm.  high:  panicle  1-2  dm.  long, 
pyramidal;  branches  mostly  in  fours  or  fives,  verticillate,  nearly  smooth: 
spikelets  1-2  cm.  long,  5-10-flowered;  florets  turgid:  glumes  obtuse  or  sub- 
acute;  lemma  obtuse,  denticulate,  mucronate  or  short-awned,  smooth,  7- 
nerved:    grain  concavo-convex.     Closely  allied  and  probably  to  be  referred 
here  is  B.  racemosus  L.  1.  c. — This  is  the  CHESS  or  CHEAT  so  often  found  in 
wheat  fields. 

3.  Bromus  brizaeformis  Fisch  &  Mey.  Ind.  Sem.  Hort.  Petrop.  3:  30.  1836. 
Culms  2-6  dm.  tall:  sheaths,  at  least  the  lower,  pubescent  with  soft  villous 
hairs;  leaves  2.5-17.5  cm.  long,  2-6  mm.  wide,  pubescent:  panicle  4-20  cm. 
in  length,  open,  the  branches  ascending  or  often  drooping,  flexuous:  spikelets 
few,  1.25-2.5  cm.  long,  laterally  much  compressed:  glumes  very  obtuse,  often 
purplish,  glabrous  or  minutely  pubescent,  the  first   3-5-nerved,  the  second 
larger,  5-9-nerved;  lemma  6-8  mm.  long,  very  broad,  obtuse,  9-nerved,  shin- 
ing, glabrous  or  sometimes  minutely  pubescent,  awnless.      QUAKE   BROME 
GRASS. — An  introduction  from  northern  Europe  or  Asia;  only  occasionally 
found  in  our  range. 

4.  Bromus  inermis  Leyss.  Fl.  Hal.  16.  1761.     Culms  tufted,  8-12  dm.  tall: 
sheaths  smooth  and  glabrous;  leaves  1.5-2.5  dm.  long,  4-6  mm.  wide,  smooth 
and  glabrous:  panicle  1.5-2.5  dm.  long,  oblong,  the  axis  scabrous,  its  scabrous 
branches  ascending,  in  clusters:  spikelets  2-2.5  cm.  long,  about  5  mm.  wide, 
oblong,  erect:  first  glume  1-nerved,  the  second  3-nerved;  lemma  10-12  mm. 
long,  5-7-nerved,  awnless,  or  rarely  awn-pointed.     SMOOTH  or  HUNGARIAN 
BROME  GRASS. — Introduced  and  extensively  grown  for  hay;  often  an  escape 
from  cultivation. 

5.  Bromus  Pumpellianus  Scribn.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  15:  9.  1888.    Stout 
erect  perennial,  with  creeping  rootstocks:  culms  smooth  or  sparingly  pilose- 
pubescent:  leaves  smooth  below,  scabrous  or  pubescent  above,  1-2  dm.  long: 
panicle  narrow,  erect,  10-20  cm.  long:  spikelets  7-11-flowered,  2-3  cm.  long: 
glumes  smooth;  the  lower  1-nerved,  acuminate,  6-8  mm.  long;  the  upper 
broader  and  longer,  3-nerved;  lemma  5-7-nerved,  10-12  mm.  long,  densely 
and  coarsely  ciliate-pubescent  on  the  margin  nearly  or  quite  to  the  apex  and 
across  the  back  at  the  base,  the  awn  usually  2-3  mm.  long;  palet  nearly  as 
long  as  the  glume;  rachilla  pilose-pubescent. — Colorado  and  far  northward 
and  westward. 


78  ^  GRAMINEAE    (GRASS   FAMILY) 

6  Bromus  ciliatus  L.  1.  c.  Culms  6-12  dm.  tall,  glabrous  or  pubescent: 
sheaths  often  softly  pubescent,  or  the  lower  sometimes  sparingly  hirsute; 
leaves  1-3  dm.  long,  4-12  mm.  wide,  smooth  beneath,  scabrous  and  often 
pubescent  above:  panicle  open,  1-2.5  dm.  in  length,  its  branches  widely 
spreading  or  often  drooping:  spikelets  5-10-flowered,  2.5  cm.  long  or  less: 
first  glume  1-nerved,  the  second  longer,  3-nerved;  lemma  8-12  mm.  long, 
obtuse  or  acute,  5-7-nerved  appressed-pubescent  on  the  margins  or  over  the 
entire  surface;  awn  4-8  mm.  long.  (B.  purgans  L.  is  here  included.) — In  moist 
woods;  in  the  northern  part  of  our  range  and  eastward  to  Newfoundland. 

7.  Bromus  Richardsonii  Link.  Hort.  Berol.  2:  281.   1833.     Tufted,  erect, 
robust,  6-12  dm.  high:  sheaths  usually  smooth  below  and  pilose  at  the  throat; 
leaves  15-25  cm.  long,  usually  scabrous  above  and  glabrous  beneath:  panicle 
effuse  and  drooping,  15-25  cm.  long:  spikelets  drooping,  6-11-flowered,  2-3 
cm.  long:  glumes  smooth;  the  lower  1-nerved,  8-10  mm.  long;  the  upper  3-  or 
rarely  5-nerved,  9-12  mm.  long;  lemma  obtuse,  emarginate,  7-nerved,  12-15 
mm.  long,  appressed  ciliate-pubescent;  the  awn  3-5  mm.  long;  palet  shorter 
than  its  lemma. — From  New  Mexico  north  into  British  America. 

8.  Bromus  Ported    (Coult.)   Nash,  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club   22:  512.  1895. 
Culms  4.5-9  dm.  tall,  pubescent  below  the  nodes:  sheaths  glabrous  or  some- 
times softly  pubescent;  leaves  2-8  mm.  wide,  rough,  those  of  the  culm  1-3  dm. 
long,  the  basal  narrow  and  about  one  half  the  length  of  the  culm:  panicle 
7.5-15  cm.  in  length;  its  branches  drooping  and  flexuous,  at  least  when  old,  the 
nodes  of  the  axis  pubescent:  spikelets  5-10-flowered,  1.8-3  cm.  long,  on  slender 
flexuous  pedicels:  glumes  pubescent,  3-nerved;  lemma  1-1.2  cm.  long,  obtuse, 
5-7-nerved,  densely  pubescent  with  long  silky  hairs;  awn  2-4  mm.  long. — 
Open  hillsides;  throughout  our  range. 

9.  Bromus  marginatus  Nees  in  Steud.  Syn.  PL  Gram.  322.  1854.    Culms 
3-12  dm.  tall,  sometimes  pubescent  below  the  panicle:  sheaths  pubescent,  at 
least  the  lower  ones;  leaves  1.5-3  dm.  long  or  more,  4-12  mm.  wide,  rough  and 
often  pubescent:  panicle  1-4  dm.  in  length,  its  branches  erect  or  ascending, 
the  lower  5-15  cm.  long:  spikelets  5-10-flowered:  glumes  acute,  pubescent,  the 
first  3-5-nerved,  the  second  longer,  5-9-nerved;  lemma  compressed,  keeled, 
1.2-1.4  cm.  long,  acute,  7-9-nerved,  appressed-pubescent;  awn  4-6  mm.  long. 
B.  breviaristatus.    (B.  Kalmii  occidentalis  Vasey.) — Very  common  in  the  hills 
and  mountains;  New  Mexico  to  Manitoba. 

10.  Bromus  polyanthus  Scribn.  Bull.  U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.  Div.  Agrost.  23:  56. 
1900.    Stout  and  erect,  smooth,  or  puberulent  at  the  nodes,  5-10  dm.  high: 
sheaths  smooth  or  sparsely  pilose;  leaves  mostly  somewhat  scabrous:  panicle 
elongated,  erect,  its  branches  usually  short  and  erect  but  sometimes  spreading: 
spikelets  3-4  cm.  long,  7-11-flowered:  glumes  broad,  smooth,  or  somewhat 
scabrous;  the  lower  3-nerved,  6-8  mm.  long;  the  upper  3-7-nerved,  obtuse, 
10-12  mm.  long;  lemma  7-nerved,  12-14  mm.  long,  smooth  or  scabrous,  ob- 
tuse, emarginate,  with  broad  hyaline  margins;  awn  4-8  mm.  long. — In  open 
woods,  especially  among  fallen  timber;  Wyoming  to  Washington. 

61.  LOLIUM  L. 

Coarse  erect  grasses  with  numerous  flat  leaves.  Spikelets  5-10-flowered,  per- 
fect, compressed,  with  the  edge  to  the  axis,  sessile,  and  alternately  2-ranked  in 
long  rigid  terminal  spikes.  Upper  glume  external,  rigid,  5-7-nerved ;  lower 
glume  wanting  except  in  the  terminal  spikelet;  lemma  coriaceous,  3-5-nerved, 
obtuse  or  subacute,  short-awned  or  awnless,  convex,  smooth,  nearly  equaled 
by  the  palet  and  large  adherent  grain. 

Glume  shorter  than  the  floret       .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .     1.  L.  perenne. 

Glume  longer  than  the  floret " .         .     2.  L.  temulentum. 

1.  Lolium  perenne  L.  Sp.  PI.  83.  1753.  Culms  4-8  dm.  high:  root  peren- 
nial: spikelets  1-2  cm.  long,  exceeding  the  intervals:  glume  about  equaling  the 
adjacent  floret.  PERENNIAL  RYE  GRASS. — Sparingly  introduced;  sometimes 
cultivated. 


GRAMINEAE    (GRASS    FAMILY)  79 

2.  Lolium  temulentum  L.  1.  c.  Culms  ra-ther  stout,  5-10  dm.  high:  spike- 
lets  1-2  cm.  long,  often  shorter  than  the  intervals:  glumes  usually  exceeding 
the  spikelet:  florets  short,  obtuse.  DARNEL. — Adventive  from  Europe;  some- 
times a  troublesome  weed. 

62.  AGROPYRON  Gaertn.     WHEAT  GRASS 

Annual  or  perennial  grasses  with  flat  or  involute  leaves  and  terminal  spikes. 
Spikelets  3-many-flowered,  sessile,  single,  and  alternate  at  each  notch  of  the 
usually  continuous  rachis,  the  side  of  the  spikelet  turned  toward  the  rachis. 
Glumes  empty;  lemma  rigid,  rounded  on  the  back,  5-7-nerved,  usually  acute 
or  awned  at  the  apex;  palets  2-keeled,  the  keels  often  ciliate.  Stamens  3. 
Styles  very  short,  distinct;  stigmas  plumose.  Grain  pubescent  at  the  apex, 
usually  adherent  to  the  palet. — Our  species  perennials. 

Caespitose,  without  creeping  rootstocks  or  stolons. 

Rachis  of  the  spike  breaking  up  at  maturity     .         .         .  1.  A.  Scribneri. 

Rachis  of  the  spike  continuous. 

Spikelets  strongly  compressed,  8-20  mm.  distant     .         .  2.  A.  spicatum. 

Spikelets  nearly  cylindrical,  3-10  mm.  distant. 
Basal  culm  leaves  longer  than  the  upper  ones. 

Awns  when  present  straight  or  but  little  divergent. 
Spikes  8-20  cm.  long. 

Flowering  glumes  awned  .         .         .         .         .       3.  A.  caninum. 

Flowering  glumes  awnless  or  short-awned  .         .       7.  A.  tenerum. 

Spikes  3-10  cm.  long     . 4.  A.  violaceum. 

Awns  widely  spreading     .         .     '     .         .         .         .         .       5.  A.  Bakeri. 

Basal  culm  leaves  shorter  than  the  upper  ones     .         .  6.  A.  Gmelini. 

Culms  from  creeping  rootstocks,  not  caespitose. 

Spikelets  7-1 3-flowered,  compressed     ......       9.  A.  occidentale. 

Spikelets  3-8-flowered,  subcompressed  or  nearly  cylindrical. 
Glumes  half  or  less  than  half  as  long  as  the  spikelets. 

Spikelets  16-20  mm.  long,  culms  rather  stout     .          .         .     10.  A.  dasystachyum. 
Spikelets  10-16  mm.  long,  culms  slender       .         .         .  11.  A.  subvillosum. 

Glumes  about  equaling  or  two  thirds  as  long  as  the  spikelets   .       8.  A.  pseudorepens. 

1.  Agropyron  Scribneri  Vasey,  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club   10:  128.  1893.     A 
densely  tufted  perennial  with  ascending  culms,  2-5  dm.  high:  leaves  rigid, 
attenuate-pointed,  2-3  cm.  long,  2-4  mm.  wide,  the  upper  sheath  thrice  as 
long  as  the  blade;  pubescent  on  both  surfaces  or  smooth  and  glaucous:  spikes 
4-7  cm.  long,  readily  breaking  up  at  maturity,  the  joints  falling  with  the 
spikelets:  spikelets  3-5  mm.  distant,  3-8-flowered,  the  awns  and  glumes  often 
purplish:  glumes  linear-lanceolate  or  narrowly  oblong,   5-8  mm.  long,  ex- 
tended into  an  awn  7-25  mm.  long,  about  3-nerved,  scabrous  or  hispid,  little 
scarious  on  the  margins;  lemma  smooth  or  granulose-scabrous  on  the  back 
below,  scabrous  or  hispid  above,  the  strong  mid-nerve  extended  into  a  spread- 
ing or  recurved  hispid  awn  15-35  mm.  long. — High  mountains;  Montana  to 
Colorado  and  Arizona. 

2.  Agropyron  spicatum  (Pursh)  Rydb.  Mem.  N.  Y.  Bot.  Card.  1:  61.  1900. 
A  slender  and  often  wiry,  densely  tufted,  usually  glaucous  perennial,  3-9  dm. 
high:  leaves  narrow  setaceous,  flat  or  involute,  with  scabrous  margins  and 
smooth  surfaces  or  minutely  strigose-pubescent  above;  those  of  the  culms  3-4, 
4-20  cm.  long,  1-3  mm.  broad:  spikes  6-14  cm.  long:  spikelets  4-12,  remote, 
8-20  mm.  distant,  erect  or  somewhat  diverging,  3-6-flowered,  12-20  mm.  long: 
glumes  smooth,  3-5-nerved,  narrowly  oblong  to  broadly  linear,  acute,  rarely 
obtuse  or  acuminate,  prominently  scarious-margined,  6-12  mm.  long;  lemmas 
smooth  on  the  back  below,  5-nerved  and  rarely  scabrous  above,  7-10  mm. 
long,  terminating  in  a  stout,  diverging  awn  12-24  mm.  long;  palet  as  long  as 
its  glume  or  longer.     (A.  divergens  Nees.) — Dry,  rocky  soil  and  bench  lands; 
throughout  our  range  and  westward. 

2a.  Agropyron  spicatum  Vaseyi  (Scribn.  &  Smith)  E.  Nels.  Bot.  Gaz. 
38:  378.  1904.  Culms  rigid  and  wiry,  3-5  cm.  high:  leaves  1-2  mm.  wide; 
those  of  the  culms  3-8  mm.  long:  spikelets  4—8,  8-15  mm.  long. — Range  of  the 
species. 

3.  Agropyron  caninum  (L.)  Beauv.  Agrost.  102.     1812.     An  erect  smooth 
tufted  perennial,  6-9  dm.  high:  leaves  smooth  beneath,  usually  rough  above, 


80  GRAMINEAE    (GRASS  FAMILY) 

8-25  cm.  long,  2-8  mm.  wide:  spikes  erect  or  nodding  at  the  top,  often  one- 
sided, 8-20  cm.  long,  light  green  or  the  empty  glumes  and  awns  often  pur- 
plish: spikelets  4-8  mm.  distant,  3-6-flowered:  glumes  about  as  long  as  the 
spikelet,  linear-lanceolate,  acuminate,  tipped  with  an  awn  2-8  mm.  long, 
3-5-nerved,  scarious  on  the  margins,  scabrous  or  nearly  smooth,  7-9  mm. 
long;  lemma  smooth  on  the  back  below,  scabrous  and  5-nerved  above,  ex- 
tended into  a  slender  awn  2-3.5  mm.  long,  often  bidentate  below  the  origin 
of  the  awn. — Throughout  our  range. 

4.  Agropyron  violaceum   (Hornem.)   Lange,   Consp.   Fl.   Greenland   154. 
1880.    Erect,  tufted,  3-9  dm.  high:  leaves  scabrous  or  sometimes  smooth  be- 
neath, 5-20  cm.  long,  2-6  mm.  wide:  spikes  comparatively  stout,  3-10  cm. 
long:  spikelets  3-8  mm.  distant,  3-5-flowered:  glumes  usually  purplish,  nar- 
rowly oblong  to  oblong-linear,  acute,  rather  thin,  usually  broadest  above  the 
middle,  obtuse  and  toothed  at  apex,  scarious  on  the  margins,  3-7-nerved,  sca- 
brous, 8-13  mm.  long;   lemmas  acuminate  or  tipped  with  a  short  weak  awn, 
the  awn  rarely  as  long  as  the  body,  often  purplish. — Throughout  our  range  and 
northward. 

4a.  Agropyron  violaceum  andinum  Scribn.  &  Smith,  U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.  Div. 
Agrost.  Bull.  4:  30.  1897.  Densely  tufted,  20-45  cm.  high:  spikes  short  and 
compact:  the  awns  as  long  or  longer  than  the  flowering  glumes. — High  moun- 
tains of  Colorado. 

5.  Agropyron  Bakeri  E.  Nels.  Bot.  Gaz.  38:  378.  1904.    Smooth,  tufted,  the 
culms  stout,  3-5  dm.  high:  leaves  flat,  rigid,  prominently  striate-nerved;  those 
of  the  culms  12-20  cm.  long,  2-4  mm.  wide,  those  of  the  innovations  some- 
what longer:  spikes  scarcely  exserted,  equaled  or  exceeded  by  the  uppermost 
leaf,  9-12  cm.  long:  spikelets  terete,  5-9  mm.  distant,  5-flowered,  15-19  mm. 
long:  glumes  two  thirds  as  long  as  the  spikelets,  narrowly  oblong,  somewhat 
abruptly  narrowed  into  an  awn  2-8  mm.  long  and  with  or  without  a  tooth  at 
the  base  of  the  awn,  5-nerved,  scabrous,  11-12  mm.  long;  lemma  scabrous,  or 
nearly  smooth,  the  strong  mid-nerve  extended  into  a  rigid  widely  spreading 
awn  10-35  mm.  long,  often  bidentate  below  the  origin  of  the  awn. — Southern 
Colorado. 

6.  Agropyron  Gmelini  (Griseb.)  Scribn.  &  Smith,  U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.  Div. 
Agros.  Bull.  4.  30.  1897.     A  rather  slender,  glabrous,  tufted  perennial  6-12 
dm.  high:  leaves  flat,  glabrous  below,  scabrous  above;  the  basal  ones  2-8  cm. 
long,  4-6  mm.  wide;  those  of  the  culm  much  longer:  spikes  slender,  10-25  cm. 
long:    spikelets   6-20,    somewhat   crowded,    subterete   or   compressed,    5-9- 
flowered:  glumes  two  thirds  as  long  as  the  spikelet,  oblong-lanceolate,  acumi- 
nate and  short  awned,  10-14  mm.  long;  lemma  acuminate,  awned  from  or 
just  below  the  apex  with  a  slender,  divergent  scabrous  awn  16-30  mm.  long. — 
Moist  soil,  mountains;  Washington  to  western  Wyoming. 

6a.  Agropyron  Gmelini  Pringlei  Scribn.  &  Smith,  1.  c.  31.  Low  and  tufted, 
2-3  dm.  high:  leaves  rigid,  glaucous  below,  strigose  above,  5-10  cm.  long: 
spikes  loose,  few-flowered. — High  mountains;  Wyoming  and  California. 

7.  Agropyron  tenerum  Vasey,  Bot.  Gaz.  10:  258.  1885.    A  slender,  tufted, 
glabrous  perennial,  6-9  dm.  high:  sheaths  glabrous;  leaf -blades  narrow,  flat  or 
involute,  scabrous,  7-25  cm.  long,  2-5  mm.  wide:  spikes  slender,  cylindrical, 
8-18  cm.  long:  spikelets  usually  erect  and  appressed  to  the  rachis,  5-10  mm. 
distant,  3-5-flowered.   glumes  from  about  as  long  as  the  spikelets  to  two 
thirds  their  length,  usually  broader  below  the  middle,  linear-lanceolate  or 
narrowly  oblong,  acute  or  acuminate,  often  awn-pointed,  scarious  on  the 
margins,  3-5-nerved  and  scabrous  on  the  back,  8-12  mm.  long;  lemma  smooth 
or  smoothish  on  the  back  below,  scabrous  and  5-nerved  above,  muticous  or 
tipped  with  a  stiff  straight  awn  1-4  mm.  long. — Sandy  soil,  throughout  our 
range. 

7a.  Agropyron  tenerum  ciliatum  Scribn.  &  Smith,  U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.  Div. 
Agros.  Bull.  4:  30.  1897.  Sheaths  pubescent  or  the  lower  ones  densely 
hairy. — Minnesota  to  Utah. 

8.  Agropyron  pseudorepens  Scribn.  &  Smith,  U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.  Div.  Agrost. 
Bull.  4:  34.  1897.    Erect  and  rather  stout,  light  green,  with  or  without  creep- 


GRAMINEAE    (GRASS   FAMILY)  .  81 

ing  rootstocks,  often  tufted,  3-9  dm.  high  with  prominently  striate-nerved 
sheath  and  leaves,  and  strict  spikes:  leaves  rough  on  both  surfaces,  acuminate, 
12-25  cm.  long,  2-7  mm.  wide:  spikes  8-20  cm.  long:  spikelets  5-10  mm. 
distant,  the  lower  ones  often  2-4  cm.  distant,  a  little  compressed,  3-7-flowered: 
glumes  equaling  or  one  t  third  shorter  than  the  spikelet,  linear-lanceolate, 
acuminate  or  awn-pointecl,  scarious  on  the  margins,  strongly  5-7-nerved,  the 
nerves  scabrous  or  hispidulous,  8-12  mm.  long;  lemma  acuminate  or  tipped 
with  a  weak  short  aristate  awn  1-3  mm.  long,  smooth  and  shining  on  the 
back  below,  5-nerved  and  usually  scabrous  above. — River  bottoms;  through- 
out our  range. 

8a.  Agropyron  pseudorepens  magnum  Scribn.  &  Smith,  1.  c.  Robust, 
9-12  dm.  high,  the  leaves  and  spikes  longer  than  in  the  species:  spikelets 
crowded,  24  mm.  long. — Colorado  and  Idaho. 

9.  Agropyron  occidentale  Scribn.  U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.  Div.  Agrost.  Cir.  27:  9. 
1900.    A  rigid  upright,  glaucous  perennial  3-12  dm.  high,  from  creeping  root- 
stocks,  with  strongly  striate-nerved  sheaths,  culms,  and  leaf-blades:  leaves 
rigid,  smooth  or  slightly  scabrous  on  the  back,  rough-scabrous  on  the  margins 
and  along  the  prominent  nerves  above,  becoming  involute,  10-18  cm.  long, 
4-6  mm.  wide;  those  of  the  innovations  narrower  and  often  half  as  long  as  the 
culms:  spikes  straight,  beardless,  6-14  cm.  long:  spikelets  compressed,  spread- 
ing, 6-10  mm.  distant,  7-13-flpwered,  12-20  mm.  long:  glumes  one  half  to 
two  thirds  as  long  as  the  spikelets,  rigid,  narrowly  lanceolate-acuminate, 
usually  tipped  with  an  awn  less  than  3  mm.  long,  3-nerved,  the  mid-nerve 
usually  strong  and  prominent,  scarious  on  the  margins  at  the  middle  and 
below,  scabrous  on  the  nerves,  7-18  mm.  long;  lemma  smooth  or  granulose- 
roughened  on  the  back,  acute  or  acuminate,  mucronate  or  tipped  with  an  awn 
2-3  mm.  long. — Plains,  bench  lands  and  river  bottoms;  throughout  our  range. 

9a.  Agropyron  occidentale  molle  Scribn.  1.  c.  Rachis,  glumes,  and  lemma 
more  or  less  villous-pubescent. — Throughout  our  range. 

10.  Agropyron  dasystachyum  (Hook.)  Scribn.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  10:  78. 
1883.     Rather  stout,  glaucous,  from  running  rootstocks,  smooth  or  finely 
pubescent  or  scabrous  on  the  lower  sheaths  and  on  the  leaf-blades  above, 
4-9  dm.  high:  leaves  flat  or  becoming  involute,  5-25  cm.  long,  2-6  mm.  wide; 
those  of  the  innovations  narrower  and  longer:  spikes  7-17  cm.  long:  spikelets 
subcompressed  or  nearly  cylindrical,  8-10  mm.  distant,  4-8-flowered,  16-20 
mm.  long:  glumes  half  or  less  than  half  as  long  as  the  spikelets,  narrowly 
lanceolate  or  oblanceolate,  acuminate  or  short-awned,  3-5-nerved,  with  rather 
prominent  scarious  white  margins,  villous-pubescent,  6-10  mm.  long;  lemma 
acute,  awnless,  mucronate  or  short-awned,  rarely  bidentate,  5-nerved  toward 
the  apex,  villous. — Sand  hills  and  dunes;  Hudson  Bay  to  Wyoming  and  Idaho. 

11.  Agropyron  subviUosum  (Hook.)  E.  Nels.  Bot.  Gaz.  38:  378.  1904.    A 
light  green  or  somewhat  glaucous  perennial  with  running  rootstocks,  smooth 
or  finely  pubescent  on  the  lower  sheaths  and  the  leaf-blades  above,  the  culms 
slender,  2-7  dm.  high:  leaves  narrow,  becoming  4-18  cm.  long,  1-3  mm.  wide: 
spikes  5-16  cm.  long:  spikelets  compressed  or  nearly  cylindrical,  4-11  mm. 
distant,  3-7-flowered,  10-16  mm.  long:  glumes  one  third  to  one  half  as  long 
as  the  spikelets,  lanceolate,   acuminate  or  cuspidate-acuminate,   3-nerved, 
scarious  on  the  margins,  scabrous  or  pubescent  or  nearly  smooth,  4-7  mm. 
long;  lemma  relatively  broad,  acute,  truncate,  mucronate  or  bidentate,  3-5- 
nerved  toward  the  apex,  sparsely  villous,  scabrous  or  nearly  smooth  on  the 
back.— Plains  and  bench  lands;  throughout  our  range,  extending  northward 
and  westward. 

63.  HORDEUM  L.     BARLEY 

Coarse  erect  grasses  with  numerous  flat  leaves.  Spikelets  5-10-flowered,  per- 
fect, compressed  with  the  edge  to  the  axis,  sessile  and  alternately  2-ranked  in 
long  rigid  terminal  spikes.  Upper  glume  external,  rigid,  5-7-nerved;  lower 
glume  wanting  except  in  the  terminal  spikelets;  lemma  coriaceous,  3-5-nerved, 
obtuse  or  subacute,  short-awned  or  awnless,  convex,  smooth,  nearly  equaled 
by  the  palet  and  large  adherent  grain. 

ROCKY  MT.    BOT. — 6 


82  GRAMINEAE    (GRASS   FAMILY) 

Spikes  bushy,  with  spreading  awns 1.  H.  jubatum. 

Spikes  narrow,  with  nearly  erect  awns. 

Glumes  aristiforrn          .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .  2.  H.  nodosum. 

Glumes  dilated  above 3.  H.  pusillum. 

1.  Hordeum  jubatum  L.  Sp.  PI.  85.    1753.    Short-lived  perennial  or  annual: 
culms  2-5  dm.  high:  spike  1  dm.  long  or  less,  liglit  green  or  yellow,  very 
fragile;  lateral  flowers  reduced  to  awns  slightly  exceeding  the  perfect  floret: 
glumes  aristiform,    slightly  exceeded  by  the  awn   of  the  perfect  floret. — 
Prairies,  Texas  to   Minnesota  and  westward;  a  very  troublesome  weed,  in 
meadows;  commonly  called  FOXTAIL,  but  more  properly  SQUIRRELTAIL  GRASS. 

2.  Hordeum  nodosum  L.  Sp.  PI.  Ed.  2.  56.  1762.    Perennial  (?):  culms  4-8 
dm.  high:  spike  narrow,  4-8  dm.  long,  usually  dark  green  or  purple;  lateral 
spikelets  staminate  or  neutral,  awnless:  glumes  aristiform,  about  1  cm.  long, 
equaling  the  awn  of  the  perfect  floret.     WILD  BARLEY. — Common  in  our  range 
in  saline  soils;  extending  to  Arizona  and  Alaska. 

3.  Hordeum  pusillum  Nutt.  Gen.  1:  87.  1818.     Annual>culms  3-5  dm. 
high,  slender,  weak:  spikes  3-6  cm.  long;  lateral  spikelets  staminate  or  neutral, 
awnless:  four  anterior  empty  glumes  broadened  above  the  narrow  stalk-like 
base,  tapering  above  into  a  rigid  awn  about  1  cm.  long,  equaling  the  awn  of 
the  perfect  floret. — From  Idaho  to  Arizona  and  eastward  through  the  southern 
States. 

64.  ELYMUS  L.     WILD  RYE.     LYME  GRASS 

Rather  coarse  grasses  with  flat  rough  leaves.  Spikelets  2-7-flowered,  all 
perfect  except  the  upper  florets,  compressed,  sessile  in  clusters  or  2  to  4  at  each 
node  in  the  spike.  Glumes  nearly  side  by  side  in  front  of  the  spikelets,  2  for 
each,  thickened  and  nervose  or  aristiform;  lemma  coriaceous  or  rigid,  convex, 
very  acute  or  awned,  nearly  equaled  by  the  palet.  Grain  linear,  channeled, 
adhering  to  the  palet  and  enveloping  lemma. 

Lemma  conspicuously  awned. 

Spikelets  divergent  from  the  rachis  of  the  broad  spike        .         .         .     1.  E.  canadensis. 
Spikelets  appressed  to  the  rachis  of  the  narrower  spike. 

Spikelets  3-6-flowered 2.  E.  glaucus. 

Spikelets  1-3-flowered 3.  E.  Macounii. 

Lemma  short-awned  or  merely  acute. 

Relatively  low  and  slender,  usually  less  than  1  m.  high. 

Spike  densely  villous-pubescent    .          .         .         .         .         .         .     4.  E.  innovatus. 

Spike  glabrate. 

Flowering  glume  7-nerved  above       .         .         .         .         .         .     5.  E.  triticoides. 

Flowering  glume  indistinctly  5-nerved. 

Leaves  smooth  or  merely  roughened      .         .         .         .         .     6.  E.  ambiguus. 

Leaves  pubescent  beneath      .         .         .         .         .         .         .     7.  E.  salinus. 

Tall  and  coarse,  tufted,  often  2  m.  high 8.  E.  condensatus. 

1.  Elymus  canadensis  L.  Sp.  PI.  83.  1753.    Culms  stout,  5-10  dm.  high: 
spike  usually  nodding,  1-2  dm.  long:  spikelets  mostly  in  pairs,  3-5-flowered, 
hispid   or  pubescent  throughout:   glumes  narrowly  lanceolate,   indistinctly 
3-nerved,  tapering  into  a  rather  rigid  awn  1-2  cm.  long  and  about  one  half  as 
long  as  the  divergent  awns  of  the  5-nerved  lemma.    The  following  are  very 
closely  related  if  indeed  they  be  not  mere  forms  of  this:  E.  robustus  Scribn.  & 
Sm.  U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.  Div.  Agrost.  Bull.  4:  37.  1897;  E.  Ursutiglumis  Scribn.  & 
Sm.  1.  c.  11:  56.  1898;  E.  brachystachys  Scribn.  &  Ball,  1.  c.  24:  47.  1900. — 
Across  the  continent  northward,  and  south  through  our  range  to  'New  Mexico 
and  Texas. 

2.  Elymus  glaucus  Buckley,  Proc.  Acad.  Phila.  1863:  99.    Culms  6-15  dm. 
tall:  sheaths  rarely  pubescent:  leaves  1-3  dm.  long,  4-16  mm.  wide,  smooth 
beneath,  sometimes  rough  above:  spike  7.5-20  cm.  in  length,  narrow,  slender: 
spikelets  appressed  to  the  rachis,  3-6-flowered:  glumes  narrowly  lanceolate, 
8-12  mm.  long,  acuminate  or  awn-pointed,  rigid,  3-5-nerved;  lemmas  smooth 
or  slightly  rough,  1-1.2  cm.  long,  bearing  a  slender  straight  rough  awn  1.2-1.8 
cm.  in  length.    E.  sibiricus. — Throughout  our  range  and  west  to  the  Pacific 
States. 

3.  Elymus  Macounii  Vasey,  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  13:  119.  1886.    Culms 


GRAMINEAE    (GRASS   FAMILY)  83 

3-9  dm.  tall:  leaves  5-15  cm.  long,  2-5  mm.  wide,  rough,  especially  above: 
spike  5-12.5  cm.  in  length,  narrow,  slender,  often  somewhat  flexupus:  spikelets 
appressed  to  the  rachis,  single  at  each  node,  or  the  lower  sometimes  in  pairs, 
1-3-flowered :  glumes  (occasionally  3)  awn-shaped,  3-nerved,  rough,  6-8  mm. 
long,  bearing  a  slender  straight  rough  awn,  6-10  mm.  in  length;  lemmas  7-10 
mm.  long,  rough  toward  the  apex,  bearing  a  slender  straight  awn  6-10  mm. 
long. — From  New  Mexico  into  British  America. 

4.  Elymus  innovatus  Beal,  N.  Am.  Gr.  2:  650.  1896.    Culms  slender,  erect, 
rather  rigid,  5-8  dm.  high:  basal  leaves  scabrous,  flat  or  involute,  2-3  dm. 
long;  culm  leaves  about  3,  the  sheaths  shorter  than  the  internodes;  ligule  very 
short;  the  blades  4-10  cm.  long:  spike  erect,  densely  ciliate-pubescent :  spike- 
lets  3-6-flowered,  10-15  mm.  long,  2  at  each  node:  glumes  mere  bristles,  4-12 
mm.  long;  lemma  ovate-lanceolate,  ,8-9  mm.  long;  palet  as  long  as  its  lemma. 
—Wyoming  to  Dakota  and  British  Columbia. 

5.  Elymus  triticoides  Buckley,  1.  c.    Culms  from  rootstocks,  rather  slender, 
5-8  dm.  high:  leaves  15-25  cm.  long,  erect,  often  loosely  flowered:  spikelets 
1-3  at  each  node,  4-8-flowered:  glumes  equal,  linear-lanceolate,  rigid,  acumi- 
nate, 6-10  mm.  long,  equaled  by  the  floret;  lemma  firm,  lanceolate,  acuminate 
or  short-awned,  nerves  indistinct  below,  7  above. — Colorado  to  Montana, 
west  to  the  Pacific  States. 

6.  Elymus  ambiguus  Vasey  &  Scribn.  Contrib.  Nat.  Herb.  1:  280.  1893. 
Rigid  and  densely  tufted,  5-10  dm.  high:  leaves  of  the  sterile  shoots  erect,  3-4 
dm.  long,  involute,  smooth  or  scabrous;  culm  leaves  about  4,  1-2  dm.  long; 
the  ligule  short:  spikes  erect,  8-12  cm.  long,  rachis  scabrous:  spikelets  2  at 
each  joint,  or  sometimes  single  near  the  end,  scabrous,  5-9-flowered:  glumes 
subulate,  12-15  mm.  long;  lemma  firm,  obscurely  5-nerved,  8-12  mm.  long, 
the  short  teeth  unequal;  awn  about  2  mm.  long;  palet  as  long  as  the  lemma. — 
Co'orado    to  Montana. 

7.  Elymus  salinus  Jones,  Proc.  Cal.  Acad.  II.  5:  725.  1895.    A  rigid  wiry 
erect  densely  caespitose  perennial  3-6  dm.  high:  leaves  rather  rigid,  involute, 
narrow  and  spreading:  spikes  erect,  5-10  cm.  long:  spikelets  usually  only  one 
at  each  node,  about  12  mm.  long,  5-9-flowered:  glumes  nearly  subulate,  un- 
equal; lemma  short-awned,  about  8  mm.  long.    (E.  simplex  S.  &  W.  U.  S. 
Dept.  Agr.  Div.  Agrost.  Bull.  11.  57.  1898.) — Saline  situations;   Wyoming 
and  Utah. 

8.  Elymus  condensatus  Presl.  Reliq.  Haenk.  1:  265.  1830.     Culms  6-30 
dm.  tall:  leaves  1.5-3  dm.  long  or  more,  6-24  mm.  wide,  scabrous,  at  least 
above:  spike  1-4  dm.  in  length,  usually  stout,  strict,  often  interrupted  below, 
sometimes  compound  at  the  base:  spikelets  3-6-flowered,  2-several  at  each 
node  of  the  rachis:  glumes  awl-shaped,  9-12  mm.  long,  generally  awn-pointed, 
usually  rough,  sometimes  smooth. — Valleys,  banks,  and  ravines  mostly  in 
saline  situations;  throughout  our  range  and  westward. 

66.  SITANION  Raf. 

Tufted  grasses  with  flat  or  involute  leaves  and  a  terminal  dense  spike  with 
the  rachis  articulated  and  readily  breaking  up.  Spikelets  numerous,  in  twos 
or  threes  at  each  joint,  1-5-flowered.  Glumes  entire  or  divided,  the  divisions 
extending  often  to  the  base,  the  lemmas  or  their  divisions  bearing  long  slender 
awns;  palet  2-keeled.  Stamens  3.  Styles  distinct,  short;  stigmas  plumose. 
Grain  adherent  to  the  palet. 

Leaves  and  sheaths  glabrate  or  scabrous. 

Leaves  long  and  flexuous  .         .         .  .  .  .  .  .1.8.  longifolium. 

Leaves  short  and  rigid        .          .         .         .  .  .  .  .  .     2.  S.  brevifolium. 

Leaves  and  sheaths  more  or  less  pubescent. 

Leaves  pubescent  on  both  sides          .         .  .  .  .  .  .     3.  S.  hystrix. 

Leaves  pubescent  beneath,  scabrous  above  .  .  .  .  .     4.  S.  montanum. 

1.  Sitanion  longifolium  J.  G.  Smith,  U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.  Div.  Agrost.  Bull.  18. 
1899.  Tufted,  3-5  dm.  high:  leaves  of  the  innovations  1.5-3  dm.  long,  often 
as  long  as  the  culms,  glabrous  and  glaucous  or  obscurely  pubescent:  spike  sub- 


84  CYPERACEAE    (SEDGE   FAMILY) 

flexuous  or  somewhat  nodding:  spikelets  usually  2  at  each  node:  glumes 
setaceous,  divaricate;  lemma  scabrous,  tipped  with  a  stout  scabrous  awn  5-6 
cm.  long. — New  Mexico  to  Wyoming  and  westward. 

2.  Sitanion  brevifolium  J.  G.  Smith,  1.  c.  17.    Tufted,  2-4  dm.  high:  culms 
faintly  striate,  glaucous:  innovations  not  more  than  half  the  length  of  the 
culms:  sheaths  smooth;  leaves  flat  or  involute,  5-10  cm.  long,  smooth  be- 
neath, subscabrous  above:  spike  long-exserted:  glumes  divergent,  5-9  mm. 
long,  scabrous  above;  lemma  8-10  mm.  long,  linear-lanceolate,  tipped  with  a 
stout  scabrous  awn  4-8  cm.  long;  palet  obtuse,  as  long  as  its  lemma.    The  fol- 
lowing, published  in  the  revision  of  the  genus  by  J.  G.  Smith,  do  not  seem 
readily  separable  from  this  species,  at  least  in  so  far  as  the  plants  of  our  range 
are  concerned:  S.  vubeflorum,  S.  rigidum,  S.  glabrum. 

3.  Sitanion  hystrix  (Nutt.)  J.  G.  Smith,  1.  c.  15.     Softly  and  minutely 
pubescent,  low,   1-3  dm.  high,  in  dense  spreading  tufts:  innovations  very 
leafy,  about  half  as  long  as  the  culms:  leaves  flat  or  at  length  involute,  promi- 
nently 9-nerved,  erect  or  ascending,  7-12  cm.  long:  spikes  5-7  cm.  long: 
spikelets  3-4-flowered:  glumes  bifid,  unequally  2-awned,  the  awns  divergent, 
3-4  cm.  long;  lemma  7-8  mm.  long,  3-awned,  the  middle  awn  slender,  re- 
curved; palet  2-awned. — In  the  desert  areas  of  our  range,  especially  in  dry 
saline  soils. 

4.  Sitanion  montanum  J.  G.  Smith,  1.  c.  16.    Culms  2-4  dm.  high,  scabrous 
above:  sheaths  and  leaves  more  or  less  finely  scabrous;  blades  5-10  cm.  long: 
spike  5-10  cm.  long:  glumes  subulate,  scabrous,  long-awned;  lemma  10-11  mm. 
long,  linear-lanceolate,  scabrous  above,  trifid,  3-awned;  the  middle  awn  4-7 
cm.  long;  the  two  lateral  quite  short  and  slender.     (S.  molle  J.  G.  Smith,  1.  c. 
17.) — This  may  be  the  original  of  Rafinesque's  Sitanion  elymoides  (Elymus 
Sitanion  Schult.),  but  this  is  mere  conjecture.     The  segregates  of  Sitanion 
elymoides,  a  few  of  which  have  been  here  given,  are  none  too  distinct,  and  it 
is  perhaps  better  to  retain  the  old  name  for  the  group. — Frequent;  Wyoming 
and  Montana  to  Oregon. 

17.  CYPERACEAE  J.  St.  Hil.    SEDGE  FAMILY 

Grass-like  or  rush-like  herbs.  Stem  leaves  when  present  3-ranked.  Stems 
(culms)  usually  solid,  triangular,  quadrangular,  flattened  or  terete.  Leaves 
with  closed  sheaths,  mostly  narrow.  Flowers  perfect  or  imperfect,  arranged 
in  spikelets  one  in  the  axil  of  each  scale  (glume,  bract) ;  the  spikelets  solitary 
or  in  spicate  clusters.  Scales  2-ranked  or  spirally  imbricated.  Perianth 
wanting  or  of  hypogynous  bristles  (rarely  calyx-like).  Stamens  1-3.  Styles 
2-3.  Fruit  a  lenticular  or  trigonous  achene. 

Flowers  perfect;  the  spikes  capitate  or  umbellate. 

Spikelets  flattened,  with  the  scales  in  2  ranks;  perianth  wanting.  1.  Cyperus. 

Spikelets  not  flattened,  the  imbricated  scales  all  around;  perianth, 

in  the  form  of  bristles,  usually  present. 
Stamens  mostly  3;  perianth  of  1-several  bristles. 
Bristles  few  and  short,  at  the  base  of  the  achene. 

Leaves  (at  least  the  basal)  well  developed 2.  Scirpus. 

Leaves  reduced  to  only  a  sheathing  base      ...  3.  Eleocharis. 

Bristles  many,  long-exserted 4.  Eriophorum.  , 

Stamens  1 ;  perianth  wanting 5.  Hemicarpha. 

Flowers  imperfect  (monoecious  or  dioecious);  spikelets  solitary,  spicate 
or  paniculate. 

Achene  naked 6.  Elyna. 

Achene  inclosed  in  an  inflated  sac-like  persistent  perigynium  7.  Carex. 

1.  CYPERUS  L. 

Mostly  with  triangular  and  nearly  naked  simple  stems,  sheathed  at  baSe  by 
the  nearly  radical  leaves.  Inflorescence  subtended  by  a  mostly  conspicuous 
leafy  involucre,  usually  irregularly  umbellate  with  unequal  rays,  the  spikelets 


CYPERACEAE    (SEDGE   FAMILY)  85 

in  spikes  solitary  or  clustered  upon  the  rays,  the  central  spike  or  cluster  al- 
ways sessile,  and  the  whole  often  contracted  into  a  single  more  or  less  dense 
head.  Scales  concave  or  keeled,  often  decurrent  upon  the  rachis.  Achene 
lenticular  or  triangular,  not  beaked,  usually  smooth. 

Small  annual;  stamen  1          .        .        .        .        .        .       .    '    .       .        .1.  C.  inflexus. 

Perennials;  stamens  3. 

Spikes  in  a  dense  head 2.  C.  filiculmis. 

Spikes  in  an  unequal-rayed  umbel 3.  C.  Schweinitzii. 

1.  Cyperus  inflexus  Muhl.  Gram.  16.     1817.     Low  annuals,  with  a  2-3- 
leaved  involucre:  spikes  oblong,  becoming  linear,  7-13-flowered,  in  1-5  ovate 
heads:  scales  nerved,  tapering  into  a  long  recurved  point:  stamen  1:  achene 
obovate,  obtuse.      C.  aristatus.      Said  to  be  sweet-scented  in  drying. — Fre- 
quent in  our  range;  across  the  continent. 

2.  Cyperus  filiculmis  Vahl.  Enum.  2:  328.   1806.     Perennial,  with  hard 
clustered  corm-  or  bulb-like  tubers  -at  the  base  of  the  stem:  stem  slender,  wiry, 
often  reclined:  leaves  linear:  spikes  numerous  and  clustered  in  one  sessile 
dense  head,  or  in  1  to  7  additional  looser  heads  on  spreading  rays  of  an,  ir- 
regular umbel:  joints  of  the  axis  naked:  scales  blunt,  greenish,  strongly  7-11 
nerved:  stamens  3:  achenes  gray,  3-angled,  obtuse,  apiculate. — Extending 
into  Colorado  from  the  east. 

3.  Cyperus  Schweinitzii  Torr.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  3:  276.  1836.     Perennial: 
culms  with  thickened  corm-like  bases,  rough  on  the  angles,  2-5  dm.  high: 
leaves  linear:  umbel  simple,  4-8-rayed:  spikes  crowded  along  the  upper  part 
of  the  mostly  elongated  rays,  erect:  scales  awl-pointed:  joints  at  the  axis 
narrowly-winged:  stamens  3:   achene  brown,  sharply  3-angled,  acute  at  each 
end. — Colorado,  northward  and  eastward  to  New  York. 

2.  SCIRPUS  L.    RUSH.    BULRUSH 

Tufted  plants,  with  creeping  rootstocks,  the  stem  sheathed  or  leafy  at  base, 
and  the  spikelets  in  an  apparently  lateral  cluster,  or  compound  umbel-like 
panicle,  or  solitary.  Hypogynous  bristles  3-6,  barbed  or  ciliate,  or  wanting. 
Style  2-3-cleft.  Achene  lenticular  or  more  or  less  triangular,  obovoid. 

Spikelets  solitary,  terminal. 

Marsh  plant;  achene  reticulated       .         .         .         .         .         .         .     1.  S.  pauciflorus. 

Terrestrial  plant;  achene  smooth       .         .         .         .         .         .         .     2.  S.  caespitosus. 

Spikelets  normally  more  than  1. 

Spikelets  few-several,  sessile  or  nearly  so,  in  crowded  capitate  cluster. 

Leaves  reduced  to  sheathing  bracts  at  the  base       .         .         .         .     3.  S.  Olneyi. 

Leaves  well  developed. 

Involucral  leaves  flat  and  broad. 

Rootstocks  often  tuberous;  bristles  longer  than  the  achene    .     4.  S.  paludosus. 
Rootstocks    not   tuber-bearing;    bristles   shorter    than    the 

achene  or  wanting  .         .         .         .     '    . .       ..-        .     5.  S.  campestris. 

Involucral  leaves  folded-triangular,  narrow. 

Stem  terete  .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .     6.  S.  nevadensis. 

Stem  sharply  triangular          .         .         .         .         .         .         .     7.  S.  americanus. 

Spikelets  several-numerous,  in  unequal-rayed  simple  or  compound 

umbellate  panicles. 

Leaves  reduced  to  sheaths  or  the  lowest  sheath  developing  a  blade    8.  S.  lacustris. 
Leaves  well  developed. 

Bristles  more  or  less  barbed. 
Achene  3-angled;  styles  3. 

Spikes  large 9.  S.  fluviatilis. 

Spikes  small  and  very  numerous        .....  10.  S.  atrovirens. 
Achene  plano-convex,  carinate  on  back;  styles  2     .         .         .  11.  S.  microcarpus. 
Bristles  not  barbed,  long  and  tortuous       .....  12.  S.  lineatus. 

1.  Scirpus  pauciflorus  Light.  Fl.  Scot.  1078.  1777.  Perennial  by  filiform 
rootstocks:  stems  very  slender,  little  tufted,  1-2  dm.  high,  upper  sheaths 
truncate:  spikelets  solitary,  oblong,  4-10-flowered,  4-6  mm.  long;  scales 
brown  with  lighter  margins  and  midrib,  lanceolate,  acuminate:  bristles  2^6, 
hispid,  as  long  as  the  achene  or  longer:  stamens  3:  style  3-cleft:  achene  obovoid- 
oblong,  gray,  rather  abruptly  beaked,  its  surface  finely  reticulated. — Extends 
across  the  continent;  occasionally  in  our  range,  especially  northward. 


86  CYPERACEAE    (SEDGE    FAMILY) 

2.  Scirpus  caespitosus  L.  Sp.  PL  48.  1753.    Stems  terete,  filiform,  in  com- 
pact turfy  tufts,  densely  sheathed  at  the  base,  the  upper  sheath  bearing  a  very 
short  awl-shaped  leaf:  scales  of  the  ovoid  spike  rust-colored:  inyolucral  bract 
a  rigid-pointed  scale,  resembling  the  lowest  proper  scale  of  the  spike :  bristles  6, 
smooth,  longer  than  the  smooth  abruptly  short-pointed  achene. — Colorado 
and  Wyoming;  across  the  continent  northward. 

3.  Scirpus  Olneyi  Gray,  Bost.  Journ.  Nat.  Hist.  5:  238.  1845.    Stem  3-wing- 
angled,  with  deeply  excavated  sides,  4-12  dm.  high,  the  upper  sheath  bearing 
a  short  triangular  leaf  or  none:  spikes  6-12,  closely  capitate,  overtopped  by 
the  short  involucral  leaf:  scales  orbicular,  smooth,  mucronate-pointed :  anthers 
with  a  very  short  and  blunt  minutely-bearded  tip:  bristles  6,  downwardly 
barbed:  achene  obovate,  plano-convex,  brown,  mucronate. — Across  the  south- 
ern part  of  the  continent  (possibly  reaching  Colorado)  and  northward  in  the 
Atlantic  States. 

4.  Scirpus  paludosus  A.  Nels.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club,  26:  5.  1899.    Perennial 
from  corm-like  tubers  and  horizontal  rootstocks:  culms  4-8  dm.  high,  tri- 
angular, one  face  narrow  and  grooved :  leaves  equaling  or  exceeding  the  culms, 
5-8  mm.   wide,  strongly  nerve-grooved:  involucral  leaves  2,  unequal,  long: 
spikelets  3-several,  sessile  in  a  dense  cluster,  ovate  or  oval,  10-20  mm.  long, 
brown:  scales  narrowly  ovate,  membranous,  puberulent,  2-toothed  and  the 
midrib  prolonged  into  an  awn:  bristles  usually  2,  twice  as  long  as  the  achene: 
achene  lenticular,  3  mm.  long,  broadly  and  truncately  obovate,  tipped  with  a 
tooth;  the  surface  shiny,  finely  pitted  (under  a  lens).    S.  maritimus. — Margins 
of  alkali  ponds  and  lakes;  said  to  range  eastward  to  New  England. 

5.  Scirpus  campestris  Britton,  111.  Fl.  1:  267.  1896.    Very  similar  to  the 
preceding,  3-5  dm.  high:  leaves  pale  green,  smooth,  2-4  mm.  wide:  involucral 
leaves  2-3,  the  longer  one  much  surpassing  the  inflorescence:  spikelets  3-10, 
oblong-cylindric,  15-25  mm.  long,  pale  brown:  scales  ovate,  2-toothed  and 
awned:   bristles  1-3,  much  shorter  than  the  achene  or  none:   style  2-cleft: 
achene  lenticular,  obovate  or  oblong-ovate,  mucrpnulate,  yellow-brown,  its 
surface  strongly  cellular-reticulated. — On  the  prairies  and  coming  into  our 
range  from  the  east;  said  to  extend  west  to  Nevada. 

6.  Scirpus  nevadensis  Wats.  King's  Exp.  360.  1871.     Stems   clustered, 
from  running  rootstocks,   1-5  dm.  high,  somewhat  flattened  above,  leafy: 
leaves  nearly  equaling  the  stem,  deeply  channeled  or  revolute,  very  rough  on 
the  margins,  sharply  acute,  1-2  cm.  long:  scales  brown  and  shining,  ovate, 
sharply  carinate,  acutish:  bristles  1-3,  not  half  the  length  of  the  achene: 
style  2-cleft:  achene  broadly  ovate,  plano-convex,  acute,  2  mm.  long. — Wet 
saline  soils;  Wyoming  to  California. 

7.  Scirpus  americanus   Pers.   Syn.    1:  68.    1805.     Stem  sharply  3-angled 
throughout,  2-10  dm.  high,  with  concave  sides:  leaves  1-3,  elongated:  spikes 
1-6,  capitate,  usually  long,  overtopped  by  the  pointed  involucral  leaf:  scales 
ovate,  sparingly  ciliate,  2-cleft  at  the  apex  and  awl-pointed  from  between  the 
acute  lobes:  anthers  tipped  with  an  awl-shaped  minutely  fringed  appendage: 
bristles  2-6,  about  equaling  the  obovate  dark  brown  plano-convex  smooth 
mucronate  achene.     S.  pungens. — From  the  Atlantic  to  the  Pacific,  and  not 
infrequent  in  our  range. 

8.  Scirpus  lacustris  L.  Sp.  PI.  48.    1753.    Stems  0.5-2  m.  high,  leafless  or 
the  lower  sheaths  bearing  imperfect  leaves:  spikes  rusty  or  chestnut-brown, 
numerous  and  clustered  in  a  one-sided  compound  umbel-like  panicle,  tha 
principal  rays  of  which  mostly  surpass  the  involucral  leaf :  scales  with  a  salient 
midrib  extending  into  a  mucronate  point,  often  pubescent,  especially  on  tha 
mid-vein;  usually  pale  with  fine  brown  lines:  bristles  not  exserted:  achens 
broadly  obovate,  terminating  abruptly  in  a  rather  short  beak. — Widely  dis- 
tributed in  North  America  and  frequent  in  our  range. 

9.  Scirpus   fluviatilis    (Torr.)  Gray,  Man.  527.  1848.     Stem   stouter  and 
taller:  leaves  flat,  broadly  linear,  the  upper  and  those  of  the  very  long  in- 
volucre much  exceeding  the  compound  umbel:  rays  5-9,  elongated,  recurved- 
spreading:  scales  less  lacerate  and  their  awns  less  recurved:  achene  obovate, 
sharply  and  exactly  triangular,  conspicuously  pointed,  dull,  scarcely  equaling 


CYPERACEAE    (SEDGE   FAMILY)  87 

the  bristles. — Borders  of  lakes  and  streams;  from  western  Vermont  to  Illinois 
and  Wisconsin,  and  extending  into  our  range  at  its  northeastern  border. 

10.  Scirpus  atrovirens   Muhl.  Gram.  43.  1817.     Leaves  somewhat  more 
rigid:  spikelets  dull  greenish-brown,  densely  conglomerated  (10-30  together) 
into  close  heads,  these  also  usually  densely  clustered  in  a  less  compound  pani- 
cle: scales  pointed:  bristles  sparsely  and  strongly  downwardly  barbed  above 
the  middle,  naked  below,  nearly  straight,  as  long  as  the  conspicuously  pointed 
and  obovate-oblong  triangular  achene. — Wet  meadows  and  bogs;  Colorado 
and  northward,  and  then  across  the  continent. 

11.  Scirpus  microcarpus  Presl.  Rel.  Haenk.  1:  105.  1823.    Stem  tall  and 
very  leafy:  the  umbel-like  or  cymose  panicle  irregular,  compound  or  decom- 
pound: the  longer  leaf  of  the  inflorescence  exceeding  the  panicle:  spikelets 
ovoid-oblong,  acute,  3-25  together  in  capitate  clusters:  scales  brown  with  a 
green  midrib,  obtuse  or  acute:  bristles  4,  barbed  to  the  base:  stamens  2:  style 
2-cleft:  achene  oblong-obovate,  plano-convex,  somewhat  ridged  on  the  back. 
S.  sylvaticus  digynus. — Frequent  in  our  range  and  extending  west  to  Cali- 
fornia. 

12.  Scirpus  lineatus  Michx.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  1:  32.  1803.    Stem  triangular, 
leafy,  2-8  dm.  high:  leaves  linear,  flat:  umbels  terminal  and  sometimes  axillary, 
loose,  drooping,  the  terminal  with  a  1-3-leaved  involucre  much  shorter  than 
the  long  slender  rays:  spikes  oblong,  becoming  cylindrical,  on  filiform  drooping 
pedicels:  bristles  at  maturity  scarcely  exceeding  the  green-keeled  and  pointed 
scales,  capillary,  naked,  not  barbed,  elongating,  becoming  tortuous  and  en- 
tangled, much  longer  than  the  triangular  achene. — From  New  England  to  Wis- 
consin and  southward,  coming  into  our  range  from  western  Kansas. 

3.  ELEOCHARIS  R.  Br.    SPIKE  RUSH 

Stems  tufted,  from  matted  or  creeping  rootstocks,  terete  or  angular,  the 
base  covered  with  closely  appressed  sheaths:  lower  scale  of  the  spikelet  some- 
times enlarged  and  bract-like.  Scales  closely  imbricated  all  around  the 
rachis.  Perianth  of  3-9  short  retrorsely  barbed  bristles,  rarely  none.  Style 
2-3-cleft,  the  conical  or  flattened  tuberculate  base  persistent  and  mostly  jointed 
upon  the  summit  of  the  turgid-triangular  or  lenticular  achene. 

Style  2-cleft;  achene  lenticular. 

Perennial  by  horizontal  rootstocks. 

Yellowish-green,  densely  matted,  7-15  cm.  high         .         .         .I.E.  thermalis. 

Bright  green,  matted,  2-10  dm.  high 2.  E.  palustris. 

Annual,  with  fibrous  roots. 

Achene  black,  with  a  minute  tubercle         .         .         .         .         .     3.  E.  atropurpurea. 

Achene  brown,  the  ovoid  tubercle  one  iourth  as  long  as  the  achene    4.  E.  ovata. 
Style  3-cleft;  achene  3-angled  or  turgid. 

Achene  reticulated;  small  tufted  perennial     .         .         .         .         .     5.  E.  acicularis. 
Achene  not  reticulated;  perennials  2-4  dm.  high. 

Achene  papillose 6.  E.  tenuis. 

Achene  smooth   .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .     7.  E.  rostellata. 

1.  Eleocharis  thermalis  Rydb.  Mem.  N.  Y.  Bot.  Card.  1:  69.  1900.    Peren- 
nial from  a  slender  creeping  rootstock,  mostly  tufted  and  matted,  yellowish 
green:  culms  3-10  cm.  high,  somewhat  flattened,  striate:  upper  sheath  with  a 
hyaline  limb :  head  obovate,  obtuse,  about  4  mm.  long  and  3  mm.  in  diameter, 
light  yellowish  green;   scales  very  thin,  ovate,  acutish:   achenes  lenticular, 
broadly  obovate,  dark  brown,  smooth  and  shining,  about  1  mm.  long,  about 
four  times  as  long  as  the  conic  acute  tubercle.    E.  olivacea. — Wyoming,  Yel- 
lowstone Park,  Montana. 

2.  Eleocharis  palustris  (L.)  R.  &  S.  Syst.  2:  151.  1817.     Stems  usually 
slender,  terete,  striate,  2-10  dm.  high:  spike  oblong-lanceolate  to  linear,  acute, 
10-25nffim.  long:  scales  obtuse  or  the  upper  acutish,  thin,  brown  with  white 
margin  and  greenish  keel:  bristles  4,  about  equaling  the  achene:  achene 
obovate,   turgid,   smooth;  tubercle  broad-deltoid,   acutish  or  acute,   rarely 
acuminate. — Throughout  the  continent,  and  in  most  parts  of  the  Old  World. 

3.  Eleocharis  atropurpurea  (Retz.)  Kunth.  Enum.  2:  151.  1837.    Annual; 


88  CYPERACEAE    (SEDGE   FAMILY) 

roots  fibrous:  culms  tufted,  very  slender,  2-9  cm.  high:  spikelet  ovoid,  many- 
flowered,  subacute,  3-4  mm.  long:  scales  minute,  ovate-oblong,  persistent, 
purple-brown  with  green  mid- vein:  stamens  2-3:  style  2-3-cleft:  bristles  2-4, 
fragile,  white,  minutely  downwardly  hispid,  about  as  long  as  the  achene: 
achene  jet  black,  shining,  0.5  mm.  long,  smooth,  lenticular;  tubercle  conic, 
minute. — From  Colorado  to  Nebraska  and  Iowa. 

4.  Eleocharis  oyata  (Roth)  R.  &  S.  Syst.  2:  152.  1817.     Culms  nearly 
terete,  1-3  dm.  high:  spikelets  globose-ovoid  to  ovate-oblong,  obtuse,  2-10 
mm.  long,  dull  brown:  scales  very  obtuse,  densely  crowded  in  many  ranks: 
style  3-cleft:  achene  obovate,  with  narrow  base,  pale  brown,  shining,  shorter 
than  the  6-8  bristles,  broader  than  the  short-deltoid  acute  and  flattened 
tubercle. — Muddy  shores;  probably  within  the  eastern  part  of  our  range. 

5.  Eleocharis  acicularis  (L.)  R.  &  S.  1.  c.    Stems  with  fibrous  roots  and  very 
slender  running  rootstocks,   usually  setaceous,  3-20  cm.  high:  spike  3-9- 
flowered:  scales  acutish,  more  or  less  deeply  tinged  with  brown:  bristles  3  or  4, 
often  wanting:  achene  oblong-obovate,  obscurely  triangular  and  faintly  ribbed 
on  the  sides;  tubercle  broad,  short  and  blunt,  contracted  at  its  junction  with 
the  achene. — On  sandy  or  muddy  stream  banks  across  the  continent. 

6.  Eleocharis  tenuis  (Willd.)  Schultes,  Mant.  2:  92.  1824.    Culms  almost 
capillary,  erect  from  running  rootstocks,  4-angular  and  flattish,  the  sides  con- 
cave :  spikelet  elliptical,  acutish,  20-30-flowered :  scales  ovate,  obtuse,  chestnut- 
purple,  with  a  broad  scarious  margin  and  green  keel:  achene  obovate,  roughish- 
wrinkled,  crowned  with  a  small  depressed  tubercle,  persistent  after  the  fall  of 
the  scales:  bristles  one  half  as  long  as  the  achene  or  none. — On  our  eastern 
border  and  throughout  the  eastern  half  of  the  United  States. 

7.  Eleocharis  rostellata  Torr.  Fl.  N.  Y.  2:  347.  1843.    Culms  flattened  and 
striate-grooved,  wiry,  erect,  the  sterile  ones  reclining,  rooting  and  proliferous 
from  the  apex,   the  sheath  transversely  truncate:  spikelet  spindle-shaped, 
12-20-flowered:  scales  ovate,  obtuse,  light  brown:  achene  obovate-triangular, 
narrowed  into  the  confluent  pyramidal  tubercle,  which  is  overtopped  by  the 
4-6  bristles. — Across  the  continent;  infrequent  in  our  range. 

4.  ERIOPHORUM  L.     COTTON  GRASS 

Perennials  with  creeping  rootstocks  and  sometimes  enlarged  corm-like 
bases.  Stem  (culm)  leafy  or  often  nearly  naked.  Spikelets  single  or  clus- 
tered, or  umbellate,  usually  involucrate,  with  erect  scale-like  membranaceous 
1-3-nerved  bracts.  Bristles  naked,  usually  very  numerous,  often  silky  and 
becoming  greatly  elongated.  Style  very  slender  and  elongated.  Achene 
acutely  triangular. 

Achene  obovate;  bristles  more  than  2  cm.  long. 

Bracts  oval  or  ovate,  obtuse    .         .         .         .  .  .  .  .1.  E.  ocreatum. 

Bracts  ovate-lanceolate            .         .         .         .  .  .  .  .     2.  E.  polystachyon. 

Achene  linear-oblong;  bristles  less  than  2  cm.  long  .  .  .  .     3.  E.  gracile. 

1.  Eriophorum  ocreatum  A.  Nels.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  29:  400.  1902. 
Culms  growing  singly  from  the  corm-like  crowns  of  the  short  slender  rhizomes, 
finely  striate,  smooth,  slender,  2-3  dm.  high:  sheaths  2-3,  2-3  cm.  long,  all 
blade-bearing;  blades  broadly  linear,  rather  rigid,  short,  5-10  cm.  long:  leaves  of 
the  involucre  2-4,  the  longer  usually  surpassing  the  inflorescence :  spikelets  3-6, 
subumbellate,  the  longer-peduncled  ones  drooping:  scales  oval  or  ovate,  obtuse 
or  scarious-lacerate,  brown:  bristles  numerous,  glistening- white,  4-6  times  as 
long  as  the  scales:  achene  broadly  obovate,  obtuse,  dark  brown. — Cold,  wet 
subalpine  parks;  Wyoming  and  Colorado. 

2.  Eriophorum    polystachyon  L.  Sp.  PI.  52.  1753.     Stems  stiff,  smooth, 
triangular  above,  nearly  terete  below,  3-8  dm.  high,  leafy:  leaves  flat,  shorter 
than  the  stem,  tapering  to  a  triangular  rigid  point:  involucre  of  2-4  leaves, 
commonly  equaling  or  exceeding  the  inflorescence:  spikelets  3-12,  ovoid  or 
oblong,  nodding,  in  a  terminal  more  or  less  compound  umbel;  rays  filiform: 
scales  ovate-lanceolate,  acute,  or  acuminate,  purple-green  or  brown:  bristles 


CYPERACEAE    (SEDGE   FAMILY)  89 

numerous,  bright  white,  25-30  mm.  long:  achenes  obovoid,  obtuse,  light 
brown. — In  cold  bogs;  from  Colorado  to  Canada  and  east  to  the  Atlantic 
States. 

3.  Eriophorum  gracile  Koch,  Roth,  Cat.  Bot.  2:  259.  1800.  Culms  slender, 
2-4  dm.  high,  somewhat  triangular:  leaves  slender,  channeled-triangular, 
rough  on  the  angles:  involucre  short  and  scale-like,  mostly  1-leaved:  peduncles 
rough  or  roughish-pubescent:  spikelets  3-7,  small,  when  mature  the  copious 
white  wool  12-15  mm.  long:  scales  light,  brown,  3-nerved:  achene  linear- 
oblong. — Cold  bogs;  across  the  continent  through  the  northern  tier  of  States. 

5.  HEMICARPHA  Nees. 

Spikelet,  flowers,  etc.,  as  in  Scirpus  except  that  there  is  a  minute  translucent 
scale  (readily  overlooked)  between  the  flower  and  the  axis  of  the  spikelet. 
Stamen  only  one.  Styles  2-cleft.  Bristles  or  other  perianth  none. 

1.  Hemicarpha  aristulata  (Coville)  A.  Nels.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  29:  460. 
1902.  Annual,  glabrous,  culms  few  to  several,  erect,  8-15  cm.  high,  filiform 
or  capillary,  exceeding  the  capillary  leaves:  involucral  leaves  2-3,  unequal, 
5-20  mm.  long:  spikes  2  (sometimes  only  1),  ovoid,  3-5  mm.  long:  scales 
rhombic,  acuminate,  the  body  nearly  1  mm.  long,  scarious-margined,  some 
of  the  margins  turning  brown,  with  a  green  midrib  and  inconspicuous  nerves; 
the  acumination  green,  subulate,  somewhat  spreading,  nearly  as  long  as  the 
body  of  the  scale  or  in  the  lower  ones  longer:  sepal  large,  as  long  as  the  ovule, 
obtuse  or  even  with  a  truncate  or  toothed  apex:  filament  barely  exceeding  the 
ovule:  style  short,  its  branches  inconspicuously  if  at  all  barbellulate :  achene 
obovoid,  shorter  than  the  body  of  the  scale. — Rare;  moist  sandy  canons', 
eastern  part  of  our  range,  to  Kansas  and  Texas. 

6.  ELYNA  Shrad. 

Perennial  herbs  with  filiform  leaves,  radical  or  sheathing  the  stems  at  base. 
Lowest  glume  inclosing  an  ovary  with  a  long  trifid  style;  the  next  one,  or 
rarely  the  next  two,  inclosing  3  stamens;  often  a  rudimentary  glume  or  awn 
terminating  the  rachis;  occasionally  only  one  glume  to  a  spikelet. 

1.  Elyna  Bellardii  (All.)  Koch,  Linnaea  21:  616.  1848.  Stems  caespitose, 
1-3  dm.  high,  striate-angled :  leaves  shorter  than  the  stem:  spikelets  few, 
small,  and  brown,  in  a  somewhat  clavate  spike  20-25  mm.  long.  Kobresia 
scirpina. — The  Colorado  mountains. 

*/ 

7.  CAREX  L.*     SEDGE 

Perennial  grass-like  herbs,  with  3-ranked  leaves,  mostly  triangular  culms, 
and  spikes  in  the  axils  or  exserted  from  the  sheaths  of  leaf-like  or  scale-like 
bracts.  Flowers  in  spikes,  imperfect,  the  staminate  and  pistillate  in  different 
parts  of  the  same  spike  (spike  androgynous),  or  in  separate  spikes  on  the  same 
culm  (plant  monoecious),  or  rarely  on  entirely  distinct  plants  (plants  dioecious), 
Staminate  flower  composed  of  three  stamens  borne  beneath  a  bract  or  scale. 
Pistillate  flower  composed  of  a  single  pistil  bearing  2  or  3  exserted  styles,  form- 
ing in  fruit  a  lenticular  or  triangular  achenium  which  is  inclosed  in  a  more  or 
less  inflated  sac  (perigynium)  borne  in  the  axil  of  a  scale. 

Theoretically  each  flower  is  entirely  destitute  of  floral  envelopes,  and  borne 
on  a  branch  which  springs  from  the  axil  of  a  scarious  bract  (the  scale  of  the 
following  descriptions),  the  inclosing  perigynium  of  the  fertile  flowers  answer- 
ing to  one  (or  two)  connate  bractlet.  In  the  subgenus  Vignea  of  the  present 

*  The  treatment  of  this  genus  remains  essentially  unchanged.  As  prepared  for  the 
original  Manual  by  Dr.  L.  H.  Bailey,  both  the  keys  and  the  full  diagnoses  have  proven 
*musually  satisfactory.  Relatively  few  new  species  have  been  described  in  the  meantime. 
Some  of  these  have  been  inserted  and  some  of  the  seemingly  extralimital  ones  have  been 
excluded.  Changes  in  nomenclature  are  of  course  noted.  Though  the  treatment  is  not 
quite  in  harmony  with  the  rest  of  this  volume,  it  seems  well  to  retain  both  the  artificial  and 
the  natura  keys. 


90  CYPERACEAE    (SEDGE   FAMILY) 

elaboration,  the  spikelets  or  spiculae  of  authors  are  called  spikes,  which  they 
truly  are,  and  they  are  conglomerated  into  heads.  The  genus  is  an  exceedingly 
critical  one  and  its  study  should  not  be  attempted  with  unripe  or  imperfect 
specimens. 

I.  Spike  one,  terminal,  strictly  simple,  staminate  at  the  top,  or  in  dioecious  plants  (4  &  33) 
all  staminate  or  all  pistillate. 

Stigmas  three. 

Perigynium  spindle-shaped  or  lanceolate,  dark  brown  or  purple         .         .         .         .  1,  2 
Perigynium  short,  mostly  ovate  or  elliptic. 
Perfectly  smooth. 

Perigynia  1  to  3,  conspicuously  spreading,  or  remote  from  the  staminate  portion. 

Obovate,  obtuse 8 

Elliptic,  sharply  beaked  .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .11 

Perigynia  several,  continuous  with  the  staminate  portion. 

Scales  leaf-like 9 

Scales  short,  ciliate          .         .         .  .         .         .         .         .         .         .33 

Scales  short,  entire. 

Very  broad,   covering  the  perigynium        .         .         .         .         .         .         .10 

Narrower,  shorter  than  the  perigynium       .         .         .         .         .         .         .12 

Scabrous  or  hairy. 

Perigynia  1  to  4,  scabrous  above        .         .         .         .  .         .         .         .3 

Perigynia  several  to  many,  hairy        .         .  .         .         .         .         .         .4 

Stigmas  two 40 

II.  Spikes  all  aggregated  into  a  round  or  ovoid  uninterrupted  head,  stigmas  two. 

Spikes  densely  packed,  the  individual  ones  scarcely  discernible. 
Head  tawny  or  brown. 

Subtended  by  1  or  2  long  leafy  bracts 67 

Naked  or  nearly  so. 

Perigynium  nearly  orbicular,  dark 57 

Perigynium  ovate  or  lanceolate. 

Spikes  staminate  at  base       .         .         .         .         .  .         .63,  64,  65,  66 

Spikes  staminate  at  top. 

Perigynium  rough-angled  .......     44,  45,  46,  47 

Perigynium  smooth 48,  49,  50,  51 

Head  green        ..............     45 

Spikes  simply  aggregated,  the  individual  ones  readily  recognized. 

Spikes  nearly  linear,  light  colored 58 

Spikes  oval  or  ovoid. 

Perigynium  wing-margined. 

Broadly  ovate  or  oval 69,  71 

Lanceolate 68,  70 

Perigynium  wingless. 

Nerved,  beak  longer  than  the  body 52 

Nerveless. 

Heads  small,  globular 50,  51 

Heads  oblong  .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .     61 

III.  Some  or  all  of  the  spikes  distinct. 

Terminal  spikes  staminate  above  (staminate  flowers  inconspicuous),  spikes  often  all 

approximated  into  an  interrupted  head  or  panicle,  stigmas  always  two. 
Perigynium  strongly  nerved       ..........        52,  53 

Perigynium  nerveless  or  nearly  so  .         .         .         .         .         .         .  41,  42,  43 

Terminal  spike  staminate  below. 
Stigmas  two. 

Spikes  very  dark 36,  37,  38,  39 

Spikes  tawny  or  whitish. 
Perigynium  lanceolate. 

Thin  and  scale-like .     68 

More  or  less  thick  and  rounded. 

Heads  fulvous     ............     70 

Heads  silvery  or  silvery- tawny    ...  .59 


Perigynium  ovate,  wing-margined 
Perigynium  ovate,  not  margined 


Terminal  spike  mixed;  the  intermediate  spikes  of  the  tawny  interrupted  head  staminate 

Perigynium  short  and  broad,  dark-colored 

Perigynium  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  straw-colored 
Terminal  spike  or  spikes  entirely  staminate. 

Stigmas  two. 


72 
60,  61,  62 


55 
54 


Perigynium  strongly  nerved  ............     25 

Perigynium  nerveless  or  nearly  so. 

Bracts  all  leaf-like      ......  .  .         .     26 

Bracts  not  conspicuously  leaf-like. 
Spikes  rounded  or  oval. 

Staminate  spike  short-stalked 21,  30,  34 

Staminate  spike  sessile        ......        „  36,  37,  38 


CYPERACEAE    (SEDGE   FAMILY)  91 

Spikes  oblong  or  long-cylindrical. 

Perigynium  ovate,  green  or  brown-purple  ....        27,  28,  29,  31,  32 

Perigynium  obovate,  yellpw  or  whitish      .......     14 

Stigmas  three. 

Perigynium  hairy. 

Pistillate  spikes  few-flowered,  almost  globular,  mostly  sessile. 

Scales  ciliate         ...         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .4 

Scales  not  ciliate. 

Spikes  greenish;  culms  slender     .         .         ..;       ,  -...,,,       ;.         ,-.'•  ,   >•   -    6a,  66 

Spikes  colored      ............       5 

Pistillate  spikes  several  to  many-flowered,  oblong  or  cylindrical. 

Perigynium  conspicuously  nerved    .         .         .         .         .         .       'V      ?  «'         .19 

Perigynium  nerveless  or  nearly  so. 

Plant  hairy  throughout '*-      .         .         .  .13 

Plant  smooth       . .     18 

Perigynium  smooth. 

Pistillate  spikes  pendulous  or  nodding. 

Beak  slender,  longer  than  body  of  perigynium;  spikes  greenish-white     .         .     17 
Body  of  perigynium  as  long  or  longer  than  beak. 

Spikes  small,  6  or  fewer-flowered;  plant  delicate      »  '   • .  ,.  .;.';*;[      .         .     15 
Spikes  oblong,  pendulous,  dark  ........     35 

Spikes  thick  and  long;  perigynium  inflated. 

Perigynium  greenish  straw-colored,  slender-beaked,  conspicuously  more 

than  10-nerved  ..........     20 

Perigynium  straw-colored  or  often  purplish. 

More  or  less  ascending          ........       22,  23 

Conspicuously  squarrose 24 

Spikes  all  erect. 

Short-oblong,  densely  flowered. 

Beak  short,   stout,  truncate ».*...,-,*        .     13 

Beak  longer  than  body       ..........17 

Cylindrical;  perigynium  beaked. 

Perigynium   lanceolate,   flattened 16 

Perigynium  thin,  inflated,  straw-colored  or  purple. 

More  or  less  ascending  .         .         .         .         .         .    !   • .         .       22,  23 

Conspicuously  squarrose       -    *  •       .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .24 

SUBGENUS  I.  Eucarex.  Staminate  flowers  forming  one  or  more  terminal 
linear  or  club-shaped  spikes  which  are  often  pistillate  at  base  or  apex,  or  occa- 
sionally having  a  few  pistillate  flowers  intermixed.  Pistillate  flowers  usually 
in  distinct  and  normally  simple  mostly  peduncled  spikes  which  are  seldom 
aggregated  into  heads.  Cross-section  of  the  perigynium  circular  or  obtusely 
angular  in  outline.  Style  commonly  3-parted  and  the  achenium  trigonous  or 
triquetrous. 

§  1.  Spike  single  (in  our  species),  androgynous,  staminate  at  the  top,  the  rhachis 
conspicuously  jointed:  perigynium  lanceolate  or  spindle-shaped,  longer  than 
the  scale,  deflexed  at  maturity:  stigmas  very  rarely  two. — DEFLEXOCARPAE. 
Low  and  mostly  slender  species. 

*  Perigynium  brown,  spindle-shaped  or  narrowly  ovate,  stipitate,  little  longer 
than  the  scale. — PUBLICARES  Tuckm. 

1.  Carex  pyrenaica  Wahl.  Vet.  Akad.  Nya  Handl.  Stockh.  24:  139.  1803. 
Culms  5-15  cm.  high,  slender:  spike  dense,  oblong,  brown  or  purple,  the  fertile 
flowers  erect  until  full  maturity:   leaves  narrow,  mostly  involute-filiform, 
shorter  than  the  culms:  staminate  flowers  few,  occupying  one  third  or  less  the 
length  of  the  spike:  perigynium  few-nerved  or  nerveless,  usually  shining  at 
maturity. — High  mountains  of  Colorado,  Utah,  and  northward. 

2.  Carex  nigricans  C.  A.  Mey.  Mem.  Acad.  St.  Petersb.  1:  210.  t.  7.  1831. 
Stouter:  leaves  nearly  flat,  2  mm.  broad:  staminate  flowers  usually  con- 
spicuous and  occupying  about  half  the  spike :  perigynium  somewhat  ventricose, 
dull:  otherwise  as  in  the  last,  with  which  it  grows. — Evidently  the  more  com- 
mon species. 

§  2.  Spikes  one  or  more:  staminate  spike  always  single,  usually  distinct,  sessile 
or  nearly  so,  sometimes  androgynous  with  all  the  pistillate  flowers  borne  at 
its  base:  pistillate  spikes,  if  any,  small  and  globular,  mostly  sessile,  more  or 
less  approximate:  bracts  short  or  none,  sheathless:  perigynium  ovate  or  glob- 
ular, hirsute  (thin  and  scabrous  in  No.  3),  tightly  surrounding  the  ache- 


92  CYPERACEAE    (SEDGE   FAMILY) 

nium,  usually  bearing  a  beak  half  its  length:  pistillate  scales  acute  (except 
in  Nos.  3  and  4):  stigmas  rarely  2. — SPHAERIDIOPHORAE  Drejer.  Low 
species  in  dry  places,  the  leaves  all  radical.  No.  4  is  dioecious. 

*  Spike  one,  androgynous. — FILIFOLIAE  Tuckm. 

3.  Carex  filifolia  Nutt.  Gen.  2:  204.  1818.    Caespitose:  culms  slender,  ob- 
tusely angled  and  smooth,  1-3  dm.  high,  when  full  grown  longer  than  the 
filiform  rigid  leaves,  their  bases  surrounded  by  dry  brown  leafless  sheaths 
which  at  length  break  up  into  fibers:  spike  1-3  cm.  long,  ferruginous  or  whitish, 
bractless,  the  staminate  portion  sometimes  nearly  free  from  the  pistillate  por- 
tion: perigynium  broadly  triangular-obovoid,  thin,  few-nerved  or  nerveless, 
scabrous  or  slightly  hairy  above,  abruptly  contracted  into  a  short,  stout,  white- 
hyaline  entire  beak,  about  the  length  or  shorter  than  the  very  broad  hyaline- 
margined  clasping  scale:  perigynium  containing  a  short  serrate  racheola.    (C. 
oreocharis  Holm.  Am.  Jour.  Sci.  IV.  9:  358.  1900.) — Dry  plains  and  moun- 
tains from  Colorado  westward  and  northward. 

3a.  Carex  filifolia  miser  Bailey,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  22:  122.  1886.  Low, 
usually  5-10  cm.  high,  the  leaves  very  rigid:  pistillate  portion  of  the  spike  not 
conspicuous:  pistillate  scales  much  narrower  than  in  the  species,  the  margins 
scarcely  hyaline:  perigynium  much  smaller  and  flatter,  entirely  concealed 
under  the  scale,  oblong-obovate,  smooth.  (C.  elynoides  Holm.  1.  c.  356.) — 
Alpine  in  Colorado  and  westward  to  the  Sierras. 

4.  Carex  scirpoidea  Michx.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  2:  171.  1803.    Creeping:  culms  in 
flower  short,  elongating,  1-4  dm.  high  in  fruit  and  exceeding  the  broad  and 
flat  leaves,  more  or  less  scabrous  on  the  angles  at  least  above,  the  basal  sheaths 
not  splitting  into  fibers:  spike  ferruginous,  linear  or  club-shaped,  1-5  cm. 
long,  occasionally  with  1  or  2  accessory  spikes  at  base:  perigynium  ovate  or 
obovate,  hairy,  lightly  nerved,  about  the  length  (or  a  little  longer)  of  the 
ciliate  more  or  less  obtuse  scale:  scales  on  the  staminate  plant  hyaline-margined, 
not  ciliate. — High  mountains;  Colorado  and  Utah,  northward  and  westward. 

*  *  Spikes  two  to  several,  the  lower  occasionally  peduncled  or  sometimes  rad- 
ical: perigynium  contracted  below,  usually  bearing  two  prominent  ribs,  the 
very  short  or  often  prolonged  beak  slightly  2-toothed. — MONTANAE  Fries  (in 
part). 

•i—  Culms  upright,  as  long  or  longer  than  the  leaves:  spikes  closely  flowered, 
mostly  aggregated  at  the  top  of  the  culm. 

5.  Carex  pennsylvanica  Lam.  Encycl.  3:  388.  1789.    Extensively  creeping: 
culms  few,  slender,  1-3  dm.  high:  staminate  spike  conspicuous,  1-2  cm.  long, 
often  club-shaped,  sessile  or  shortly  peduncled,  sometimes  pistillate  at  the 
top:  pistillate  spikes  1-4,  the  lower  one  very  rarely  2-3  cm.  remote,  the  upper 
ones  bractless,  the  lower  sometimes  subtended  by  a  short  and  subulate  brown 
bract:  perigynium  globose  or  roundish-obovoid,  abruptly  contracted  into  a 
short  or  often  long  beak,  usually  shorter  than  the  acute  or  cuspidate  brown  or 
rarely  whitish  scale. — Dry,  sandy  plains;  a  variable  species,  widely  distrib- 
uted. 

6.  Carex  deflexa  Hornem,  Plantel.  Ed.  3.  1:  938.  1821.    This  species  does 
not  occur  in  our  range,  but  the  following  varieties  are  rather  common. 

6a.  Carex  deflexa  Farwellii  Brit.  Fl.  1:  334.  1896.  Rather  stiff,  1-3  dm. 
high,  in  dense  tufts:  most  of  the  culms  somewhat  exceeding  the  leaves:  stam- 
inate spike  prominent  and  erect,  6-10  mm.  long,  sessile  or  very  short- 
peduncled:  pistillate  spikes  two  or  three,  all  scattered,  the  uppermost  at  or 
near  the  base  of  the  staminate  spike,  the  lowest  usually  very  prominently 
peduncled  and  subtended  by  a  conspicuous  bract  which  surpasses  the  culm, 
all  rather  compactly  3-8-flowered,  green,  or  brown  and  green:  radical  spikes 
usually  abundant:  perigynium  oval,  obtusely  3-angled,  pubescent,  the  beak 
as  long  as  the  body:  scales  large  and  sharp,  equaling  or  exceeding  the  peri- 
gynium. C.  deflexa  media  Bailey. — Mountains;  Montana  and  Colorado  to 
Oregon. 


CYPERACEAE    (SEDGE  FAMILY)  93 

H-  -i-  Culms  mostly  shorter  than  the  leaves:  spikes  looser  flowered  and  more 
scattered,  often  radical. 

66.  Carex  deflexa  Rossii  (Boott)  Bailey,  Mem.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  1:  43. 
1889.  Stiff  throughout,  very  strict,  the  leaves  mostly  equaling  or  exceeding 
the  culms,  the  whole  plant  usually  light-colored:  staminate  spike  much  as  in 
the  last,  often  larger:  pistillate  spikes  1-3,  distinct  or  sometimes  scattered, 
loosely  1-4-flowered:  radical  spikes  usually  abundant:  scales  very  sharp, 
greenish- white  or  very  rarely  bearing  an  inconspicuous  colored  margin.  (C. 
Rossi  Boott.) — Mountains ;  Colorado  to  British  Columbia. 

7.  Carex  umbellata  Schk.  Riedgr.  Nachtr.  75.  f.  171.  1806.    Rootstock 
stout,  mostly  horizontal:  culms  many,  mostly  very  short  and  crowded  and 
concealed  among  the  leaves,  sometimes  1  dm.  long:  leaves  many,  generally 
short,  stiff  and  curved,  sometimes  weak  and  straggling  and  10-15  cm.  long: 
staminate  spike  12  mm.  or  less  long,  not  usually  distinct  and  conspicuous: 

'  pistillate  spike  usually  crowded  among  the  bases  of  the  leaves,  sometimes  one 
or  more  of  them  exserted  and  clustered  with  the  staminate  spike:  perigynium 
globose-elliptic,  more  or  less  flattened,  produced  into  a  flattened  toothed  beak 
as  long  as  the  body. — Colorado  to  Oklahoma;  and  common  eastward. 

7a.  Carex  umbellata  brevirostris  Boott,  Illustr.  2:  99.  1860.  Beak  much 
shorter  and  minutely  toothed,  the  perigynium  rounder  or  somewhat  3-sided. — 
Mongollpn  Mountains,  New  Mexico,  and  near  Golden  City,  Colorado;  also  in 
California  and  British  America. 

§  3.  Spikes  androgynous,  staminate  above:  pistillate  flowers  few,  often  remote, 
usually  on  a  more  or  less  zigzag  rachis:  scales  prolonged  and  leaf -like  (sca- 
rious  and  often  short  in  No.  8) :  perigynium  smooth,  or  slightly  hispid  above, 
mostly  tightly  inclosing  the  achenium,  the  beak,  if  any,  straight. — PHYLLO- 
STACHYS  Carey. 

*  Culms  all  as  long  or  nearly  as  long  as  the  leaves:  staminate  flowers  conspic- 
juous:  pistillate  flowers  very  few  and  large:  beak  very  short. — PHYLLOSTACH- 

r   YAE  Bailey. 

8.  Carex  Geyeri  Boott,  Linn.  Trans.  20:  118.  1846.    Stoloniferous:  culms 
very  slender,  angled,  rough,  about  3  dm.  high,  about  the  length  of  the  flat 
rough-edged  leaves:  staminate  portion  of  the  spike  usually  appearing  distinct, 
1-3  cm.  long:  pistillate  flowers  1-2,  large,  erect  with  the  rachis:  perigynium 
triangular-obovoid,  6  mm.  long,  the  conspicuous  angles  obtuse,  one-nerved  on 
the  two  inner  sides,  very  smooth,  with  a  very  short  entire  erose  and  hyaline 
beak:  scales  thin  and  brown,  acute,  two  to  four  times  the  length  of  the  peri- 
gynium.— Mountains  of  Colorado,  Utah,  and  Montana. 

*  *  Culms  mostly  much  shorter  than  the  leaves:  staminate  flowers  inconspic- 
uous: perigynium  small,  the  beak  produced  to  half  its  length  (or  more):  scales 
very  green  and  much  dilated,  often  concealing  the  perigynia,  and  readily  mis- 
taken for  bracts. — BRACTOIDEAE  Bailey. 

9.  Carex  durifolia  Bailey,  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  20:  428.  1893.    Caespitose: 
culms  3-15  cm.  high,  sharply  angled:  leaves  lax  and  smooth:  staminate  portion 
of  the  spike  about  3-flowered:  pistillate  flowers  2-4,  aggregated,  more  or  less 
spreading:  perigynium  globose-ovate,  inconspicuously  nerved,  smooth  or  very 
slightly  scabrous  above:  lower  scales  longer  than  the  culm.    C.  Backii. — Dry 
and  rocky  hills;  Colorado  to  British  America. 

§4.  Spike  one  (in  our  species),  small,  the  pistillate  flowers  few:  perigynium 
smooth  (sometimes  minutely  dentate  on  the  angles),  firm  or  horny,  mostly 
shining  or  glossy,  lightly  nerved  or  nerveless,  bearing  a  short  beak:  scales  ob- 
tuse with  hyaline  margins:  stigmas  3. — LAMPROCHLAENAE  Drejer.  Small 
plants,  with  creeping  rootstocks.  Our  species  all  fall  under  the  group  Ru- 
pestres  Tuckm. 

10.  Carex  rupestris  All.  Fl.  Ped.  2:  264.  1785.    Caespitose  and  somewhat 
Stoloniferous:  culms  obtusely  angled,  erect,  3-10  cm.  high,  usually  a  little 


94  CYPERACEAE    (SEDGE    FAMILY) 

longer  than  the  long-pointed  and  mostly  channeled  leaves:  spike  linear  or 
clavate,  1-3  cm.  long:  perigynium  upright,  plano-convex,  obovate  or  elliptic, 
firm  in  texture,  dull,  very  lightly  nerved,  abruptly  contracted  into  a  short  and 
stout  truncate  beak,  hidden  by  the  amplectant  and  very  laroad  dark  scale. — 
Colorado  and  far  northward. 

11.  Carex  obtusata  Lilj.  Kongl.  Acad.  Hand.  69.  t.  4.     1793.     Very  ex- 
tensively creeping  by  long  and  slender  brownish  rootstocks:  culms  5-15  cm. 
high,  longer  than  the  flat  and  long-pointed  leaves:  spike  at  maturity  ovate  or 
narrowly  ovoid,  12  mm.  or  less  long,  the  pistillate  flowers  4-10:  perigynium  at 
first  pale,  brownish  at  the  top,  when  mature  spreading  and  becoming  brown  or 
dark  brown-purple,  glossy,  very  horny  in  texture,  turgid-ovate,  stipitate,  con- 
tracted into  a  stout  obliquely-cut  and  conspicuously  white-hyaline  beak, 
longer  and  broader  than  the  membranaceous,  acute,  and  often  deciduous  scale : 
achenium  short  and  broadly  triangular. — South  Park,  Colorado,  to  Montana, 
westward  and  northward. 

§  5.  Spikes  2  or  more  (1  in  No.  12),  more  or  less  peduncled:  staminate  spike 
one  in  our  species:  pistillate  spikes  mostly  compactly  flowered  and  cylin- 
drical, erect:  bracts  leafy,  sheathing  or  sheathless:  perigynium  firm  in  tex- 
ture, smooth,  slightly  inflated,  very  shortly  and  stoutly  beaked  or  sometimes 
beakless,  conspicuously  nerved. — BRACHYRHYNCHAE.  Slender,  not  very 
leafy  species. 

*  Spike    one,    staminate    above:      perigynium    beakless. — POLYTRICHOIDEAE 

Tuckm. 

12.  Carex  leptalea  Wahl.  Kongl.   Vet.  Acad.   Handl.  II.  24:  139.  1803. 
Caespitose :  culms  many,  almost  capillary,  usually  longer  than  the  very  narrow 
leaves:  staminate  flowers  very  few:  perigynia  2-8,  alternate  and  appressed, 
green,  triangular  below,  flattened  towards  the  top,  blunt  or  emarginate  at  the 
apex,  much  longer  than  the  ovate  acute  scale:  stigmas  rarely  2.     C.  poly- 
trichoides. — Low  ground,  Colorado  and  northward. 

*  *  Staminate  spike  in  our  species  sessile  or  short-stalked:    pistillate  spikes 
short:  perigynium  obtuse  or  short-beaked,  straight  at  the  apex,  longer  than 
the  white  or  tawny  acute  scale. — PALLESCENTES  Fries. 

13.  Carex  abbreviata   Prescott,  Boott,  Trans.  Linn.  Soc.  20:  141.  1846. 
Culms  2-4  dm.  high,  sharply  angled,  longer  than  the  hairy  leaves:  pistillate 
spikes  1-3,  roundish,  approximate,  almost  sessile:  perigynium  round-obovate, 
sunken  at  the  top,  very  abruptly  tipped  with  a  short  stout  hyaline-margined 
beak:  bracts  short,  about  the  length  of  the  culm,  sheathless.     C.  Torreyi. — 
Colorado  and  northward  into  British  America. 

*  *  *  Staminate  spike   usually   long-peduncled:  pistillate  spikes  scattered,  all 

(at  least  the  lower)  on  exserted  stalks:  bracts  shorter  than  the  culm  (longer 
in  No.  14),  sheathing:  perigynium  glaucous-green  before  maturity,  becom- 
ing pale  or  yellow,  the  apex  oblique  or  bent  and  short-beaked  (or  nearly  beak- 
less  in  No.  14). — PANICEAE  Tuckm. 

14.  Carex  aurea  Nutt.  Gen.  2:  205.  1818.    Stolonif erous :  culm  4-25  cm. 
high,  slender,  sharply  angled,  longer  or  shorter  than  the  flat  and  narrow 
glaucous  leaves:  bracts  leaf -like,  the  lower  much  exceeding  the  culm:  spikes 
3-6,  the  staminate  often  nearly  sessile,  the  pistillate  loosely  flowered,  the  lower 
remote,  often  on  radical  peduncles:  scales  colored  on  the  margins,  ovate, 
shorter  'than  the  turgid,   globose  or  pear-shaped,  bright  yel)ow  or  straw- 
colored  and  wholly  obtuse  or  slightly  pointed  perigynium :  stigmas  commonly 
two. — Common  throughout  on  moist  grassy  hillsides  and  low  mountains.    A 
delicate  and  pretty  species,  readily  distinguished  when  mature  by  its  bright 
colored,  often  almost  fleshy  perigynia.    The  staminate  spike  is  occasionally 
pistillate  at  the  apex. 

§  6.  Staminate  spike  mostly  solitary  and  peduncled,  pistillate  spikes  several 
or  many,  more  or  less  loosely  flowered,  all  or  the  lower  on  filiform  weak  or 


CYPERACEAE  (SEDGE  FAMILY)  95 

nodding  peduncles:  bracts  foliaceous  and  sheathing:  perigynium  thin  and 
membranaceous,  usually  slender  or  oblong,  tapering  gradually  into  a  dis- 
tinct or  long  minutely  toothed  straight  beak,  smooth  and  shining  (in  No.  16 
usually  hairy  on  the  angles  and  not  lucid),  mostly  light-colored,  somewhat 
inflated;  scales  thin,  white,  tawny,  or  brown. — HYMENOCHLAENAE  Drejer. 
Mostly  slender  and  open-flowered  lax-growing  species. 

*  Terminal  spike  all  staminate:  pistillate  spikes  oblong,  club-shaped  or  cy- 
lindrical (very  small  in  No.  15) :  perigynium  few-nerved  or  nerveless,  tawny 
or  whitish. — FLEXILES  Tuckm. 

15.  Carex  capillaris  L.   Sp.  PI.  977.  1753.     Usually  densely  caespitose: 
culms  very  slender,  varying  from  3-30  cm.  in  height,  much  longer  than  the 
numerous  very  narrow  radical  leaves:  pistillate  spikes   1-4,  loosely  3-10- 
flowered,  long-exserted  and  nodding,  the  lower  often  very  remote :  perigynium 
small,  ovate  or  ovate-oblong,  contracted  into  a  nearly  entire  beak  of  about 
half  its  length,  about  the  length  or  longer  than  the  white  or  tawny  hyaline 
scale. — High  mountains  from  Colorado  westward  an<}  northward.    A  delicate 
species,  variable  in  size  and  in  the  length  and  shape  of  the  pistillate  scales. 

16.  Carex  ablata  Bailey,  Bot.  Gaz.  13:  82.  1888.    Stolonif erous :  culm  slen- 
der, 3-5  dm.  high,  much  longer  than  the  short  and  rather  broad,  many-nerved, 
lax  radical  leaves:  bracts  conspicuously  and  loosely  sheathing,  the  lower  more 
or  less  leaf-like,  the  upper  setaceous:  pistillate  spikes  ferruginous,  2-3  cm. 
long,  the  lower  club-shaped  and  long-exserted,  the  upper  more  or  less  cylin- 
drical and  often  sessile  or  nearly  so  and  approximate:  perigynium  lanceolate, 
slightly  inflated,  flattened,  at  first  wholly  or  partly  green,  at  length  becoming 
more  or  less  ferruginous,  obscurely  nerved,  hairy  on  the  angles,  tapering  and 
2-toothed,  longer  than  the  acute  scale.     C.  frigida. — Utah  and  Wyoming  to 
Oregon. 

17.  Carex  longirostris  Ton*.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  1:  71.  1824.    Caespitose:  culm 
rather  strong,  2-5  dm.  high,  obtusely  angled,  rather  longer  than  the  flat  and 
soft  leaves:  pistillate  spikes  2-3,  greenish- white,  short,  thick,  nearly  erect: 
perigynium  large,  2-nerved,  green  and  shining,  produced  into  a  slender  white- 
tipped  toothed  beak  of  half  or  more  its  length :  scale  white,  acute  or  cuspidate, 
about  the  length  of  the  perigynium. — Colorado. 

§  7.  Staminate  spikes  one  or  more:  pistillate  spikes  two  to  several,  stout,  erect, 
mostly  shortly  peduncled,  somewhat  squarrose  or  comose  in  appearance:  peri- 
gynium thick  in  texture,  hairy,  more  or  less  spreading,  distinctly  and  stoutly 
straight-beaked,  the  teeth  short:  scales  prominent. — LASIOCARPAE  Fries. 
Stout,  mostly  tall  species,  in  wet  or  grassy  places.  Our  species  falls  under 
the  group  Lanuginosae  Carey. 

18.  Carex  lanuginosa  Michx.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  2:  175.  1803.     Stolonif  erous: 
culms  3-8  dm.  high,  strong:  leaves  flat,  2-4  mm.  broad,  about  the  length  or 
longer  than  the  culm :  staminate  spikes  1-3,  the  lower  small  and  aggregated  at 
the  base  of  the  terminal  one:  pistillate  spikes  1-4,  remote,  sessile  or  nearly  so, 
or  the  lower  peduncled,  1-5  cm.  long,  often  loosely  flowered  at  the  base:  bracts 
leaf-like,  usually  much  exceeding  the  culm,  the  upper  sheathless:  perigynium 
ovate  or  shortly  ovoid,  abruptly  contracted  into  a  very  short,  erect,  divergently 
and  very  shortly  toothed  beak:    scales  ovate,  purple,  acute  or  cuspidate, 
shorter  or  longer  than  the  turgid  and  densely  hairy  perigynium.    C.  filiformis 
latifolius. — Swampy  places,  in  most  parts  of  the  northern  half  of  the  continent. 

§  8.  Staminate  spikes  two  or  more,  long-stalked:  pistillate  spikes  two  to  several, 
usually  all  peduncled,  long  and  heavy,  loosely  flowered,  erect  or  nodding: 
perigynium  large,  thick  in  texture,  strongly  nerved,  hairy  or  smooth,  pro- 
duced into  a  long  beak  which  terminates  in  very  conspicuous  awl-like  erect 
or  spreading  teeth. — ECHINOSTACHYAE  Drejer.  Coarse  species. 

19.  Carex  aristata  R.  Br.  Frank.  Journ.  751.  1836.     Culms  very  stout, 
sharply  angled:  sheaths  and  under  side  of  the  leaves  sparsely  hairy:  staminate 
spikes  3-8,  usually  considerably  separated;  the  scale  very  long,  loose  and 


96  CYPERACEAE    (SEDGE    FAMILY) 

pointed :  pistillate  spikes  5-8  cm.  long,  8  mm.  or  more  broad,  upright,  scattered, 
loosely  flowered  at  the  base:  perigynium  very  strongly  nerved,  smooth,  ovate- 
lanceolate,  terminated  by  very  conspicuous,  divaricate,  smooth,  and  slender 
teeth,  usually  longer  than  the  rough-awned  scale.  C.  trichocarpa  aristata. — 
Colorado  and  northward,  thence  across  the  continent. 

§  9.  Sterile  and  fertile  spikes  one  to  several  or  many:  fertile  spikes  mostly  large 
and  compactly  flowered:  perigynium  much  inflated  (cross  section  nearly  twice 
or  much  more  than  twice  the  width  of  the  mature  achenium),  membranaceous, 
smooth,  conspicuously  nerved  (or  nearly  nerveless  in  No.  21),  tapering  into 
a  toothed  beak  as  long  as  the  body  or  longer. — PHYSOCARPAE  Drejer.  Mostly 
large  and  stout  species.  No.  21  is  the  least  developed  of  the  section,  and 
in  some  forms  it  appears  to  ally  itself  with  other  and  very  dissimilar  sec- 
tions. 

*  Staminate  spikes  commonly  more  than  one:  pistillate  spikes  usually  long  and 
densely  cylindrical  (short  in  No.  21  and  occasionally  in  No.  24) :  perigynium 
smooth  and  shining,  long-beaked,  at  maturity  yellow  or  straw-colored,  or  oc- 
casionally partly  reddish-purple. — VESICARIAE  Tuckm. 

H—  Staminate  spike  one:  pistillate  spikes  comose,  cylindrical  and  drooping  or 
spreading:  bracts  sheathless  or  nearly  so:  beaks  long. 

20.  Carex  hystricina  Muhl.  Willd.  Sp.  PL  4:  282.  1805.    Plant  rather  slen- 
der, pale,  3-5  dm.  high:  spikes  2-4,  narrow,  2-5  cm.  long,  nodding  or  the  upper 
one  nearly  erect  or  spreading,  decidedly  comose  in  appearance:  perigynium 
15-nerved,  not  prominently  inflated,  prolonged  into  a  very  slender  and  setace- 
ously  toothed  beak,  the  lobes  of  which  are  spreading:  scales  awn-like,  shorter 
than  the  perigynium. — Wet  places;  New  Mexico  and  northeastward  to  Ne- 
braska and  Wyoming. 

•H-  H-  Staminate  spike  one,  rarely  two:  pistillate  spikes  short,  erect,  more  or 
less  purplish:  beaks  short:  stigmas  usually  two. 

21.  Carex  saxatilis  L.  Sp.  PL  976.  1753.     Stoloniferous:   culm  1-3  dm. 
high,  sharply  angled,  about  the  length  of,  or  a  little  longer  than,  the  narrow 
and  sharp-pointed  leaves:  pistillate  spikes  1-3,  the  upper  sessile  or  nearly  so, 
the  lower  mostly  more  or  less  peduncled,  all  dark  purple  or  at  maturity  be- 
coming brown:  bracts  narrow,  long-pointed,  shorter  or  a  very  little  longer  than 
the  culm:  perigynium  ovate-oblong  or  elliptic,  nerveless  or  very  inconspicu- 
ously nerved  at  the  apex,  rather  abruptly  contracted  into  a  very  short  nearly 
entire  beak,  mostly  longer  than  the  more  or  less  obtuse  membranaceous  scale. 
C.  pulla  Gooden.     C.  vesicaria  alpigena  Fries. — Rocky  Mountains,  from  Colo- 
rado to  British  America. 

21a.  Carex  saxatilis  Grahamii  Hook.  &  Arn.  Brit.  Fl.  8th  Ed.  510.  Stouter, 
3-5  dm.  high:  perigynium  lighter  colored,  often  nearly  straw-colored,  promi- 
nently few-nerved,  the  beak  longer  and  more  conspicuously  toothed. — High 
mountains  of  Colorado,  Utah  and  northward. 

H—  •»—  •*— Staminate  spikes  two  or  more:  pistillate  spikes  normally  long,  spread- 
ing  or  drooping:  stigmas  three. 

++  Perigynium  conspicuously  turgid,  ascending  at  maturity. 

22.  Carex  Engelmannii  Bailey,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  22:  132.  1877.     Culma 
slender  but  erect,  10-15  cm.  high,  about  the  length  of  the  numerous  very 
slender  bristle-like  leaves:  spike  small,  nearly  globular,  4-6  mm.  broad,  the 
staminate  flowers  inconspicuous:  perigynium  lanceolate,  about  4  mm.  long, 
very  delicate  in  texture,  flat,  somewhat  shining,  nerveless,  the  long  apex 
empty,  the  beak  entire  or  nearly  so,  about  the  length  of  the  thin  brown  acute 
scale. — Alpine  slopes,  Colorado. 

23.  Carex  monile  Tuckm.  Enum.  Meth.  20.  1843.     Culms   usually  more 
slender  and  leaves  a  little  narrower:  spikes  more  slender:  perigynium  sub- 
globose,  much  inflated  towards  the  base,  one  half  or  more  as  broad  as  long, 


CYPERACEAE    (SEDGE    FAMILY)  97 

abruptly  short-beaked,  10  or  less-nerved:  otherwise  as  in  the  last. — Colorado 
and  Wyoming. 

23a.  Carex  monile  colorata  Bailey,  Mem.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  1:  39.  1889. 
Smaller:  spikes  shorter  than  in  the  species,  dark  brown:  perigynium  very 
much  less  turgid  and  shorter  beaked:  scales  shorter  and  not  so  sharp. — Colo- 
rado, northward  and  westward. 

++  -M-  Perigynium  not   conspicuously  turgid,   squarrose  at  maturity,  and  the 
spikes  comose  in  appearance. 

24.  Carex  utriculata  Boott,  Hook.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  2:  221.  1840.  Somewhat 
stoloniferous:  culm  very  stout,  3-10  dm',  high,  acutely  angled  above,  very 
thick  and  spongy  at  the  base:  leaves  broad,  4-12  mm.,  carinate  at  the  base, 
much  exceeding  the  culm,  conspicuously  nodulose-reticulated:  pistillate 
spikes  2-6,  more  or  less  remote,  the  upper  sessile,  the  lower  often  on  weak 
peduncles  3-5  cm.  long,  long-cylindrical  or  terete,  3-15  cm.  long,  thick  and 
compactly  flowered  (sometimes  loosely  flowered  at  the  base),  often  stami- 
nate  at  the  top:  perigynium  ellipsoid  or  globose-ovoid,  usually  gradually 
tapering  into  a  short  beak,  broader  and  commonly  longer  than  the  very  acute 
or  rough-awned  scale.  Var.  minor  Sartwell,  is  a  form  smaller  in  all  its 
parts,  with  spikes  2-3  cm.  long. — Common  in  swamps  from  Colorado  and 
Utah  northward. 


§  10.  Staminate  spikes  one  or  more,  long:  pistillate  spikes  one  to  several,  brown, 
purple  or  greenish,  commonly  approximate,  sessile  or  peduncled,  oblong  or 
linear,  mostly  elongated:  perigynium  not  inflated,  biconvex,  minutely  beaked 
or  beakleUt,  smooth:  stigmas  2. — MICRORHYNCHAE  Drejer.  Paludose  and 
alpine  species  of  upright  habit,  often  growing  in  tufts  or  tussocks.  Our 
species  fall  under  the  group  Acutae  Fries. 

*  Perigynium  strongly  nerved. 

25.  Carex  nebraskensis  Dewey,  Am.  Journ.  Sci.  II.  18:  102.  1854.    Gla- 
brous: culms  stout,  sharp-angled,  3-6  dm.  tall:  leaves  pale  green,  3-5  mm.  wide, 
rough-margined,  their  sheaths  more  or  less  nodulose:  lower  bract  sometimes 
equaling  the  culm,  the  upper  much  shorter  and  narrower:  staminate  spikes 
commonly  2,  stalked:  pistillate  spikes  2-4,  dense,  oblong-cylindric,  erect,  2-3 
cm.  long,  about  6  mm.  in  diameter,  sessile  or  the  lower  short-stalked:  perigynia 
elliptic  or  obovate,  prominently  several-ribbed,  short-beaked,  the  beak  2- 
topthed:  scales  ovate  or  lanceolate,  acute  or  mucronate,  brown  with  green 
mid  vein  or  green  all  over,  the  upper  shorter  than  the  perigynia:  stigmas  2. — 
Nebraska  to  Oregon  and  New  Mexico. 

*  *  Perigynium  slightly  nerved  or  nerveless. 
H—  Robust  species:  bracts  leaf -like,  usually  exceeding  the  culm. 

26.  Carex  aquatilis  Wahl.  Kongl.  Acad.  Handl.  24:  165.  1803.    Stolonifer- 
ous: culm  obtusely  angled,  5-10  dm.  high,  smooth,  leafy:  leaves  flat,  pale, 
scarcely  longer  than  the  culm:  pistillate  spikes  2^4,  erect,  thick  and  compactly 
flowered  throughout  or  more  commonly  inclining  to  club-shaped   with   a 
gradually  attenuate  base,  the  upper  sessile,  the  lower  more  or  less  peduncled 
and  often  long  exserted :  perigynium  broadly  elliptic  or  obovate,  rarely  circular, 
nerveless,  tipped  with  a  minute  and  entire  point,  green  or  light-colored,  wider 
and  either  longer  or  shorter  than  the  green  or  purple-margined  acutish  scale. — 
A  large  species,  in  wet  places;  generally  distributed  northward. 

•»—  -»—  Low,  or  tall  and  slender  species:  bracts  mostly  short  and  narrow,  often 

setaceous. 

++  Culms  slender  and  tall:  leaves  with  more  or  less  revolute  margins  when  dry. 

27.  Carex  physocarpa  Presl.  Relig.  Haenk.  1:  205.  1830.    Culms  erect,  2-3 
dm.  high:  peduncles  relatively  long,  rough,  3-10  cm.:  spikes  oblong,  brown, 

ROCKY    MT.    BOT. 7 


98  CYPERACEAE    (SEDGE    FAMILY) 

with  broad  obtuse  scales:  perigynium  short,  nerveless,  with  entire  beak,  ex- 
ceeding the  scale. — In  the  higher  Rocky  Mountains  of  British  America  and 
extending  south  into  Wyoming. 

28.  Carex  acutina  Bailey,  Mem.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  1:  52.  1889.    Stems  erect, 
4-5  dm.  high,  smooth  or  rough  above,  leaves  flat  and  thin,  about  as  long  as  the 
stem:  the  lower  1  or  2  bracts  flat  and  leaf-like,  about  equaling  the  stem,  the 
margins  mostly,  serrate :  spikes  4-5,  the  upper  1  or  2  staminate,  all  approxi- 
mate and  sessile  or  the  lower  short-peduncled,  3-5  cm.  long:  perigynia  thin 
and  soft,  yellowish,  somewhat  inflated,  the  small  beak  entire,  shorter,  or 
longer  and  broader  than  the  obtuse  or  muticous  scale.    [C.  rhomboidea  Holm, 
Am.  Journ.  Sci.  16:    35.  1903  (?).]^On  stream  banks  and  lake  shores;  Colo- 
rado to  Oregon. 

29.  Carex  variabilis  Bailey,  Mem.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  1:  18.  1889.    Glaucous, 
mostly  low,  3-5  dm.  high,  stout:  culm  sharply  angled,  roughish  on  the  angles: 
leaves  rather  broad:  spikes  3-4,  short  and  stout,  borne  near  the  top  of  the 
culm,  erect,  the  lower  one  or  two  conspicuously  attenuated  at  the  base,  and 
appearing  clavate ;  the  upper  sessile,  lower  peduncled :  bracts  leaf-like  and 
broad,  the  lower  one  or  two  equaling  or  exceeding  the  culm :  perigynium  small 
and  broadly  ovate,  abruptly  and  very  shortly  beaked,  nerveless,  beak  entire, 
green  or  whitish,  conspicuously  broader  and  usually  shorter  than  the  obtuse 
or  muticous  black  scale.     C.  aperta  divaricata. — Wet  places;  Colorado  to 
Montana  and  Idaho. 

•M-  -M-  Culms  1-4  dm.  high:  haves  more  or  less  involute  when  dry. 

30.  Carex  Bigelovii*Torr.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  1:  67.  1824.    Culms  mostly  stout, 
sharp-angled,  smooth  except  near  the  top,  longer  than  the  narrow  leaves: 
staminate  spike  one:  pistillate  spikes  3-5,  slender,  lax,  loosely  flowered  at  the 
base,  the  lower  peduncled  and  often  remote,  black-purple  or  fuscous-purple: 
perigynium  narrow,  mostly  elliptic,  almost  pointless,  entire  at  the  orifice,  very 
faintly  nerved  towards  the  base,  shorter  or  rarely  a  little  longer  than  the  acute 
or  acutish  dark  purple  scale.     C.  vulgaris  hyperborea. — Alpine  regions;  Colo- 
rado, northward  and  westward. 

31.  Carex  rigida  Gooden.  Linn.  Trans.  2:  193.  1794.    Leaves  4  mm.  broad, 
flat:  staminate  spikes  sometimes  2,  usually  1:  pistillate  spikes  3-5,  short  and 
thick,  5-20  mm.  long,  erect,  approximate  or  the  lowest  sometimes  remote  and 
shortly  peduncled,  dark  purple;  auricles  very  prominent:  perigynium  obovate 
or  nearly  circular,  nerveless,  shortly  beaked,  pale  below,  usually  more  or  less 
purple  above,  commonly  shorter  than  the  dark,  acute  scale.     C.  vulgaris 
alpina. — Same  range  as  the  last. 

32.  Carex  scopulorum  Holm.  1.  c.     Plant  rather  stout,  from  a  dense  and 
woody  root,  3-6  dm.  high:  leaves  very  broad  for  the  group,  deep  green,  con- 
spicuously pointed,  shorter  than  the  culm:  staminate  spike  usually  1,  mostly 
short-peduncled:   pistillate   spikes   2-4,    sometimes  contiguous   or  partially 
scattered,  oval  or  oblong,  1-4  cm.  long,  the  two  lowest  usually  on.  slender 
peduncles  3-5  cm.  long,  the  others  sessile  or  nearly  so:  lowest  bract  leaf -like 
and  equaling  or  exceeding  the  culm:  perigynium  compressed-trigonous,  ovate 
or  round-ovate  in  outline,  pale  and  more  or  less  discolored  or  even  covered 
with  purple  dots  (or  rarely  almost  yellow),  produced  into  a  very  short  and 
entire  beak,  mostly  shorter  than  the  obtuse  or  muticous  purple  scale:  stigmas 
2  or  3.    C.  vulgaris  in  part.    (C.  Tolmiei  and  vars.) — Colorado  to  Montana  and 
west  to  the  coast  States. 

§  11.  Staminate  spike  one,  short,  either  pistillate  above  or  not  conspicuous 
(except  in  No.  33):  pistillate  spikes  none  to  several,  short  and  thick,  mostly 
dark-colored,  commonly  aggregated  (often  only  approximate),  sometimes  stam- 
inate at  the  base:  periginium  biconvex  or  very  obtusely  3-angled,  with  a  very 
short  entire  or  emarginate  beak,  or  bealless:  stigmas  2  or  3. — MELANOSTACH- 
YAE  Tuckm.  Mostly  mountain  or  boreal  species,  distinguished  by  the 
aggregated  spikes  and  inconspicuous  or  androgynous  terminal  spike  and 
nigrescent  color. 


CYPERACEAE    (SEDGE   FAMILY)  99 

*  Terminal  spike  all  staminate  (in  No.  33  often  with  a  few  pistillate  flowers  at 
base  or  apex,  or  rarely  all  pistillate  and  dioecious),  cylindrical:  pistillate 
spikes  approximate,  erect:  stigmas  usually  3. — STYLOSAE. 

33.  Carex  Parryana  Dewey,  Am.  Journ.  Sci.  27:  239.  1835.    Stoloniferous: 
culms  rigid,  1-4  dm.  high,  stout,  obtusely  angled,  smooth  or  nearly  so,  granu- 
lated,  longer  than  the  rigid,   long-pointed,   narrow  leaves:   terminal  spike 
usually  largest,  about  2  cm.  long,  brown,  with  1-5  small,  globular,  oblong,  or 
cylindrical  erect  spikes  near  its  base  (or  sometimes  entirely  solitary),  the  lower 
usually  subtended  by  a  narrow  bract  shorter  than  the  culm  and  often  more  or 
less  remote  and  shortly  peduncled :  perigynium  obovate  or  triangular-obovoid, 
somewhat  plano-convex,  scabrous  above,  lightly  nerved,  especially  on  the 
outer  side,  very  abruptly  short-beaked,  the  orifice  entire  or  erose-hyaline, 
shorter  and  about  the  width  of  the  very  obtuse,  brown,  white-nerved,  hyaline- 
margined,  sometimes  minutely  apiculate  and  ciliate  scale. — Colorado,  and 
northward  in  the  mountains;  rare. 

34.  Carex  Reynoldsii  Dewey,  Am.  Journ.  Sci.  II.  32:  39.  1861.    Stolon- 
iferous: culms  3-10  dm.  high,  sharply  angled,  longer  than  the  flat,  glaucous 
leaves:  staminate  spike  sessile,  about  12  mm.  long:  pistillate  spikes  3-6,  short 
and  thick,  8  mm.  wide,  not  commonly  more  than  twice  as  long  as  broad  (and 
usually  less),  sessile  or  short-peduncled,  aggregated,  or  the  lowest  2-5  cm. 
remote  and  exserted:  lower  bract  about  the  length  of  the  culm,  bearing  con- 
spicuous purple  auricles:  perigynium  large,  obovoid,  3-angled,  prominently 
nerved,  green  or  light-colored,  abruptly  narrowed  into  a  nearly  entire  purple 
beak,  somewhat  spreading,  when  mature  much  longer  and  broader  than  the 
acute  black* scale. — Mountains;  Utah  to  Wyoming. 

*  ^Terminal  spike  staminate:  pistillate  spikes  ovoid  or  oblong  and  drooping: 

stigmas  8. — LIMOSAE  Tuckm. 

35.  Carex  misandra  R.  Br.  Suppl.  Parry's  Voy.  283.     1823.     Glabrous: 
culms  2-40  cm.  tall:  leaves  2-3  mm.  wide,  clustered,  seldom  over  6  cm.  long: 
bracts  narrowly  linear,  sheathing,  not  overtopping  the  spikes:  terminal  spike 
slender-stalked:  pistillate  spikes  1  or  2,  filiform-stalked,  6-15  mm.  long,  about 
4  mm.  thick,  rather  few-flowered,  drooping:  perigynia  narrowly  lanceolate, 
acuminate,  narrowed  at  the  base,  3  mm.  long,  dark  brown,  denticulate  above: 
scales  obtuse,  purple-black  with  white  margins,  somewhat  shorter  than  the 
perigynia:  stigmas  2  or  3. — Throughout  Arctic  America,  extending  south  in  the 
Rocky  Mountains  to  the  higher  summits  of  Colorado. 

*  *  *  Terminal  spike  club-shaped,  staminate  below:  lateral  spikes  occasionally 
bearing  a  few  staminate  flowers  at  base:  scales  broad,  not  conspicuously  acute. — 
ATRATAE  Kunth. 

36.  Carex  atrata  L.  Sp.  PL  976.    1753.     Caespitose:  culm  1-6  dm.  high, 
sharply  angled,  smooth  or  roughish,  longer  than  the  long-pointed  leaves: 
bracts  about  equaling  the  culms,  mostly  with  conspicuous  auricles:  spikes  2-4, 
densely  flowered,  clavate  or  oblong,  thick,  1-4  cm.  long,  black  or  dark  brown, 
approximate  or  often  aggregated,  all  more  or  less  peduncled,  at  first  upright 
or  spreading,  at  length  usually  drooping  and  often  exserted,  and  the  top  of  the 
culm  appearing  as  if  bent  over:  perigynium  broadly  ovate  or  orbicular,  nerve- 
less, bearing  a  short  notched  beak,  commonly  a  little  broader  and  about  the 
length  or  a  little  shorter  than  the  black  or  dark  brown  obtuse  or  acutish  scale. 
(C.  chalciolepis  Holm.  Am.  Journ.  Sci.  16:  28.  1903.) — High  mountains;  Colo- 
rado and  Utah  and  northward. 

37.  Carex  bella  Bailey,  Bot.  Gaz.  17:  153.  1892.    Tall  and  slender:  spikes 
narrowly  cylindrical,  3-4  cm.  long  and  1  cm.  or  less  wide,  the  lower  one  or  two 
on  slender  peduncles  or  even  radical,  the  terminal  one  bearing  a  very  long  and 
much  contracted  staminate  portion:  perigynium  greenish- white,  conspicuously 
broader  and  usually  longer  than  the  black-purple  and  faintly  white-nerved 
scale.     C.  atrata  ovata. — Wyoming  to  Arizona. 

38.  Carex  nova  Bailey,  Mem.  Torr.  Club  1:   10.  1889.    Resembling  the  pre- 


100  CYPERACEAE    (SEDGE   FAMILY) 

ceding  but  the  spikes  (3  or  4)  globular,  strictly  sessile,  and  very  densely  aggre- 
gated into  an  ovoid-triangular  head,  the  lower  spikes  of  which  are  squarrose, 
or  the  lower  one  rarely  distinct :  perigynium  broadly  ovate  or  nearly  circular  in 
outline,  thin  and  whitish,  very  conspicuously  squarrose,  broader  than  the 
ovate  and  muticous  black  scale.  [C.  melanocephala  Turcz.(?)] — Mountains; 
Wyoming  and  Colorado  to  California. 

39.  Carex  alpina  Swartz,  Lilj.  Sv.  Fl.  Ed.  2.  26.  1798.    Culms  very  slender, 
1-5  dm.  high,  smooth,  longer  than  the  narrow  leaves:  spikes  2-4,  small,  5-12 
mm.  long,  mostly  compactly  flowered,  black  or  black  and  green,  closely  ag- 
gregated, erect  and  capitate,  the  lowest  very  short-stalked  and  usually  sub- 
tended by  a  green  bract:  perigynium  ovate  or  elliptic,  obscurely  nerved  or 
nerveless,  with  a  short  slightly  notched  beak,  green  or  fuscous,  commonly  a 
little  longer  than  the  ovate,  black,  nearly  obtuse  scale. — High  mountains, 
Colorado  and  northward. 

SUBGENUS  II.  Vignea.  Staminate  flowers  few  and  inconspicuous,  borne 
at  the  base  or  apex  of  the  pistillate  spikes.  Pistillate  flowers  in  short,  sessile 
spikes  (spike  Single  in  No.  40),  which  are  commonly  more  or  less  aggregated 
into  heads,  or  even  panicled.  Cross  section  of  the  perigynium  plano-convex 
in  outline.  Styles  two  and  achenium  lenticular. — The  spiked,  and  especially 
the  terminal  one,  usually  have  contracted  bases  when  the  staminate  flowers 
are  borne  below,  and  empty  scales  at  the  top  when  the  staminate  flowers  are 

borne  above. 

i 

§  12.  Staminate  flowers  borne  at  the  top  of  the  pistillate  spikes;  or  in  the  Are- 
nariae  spikes  often  wholly  staminate  and  the  plants  occasionally  dioecious. — 
ACROARRHENAE  Anderss. 

*  Spike  one  and  simple:  plants  very  small. — NARDINAE;  Tuckm. 

40.  Carex  Redowskyana   C.  A.   Mey.   Gyp.  Nov.  t.  4.  1831.     Creeping: 
culms  1-2  dm.  high,  longer  than  the  rigid,  erect  or  spreading  leaves:  spike 
5-15  cm.  long,  loosely  flowered:  perigynium  ovate,  prominently  nerved,  gradu- 
ally and  conspicuously  beaked,  spreading  at  maturity,  longer  than  the  acute 
scale.    C.  gynocrates. — In  the  high  mountains;  Colorado  to  British  America. 

*  *  Spikes  green  when  mature,  more  than  one. 
H-  Spikes  few-flowered,  distinct,  often  remote. 

41.  Carex  tenella  Schk.  Riedgr.  23.  f.  104.  1801.    Tufted  and  stoloniferous: 
culms  very  slender,  almost  capillary,  1-4  dm.  high,  about  the  length  of  the 
narrow,  loose  leaves:  spikes  scattered,  1-6-flowered:  perigynium  shortly  oval, 
rounded  on  the  outside,  finely  nerved,  abruptly  and  minutely  beaked,  longer 
than  the  very  thin  scale. — Swamps  throughout  our  range. 

42.  Carex  vallicola  Dewey,  Am.  Journ.  Sci.  II.  32:  40.  1861.    Culm  1-2 
dm.  high,  very  slender,  slightly  scabrous:  leaves  1  mm.  broad,  shorter  than  the 
stem :  bracts  roughly  cuspidate  from  a  broad  hyaline-margined  base,  the  lowest 
equaling  or  exceeding  its  spike:  head  1-3  cm.  long,  linear-oblong,  composed  of 
4-7  narrowly  oblong  contiguous  sessile  spikes  which  have  a  conspicuous 
column  of  staminate   flowers  at  the  apex:  scales  chestnut-colored,   mem- 
branaceous  with  very  broad  hyaline  margins,  clasping  at  the  base,  broadly 
ovate,  acute  or  the  scabrous  keel  prolonged  into  a  short  mucro:  perigynium 
pale  brown,  obovate,  abruptly  attenuated  to  the  base  and  to  the  obliquely 
cut  entire  beak,  convex  on  the  outer  side  and  concave  on  the  inner,  nerveless, 
sparsely  serrate  above  on  the  obtuse  margins,  about  as  long  and  narrower  than 
the  scale. — Colorado  and  Wyoming  to  Idaho. 

43.  Carex  eleocharis  Battey,  Mem.  Torr.  Club  1:  6.  1889.    Very  slender  but 
stiff,  1.5  dm.  high,  both  leaves  and  culm  filiform  and  smooth:  spikes  2  or  3, 
each  bearing  1-3  flowers,  closely  aggregated  into  a  very  small  and  apparently 
monostachyous  head,  evidently  staminate  above:  perigynium  short-ovate,  tur- 


CYPERACEAE    (SEDGE   FAMILY)  101 

gid,  flat  on  the  inner  face,  marginless  and  nerveless,  dull  brown,  beak  entire  or 
nearly  so,  as  long  as  or  longer  than  the  thin  hyaline  scale. — Wyoming  to  the 
plains  of  the  Saskatchewan. 

•+-  -H-  Spikes  several  to  many-flowered,  aggregated  into  a  globular  or  oblong  head. 

44.  Carex  gravida  Bailey,  Mem.  Torr.  Club  1:  5.  1889.  Light  green:  culms 
4-9  dm.  tall,  3-angled,  rough  above:  leaves  flat,  3-6  mm.  wide:  bracts  usually 
very  short:  spikes  several,  in  a  dense  heavy  head  2-3.5  cm.  long,  pale,  sub- 
globose:  perigynia  flat,  broadly  ovate  or  suborbicular,  3-4  mm.  long,  rounded 
at  the  base,  narrowed  into  a  2-toothed  beak  about  one  third  as  long  as  the 
body,  several-nerved  on  the  outer  face  or  nerveless:  scales  acute,  cuspidate  or 
short-awned,  about  as  long  as  the  perigynia.  C.  cephaloidea. — Possibly  coming 
into  our  eastern  border. 


*  *  *  Spikes  tawny  or  brown,  somewhat  chaffy  in  appearance,  closely  aggregated 
or  densely  capitate:  perigynium  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  not  conspicuously 
nerved. — FOETIDAE  Tuckm. 

•«—  Perigynium  conspicuously  rough  on  the  angles  above. 

45.  Carex  Hoodii  Boott,  Hook.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  2:  211.  t.  211.  1840.    Tall  and 
slender,  but  erect,  the  culm  3-6  dm.  high,  prolonged  beyond  the  leaves:  spikes 
several  to  many,  very  few-flowered,  compacted  into  an  ovoid  or  oblong  head 
1>2  cm.  long:  perigynium  spreading,  small  and  narrow,  gradually  contracted  at 
both  ends,  green,  nerveless  or  nearly  so,  conspicuously  wing-margined,  rough 
on  the  angles,  about  the  length  of  the  brown  or  tawny  scale.    C.  muricata  con- 
fixa. — Colorado  to  Montana  and  west  to  Washington. 

46.  Carex  occidentalis  Bailey,  1.  c.    Glaucous:  leaves  narrower  than  in  the 
last,  and  relatively  longer:  spikes  more  or  less  aggregated  into  a  very  slender 
head  2-3  cm.  long,  the  lowest  one  or  two  usually  wholly  distinct:  bracts  scale- 
like,  inconspicuous:  perigynium  larger  than  in  the  last,  turgid-ovate,  abruptly 
short-beaked,   nearly  marginless   and   often   smooth:    scales  muticous.      C. 
muricata. — Colorado  to  Montana. 

47.  Carex  Hookeriana  Dewey,  Am.  Journ.  Sci.  29:  248.  1836.    Very  slender: 
head   interrupted,  castaneous,  small,  the  spikes   sometimes  alternately  ar- 
ranged: bracts  of  the  two  or  three  lower  spikes  produced  into  long  awns,  which 
surpass  the  spikes:  perigynium  small,  green,  usually  lightly  nerved,  gradually 
produced  into  a  beak  which  is  cut  into  sharp  awl-like  teeth.     C.  muricata 
gracilis. — Colorado  to  California. 

-i—  -!—  Perigynium  smooth  or  slightly  scabrous. 

48.  Carex  foetida  All.  Fl.  Fed.  2:  265.  1785.    Creeping:  culm  1-4  dm.  high, 
rather  stout,  scabrous,  longer  than  the  long-pointed  leaves:  spikes  very  densely 
aggregated  into  a  globose  or  ovoid  brown  head:  perigynium  lanceolate  or 
ovate-lanceolate,  toothed  at  the  apex,  about  the  length  of  the  acute  or  mu- 
cronate  brown  scale. — Mountains;  Colorado,  Utah,  and  Wyoming. 

49.  Carex  incurva  Lightf.  Fl.  Scot.  544.  1777.    Extensively  creeping:  culm 
stiff  and  short,  3-15  cm.  long,  smooth,  usually  curved,  about  the  length  of  the 
narrow  and  stiff  curved  leaves:  spikes  2-5,  crowded  into  a  short  ovoid  or 
globular  brown  or  tawny  head  which  is  only  3-15  mm.  long:  perigynium  large 
and  turgid,  stipitate,  broadly  ovate,  conical  above,  purple  towards  the  top, 
faintly  many-nerved  on  one  side  at  least,  narrowed  into  a  short  and  stout  en- 
tire beak,  not  covered  by  the  acute,  thin  scale. — Colorado  and  far  into  British 
America. 

50.  Carex  stenophylla  Wahl.  Kongl.  Acad.  Handl.  II.  24:  142.  1803.     Sto- 
loniferous:  culms  stiff,  3-15  cm.  high  from  a  mass  of  fibrillose  sheaths,  usu- 
ally longer  than  the  stiff  involute  filiform  leaves:  spikes  3-6,  short,  4-8  mm. 
long,  nearly  globose,  loosely  conglomerated  into  a  small  subglobose  or  shortly 
oblong  head,  each  spike  subtended  by  a  scarious  mucronate  bract  of  less  than 
its  own  length:  perigynium  ovate,  brown,  nerved,  gradually  contracted  into  a 
short,  blunt,  entire  beak,  tightly  inclosing  the  achenium,  at  maturity  longer 


102  CYPERACEAE    (SEDGE   FAMILY) 

than  the  hyaline,  brown,  acutish  scale. — Dry  plains  and  hills;  New  Mexico  and 
far  northward  and  eastward. 

51.  Carex  teretiuscula  Gooden.  Trans.  Linn.  Soc.  2:  163.  1794.     Rather 
light  green:  culm  very  rough,  at  least  above,  3-7  dm.  long:  leaves  mostly  less 
than  2  mm.  wide:  bracts  small  or  none:  spikes  several  or  numerous,  in  a  nar- 
rowly oblong  cluster  2-5  cm.  long:  perigynia  ovate-oval,  smooth,  dark  brown, 
hard,  shining,  the  body  slightly  more  than  1  mm.  long,  truncate  or  rounded  at 
the  head,  short-stalked,  tapering  into  a  flat  conic  beak  about  its  own  length: 
scales  thin,  ovate,  brownish,  acute  or  short-awned,  about  equaling  the  peri- 
gynia.—Across  the  continent  northward. 

*  *  *  *  Spikes  yellow  or  tawny  when  mature,  aggregated  into  more  or  less  com- 
pound heads  or  panicles:  perigynium  many-nerved,  stipitate,  tapering  from 
a  spongy  base  into  a  more  or  less  conspicuous  beak,  twice  the  length  of  the  body, 
or  more. — VULPINAE  Kunth. 

52.  Carex  stipata  Willd.  Sp.  PL  4:  233.  1805.    Caespitose:  culms  thick  and 
spongy,  3-6  dm.  high,  very  sharply  3-angled,  almost  winged,  about  the  length 
of  the  broad   light   green   canaliculate   rough-edged    leaves:    spikes    10-20, 
loosely  aggregated   into  an  oblong  pyramidal  head  2-6  cm.  long,  which  is 
somewhat  branching  or  occasionally  nearly  simple  at  the  base:  perigynium 
lanceolate,  finely  nerved,  the  rough  beak  about  twice  the  length  of  the  rounded 
base,  the  whole  about  twice  (or  a  little  more)  as  long  as  the  scale. — Pastures 
and  wet  places  throughout  our  range. 

53.  Carex  Jonesii  Bailey,  Mem.  Torr.'Bot.  Club  1:  16.  1889.    Slender,  but 
erect  and  somewhat  stiff,  2-5  dm.  high:  culm  sharply  angled  and  rough,  some- 
what exceeding  the  narrow  leaves:  spikes  several  to  many,  densely  aggregated 
into  a  small  oblong  or  ovoid  head  which  is  bractless :  perigynium  small,  lanceo- 
late from  the  truncate  base,  stipitate,  very  strongly  many-nerved,  marginless, 
smooth  or  but  slightly  rough  on  the  angles  above,  the  long  and  brown  beak 
nearly  entire:  scale  brown,  muticous  or  obtuse,  somewhat  shorter  than  the 
perigynium. — Wyoming  to  California. 

*****  Staminate  flowers  variously  situated,  usually  some  of  the  intermediate 
or  terminal  spikes  all  staminate,  or  the  plant  entirely  dioecious:  spikes  ag- 
gregated in  more  or  less  chaffy  heads,  straw-colored  or  brown. — ARENAEIAE 
Tuckm. 

•»—  Spikes  short:  scales  ovate,  not  awned  or  conspicuously  acute. 

54.  Carex  siccata  Dewey,  Am.  Journ.  Sci.   10:  278.  1826.     Extensively 
creeping:  culm  erect,  2-5  dm.  high,  sharply  angled,  rough,  mostly  longer  than 
the  rather  narrow  leaves:  spikes  4-12,  simple,  alternate,  ferruginous,  longer 
than  the  scale-like  bracts,  the  middle  ones  or  sometimes  the  lower  ones  all 
staminate,  loosely  aggregated  into  an  oblong  or  cylindrical  head  2-4  cm.  long: 
perigynium  green,  nerved,  the  margins  slightly  incurved,  ovate  below,  con- 
tracted into  a  rough  and  slightly  toothed  beak  which  is  longer  than  the  body, 
the  whole  longer  than  the  hyaline-margined  acute  scale. — Dry  places,  Colorado 
and  northward.    The  forms  with  the  lower  spikes  all  staminate  resemble  those 
species  of  the  next  section  with  a  single  terminal  spike  which  is  prolonged  and 
staminate  at  the  base. 

55.  Carex  marcida  Boott,  Hook.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  2:  212.  1840.    Culm  erect, 
3-6  dm.  high,  sharply  angled,  scabrous,  longer  than  the  narrow  leaves:  spikes 
4-15,  ferruginous  or  dark  brown,  the  lower  usually  somewhat  compound, 
staminate  at  the  apex  or  nearly  dioecious,  spreading  and  imbricated  into  an 
oblong-conical  or  broadly  cylindrical  head :  perigynium  brown,  becoming  very 
dark  at  maturity,  nerved,  ovate  or  orbicular-ovate,  with  incurved  and  serrate 
margins,  contracted  into  a  beak  shorter  than  the  body,  about  the  length  of,  or 
a  little  shorter  than,  the  acute  or  cuspidate  scale. — Sandy  meadows  and  moun- 
tains throughout  our  range. 

56.  Carex  Sartwellii  Dewey,  Am.  Journ.  Sci.  43:  90.  1842.     Extensively 
creeping:  culm  stout,  3-10  dm.  high,  sharply  angled,  rough  above,  mostly 


CYPERACEAE    (SEDGE   FAMILY)  103 

longer  than  the  leaves:  spikes  10-25,  globose  or  ovoid,  compactly  flowered, 
ferruginous  or  straw-colored,  usually  all  simple,  the  middle  or  terminal  ones 
staminate,  loosely  aggregated  (the  two  or  three  lowest  sometimes  distinct) 
into  a  cylindrical  or  oblong  thick  and  heavy  head  3-7  cm.  long,  which  is 
sometimes  subtended  by  a  bract  of  its  own  length:  perigynium  tawny,  ovate, 
prominently  nerved,  scarcely  wing-margined,  rough  above,  shortly  beaked 
(the  orifice  nearly  entire),  bearing  a  conspicuous  fissure  on  the  outer  side, 
commonly  longer  than  the  acute  brown  scale.  C.  disticha. — Dry  places;  Utah, 
Colorado,  and  northward  and  eastward. 

57.  Carex  Gayana  Desv.  Fl.  Chili  205.     1853.    Creeping:  culms  slender, 
3-6  dm.  high,  longer  than  the  leaves:  spikes  4-15,  globose  or  loosely  ovoid, 
dark  brown,  simple,  nearly  dioecious  (rarely  staminate  at  the  top),  rather 
loosely  aggregated   into  a  small  ovoid  head    15-25  mm.  long:    perigynium 
triangular-obovoid,  about  as  wide  as  long  (sometimes  wider),  gibbous  below, 
rough  on  the  top,  squarely  contracted  into  a  very  short  entire  beak,  obscurely 
nerved  below,  brown  and  shining  at  maturity,  shorter  than  the  acute  chaffy 
scale. — Wyoming  and  southward. 

•«-  -1-  Spikes  mostly  nearly  linear  or  narrowly  oblong,  chaffy:  the  scales  long, 
attenuated  or  awned:  heads  pale. 

58.  Carex  Douglasii  Boott,-Hook.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  2:  213.  1840.    Creeping: 
culm  1-3  dm.  high,  obtusely  angled  and  mostly  smooth,  longer  or  shorter  than 
the  long-pointed  leaves:  spikes  usually  many,  simple  or  compound,  pale  and 
chaffy,  dioecious  or  nearly  so,  densely  aggregated  into  a  conspicuous  and 
heavy  head  3-5  cm.  long  and  often  "2-3  cm.  wide,  which  is  sometimes  sub- 
tended by  a  setaceous  bract  of  nearly  its  own  length:  perigynium  ovate- 
lanceolate,  nerved,  produced  into  a  slender  toothejd  beak,  much  shorter  and 
entirely  concealed  by  the  long,  acute,  scarious  scale:  stamens  and  stigmas  long 
and  conspicuous. — Common  especially  in   Wyoming;   Colorado,  Utah,  and 
southward. 

§  13.  Spikes  staminate  at  the  base  (No.  62  sometimes  has  spikes  staminate  at 
the  top). — HYPARKHENAE  Anderss. 

*  Spikes  silvery-green  or  tawny  when  mature,  distinct,  mostly  small;  perigyn- 
ium not  wing-margined  nor  conspicuously  broadened,  mostly  nearly  flat  on 
the  inner  surface. — ELONGATAE  Tuckm. 

-»—  Perigynium  nearly  linear  or  ovate-lanceolate,  in  loose  spikes. 

59.  Carex  Deweyana  Schw.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  1:  65.  1824.     Caespitose: 
culms  weak  and  slender,  3-8  dm.  high,  longer  than  the  flaccid  and  flat  leaves: 
spikes  3-6,  silvery-green,  erect,  4-8-flowered,  the  two  or  three  upper  ones  ap- 
proximate, the  lower  more  or  less  remote,  the  lowest  subtended  by  a  setaceous 
bract  of  more  than  its  own  length,  all  uniformly  staminate  at  the  base :  peri- 
gynium oblong-lanceolate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  very  thin  in  texture,  spongy 
at  the  base,  nerveless  or  very  nearly  so,  nearly  erect,  prolonged  into  a  long  and 
rough  toothed  beak,  little  longer  than  the  very  acute  or  awned  white  scale. — 
Moist  copses  throughout. 

•*-  H-  Perigynium  ovate  or  nearly  so,  not  sharp-margined,  firm  in  texture,  erect 
in  closely  flowered  and  rounded  spikes. 

60.  Carex  canescens  L.  Sp.  PI.  974.  1753.    Culms  slender,  3-6  dm.  high 
often  weak,  rough,  about  the  length  or  a  little  longer  than  the  leaves:  spikes 
3-10,  pale  or  glaucous,  scattered  or  remote  (the  upper  usually  approximate), 
small  and  densely  10-20-flowered,  obovoid  or  ellipsoid,  mostly  conspicuously 
narrowed  at  the  base  with  staminate  flowers:  perigynium  small,  short-ovate 
or  oval,  whitish  and  granular,  mostly  obscurely  nerved,  abruptly  and  minutely 
beaked,  rather  longer  than  the  acutish  Scale.    C.  elongata  in  part;  the  vars. 
alpicola  Wahl.  and  dubia  Bailey  seem  to  run  into  the  species  by  numerous 
gradations.     [C.  brunnescens  (Pers.)  Poir  is  C.  canescens  alpicola  Wahl.] — 
Widely  distributed;  throughout  our  range  at  various  elevations. 


104  CYPERACEAE  (SEDGE  FAMILY) 

61.  Carex  lagopina  Wahl.  Kongl.  Acad.  Handl.  II.  24: 145. 1803.    Caespitose: 
culms  1-2  dm.  high,  erect,  rather  longer  than  the  leaves:  spikes  usually  3, 
often  5  or  6,  subglobose  or  ovoid,  reddish-brown,  compactly  flowered,  contiguous 
or  the  lowest  a  little  remote,  all  small,  longer  than  the  scale-like  bracts: 
perigynium  small,  obovate  or  elliptical,  usually  colored  above,  thick  in  texture, 
nerved,   tapering   towards  the  base,   often  curved,   rather  abruptly  short- 
beaked,  the  beak  with  a  closed  fissure  on  the  outer  side,  longer  than  the  ovate, 
broad,  brown,   hyaline-margined  acute  scale. — A  small  alpine  species  dis- 
tinguished by  its  heads  of  few  dark-colored  spikes,  its  narrow  leaves,  and 
caespitose  habit;  Colorado  and  Utah. 

•<-  -i-  +-  Perigynium  ovate,  sharp-margined,  firm,  often  thickened  at  the  base, 
spreading,  in  open  and  at  maturity  stellate  spikes. 

62.  Carex  sterilis  Willd.  Sp.  PL  4:  208.  1805.     Caespitose:  culms  sharply 
angled,  smooth  or  rough,  slender,  and  erect,  1-5  dm.  high,  usually  longer  than 
the  narrow,  pale  leaves:  spikes  small,  about  8-15-flowered,  scattered,  globular, 
the  upper  one  conspicuously  contracted  below  with  staminate  flowers,  or 
rarely  all  the  spikes  staminate  or  all  pistillate:  perigynium  ovate  or  ovate- 
lanceolate,   gradually   narrowed  into  a  sharp-edged,   rough,   toothed  beak, 
nerved,  spreading  or  reflexed,  about  the  length  or  longer  than  the  acute  scale. 
C.  echinata.    (C.  stellulata  Gooden.) — Colorado  to  British  America. 

*  *  Spikes  tawny  or  dark,  rather  large,  sometimes  crowded:  perigynium  with 
a  more  or  less  thin  or  winged  margin  which  is  mostly  incurved  at  maturity, 
rendering  the  perigynium  concave  inside. — OVALES  Kunth.  * 

-i—  Spikes  aggregated  into  a  more  or  less  dense  head. 

63.  Carex  tenuirostris  6lney,  Am.  Nat.  8:  214.  1874.    Low,  1-2  dm.  high, 
stiff  and  erect,  the  leaves  very  narrow  and  long-pointed,  somewhat  shorter 
than  the  culm:  head  small,  ovate,  8-12  mm.  long,  very  light  brown:  perigynium 
lanceolate  and  nearly  terete  below,  slightly  concave  but  marginless  above, 
gradually  narrowed  into  a  point,  lightly  many-nerved,  particularly  on  the 
back,  about  the  length  of  the  lanceolate  and  acute  hyaline-margined  scale. 
C.  Bonplandii  in  part. — Western  Wyoming  and  westward. 

64.  Carex  illota  Bailey,  Mem.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  1:   15.   1889.     Stoloniferous: 
culm  slender  and  nearly  naked  (3  dm.  or  more  high),  longer  than  the  grass- 
like  leaves :  spikes  3-6,  small  and  chaffy,  crowded  into  a  small  capitate  dark 
brown  head  which  is  12  mm.  or  less  long:  bracts  scale-like,  often  setaceously- 
pointed,  sometimes  inconspicuous,  never  longer  than  the  head:  perigynium 
ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  somewhat  colored,  narrowed  into  a  serrate  beak 
about  as  long  as  the  body,  nerved,  narrowly  winged,  about  the  length  of  the 
acutish  scale  or  a  little  longer  and  about  as  wide.    C.  Bonplandii  angustifolia. — 
In  the  mountains;  Colorado  to  Montana  and  west  to  Utah. 

65.  Carex  f estiva  Dewey,  Am.  Journ.  Sci.  24:  246.  1835.    Caespitose:  culms 
usually  slender,  2-8  dm.  high,  longer  than  the  flat  stem-leaves:  spikes  6-15, 
roundish,  small,  densely  aggregated  (occasionally  somewhat  loosely)  into  a 
fulvous  dafk  brown  or  green  and  brown  ovoid  head,  which  is  1-3  cm.  in  diame- 
ter: bract  usually  inconspicuous,  sometimes  as  long  as  the  head,  narrow: 
perigynium  varying  from  broad-ovate  at  base  to  long-lanceolate,  greenish, 
conspicuously  winged  (half  its  width  or  more  being  consumed  in  the  thin 
margins),  narrowed  gradually  into  a  rough  beak  about  as  long  as  the  body, 
nerved  or  almost  nerveless,  longer  and  broader  than  the  acute  or  somewhat 
obtuse  brown  scale.     (C.  ebenea  Rydb.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  28:   266.  1901.) 
A  number  of  varieties  have  been  proposed,  but  they  are  distinguished  from  the 
species  with  difficulty. — Frequent  throughout  the  Rocky  Mountain  region. 

66.  Carex  multinoda  Bailey,  Bot.  J3az.  21:  5.  1896.    Similar  to  the  preced- 
ing but  much  slenderer,  with  very  slender  leaves:  spikes  small  and  massed  into 
a  little  tawny  or  dark  head:  points  of  the  narrow  perigynia  generally  con- 
spicuously spreading. — Same  range  as  the  preceding. 

67.  Carex  athrostachya  Olney,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  8:  393.  1868.    Differs  from 


LEMNACEAE    (DUCKWEED   FAMILY)  105 

C.  f estiva  in  the  presence  of  elongated  bracts  which  are  expanded  and  strongly 
nerved  at  the  base,  the  two  or  three  lower  much  exceeding  the  mostly  paler 
head:  lowest  spike  rarely  distinct. — Common  throughout  our  range. 

H—  •»—  Spikes  mostly  separated,  or  if  aggregated  the  individual  spike  well  defined. 

•M-  Perigynium  thin  and  scale-like,  with  little  distinction  between  the  margin  and 
the  body,  mostly  greenish. 

68.  Carex  scoparia  Schk.  Riedgr.  Nachtr.  20.  f.  175.  1806.    Culms  slender, 
erect,  roughish  above,  1.5-7.5  dm.  tall:  leaves  less  than  3  mm.  wide:  spikes 
3-10,  oblong,  narrowed  at  both  ends,  bright  brown,  6-16  mm.  long,  usually 
aggregated  into  an  ovoid  head:  perigynia  lanceolate,  4-6  mm.  long,  rather  less 
than  2  mm.  wide,  narrowly  wing-margined,  several-nerved  on  both  faces, 
tapering  into  the  ciliate  two-toothed  beak:  scales  thin,  brown,  acuminate  or 
cuspidate,  shorter  than  the  perigynia. — Extending  into  Colorado  from  the 
eastern  States. 

•M-  ++  Perigynium   thickened  in   the    middle,   with   conspicuous   wing-margins 
which  are  more  or  less  incurved,  mostly  tawny  or  brown. 

69.  Carex  petasata  Dew.  Am.  Journ.  Sci.  29:  246.  1836.    Caespitose:  culm 
erect,  1-4  dm.  high,  scabrous  above,  mostly  longer  than  the  leaves:  spikes  3-6, 
erect,  ovoid,  all  contiguous  into  an  oblong  dark  brown  head:  lower  bracts  often 
green  and  as  long  as  the  head,  but  usually  all  scale-like:  perigynium  ovate  or 
ovate-lanceolate,  broadly  winged,  nerved,  rough  on  the  margins,  contracted 
into  a  beak  scarcely  as  long  as  the  body,  the  whole  not  longer  than  the  thin- 
margined  scale.    C.  leporina. — Frequent  in  our  range. 

70.  Carex  Liddonii  Boott,  Hook.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  2:  214.  1840.    Culm  erect  or 
nearly  so:  spikes  3-6,  ovoid  or  oblong,  pointed,  erect,  chaffy  at  the  base,  con- 
spicuously fulvous  in  color,  contiguous,  or  loosely  aggregated  into  an  oblong 
head  2-3  cm.  long:  perigynium  large  and  conspicuous,  greenish  or  tawny,  firm 
in  texture,  lanceolate,  8-12  mm.  long,  thrice  as  long  as  the  elliptic  brown 
achenium,  few-nerved  when  mature,  rough  on  the  narrowly  winged  and  in- 
curved margins,  very  gradually  beaked,  about  the  length  of  the  acute  and 
thin-margined  scale.     C.  adusta  congesta  W.  Boott. — Mostly  at  high  altitudes; 
Colorado  to  Montana;  said  to  occur  in  Arizona. 

71.  Carex  festucacea  Willd.  Sp.  PI.  4:  242.  1805.    Culms  nearly  or  quite 
smooth,  erect,  3-10  dm.  tall:  leaves  erect,  2-4  mm.  wide,  shorter  than  the 
culm:  spikes  3-8,  green-brown,  oblong  or  nearly  globular,  clustered,  4-8  mm. 
in  diameter:  perigynia  orbicular  or  very  broadly  ovate,  broadly  wing-margined, 
about  3  mm.  in  diameter,  several-nerved  on  both  faces,  the  roughish  beak 
about  one  third  the  length  of  the  body:  scales  acute  or  obtusish.    C.  straminea. 
— On  the  plains  at  the  eastern  base  of  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

72.  Carex  praticola  Rydb.  Mem.  N.  Y.  Bot.  Card.   1:  84.  1900.     Culm 
very  slender  towards  the  top,  weak  and  nodding  at  maturity,  erect  when 
young:  leaves  narrow,  very  long-pointed:  spikes  all  silvery-brown,  long  atten- 
uated at  the  base,  the  lower  rather  remote:  perigynium  thin  and  papery,  ovate- 
lanceolate,  nearly  nerveless.     C.  adusta  minor;  C.  pratensis  Drej. — Colorado 
and  into  British  America. 

The  following  have  also  been  reported  from  this  range  but  probably  some  of 
the  specimens  so  reported  are  referable  to  other  species:  C.  magellanica  Lam.; 
C.  viridula  Michx.;  C.  retrorsa  Schkur.;  C.  microglochin  Wahl. 

18.  LEMNACEAE  Dumort.    DUCKWEED  FAMILY 

Minute  aquatic  plants  without  stems  or  leaves,  but  a  flat  or  disk-like  irregular 
plant-body  which  may  be  called  the  thallus  or  frond.  These  float  on  or  near 
the  surface  and  increase  vegetatively  by  lateral  growth  and  branching,  the 
branches  being  lightly  connected  by  slender  stalks  which  soon  allow  them  to 


106  LEMNACEAE    (DUCKWEED   FAMILY) 

separate  as  distinct  thalli  (the  stalk,  if  it  remains  attached,  constituting  the 
stipe).  Each  produces  one  or  more  roots  from  the  under  side  and  on  the  edge 
or  upper  surface  is  borne  the  inflorescence  which  consists  of  1  or  more  naked 
monoecious  flowers.  Each  flower  is  either  a  single  stamen,  with  2-4-pollen 
sacs,  producing  barbellate  pollen  grains,  or  a  single  flask-shaped  pistil,  pro- 
ducing 1-6  ovules.  Fruit  a  utricle  and  seeds  large. 

Thallus  1-3-nerved,  or  nerveless;  rootlet  solitary   .         .         .         .         .         .1.  Lemna. 

Thallus  7-12-nerved;  rootlets  several,  fascicled     ......     2.  Spirodela. 

1.  LEMNA  *  L.     DUCKWEED 

Flowers  produced  from  a  cleft  in  the  margin  of  the  thallus,  usually  three 
together  surrounded  by  a  spathe;  two  of  them  staminate,  consisting  of  a 
stamen  only;  the  other  pistillate,  of  a  simple  pistil;  the  whole  therefore  imitat- 
ing a  single  diandrous  flower.  Anther  cells  transversely  divided  by  a  partition, 
each  cavity  opening  transversely.  Seeds  1-6. 

Thalli  long-stipitate         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .     1.  L.  trisulca. 

Thalli  short-stipitate  or  sessile. 
Spathe  open. 

Thalli  1-nerved  or  nerveless. 

Thalli  thin,  without  papules;  root-cap  strongly  curved,  tapering  .     2.  L.  cyclostasa. 
Thalli  thick  with  a  row  of  papules  along  the  nerve;  root-cap  little 

curved,  cylindric   .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .     3.  L.  minima. 

Thalli  3-nerved;  root-cap  cylindric 4.  L.  perpusilla. 

Spathe  sac-like. 

Thalli  green  or  purplish  beneath;  fruit  not  winged    .         .         .         .     5.  L.  minor. 
Thalli  pale  beneath,  usually  strongly  gibbous;  fruit  winged       .         .     6.  L.  gibba. 

1.  Lemna  trisulca  L.  Sp.  PL  970.  1753.     Thallus  lanceolate,  submerged 
and  devoid  of  stomata  in  the  primary  aquatic  form,  ovate  to  oblong-lanceolate, 
5-15  mm.  long,  floating  and  provided  with  stomata  in  the  later  flowering  stage: 
the  later  and  more  common  form  is  narrowed  at  the  base  to  a  slender  stipe, 
thin,  denticulate,  with  or  without  rootlets,  and  slightly  3-nerved:  several  in- 
dividuals often  remain  connected,  so  as  to  form  a  chain-like  series:  root-cap 
pointed:  fruit  symmetrical:  seed  deeply  12-15-ribbed. — Across  the  continent; 
also  in  the  Old  World. 

2.  Lemna  cyclostasa  (Ell.)  Chev.  Fl.  Par.  2:  256.  1827.    Thallus  oblong- 
elliptic,  2-4.5  mm.  long,  thin,  subfalcate  and  shortly  stalked  at  the  base,  pro- 
vided with  numerous  stomata,  except  on  the  borders,   nerveless:  root-cap 
blunt:  spathe  reniform:  fruit  ovoid-oblong,  unsymmetrical :  seeds  prominently 
12-29-ribbed. — Pools   and   slow-flowing    streams;    northern   Wyoming,    and 
across  the  continent. 

3.  Lemna   minima  Philippi,  Linnaea  33:  239.  1864.     Thallus  oblong  to 
elliptic,  2-4  mm.  long,  obscurely  1-nerved,  or  nerveless,  with  a  row  of  papules 
along  the  nerve,  the  lower  surface  flat,  or  slightly  convex,  the  apex  rounded: 
root-cap  usually  short,  a  little  curved,  rarely  perfectly  straight,  cylindric, 
blunt:   spathe   open:   pistil   short-clavate ;   stigma   concave:   ovule   solitary: 
seed   oblong,  pointed,  about    16-ribbed,  with  many  transverse  striations. — 
Wyoming  to  Florida  and  to  California. 

4.  Lemna  perpusilla  Torr.  Fl.  N.  Y.  2:  245.  1843.    Thallus  small,  2-3.5  mm. 
long,  obovate,  often  purplish  tinged  beneath,  unsymmetrical  and  abruptly 
narrowed  to  a  very  short  stalk,  provided  throughout  with  numerous  stomata, 
obscurely   3-nerved:    root-cap   straight,    pointed:    fruit    ovoid:    seed    12-20- 
ribbed. — Frequent;  northern  Wyoming  to  New  York. 

5.  Lemna  minor  L.  Sp.  PI.  970.     1753.     Thallus  obovate  or  subcircular, 
1.5-5  mm.  long,  thickish,  rarely  reddish  or  purplish  tinged,   short-stalked 
when  young,  provided  throughout  with  stomata,   nearly  symmetrical,   ob- 
scurely  3-nerved,  very   rarely  4-5-nerved:   root-cap    obtuse  or  sub  truncate: 

*  The  Key  and  specific  descriptions   have  been  taken  without  change  from  Britton's 
Manual. 


COMMELINACEAE    (SPIDERWORT   FAMILY)  107 

fruit  symmetrical,  subturbinate :  seed  with  a  prominent  protruding  hilum, 
deeply  and  unequally  12-15-ribbed:  ovule  1. — Cosmopolitan;  lakes  and  stag- 
nant ponds. 

6.  Lemna  gibba  L.  Sp.  PL  970.  1753.  Thallus  unsymmetrical,  obovate  or 
short-ob ovate,  2-6  mm.  long,  thickish  or  more  or  less  strongly  gibbous  be- 
neath, short-stalked  when  young,  soon  separating,  provided  with  stomata 
which  are  sparse  beneath,  obscurely  3-5-nerved:  root-cap  mostly  short- 
pointed,  cylindrical,  rarely  long-pointed  or  obtuse:  fruit  symmetrical:  seed 
thick,  deeply  and  unequally  ribbed. — World- wide  in  distribution. 

2.  SPIRODELA  Schleiden.     GREATER  DUCKWEED 

Anther-cells  bilocellate  by  a  vertical  partition  and  longitudinally  dehiscent. 
Ovules  2.  Thallus  7-11-nerved  or  more;  rootlets  several,  with  axile  vascular 
tissue.  Otherwise  as  Lemna. 

1.  Spirodela  polyrhiza  (L.)  Schleid.  Linnaea  13:  392.  1839.  Thallus  2-10 
mm.  long,  thick,  flat  and  dark  green  above,  slightly  convex  and  purple  be- 
neath, palmately  5-15-nerved,  bearing  a  central  cluster  of  from  4-16  elongated 
roots:  root-cap  pointed. — In  still  water;  widely  distributed  and  occurring  oc- 
casionally in  our  range. 

19.  COMMELINACEAE  Reichenb.    SPIDERWORT  FAMILY 

Herbs,  with  fibrous  or  sometimes  thickened  roots,  jointed  and  often  branch- 
ing leafy  stems,  and  chiefly  perfect  and  6-androus,  often  irregular  flowers,  with 
the  perianth  free  from  the  2-3-celled  ovary,  and  having  a  distinct  calyx  and 
corolla  of  3  persistent  sepals  and  as  many  ephemeral  or  deciduous  (in  ours 
blue)  petals.  Style  1;  stigma  undivided.  Pod  3  to  several-seeded.  Leaves 
ovate,  lanceolate,  or  linear,  parallel- veined,  flat,  sheathed  at  the  base;  the 
uppermost  often  forming  a  kind  of  spathe. 

Flowers  irregular;  3  of  the  6  stamens  anther-bearing     *••       .         .         .1.  Commelina. 
Flowers  regular;  stamens  all  anther-bearing     .         .         .         .         .         .2.  Tradescantia. 

1.  COMMELINA  L.     DAY  FLOWER 

Stems  branching,  often  procumbent  and  rooting  at  the  joints.  Floral  leaf 
heart-shaped  and  clasping,  folded  together  or  hooded,  forming  a  spathe  in- 
closing the  flowers,  which  expand  for  a  single  morning  and  are  recurved  on 
their  pedicels  before  and  afterwards.  Sepals  somewhat  colored,  unequal;  the 
two  lateral  partly  united  by  their  contiguous  margins.  Two  lateral  petals 
rounded,  on  long  claws,  the  old  one  smaller.  Sterile  stamens  with  imperfect 
cross-shaped  anthers. 

1.  Commelina  crispa  Wooton,  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  25:  451.  1898.  Stems 
slender,  erect,  or  reclined  and  rooting  towards  the  base:  leaves  oblong  or  linear- 
lanceolate  :  spathes  peduncled,  conduplicate,  orbicular-cordate  when  expanded, 
in  fruit  somewhat  hood-like.  Commelina  virginica. — Colorado  and  southwest- 
ward. 

2.  TRADESCANTIA  L.     SPIDERWORT 

Freely  branched;  filaments  folded:  ovary  pubescent  in  rib-like  lines         .     1.  T.  laramiensis. 
Simple;  filaments  straight;  ovary  pubescent  at  apex     .         .         .         .     2.  T.  occidentals. 

1.  Tradescantia  laramiensis  L.  N.  Goodding,  Bot.  Gaz.  33:  68.  1902. 
Stems  glabrous,  freely  branched,  3-4  dm.  high:  leaves  widely  spreading, 
linear;  the  radical  5-10  mm.  wide;  the  cauline  narrower;  the  involucral  only 
2-3  mm.  wide  and  very  long:  umbels  sessile,  terminating  stems  and  branches: 
flowers  numerous,  often  as  many  as  50  in  each  umbel,  pendent  in  age;  pedicels 


108  JUNCACEAE  (RUSH  FAMILY) 

2-3  cm.  long,  glandular-pubescent  as  are  also  the  oblong  acute  sepals:  petals 
dark  blue,  broad,  obtuse,  2  cm.  long,  twice  as  long  as  the  sepals:  filaments  once 
or  twice  sharply  folded  on  themselves  and  immersed  in  the  copious  wool  arising 
from  their  lowest  segments:  ovary  ribbed  with  rows  of  glandular  hairs. — East- 
ern Wyoming. 

2.  Tradescantia  occidentalis  Britton,  Rydb.  Mem.  N.  Y.  Bot.  Gard.  1:  87. 
1900.  Stems  solitary,  erect,  simple,  3-8  dm.  high:  leaves  linear,  involutely 
folded;  sheaths  1-4  cm.  long:  pedicels  1-2  cm.  long,  glabrous:  sepals  oblong  or 
elliptic,  sparsely  pilose-glandular,  8-10  mm.  long:  petals  blue  or  reddish, 
twice  as  long  as  the  sepals:  filaments  nearly  or  quite  straight,  sparsely  pilose 
at  base:  ovary  pubescent  at  summit.  T.  virginiana.  (T.  scopulorum  Rose, 
Contrib.  Nat.  Herb.  5:  205.  1899,  as  to  the  specimens  from  Colorado  and  north- 
ward.)— From  the  eastern  base  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  in  Colorado  to  Iowa. 

20.  PONTEDERIACEAE  Dumort.     PICKEREL  WEED  FAMILY 

Aquatic  herbs,  with  perfect  more  or  less  irregular  flowers  from  a  spathe.  The 
petal-like  6-merous  perianth  free  from  the  3-celled  ovary;  the  3  or  6  mostly 
unequal  or  dissimilar  stamens  inserted  in  its  throat.  Fruit  a  perfectly  or  in- 
completely 3-celled  many-seeded  capsule,  or  a  1-celled  1-seeded  utricle. 

1.  HETERANTHERA  Ruiz  &  Pav.     MUD  PLANTAIN 

Creeping,  floating,  or  submerged  low  herbs,  in  mud  or  shallow  water,  with  a 
1-few-flowered  spathe  bursting  from  the  sheathing  side  or  base  of  a  petiole. 
Perianth  salver-form  from  a  slender  tube;  the  limb  somewhat  equally  6-parted, 
ephemeral.  Stamens  3,  in  the  throat,  usually  unequal:  anthers  erect.  Capsule 
1-celled  or  incompletely  3-celled  by  intrusion  of  the  placentae,  many-seeded. 

1.  Heteranthera  limosa  (Sw.)  Willd.  Neue.  Schrift.  Ges.  Nat.  Fr.  Berlin, 
3:  439.  1801.  Stems  branched  from  the  base,  1-3  dm.  long:  leaves  oval  or 
ovate,  on  long  petioles:  flowers  white  or  blue:  anthers  linear,  often  sagittate. — 
Reaching  the  eastern  border  of  our  range. 

21.  JUNCACEAE  Vent.    RUSH  FAMILY 

Annual  or  perennial  grass-like  herbs.  Stems  simple,  hollow  or  spongy. 
Leaves  alternate,  sheathing,  narrow,  flat  or  terete.  Flowers  lily-like  in 
structure,  sedge-like  in  aspect,  small,  dry,  perfect,  disposed  in  terminal  or 
apparently  lateral  heads,  spikes,  subumbellate  clusters,  or  panicles.  Perianth 
consisting  of  6  distinct  similar  glume-like  segments.  Stamens  6  or  sometimes 
3.  Ovary  superior,  3  or  sometimes  1-celled;  stigmas  3,  filiform;  ovules  3  to 
many.  Fruit  a  loculicidally  3-valved  capsule. 

Leaves  soft,  flat;  stems  hollow;  capsule  1-celled  and  3-seeded  .  .  .  .1.  Luzula. 
Leaves  stiff,  terete  or  flat;  stems  usually  with  spongy  pith;  capsule  3-  or  1-celled, 

many-seeded 2.  Juncus. 

1.  LUZULA  DC. 

Perennial  herbs  with  simple  hollow  leafy  stems,  grass-like  flat  leaves  and 
numerous  small  flowers  in  loose  involucrate  umbels  or  panicles,  or  more  or  less 
densely  clustered  or  spicate.  Floral  bracts  small  and  scarious.  Stamens  always 
6.  Capsule  1-celled,  with  3  parietal  placentae  and  1-3  seeds.  (Juncoides.) 

Inflorescence  an  open  panicle,  the  flowers  solitary  or  in  clusters  of  2-3  1.  L.  parviflora. 
Inflorescence  congested,  capitate  or  spicate. 

Nodding,  usually  a  single  spike         .         .         .         .         .         .         .  2.  L.  spicata. 

Erect,  in  2-several  subglobose  or  oblong  heads     .         .         .         .         .  3.  L.  intermedia. 


JUNCACEAE  (RUSH  FAMILY)  109 

1.  Luzuk  parviflora  (Ehrh.)  Desv.  Journ.  Bot.  1:  144.  1808.    Stems  slen- 
der, tufted,  3-6  dm.  high:  leaves  narrowly  lanceolate,  7-15  cm.  long,  6-12  mm. 
wide:  inflorescence  a  loose  decompound  panicle,  commonly  7-10  cm.  high,  its 
lowest  bract  foliaceous,  seldom  more  than  one  fourth  the  length  of  the  panicle: 
flowers  borne  singly  or  2-3  together  on  the  branches  of  the  panicle,  on  slender 
pedicels;  bractlets  ovate:  perianth  2-3  mm.  long,  its  segments  ovate,  acumin- 
ate, slightly  exceeded  by  the  green  to  brown  ovoid  capsule. — Either  moist  or 
dry  ground  in  the  woods;  throughout  our  range  and  across  the  continent 
northward. 

2.  Luzula  spicata  (L.)  DC.  Fl.  Fr.  3:  161.  1805.    Closely  tufted,  without 
rootstocks:  stems  erect,  1-4  dm.  high,  distantly  1-3-leaved,  tapering  to  a  fili- 
form summit:  leaves  4-6  mm.  wide,  often  involute,  tapering  to  a  sharp  apex: 
inflorescence  a  nodding  spike-like  often  interrupted  panicle,  commonly  15-30 
mm.  long,  usually  exceeded  by  the  lowest  leaf -like  bract,  ovate-lanceolate, 
acuminate,   equaling  the  perianth:   segments   of  the  perianth  brown  with 
hyaline  margins,  2-3  mm.  long,  lanceolate,  aristate-acuminate :  capsule  broadly 
ovoid,  about  two  thirds  as  long  as  the  perianth. — In  the  high  mountains  of  our 
range,  and  across  the  continent  northward. 

3.  Luzula  intermedia   (Thuill.)   A.  Nels.     Stems  slender,  1-4  dm.  high, 
leafy:  leaves  6-10  cm.  long,  2-6  mm.  wide;  the  foliaceous  bract  usually  ex- 
ceeding the  narrow  panicle:  peduncles  2-12,  unequal,  the  longer  3-5  cm.  long: 
spikes  simple,  usually  oblong,  loosely-flowered:  perianth  pale  or  somewhat 
tinged  with  brown,  about  3  mm.  long;  its  segments  narrowly  acuminate, 
equaling  the  obtuse  capsule:  anthers  small,  as  long  as  the  filaments:  seed 
dark  brown  with  a  white  caruncle.    L.  comosa.   [Juncus  intermedium  Thuill.  Fl. 
Env.  Paris,  Ed.  2.  178.  1799;   Juncoides  intermedium  (Thuill.)  Rydb.  Bull. 
Torr.  Bot.  Club  32:  610.  1905]. — From  the  Rocky  Mountains  to  California 
and  Alaska. 

2.  JUNCUS  L.     RUSH.     Boa  RUSH 

Chiefly  perennials,  and  in  wet  soil  or  water,  with  pithy  or  hollow  and  simple 
(rarely  branching)  stems,  and  panicled  or  clustered  small  (greenish  or  brown- 
ish) flowers,  chiefly  in  summer.  Plant  never  hairy.  Capsule  many-seeded, 
3-celled,  or  1 -celled  by  the  placentae  not  reaching  the  axis.  Stamens  when  3 
opposite  the  3  outer  sepals. 

Leaves  knotted  by  internal  cross-partitions;  panicles  terminal. 
Leaves  compressed  and  equitant. 

Stamens  3  .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .  1.  J.  ensifolius. 

Stamens  6. 

Heads  two  or  more   .         .         .         .         .         .         .  2.  J.  saximontanus. 

Heads  solitary  .         .  .         .         .         .  3.  J.  Mertensianus. 

Leaves  terete  or  only  slightly  compressed. 
Stamens  6;  seeds  pointed. 

Perianth-segments  and  capsule  obtuse       .          '.  .       4.  J.  Richardsonianus. 

Perianth-segments  and  capsule  acute  or  acuminate. 

Inner  segments  longer  than  the  outer     .         .         .  5.  J.  nodosus. 

Outer  segments  longer  than  the  inner. 

Heads  pale 6.  J.  Torreyi. 

Heads  dark  brown      .         .  .         .         .  7.  J.  nevadensis. 

Stamens  3;  seeds  caudate 8.  J.  Tweedyi. 

Leaves  not  knotted,  the  cross-partitions  at  least  not  externally 

evident,  flat,  terete  or  semiterete. 
Panicle  terminal. 
Flowers  capitate. 
Leaves  fistulous. 

Leaves  flattened  upward        .         .         .         .         .  9.  J.  triglumis. 

Leaves  terete,  channeled  at  base  .         .         .     ,    .     10.  J.  castaneus. 

Leaves  flat,  not  fistulous. 
Stamens  6. 

Perianth-segments  smooth 11.  J.  longietylis. 

Perianth-segments  rough    .         .         .         .         .         .     12.  J.  orthophyllus. 

Stamens  3  „         .         .         .         .         .         .         .     13.  J.  marginatus. 

Flowers  solitary,  in  panicles. 
Stems  simple,  naked. 

Leaf-blade  terete 14.  J.  Vaseyi. 

Leaf-blade  flat. 

Perianth-segments  pale       ......     15.  J.  tenuis. 

Perianth-segments  brown  with  green  midrib     .         .     16.  J.  confusus. 


110  JUNCACEAE  (RUSH  FAMILY) 

Stems  diffusely  branched,  leafy 17.  J.  bufonius. 

Panicles  apparently  sessile  and  lateral;  stems  naked,  scapose. 
Flowers  few,  in  panicles  simple  or  nearly  so. 

Stems  leafless 18.  J.  subtnflorus. 

Stems  somewhat  leafy. 

Perianth-segments  white-margined;  capsule  retuse        .     19.  J.  Halhi. 
Perianth-segments  green;  capsule  pointed     .         .         .20.  J.  Parryi. 
Flowers  many,  in  more  or  less  compound  panicles. 

Perianth-segments  with  a  brown  stripe  either  side  of  the 

midrib        .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .     21.  J.  balticus. 

Perianth  pale  green  throughout 22.  J.  filiformis. 

1.  Juncus  ensifolius  Wiks.  Kong.  Vet.  Akad.  Hand.  2:  274.  1823.    Stems 
2-5  dm.  high,  leafy,  from  thick  rootstocks:  leaves  equitant;  heads  several  to 
numerous,  panicled,  globose,  usually  dark  brown;  perianth-segments  lanceo- 
late, acuminate,  3  mm.  long:  stamens  3:  capsule  3-angled,  acute,  hardly  ex- 
ceeding the  perianth. — Wet  banks;  Colorado  to  Oregon. 

2.  Juncus   saximontanus  A.  Nels.  Bull.  Torr,  Bot.  Club  29:  401.  1902. 
Stems  from  a  creeping  rhizome,  erect,  3-5  dm.  high,  2-edged:  leaves  com- 

Eressed  and  equitant,  1-3  mm.  wide,  mostly  auricled  at  base:  heads  panicled, 
jw  to  several,  brown,  3-10-flowered:  flowers  2-3  mm.  long,  few  to  many  in 
each  head;  the  inner  segments  shorter  and  mostly  acute;  the  outer  ones  equal- 
ing the  long-mucronate  capsule:  stamens  6.  seeds  more  or  less  reticute-ted. 
J.  xiphioides  montanus. — Very  common  near  stream  banks  throughout  our 
range. 

3.  Juncus  Mertensianus  Bong.  Veg.  Sitcha  in  Mem.  Acad.  St.  Peter.  VI. 
2:  167.  1833.    Stem  from  a  thick  creeping  rootstock,  caespitose,  2-4  dm.  high, 
compressed,  weak;  leaves  compressed,  usually  1-2  mm.  wide,  sheath  auricled: 
flowers  15-25,  dark  brown,  pediceled,  single,  rarely  2-3  in  rather  loose  head, 
8-12  mm.  broad:  sepals  ovate-lanceolate,  the  outer  acuminate-subulate,  the 
inner  obtuse  and  mucronate  or  rarely  acute  and  equaling  the  outer  ones,  ex- 
ceeding the  6  stamens,  .equaling  the  broadly-obovate,   obtuse,   mucronate 
capsule :  anthers  oblong  or  'oblong-linear,  usually  mucronate,  equaling  the  fila- 
ment or  shorter:  style  mostly  shorter  than  the  obtuse  ovary:  seeds  oblanceolate, 
obovate,  fusiform,  short-tailed  at  each  end,  reticulate-costate. — Wet  places  in 
the  mountains. 

4.  Juncus  Richardsonianus  R.  &  S.  Syst.  7:  201.  1829.    Stems  leafy,  2-5 
dm.  high:  leaves  knotted  by  internal  cross-partitions,  terete  or  slightly  com- 
pressed: panicle  terminal,  erect,  elongated,  greenish  or  light  brown:  heads 
few-flowered:  sepals  obtuse:  stamens  6:  capsules  light  brown,  obtuse,  mu- 
cronate,  3-celled:   seeds   spindle-shaped. — From  Colorado  northward,   also 
eastward  to  New  York. 

5.  Juncus  nodosus  L.  Sp.  PI.  Ed.  2.  466.     1762.    Stems  erect,  1-5  dm. 
high,  slender  from  a  creeping  thread-like  and  tuber-bearing  rootstock,  mostly 
with  2  or  3  slender  leaves:  heads  few  to  several,  rarely  single,  8-20-flowered, 
6-8  mm.  wide,  overtopped  by  the  involucral  leaf:  flowers  brown,  3-4  mm. 
long:  sepals  lance-linear,  awl-pointed  (the  3  outer  mostly  a  little  shorter), 
nearly  as  long  as  the  slender  triangular  taper-pointed  1-celled  capsule:  anthers 
oblong,  shorter  than  the  filaments:  style  very  short:  seeds  obovate,  abruptly 
mucronate. — From  our  range  to  New  England. 

6.  Juncus  Torreyi  Coville,  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club   22:  303.  1895.     Plant 
4-10  dm.  high,  not  caespitose:  rootstock  slender,  tuberiform-thickened  at 
intervals  of  a  few  centimeters,  each  tuber  supporting  a  single  stem:  stem 
terete  or  slightly  compressed,  stout,  1-4-leaved:  blades  stout,  terete,  in  most 
cases  abruptly  divergent  from  the   stem:  inflorescence  usually  congested, 
a  few  centimeters  in  length  and  consisting  of  1-6  heads,  occasionally  only 
10  cm.  long  and  bearing  15-20  heads,  exceeded  by  the  involucral  leaf:  heads 
10-15  mm.  in  diameter:  perianth  4-5  mm.  long,  its  parts  subulate,  the  outer 
longer  than  the  inner:  stamens  about  one  half  as  long  as  the  perianth:  capsule 
subulate,  1-celled,  its  beak  barely  exceeding  the  perianth  and  holding  the 
valves  together  throughout  dehiscence:  seed  oblong,  acute  at  both  ends, 
reticulated;    J.  nodosus  megacephalus. — Throughout  our  range. 

7.  Juncus  nevadensis  Wats.  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  14:  303.  1879.    Scape  very' 


JUNCACEAE  (RUSH  FAMILY)  111 

slender,  from  a  slender  horizontal  rootstock,  somewhat  compressed,  2-5  dm. 
high:  leaves  very  narrow,  subterete;  ligules  present:  spathe  short  and  very 
narrow:  heads  small,  few  to  rather  many  in  a  short  open  panicle,  frequently 
solitary:  perianth-segments  brownish,  lanceolate,  acuminate,  4  mm.  long: 
stamens  6;  anthers  longer  than  the  filaments:  stigmas  long-exserted :  capsule 
oblong,  abruptly  contracted  into  the  stout  style,  which  nearly  equals  the 
perianth:  seeds  minute,  oblong,  apiculate  at  each  end. — From  the  Rocky 
Mountains  to  the  Sierras. 

8.  Juncus  Tweedyi  Rydb.  Mem.  N.  Y.  Bot.  Card.  1:  90.  1900.     Stem 
about  3  dm.  high,  strict,  light  green,  2-3  mm.  in  diameter:  leaves  terete  or 
slightly  flattened,  more  or  less  distinctly  septate,  with  conspicuous  scarious 
sheaths,  the  basal  ones  short;  stem  leaves,  except  the  upper  ones,  about  1  dm. 
long:  heads  in  a  contracted  panicle,  brown  and  shining,  5-8-flowered:  perianth- 
segments  subequal,  about  4  mm.  long,  narrowly  lanceolate,  acute  or  acumi- 
nate :  bracts  ovate,  cuspidate-acuminate :  stamens  3,  about  two  thirds  as  long 
as  the  perianth;  anthers  much  shorter  than  the  filaments:  style  rather  short: 
capsule  dark  brown  and  shining,  oblong,  acute,  sharply  3-angled,  about  one 
fourth  longer  than  the  perianth:  seeds  light-colored,  about  1  mm.  long,  tailed 
at  both  ends.    J.  canadensis  coarctatus. — Yellowstone  Park. 

9.  Juncus  triglumis  L.  Sp.  PI.  328.  1753.     Stems  5-15  cm.  high,  some- 
what tufted  on  a  branching  rootstock,  erect,  terete:  leaves  radical,  subulate, 
somewhat  terete,  channeled  at  base:  flowers  capitate,  in  a  terminal  erect 
mostly  3-flowered  head,  the  lowest  2  or  3  bracts  nearly  equal,  divergent,  about 
as  long  as  the  flowers:  perianth-segments  rather  obtuse,  shorter  than  the  ob- 
long obtuse  mucronate  capsule:  filaments  many  times  longer  than  the  capsule: 
seeds  oblong,  abruptly  contracted  into  long  slender  tails. — High  mountains  in 
our  range  and  across  the  continent  far  northward. 

10.  Juncus  castaneus  Smith,  Fl.  Brit.  1:  383.  1800.     Stems  erect,  1-4  dm. 
high,  terete,  leafless  or  nearly  so:  basal  leaves  2-4,  rather  short,  tapering  from 
an  involute  tubular  base  to  a  slender  channeled  acutish  apex:  heads  1-3,  few- 
flowered,  brown  or  black:  perianth-segments  lanceolate,  5-6  mm.  long:  sta- 
mens nearly  as  long;  the  anthers  about  1  mm.  long:  capsule  brown,  narrowly 
oblong,  acute,  much  longer  than  the  perianth:  seeds'  contracted  into  long 
slender  tails. — Range  of  the  preceding. 

11.  Juncus  longistylis  Torr.  Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  223.  1859.    Stems  3-5  dm. 
high,  caespitose,  stoloniferous,  terete,  somewhat  minutely  scabrous  above, 
leafy:  leaves  flat,  grass-like:  heads  few,  clustered  in  a  contracted  panicle,  3-5 
cm.  long,  or  rarely  single,  3-12-flowered:  flowers  5-6  mm.  long,  the  larger  ones 
greenish,  with  brown  striae,  smooth,  pediceled:  sepals  equal,  ovate-lanceolate, 
very  acute  or  cuspidate,  twice  longer  than  the  stamens:  ovary  equaling  the 
stamens  and  style;  stigma  exserted:  capsule  ovate,  obtuse,  mucronate  or 
rostrate,  chestnut-colored,  shining,  3-celled,  equaling  or  a  little  longer  than 
the  calyx:  seeds  oblanceolate  or  obovate,  acute  at  each  end,  costate-reticulate. 
— Frequent  throughout  our  range. 

12.  Juncus  orthophyllus  Coyille,  Contrib.  U.  S.  Nat.  Herb.  4:  207.  1893. 
Stems  3-8  dm.  high,  from  creeping  rootstocks:  leaves  flat,  about  2  mm.  wide, 
pale  green,  shorter  than  the  sheaths,  with  ligules:  heads  panicled  few-flowered: 
perianth-segments    straw-color,    lanceolate,    acuminate,    scarious-margined, 
rough,   7  mm.  long:   stamens  6:  capsule  triangular,   oblong,   acute,   short- 
beaked. — Mostly  to  the  northwest  of  our  range. 

13.  Juncus  marginatus  Rostk.  Monog.  June.  38.     1801.    Tufted,  1.5-7.5 
dm.  high  from  branching  rootstocks:  leaf -sheaths  auricula  te ;  blades  1-3  mm. 
broad,  2-4  conspicuous  veins  in  addition  to  the  midrib:  inflorescence  1  dm. 
high  or  less,  the  panicle  composed  of  2-20  tubinate  to  subspherical  5-10- 
flowered  heads:  perianth  2.5-3.5  mm.  long,  the  outer  parts  ovate,  acute,  the 
inner  slightly  longer,  obtuse,  with  hyaline  margins:  stamens  3;  anthers  ovate, 
much  shorter  than  the  filaments:  capsule  equaling  the  perianth,  obovoid, 
truncate  or  retuse,  almost  3-celled,  the  placentae  deeply  intruded:  seed  ob- 
long, 0.4-0.5  mm.  long,  pointed  at  either  end,  12-16-ribbed. — Colorado  to  the 
Atlantic  States. 


112  JUNCACEAE  (RUSH  FAMILY) 

14.  Juncus  Vaseyi  Engelm.  Trans.  St.  Louis  Acad.  2:448.  1866.     Caes- 
pitose:  stems  2-5  dm.  high,  slender,  rigid,  striate,  covered  with  brown  sheaths 
at  base,  sometimes  leaf -bearing:  leaves  elongated,  setaceous,  terete,  striate, 
sulcate  toward  the  base :  spathe  equaling  or  rarely  longer  than  the  small,  con- 
tracted panicle:  panicle  1-3  cm.  long,  green:  sepals  equal,  lanceolate,  3-4  mm. 
long,  outer  ones  subulate-tipped,  inner  ones  broader,  mucronate,  more  than 
twice  longer  than  the  six  stamens:  anthers  equaling  the  filaments:  stigma 
scarcely  equaling  the  ovate  ovary  with  its  short  style:  capsule  straw-colored, 
ovate,  retuse,  3-celled,  equaling  or  a  little  longer  than  the  sepals:  seeds  very 
slender. — Colorado  to  New  England. 

15.  Juncus  tennis  Willd.  Sp.  PI.  2:  214.  1799.     Plant  perennial,  closely 
tufted,  2-7  dm.  high:  leaves  all  basal,  except  those  of  the  inflorescence;  blades 
flat,  sometimes  involute  in  drying:  inflorescence  exceeding  or  exceeded  by  its 
lowest  leaf:  perianth  3.5-5  mm.  long,  its  parts  lanceolate,  acuminate:  sta- 
mens 6,  about  one  half  as  long  as  the  perianth ;  the  anthers  shorter  than  the 
filaments:  capsules  usually  about  one  fifth  shorter  than  the  perianth,  ovate  to 
obpvate,  obtuse,  mucronate,  3-celled:  seeds  narrowly  oblong,  witn  oblique 
apiculations,  reticulated  in  about  16  longitudinal  rows.     (J.  interior  and  J. 
Dudleyi  Wiegand,  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  27:  516  and  524.  1901,  at  least  as  to 
our  specimens.) — Common  eastward  and  rather  frequent  in  our  range,  though 
in  part  replaced  by  the  following. 

16.  Juncus  confusus  Coville,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.  10:  137.  1897.    Densely 
tufted,  2-7  dm.  high,  erect:  sheaths  of  the  leaves  with  well-developed  ligules, 
the  blades  about  one  half  the  length  of  the  stem,  flat,  usually  involute :  spathe 
much  longer  than  the  inflorescence,  usually  involute:  panicle  congested  into  a 
turbinate  cluster  2-3  cm.  long:  perianth-segments  ovate-lanceolate,  acute, 
brown,  with  a  green  midrib:  stamens  6,  the  anthers  shorter  than  the  filaments: 
capsule  oblong,  equaling  the  perianth,  retuse,  completely  3-celled:  seeds  light 
brown. — Meadows;  Colorado  to  Montana  and  west  to  Oregon. 

17.  Juncus  bufonius  L.  Sp.  PL  328.  1753.     Plant  annual,  branching  from 
the  base,  erect,  seldom  exceeding  20  cm.  in  height,  the  stems  in  larger  plants 
with  one  or  two  leaves  below  the  inflorescence :  leaf-blade  in  the  larger  plants 
flat,  in  depauperate  ones  filiform-involute:  inflorescence  about  one  half  as 
high  as  the  plant:  flowers  inserted  singly  on  its  branches:  perianth  parts  4-7 
mm.  long,  lanceolate,  acuminate:  stamens  usually  6,  sometimes  3,  seldom  half 
as  long  as  the  perianth:  capsule  narrowly  oblong,  obtuse,  mucronate,  3-celled: 
seeds  broadly  oblong,  with  straight  apiculations,  finely  reticulated. — Margins 
of  ponds,  etc.,  frequent;  widely  distributed. 

18.  Juncus  subtriflorus  (Mey.)  Coville,  Contrib.  U.  S.  Nat.  Herb.  4:  208. 
1893.    Caespitose:  stems  3-5  dm.  high,  terete,  filiform:  sheath  bristle-pointed: 
spathe  1-4  cm.  long,  mostly  surpassing  the  simple,  about  3-flowered  panicle: 
sepals  lanceolate,  acute,  or  the  outer  ones  acutish  and  scarcely  longer  than  the 
inner  ones,  more  than  twice  exceeding  the  6  stamens,  5  mm.  or  more  long: 
anthers  linear,  a  little  longer  than  the  filament :  stigmas  shorter  than  the  slen- 
der prismatic  ovary,  crowned  with  a  very  short  style:  capsule  ovate-oblong, 
triangular,  retuse,  3-celled,  equaling  or  a  little  shorter  than  the  sepals:  seeds 
ovate,  striate-reticulate,  long-tailed.    J.  Drummondii. — Colorado  to  Montana. 

19.  Juncus  Hallii  Engelm.  Trans.  St.  Louis  Acad.  2:  446.  1866.    Caespitose: 
stems  1-3  dm.  high,  terete,  filiform,  much  longer  than  the  setaceous,  terete 
leaves:  leaves  5-12  cm.  long,  grooved  just  above  the  sheath:  spathe  scarcely 
or  a  little  surpassing  the  subsimple,  few-flowered,  contracted  panicle:  sepals 
lanceolate,  acute,  4  mm.  long,  outer  ones  a  little  longer,  twice  exceeding  the 
6  stamens:  stigma  subsessile,  equaling  the  ovate  ovary,  included:  capsule 
ovate,  angled,  retuse,  3-celled,  scarcely  exserted,  deep  brown:  seeds  oblong- 
linear,  striate-reticulated,  long-tailed. — Hall  and  Harbour,  near  Lake  Ranch, 
Colorado. 

20.  Juncus  Parry i  Engelm.  1.  c.    Caespitose:  stems  very  thin  and  wiry,  1-2 
dm.  long:  leaves  sulcate,  one  half  or  two  thirds  their  length,  terete  above: 
spathe  surpassing  the  very  simple,  1-3-flowered  panicle:  sepals  5-7  mm.  long, 
lanceolate-subulate,  the  outer  ones  longer,  bristle  pointed,  three  times  longer 


LILIACEAE  (LILY  FAMILY)  113 

than  the  6  stamens:  anthers  linear,  2-3  times  longer  than  the  filament:  stigmas 
scarcely  equaling  the  linear-prismatic  ovary,  attenuated  into  the  style,  in- 
cluded: capsule  prismatic,  very  acute,  brown,  exserted,  3-celled:  seed  oblong, 
delicately  striate-costate. — Frequent  in  our  whole  range. 

21.  Juncus  balticus  Willd.  Berlin.  Mag.  3:  298.  1809.  Stems  erect,  4-8  dm. 
high,  arising  at  intervals  from  stout  creeping  rootstocks:  sheaths  green  or 
tinged  with  dark  brown:  spathe  slender,  10-15  cm.  long:  panicle  commonly 
loosely  branching,  3-8  cm.  long:  perianth  3-5  mm.  long,  its  segments  lanceo- 
late, acute,  or  the  inner  sometimes  obtuse,  brown  with  green  midrib  and 
hyaline  margins:  stamens  6,  about  two  thirds  the  length  of  the  perianth; 
anthers  much  longer  than  the  filaments:  capsule  about  as  long  as  the  perianth, 
pale  to  dark  brown,  narrowly  ovoid,  conspicuously  mucronate:  seeds  usually 
with  a  loose  coat.— -Sandy  snores  and  slopes;  very  common;  across  the  con- 
tinent. 

22.  Juncus  filiformis  L.  Sp.  PI.  326.    1753.     Stems  slender,  1-5  dm.  high, 
many  of  them  sterile  and  appearing  like  leaves,  from  stout  matted  rootstocks: 
sheaths  purplish,  obtuse,  with  a  short  bristle-like  appendage:  spathe  usually 
longer  than  the  stem:  panicle  rather  few-flowered,  2-3  cm.  high:  segments  of 
the  perianth  2-4  mm.  long,  green  with  hyaline  margins,  narrowly  lanceolate, 
acuminate:  stamens  6,  about  half  the  length  of  the  perianth;  anthers  shorter 
than  the   filaments:   capsule  obovoid,   green,   barely  pointed,   about  three 
fourths  as  long  as  the  perianth,  3-celled:  seeds  oblong,  pointed  at  each  end. — 
In  marshes;  across  the  continent. 

22.  LILIACEAE  Adans.    LILY  FAMILY 

Herbs;  stems  scapose  or  leafy,  from  bulbs  or  fleshy  roots  (a  woody  caudex 
in  Yucca).  Leaves  mostly  linear.  Flowers  perfect;  perianth  of  6  distinct 
segments.  Stamens  6,  on  the  receptacle  or  the  tube  of  the  perianth.  Styles 
united;  stigma  3-lobed  or  entire;  ovary  3-celled,  becoming  a  capsule. 

With  fleshy  fascicled  roots  from  a  short  rootstock  .  .  .  .  .1.  Leucocrinum. 
With  tunicated  scaly  or  corm-like  bulbs. 

Flowers  with  scarious  bracts  and  persistent  perianth. 
Flowers  in  terminal  umbels. 

Bracts  2  or  3;  perianth  of  distinct  segments    ....       2.  Allium. 
Bracts  several;  perianth  funnelform  .         .         .         .         .         .3.  Brodiaea. 

Flowers  in  a  terminal  raceme         . 4.  Camassia. 

Flowers  bractless  or  the  bracts  foliaceous. 
Perianth-segments  all  alike.  .    , 

Anthers  versatile;  flowers  large  and  erect 5.  Lilium. 

Anthers  fixed  by  the  base. 
Stem  leafy. 

Flowers  dull  purple,  or  yellow;  nodding       .  6.  Fritillaria. 


Flowers  white,  streaked  with  purple,  erect  . 
Leaves  only  2,  basal        ..... 
Outer  perianth-segments  smaller  than  the  inner    . 
With  large  woody  caudex  and  rigid  dagger-pointed  leaves 


7.  Lloydia. 

8.  Erythronium. 


rythronium 
alochortus. 


9.  Calochortus 
10.  Yucca. 


1.  LEUCOCRINUM    Nutt.     WHITE  MOUNTAIN  LILY 

Stemless,  the  numerous  fleshy  roots  from  a  short  rootstock  which  bears  the 
several  linear  leaves.  Flowers  few  to  many  from  the  crown  of  the  rootstock. 

1.  Leucocrinum  montanum  Nutt.  Gray,  Am.  Lye.  N.  Y.  4:  110.  1837. 
Leaves  thick,  surrounded  at  base  by  scarious  bracts:  flowers  white,  the  tube 
slender,  3-5  cm.  long,  the  segments  spreading;  stamens  on  the  tube:  style  long, 
with  dilated  stigma. — The  fragrant  blossoms  appear  just  above  the  ground  in 
early  spring;  frequent  in  our  range. 

2.  ALLIUM  L.    WILD  ONION 

Herbs  with  coated  bulbs  and  a  basal  cluster  of  leaves,  having  a  very  char- 
acteristic odor  and  taste  (alliaceous).  Leaves  mostly  linear,  either  flat  or 

ROCKY  MT.  EOT. 8 


114  LILIACEAE  (LILY  FAMILY) 

terete  (sometimes  hollow) .  Flowers  in  a  simple  terminal  umbel,  deep  rose 
color  to  white.  Perianth  segments  1-nerved,  usually  spreading.  Base  of  the 
style  inclosed  between  the  lobes  of  the  capsule  and  jointed  upon  the  short 
axis.  Filaments  usually  dilated  at  the  base.  Capsule  3-celled,  loculidical, 
several-seeded. 

Leaves  hollow,  terete 1.  A.  sibiricum. 

Leaves  not  hollow,  flat  or  terete. 
Bulb-coats  fibrous  reticulated. 
Valves  of  capsule  crested. 

Perianth-segments  acute 2.  A.  reticulatum. 

Perianth-segments  acuminate 3.  A.  Geyeri. 

Valves  of  capsule  not  crested. 

Bulblets  freely  produced  in  the  umbel      .  ...     4.  A.  rubrum. 

Bulblets  rarely  produced  in  the  umbel 5.  A.  Nuttallii. 

Bulb-coats  thin-membranous,  sometimes  reticulate-veined  but  not 
fibrous. 

Umbel  nodding 6.  A.  cernuum. 

Umbel  erect. 

Bulb  oblong,  and  rhizomatous  below 7.  A.  brevistylum. 

Bulb  small,  subglobose. 

Leaves  longer  than  the  short  scape 8.  A.  Brandegei. 

Leaves  shorter  than  the  scape      .         .         .         .         .         .     9.  A.  acuminatum. 

1.  Allium   sibiricum  L.  Mant.  562.  1767.    Bulbs  more  or  less  caespitose: 
leaves  terete,   hollow,,   shorter  than  the  stout  3-6  dm.  high  scape:  umbel 
crowded,  subcapitate:  flowers  rose-color;  the  segments  8-10  mm.  long,  acumi- 
nate:   stamens    included:    capsule    not   crested.      A.    Schoenoprasum—Wet 
meadow-lands;  northern  Wyoming  to  Canada,  and  east  to  the  Great  Lakes. 

2.  Allium  reticulatum  Fraser,  Hook.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  2:  184.  1839.     Bulbs 
rather  large,  usually  single,  the  coats  strikingly  fibrous-reticulate:  leaves  nar- 
row, channeled:  scapes  1-2  dm.  high:  flowers  white  or  pinkish;  the  pedicels 
slender,  4-12  mm.  long:   bracts  (spathe)  2:  perianth-segments   thin,  acute: 
capsule   shorter  than  the  perianth,  each  valve  with  two  short  crests  at  sum- 
mit.— Throughout  our  range,  and  north  into  Assiniboia. 

3.  Allium  Geyeri  Wats.  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  14:  227.  1879.    Resembling  the 
preceding  but  taller  and  stouter,  2-4  dm.  high:  flowers  rose-colored,  6-8  mm. 
long;  the  segments  broad,  acute  or  acuminate,  strongly  nerved  and  rigid  in 
fruit;  pedicels  rather  stout,  10-20  mm.  long:  stamens  and  style  usually  but 
little  shorter  than  the  perianth:  capsule  crested.     (A.  dictyotum  Greene,  PI. 
Baker.  1:  52.  1901.) — From  Colorado  to  Montana  and  west  to  Washington. 

4.  Allium  rubrum  Osterh.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  27:    506.  1900.     Bulbs 
usually  single,  fibrous-reticulate  coated:  scape  2-3  dm.  high:  leaves  rather 
narrow,  flat  or  channeled:  spathe  2  or  3-bracted:   most  of  the  flowers  of  the 
umbel  replaced  by  small  red  spherical  bulblets:   perianth-segments  ovate  to 
lanceolate,  usually  obtusish,  the  outer  often  with  a  dark  green  midnerve, 
narrowly  ovate,  6-7  mm.  long:  pedicels  about  1  cm.  long:  stamens  and  style 
equaling  the  perianth.    A.  canadensis.     (A.  fibrosum  Rydb.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot. 
Club  24:  188.  1897.)— Throughout  our  range. 

5.  Allium  Nuttallii  Wats.  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  14:  227.  1879.     Bulb  usually 
smaller,  very  fibrous:  scape  low,  1-2  dm.  high:  pedicels  8-12  mm.  long,  rather 
stout:  perianth-segments  acute  or  acuminate,  rose-colored  or  white,  rather 
rigid  in  fruit,  6  mm.  long:  capsule  not  crested:  bulblets  occasionally  replacing 
the  flowers  in  the  umbel.     (A,  arenicola  Osterh.  1.  c.) — From  Texas  and  New 
Mexico  to  Wyoming. 

6.  Allium  cernuum  Roth.  Roem  Arch.  I3:  40.  1798.    Bulbs  mostly  single: 
leaves  flat,    2-8  mm.  wide:  scape  1-5  dm.  high:  umbel  open,  nodding:  flowers 
numerous,  on  very  slender  pedicels,  rose-colored  or  white;  segments  4-6  mm. 
long,  broad,  acutish:  stamens  and  style  exserted:  capsule  crested.     (A.  recur- 
vatum  Rydb.  Mem.  N.  Y.  Bot.  Gard.  1:  94.    1900.) — Frequent;  throughout 
our  range  and  across  the  continent  northward. 

7.  Allium  brevistylum  Wats.  King's  Rep.  350.  1871.    Scape  3-5  dm.  high, 
from  a  stout  elongated  bulb  with  rhizomatous  base:  leaves  flat,  4-10  mm. 
broad:  spathe  1-valved:  umbel  erect,  few-flowered;  pedicels  10-25  mm.  long: 
flowers  deep  rose-color;   segments  8-12  mm.  long,  narrow,  long-acuminate, 


LILIACEAE  (LILY  FAMILY)  115 

nearly  twice  longer  than  the  stamens  and  style:  capsule  not  crested. — Utah, 
Colorado,  and  Wyoming. 

8.  Allium  Brandegei  Wats.  Proc.  Am.  Acad    17:  380.  1882.    Bulbs  small, 
the  coats  membranous,  reticulate- veined  but  not  fibrous:  leaves  2,  exceeding 
the  angular  scape:  pedicels  slender,  equal,  about  8  mm.  long:  flowers  rose- 
color;  the  segments  broadly  lanceolate,  acute,  nearly  twice  longer  than  the. 
stamens,  not  serrulate. — From  Colorado  to  Idaho  and  Montana. 

9.  Allium  acuminatum  Hook.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  2:  184.  1839.    Outer  bulb-coats 
with  a  distinct  coarse  quadrate  to  hexagonal  reticulation:  pedicels  15-25  mm. 
long:  flowers  deep  rose-color;  segments  lanceolate,  with  acuminate  recurved 
tips,  rigid  in  fruit,  a  third  longer  than  the  stamens,  the  inner  ones  undulate- 
serrulate. — Colorado,  Utah,  and  Wyoming. 

3.  BRODIAEA  Smith 

Perennial  herbs  from  corm-like  bulbs  with  nbro-membranous  brown  coats. 
Scape  erect.  Leaves  linear.  Flowers  in  terminal  umbels  with  several  bracts; 
pedicels  jointed.  In  ours  the  perianth  is  broadly  tubular,  blue.  Stamens  6,  in 
2  rows.  Capsule  ovate  to  oblong. 

1.  Brodiaea  Douglasii  Wats.  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  14:  237.  1879.  Scape 
'smooth,  3-6  dm.  high,  erect  and  usually  stout:  leaves  carinate:  perianth  tube 
subsaccate,  about  equaling  the  lobes:  anthers  oblong;  the  lower  on  the  throat 
opposite  the  outer  segments,  the  upper  on  the  inner  segments,  on  a  short  free 
filament  which  forms  below  a  prominent  wing  within  the  tube:  capsule  6  mm. 
long,  a  little  exceeding  the  stipe  and  slender  style:  seeds  several  in  each 
cell. — From  western  Wyoming  to  Washington  and  Oregon 

4.  CAMASSIA  Raf.     QUAMASH 

Scape  slender,  from  a  tunicated  bulb.  Leaves  linear-lanceolate,  carinate. 
Flowers  in  a  simple  raceme,  with  narrow  scarious  bracts;  pedicels  jointed  at 
the  summit.  Perianth  blue  or  white,  of  6  distinct  oblanceolate  segments. 
Stamens  6,  on  the  base  of  the  slightly  gibbous  perianth,  shorter  than  the  seg- 
ments. Style  slightly  trifid  at  the  apex.  Capsule  subglobose,  3-lobed  and 
angled,  with  several  black  shining  seeds  in  each  cell. 

1.  Camassia  esculenta  Lindl.  Bot.  Reg.  18:  t.  1486.  1832.  Scape  stout,  a 
foot  or  two  high:  pedicels  rather  stout,  mostly  shorter  than  the  usually  dark 
blue  flowers:  perianth-segments  scarcely  exceeding  the  style,  a  little  longer 
than  the  stamens. — Western  Wyoming  and  west  to  California;  the  bulb 
formerly  largely  collected  for  food  by  the  Indians. 

5.  LILIUM  L.     LILY 

Bulb  scaly,  stem  leafy,  simple.  Leaves  narrow,  sessile,  whorled  or  scattered, 
net- veined.  Flowers  large  and  showy,  in  ours  usually  solitary  and  erect. 
Perianth-segments  oblanceolate,  witji  a  linear  nectariferous  groove,  usually 
spotted.  Anthers  versatile.  Style  undivided. 

1.  Lilium  montanum  ,'A.  Nels.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  26:  6.  1899.  Bulb 
depressed-globose,  of  thick  fleshy  scales:  stem  3-4  dm.  high:  leaves  smooth, 
dark  green,  alternate  except  the  uppermost  whorl  of  5-7,  lanceolate,  sessile: 
the  segments  of  the  single  erect  flower  elliptic-oblong,  tapering  to  both  ends, 
brownish-red  to  orange-red,  the  base  of  the  inner  face  dotted  with  purplish- 
black  spots:  stamens  and  stigma  purplish:  capsule  oblong-cylindric.  L.  phila- 
delphicum. — In  moist  thickets  near  mountain  streams;  throughout  our  range. 

6.  FRITILLARIA  L. 

Bulbs  of  numerous  thick  scales.  Stems  erect,  leafy,  simple.  Perianth 
mostly  campanulate,  deciduous,  of  6  equal  ovate  or  oblong  distinct  segments; 


116  LILIACEAE  (LILY  FAMILY) 

the  flowers  often  nodding,  solitary  or  racemed,  much  smaller  than  in  Lilium, 
often  mottled.  Nectary  a  shallow  pit  at  the  base  of  the  segments.  Styles 
united  to  the  middle  or  throughout. 

Flowers  purple  and  mottled        .         .  - 1.  F.  atropurpurea. 

Flowers  yellow  or  orange 2.  F.  pudica. 

1.  Fritillaria  atropurpurea  Nutt.  Journ.  Acad.  Phila.  7:  54.  1834.    Bulb  of 
numerous  thick  scales:  stem  2—4  dm.  high  or  more,  1-6-flowered:  leaves  6-20, 
scattered  or  somewhat  yerticillate :  flowers  dull  purple  with  more  or  less  of 
yellowish-green:  styles  distinct  above;  stigmas  linear:  capsule  acutely  angled, 
broadly  obovate. — From  Wyoming  to  the  Sierra  Nevada. 

2.  Fritillaria  pudica  (Pursh)  Spreng.  Syst.  2:  64.  1825.    Bulb  of  numerous 
very  small  rounded  scales:  stem  1-2  dm.  high,    1-6-flowered:  leaves  3-8, 
scattered  or  somewhat  verticillate :  flowers  usually  solitary,  nodding,  yellow 
or  orange  and  tinged  with  purple:  styles  connate  and  stigma  shortly  3-lobed: 
capsule  oblong  to  subglobose. — From  Utah  and  Montana  to  the  Sierra  Nevada 
and  British  Columbia. 

7.  LLOYDIA  Salisb. 

The  bulb  upon  an  oblique  rhizome,  covered  by  the  persistent  scarious  bases  t 
of  the  nearly  filiform  leaves.  Stem  leafy,  usually  1 -flowered.  Perianth  small, ' 
spreading,  white  with  purplish  veins  and  base.  Style  undivided. 

1.  Lloydia  serotina  (L.)  Sweet,  Hort.  Brit.  Ed.  2.  52.  1830.  Stems  5-15 
cm.  high,  equaling  the  leaves:  flowers  erect:  perianth-segments  oblanceolate, 
obtuse,  obscurely  pitted  at  base:  capsule  obovate,  obtusely  angled:  seeds 
chestnut-colored. — Mountains  of  Colorado  and  northward  throughout  the 
alpine  and  arctic  regions  of  the  northern  hemisphere. 

8.  ERYTHRONIUM  L.     DOGTOOTH  VIOLET 

Herbs  with  deep-set  bulbs.  Leaves  only  2,  smooth,  flat,  shining,  sheathing 
the  base  of  the  naked  stem.  Flowers  1  or  more,  nodding.  Perianth  of  six 
separate  and  recurved  segments;  these  oblanceolate,  callous-toothed  each  side 
of  the  grooved  nectary.  Styles  usually  distinct  above.  Capsule  obovoid  or 
oblong.  Seeds  usually  several  in  each  cell. 

Leaves  acute;  anthers  yellow 1.  E.  parviflorum. 

Leaves  obtuse;  anthers  dark-purple     .         .         .         .         .         .         .     2.  E.  obtusatum. 

1.  Erythronium  parviflorum  (Wats.)  L.  N.  Good.  Bot.  Gaz.  33:  67.  1902. 
Bulb  slender,  3-5  cm.  long:  scape  1-3  dm.  high:  leaves  oblong,  tapering 
gradually  to  the  acute  ends,  10-15  cm.  long:  flowers  usually  solitary;  the 
peduncle  hook-curved  at  summit;  segments  lanceolate-acuminate,  2-3  cm. 
long,  bright  yellow,  with  greenish  base,  strongly  recurved:  filaments  narrowly 
linear;  the  anthers  pale  yellow:  capsule  from  oblong  to  oval,  2-3  cm.  long. 
E.  grandiflorum  minor. — Subalpine  in  the  central  Rocky  Mountains. 

2.  Erythronium  obtusatum  L.  N.  Good.  1.  c.    Very  similar  but  with  larger, 
thicker  bulb:  leaves  oblong-elliptical,  obtuse  but  sometimes  apiculate:  peduncle 
stout,  usually  2-3-flowered  (1-5) ;  the  perianth-segments  pale  yellow,  drying 
with  a  purplish  tinge:  filaments  dilated  at  base  and  tapering  to  the  acute  apex; 
anthers  dark  purple:  stigma  deeply  3-lobed. — Northern  Wyoming  and  ad- 
jacent Idaho  and  Montana. 

9.  CALOCHORTUS  Pursh.     MARIPOSA  LILY 

Stems  usually  flexuous  and  branching,  from  coated  conns.  Leaves  few, 
linear-lanceolate,  radical  and  cauline,  the  latter  alternate  and  clasping,  all 
with  many  nerves  and  transverse  veinlets.  Flowers  few,  showy;  in  ours  the 
flowers  are  open-campanulate,  white  or  lilac,  with  densely  hairy  glands,  and 
the  capsule  narrowly  oblong  with  thick  obtusely  angled  lobes.  Outer  perianth- 


MELANTHACEAE    (BUNCH-FLOWER   FAMILY)  117 

segments  narrow  and  calyx-like;  the  inner  broad  and  usually  bearded.    An- 
thers basifixed.    Stigma  sessile.    Capsule  septicidal. 

Anthers  obtuse,  gland  circular 1.  C.  Nuttallii. 

Anthers  acute,  gland  transversely  oblong 2.  C.  Gunnisonii. 

1.  Calochortus  Nuttallii,  T.  &  G.  Pac.  R.  R.  Rep.  2:  124.  1855.    Stem  slen- 
der, bulbiferous  at  base,  with  a  single  narrow  cauline  leaf  (sometimes  2  or  3), 
umbellately  1-5-flowered:  sepals  often  with  a  dark  or  hairy  spot:  petals  3-4  cm. 
long,  white  tinged  with  greenish-yellow  or  lilac,  with  a  purplish  spot  or  band 
above  the  yellow  base,  and  hairy  around  the  circular  or  oblong  gland :  anthers 
obtuse. — From  New  Mexico  and  Colorado  to  Dakota  and  California. 

2.  Calochortus  Gunnisonii  Wats.  Bot.  King's  Rep.  348.     1871.     Like  the 
last  but  with  acuminate  anthers  and  a  broad  transverse  gland:  petals  light 
lilac,  yellowish-green  below  the  middle,  banded  and  lined  with  purple. — 
Mountains  from  Wyoming  to  New  Mexico. 

10.  YUCCA  L. 

Ours  are  acaulescent  plants  with  rosulate  rigid  and  pungent  leaves  and  large 
racemose  flowers  on  thick  erect  scapes.  Perianth  open-campanulate,  of  nearly 
distinct  lanceolate  or  oval  segments.  Filaments  nearly  free,  thickened  above; 
the  anthers  short,  sagittate.  Ovary  oblong,  mostly  longer  than  the  stout  or 
swollen  style;  the  stigma  unequally  6-lobed.  Fruit  capsular,  6-valved  above, 
nearly  or  quite  6-celled.  Seeds  numerous. 

Fruit  an  erect  hard  dehiscent  capsule. 

Style  green;  leaves  long,  narrow  and  rigid 1.  Y.  glauca. 

Style  white;  leaves  short,  lanceolate-spatulate       .         .         .         .  2.  Y.  Harrimaniae. 

Fruit  pendent,  fleshy,  edible      .          .         .         .         .         .         .         .  3.  Y.  baccata. 

1.  Yucca  glauca  Nutt.  Fraser's  Cat.  No.  89.    1813.    Leaves  filamentose  on 
the  margin,  very  stiff  and  pointed,  usually  3-6  dm.  long  by  6-15  mm.  wide, 
smooth:  raceme  usually  simple,  nearly  sessile,  3-10  dm.  long:  flowers  greenish- 
white  or  tinged  with  brown;  segments  broadly  ovate,  3-5  cm.  long:  capsule 
erect,  somewhat  6-sided:  seeds  thin,  smooth,  broadly  margined.     Y.  angusti- 
folia. — From  New  Mexico  to  Montana  and  Dakota. 

2.  Yucca  Harrimaniae  Trel.  Rept.  Mo.  Bot.  Card.  13:  59.  1902.     Acaules- 
cent and  often  caespitose:  leaves  linear  to  spatulate-lanceolate,  6-40  mm. 
wide,  thin  but  rigid,  spreading,  pungent,  brown-bordered,  with  coarse  mar- 
ginal fibers:  scape  2-5  dm.  high,  simple,  flowering  from  near  the  base:  flowers 
greenish,  with  large  often  obtuse  segments:  style  slender:  capsule  brown, 
about  40  mm.  long,  constricted,  flaring  above. — From  Utah  to  southern  Colo- 
rado. 

3.  Yucca  baccata  Torr.  Mex.  Bound.  Surv.  221.  1859.     Leaves  coarsely 
filamentose  on  the  margin,  very  thick  and  rigid,  5-10  dm.  long  by  3-5  cm. 
wide,  channeled  or  concave,  rough  especially  on  the  back,  tipped  by  a  very 
stout  brown  spine:  panicle  pedunculate:  perianth-segments  narrow,  5-8  cm. 
long:  fruit  oval  or  cylindric,  dark  purple,  often  long-beaked:  seeds  thick  and 
rugose.— Southern  Colorado,  New  Mexico,  and  west  to  Nevada. 

23.  MELANTHACEAE  R.  Br.    BUNCH-FLOWER  FAMILY 

Herbs  with  leafy  stems  arising  from  rhizomes  or  bulbs.  Leaves  nerved. 
Flowers  regular,  solitary  or  in  racemes  or  panicles;  the  perianth-segments  dis- 
tinct, usually  persistent.  Stamens  6,  with  cordate  or  reniform  versatile  con- 
fluently  1-celled  anthers,  or  the  anthers  small  and  with  2  distinct  cells.  Ovary 
3-celled,  with  3  distinct  or  more  or  less  united  styles.  Seeds  usually  tailed  or 
appendaged. 

Anthers  2-celled;  oblong  or  ovate. 

Raceme  very  long  and  many-flowered       .         .         .         .         .         .1.  Xerophyllum. 

Raceme  short,  few-flowered 2.  Tofieldia. 


118  MELANTHACEAE    (BUNCH-FLOWER   FAMILY) 

Anthers  confluently  1 -celled,  cordate  or  reniform. 

Stems  from  a  bulb;  perianth-segments  with  gland  or  spot  near  the  base     3.  Zygadenus. 
Stems  from  a  rootstock;  perianth-segments  not  gland  bearing     .         .     4.  Veratrum. 

1.  XEROPHYLLUM  Michx. 

Stem  from  a  bulbous  base,  bearing  a  compact  raceme  of  showy  white 
flowers,  and  thickly  beset  with  needle-shaped  leaves,  the  upper  of  which  are 
reduced  to  bristle-like  bracts;  those  from  the  root  very  many  in  a  dense  tuft. 

1.  Xerophyllum  tenax  (Pursh)  Nutt.  Gen.  1:  235.  1818.  Stems  6-10  dm. 
high:  leaves  often  5-8  dm.  long:  flowers  white;  pedicels  2-4  cm.  long:  perianth 
scarcely  equaling  the  stamens;  segments  oblong,  8-10  mm.  long,  5-7-nerved: 
capsule  cordate-ovate,  6-valved,  the  abruptly  acute  cells  separating  and  then 
dehiscing. — Montana,  possibly  Wyoming,  and  west  to  Oregon. 

2.  TOFIELDIA  Huds.     FALSE  ASPHODEL 

Mostly  tufted,  with  fibrous  roots,  and  simple  stems  leafy  only  at  base,  bear- 
ing small  flowers  in  a  close  raceme.  Leaves  linear,  grass-like.  Ours  has  stem 
and  inflorescence  pubescent,  and  pedicels  fascicled. 

1.  Tofieldia  intermedia  Rydb.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  27:  528.  1900.  Stem 
slender,  viscid-pubescent  above:  leaves  linear:  raceme  short,  few-flowered: 
flowers  yellow:  sepals  obovate,  4-5  jnm.  long:  petals  narrower  and  longer: 
capsule  ovoid:  seeds  unappendaged.  T.  glutinosa. — Wyoming  and  far  north- 
ward and  westward. 

3.  ZYGADENUS  Michx. 

Glabrous  herbs,  with  leafy  or  somewhat  scape-like  stems  from  a  tunicated 
bulb,  and  long  narrow  keeled  leaves.  Flowers  greenish-yellow  or  nearly  white 
in  a  terminal  raceme  or  panicle.  Perianth  withering-persistent;  the  segments 
with  a  glandular  spot  near  the  base.  Stamens  free  or  attached  to  the  base  of 
the  segments.  Capsule  3-celled,  dehiscent  to  the  base.  Seeds  numerous,  ob- 
long or  linear,  angled. — (Toxicoscordion  and  Anticlea,  c.  f.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot. 
Club  30:  272-3.  1903.) 


Gland  obcordate;  base  of  ovary  adnate  to  the  perianth 
Gland  obovate  or  semiorbicular;  ovary  free. 

Perianth-segments  more  or  less  clawed;  filaments  attached  to  the 

base  of  the  segments. 

Flowers  small;  leaves  narrow;  gland  orbicular      .         .         .         .     2.  Z.  yenenosus. 
Flowers  larger;  leaves  broader;  gland  semiorbicular      .         .         .     3.  Z.  intermedius. 
Perianth-segments  not  clawed;  filaments  free     .         .         .         .         .     4.  Z.  Nuttallii. 

1.  Zygadenus  elegans  Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  241.  1814.     Bulb  ovate:  stem 
2-8  dm.  high:  leaves  glaucous,  4-12  mm.  broad:  raceme  simple  or  sparingly 
branched  below,   often  few-flowered:   bracts  ovate-lanceolate,   usually  pur- 
plish: perianth  adnate  at  base;  segments  broad,  greenish,  8-10  mm.  long;  the 
inner  abruptly  contracted  to  a  broad  claw;  gland  obcordate:  styles  4  mm. 
long  or  more:  seeds  oblong,  angular,  4  mm.  long.     (Z.  dilatata  Greene,  PI. 
Baker.   1:  51.   1901;  Z.  coloradensis  Rydb.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  27:   534. 
1900.) — The  whole  Rocky  Mountain  region  from  Colorado  northward. 

2.  Zygadenus  venenosus  Wats.  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  14:  279.  1879.     Bulb 
elongated-ovoid:  stem  slender,  strict,  1-5  dm.  high:  leaves  narrow,  4-6  mm. 
broad,  scabrous  on  margin  and  midrib,  with  scarious  sheathing  base  (except 
the  uppermost):  raceme  simple,  short,  with  narrow  scarious  bracts:  perianth 
free  from  the  ovary;  segments  triangular-ovate  to  elliptic,  obtuse  or  acutish, 
4-6  mm.  long,  all  abruptly  contracted  to  a  short-glandular  claw;  the  blade 
rounded  or  subcordate  at  base;  the  gland  with  a  well-defined  irregular  margin: 
stamens  somewhat  adnate  to  the  claw:  pedicels  suberect  in  fruit:  capsule 
8-12  mm.  long:  seeds  3-5  mm.  long.     (Z.  gramineus  Rydb.  1.  c.) — Northern 
Wyoming  and  Montana  and  west  to  the  Pacific  States. 


CONVALLARIACEAE    (LILY   OF  THE   VALLEY   FAMILY)          119 

3.  Zygadenus  intermedius  Rydb.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club   27:  535.  1900. 
Bulb  elongated-ovoid:  stem  rather  stout,  2-5  dm.  high:  leaves  light  green, 
scabrous  on  margin  and  midrib,  1-3  dm.  long,  5-9  mm.  wide,  keeled  and  often 
more  or  less  folded,  with  scarious  sheathing  base:  flowers  greenish  or  yellowish- 
white:  perianth  free  from  the  ovary;  segments  ovate  or  oblong,  obtuse  or 
acutish,  5-8  mm.  long,  short-clawed;  the  outer  subcordate  at  base;  the  inner 
acute  or  rounded;  gland  semiorbicular,  the  upper  margin  thin  and  not  well 
denned:  capsule  ovoid-cylindrical.    (Z.  falcatus  Rydb.  1.  c.  536.) — Colorado 
and  Wyoming. 

4.  Zygadenus  Nuttallii  Gray,  Wats.  1.  c.    Bulb  ovoid:  stem  stout,  3-6  dm. 
high:  leaves  6-15  mm.  broad:  raceme  simple  or  rarely  branched  below,  many- 
flowered,  with  narrow  membranous  bracts:  perianth  free  from  the  ovary; 
segments  6-10  mm.  long,  not  clawed,  with  an  ill-defined  gland  at  base:  stamens 
wholly  free:  capsule  about  12  mm.  long:  seeds  large,  5  mm.  long,  usually 
flattened. — Scarcely  within  our  range;  eastern  Colorado  (probably)  to  Ar- 
kansas. 

4.  VERATRUM  L.     FALSE  HELLEBORE 

Tall  perennial  herbs  with  thick  rootstocks,  broad,  strongly  veined  leaves  and 
rather  large  flowers  in  a  terminal  pubescent  panicle.  Perianth  of  6  distinct 
similar  segments.  Capsule  membranous,  3-beaked  by  the  persistent  diverging 
styles.  Seeds  compressed,  margined  or  winged. 

1.  Veratrum  speciosum  Rydb.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  27:  531.  1900.  Stem 
5-15  dm.  high:  upper  leaves  lanceolate,  but  rarely  acuminate:  branches  of  the 
sometimes  compound  panicle  ascending:  perianth-segments  obtuse,  whitish 
with  greener  base,  often  denticulate  above.  V.  calif ornicum. — From  Colorado 
and  Wyoming  to  northern  California  and  Oregon. 

24.  CONVALLARIACEAE  Link.    LILY  OF  THE  VALLEY  FAMILY 

Ours  are  leafy-stemmed  herbs,  simple  or  branched,  from  simple  or  branched 
creeping  rootstocks.  Flowers  solitary,  racemose  or  panicled,  regular  and  per- 
fect. Leaves  broad,  nerved.  Perianth  6-parted,  the  segments  distinct.  Sta- 
mens 6.  Ovary  3-celled,  superior;  stigma  entire,  or  3-lobed.  Fruit  a  fleshy 
berry. 

Flowers  axillary,  solitary  or  2  together. 

Perianth-segments  distinct  .         .  .  .  .         .  .         .1.  Streptopus. 

Perianth-segments  united    .          .          .  .  .  .          . :  •  .          .2.  Polygonatum. 

Flowers  terminal. 

Solitary  or  very  few  in  an  umbel         .  .  .  .         .  ...     3.  Disporum. 

Racemose  or  panicled          .         .         .  .  .  .  .         .4.  Smilacina. 

1.  STREPTOPUS  Michx.     TWISTED-STALK 

Stem  rather  stout,  with  forking  and  divergent  branches,  ovate  and  taper- 
pointed  rounded-clasping  membranaceous  leaves,  and  small  flowers  on  slender 
peduncles,  which  are  abruptly  bent  or  contorted  near  the  middle.  Flowers 
axillary,  greenish-white,  'or  purplish.  Anthers  sagittate,  cuspidate,  on  short 
deltoid  or  subulate  filaments.  Ovary  with  numerous  ovules  in  2  rows  in  each 
cell. 

1.  Streptopus  amplexifolius  (L.)  DC.  Fl.  France  3:  174.  1805.  Stem  6-10 
dm.  high:  leaves  very  smooth,  glaucous  underneath:  anthers  tapering  to  a 
slender  point:  stigma  entire,  truncate. — Across  the  continent  in  northern  lati- 
tudes and  ranging  south  in  the  mountains  to  New  Mexico. 

2.  POLYGONATUM  Adans.     SOLOMON'S  SEAL 

Rootstocks  horizontal,  thick,  scarred.  Stems  simple,  arching  or  erect, 
leafy.  Leaves  alternate,  ovate  or  lanceolate,  sessile.  Flowers  white  or  green- 


120        CONVALLARIACEAE    (LILY   OF  THE   VALLEY   FAMILY) 

ish,  axillary,  solitary  or  in  small  fascicles.  Perianth  tubular,  6-lobed  at  the 
summit.  Stamens  6,  on  the  tube.  Style  slender,  deciduous.  Berry  blue  or 
black;  the  cells  1-2-seeded. 

1.  Polygonatum  commutatum  (R.  &  S.)  Dietr.  Otto  and  Dietr.  Gartenz. 
3:  223.  1835.  Glabrous  throughout:  stem  5-10  dm.  high:  leaves  broadly  ovate 
to  lanceolate,  usually  clasping  by  a  broad  base:  pedicels  jointed  below  the  base 
of  the  flower.  P.  giganteum. — From  the  Rocky  Mountains  to  the  north  Atlan- 
tic States. 

.   3.  DISPORUM  Salisb. 

Low  and  pubescent,  divergently  branched  above,  with  closely  sessile  ovate 
and  membranaceous  leaves,  and  drooping  flowers.  Flowers  solitary  or  few  in 
a  fascicle,  terminating  the  branches,  or  apparently  in  the  uppermost  leaf-axils, 
white  or  greenish.  Anthers  oblong,  obtuse,  on  slender  filaments.  Stigma 
3-cleft,  in  ours. — Prosartes. 

1.  Disporum  trachycarpum  (Wats.)  B.  &  H.  Gen.  PI.  3:  832.  1883.  Leaves 
ovate  to  oblong-lanceolate,  acute  or  rarely  acuminate:  perianth-segments 
whitish,  slightly  spreading,  acute:  fruit  broadly  obovate,  obtuse  and  rather 
deeply  lobed,  papillose.  Prosartes  trachycarpum. — Colorado,  far  northward 
and  westward. 

4.  SMILACINA  Adans.     SOLOMON'S  SEAL 

Stems  simple,  leafy,  from  running  rootstocks.  Leaves  mostly  sessile,  oblong 
or  lanceolate.  Flowers  white,  with  distinct  perianth-segments,  in  a  racemose 
panicle  or  simple  raceme,  pedicels  jointed  at  the  summit.  Stamens  6;  the 
filaments  subulate.  Style  short,  thick,  persistent;  the  stigma  3-lobed  at  the 
summit;  ovules  2  in  each  cell. — (Vagnera  Adans.) 

Flowers  in  compound  racemes  (panicles).    . 

Leaves  short-petioled ;  flowers  very  numerous  .  .  .  .  1.  S.  racemosa. 

Leaves  sessile  and  clasping;  flowers  fewer  .  .  .  .  .  2.  S.  amplexicaulis. 
Flowers  in  a  simple  raceme. 

Leaves  acute,  ascending,  more  or  less  folded  .  .  .  .  .  3.  S.  stellata. 

Leaves  acuminate,  spreading,  usually  flat     .  .  .  .  .  4.  S.  sessilifolia. 

1.  Smilacina  racemosa  (L.)  Desf.  Ann.  Mus.  Paris  9:  52.  1807.    Minutely 
downy,  3-8  dm.  high:  leaves  numerous,  oblong  or  oval-lanceolate,  acuminate, 
cilia te,  abruptly  somewhat  petioled:  flowers  crowded,  very  short-pediceled : 
stamens  exceeding  the  short  perianth-segments :  berries  pale  red  speckled  with 
purple,  aromatic. — Moist  copses;  from  the  mountains  in  Colorado  to  the 
Atlantic  States. 

2.  Smilacina  amplexicaulis  Nutt.  Journ.  Acad.  Phil.  7:  58.   1834.     Re- 
sembling the  preceding  in  size  and  habit:  the  leaves  sessile  and  clasping: 
flowers   fewer,  in  an   open    panicle:    stamens    exserted:   style    long,  nearly 
as  long  as  the  ovary:  berry  reddish. — Throughout  our  range  and  west  to 
California. 

3.  Smilacina  stellata  (L.)  Desf.  1.  c.  52.    Stem  smooth,  1-4  dm.  high:  leaves 
smooth  above,  minutely  pubescent  below,  oblong-lanceolate,  sessile  and  some- 
what clasping,  3-8  cm.  long,  usually  folded  on  the  midrib:  filaments  shorter 
than  the  perianth:  berry  at  first  green  with  dark  stripes,  becoming  red  when 
ripe.     (Vagnera  leptopetala  Rydb.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  28:  268.   1902.) — In 
moist  woods  and  meadows;  from  New  Mexico  north  to  the  boundary  and 
thence  across  the  continent. 

4.  Smilacina  sessilifolia  Nutt.  ex  Baker,  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  14:  566.  1875. 
Rootstock  slender:  stem  a  foot  or  two  high:  leaves  lanceolate,  acuminate, 
sessile,  usually  flat  and  spreading,  somewhat  puberulent:  raceme  larger  and 
pedicels  longer  (6-12  mm.) :  segments  of  the  perianth  lanceolate,  twice  as  long 
as  the  stamens:  berries  usually  black  when  mature.     (Unifolium  liliaceum 
Greene,  Pitt.  1:  280.  1889.) — Northwestern  Wyoming  to  Montana  and  west 
to  the  coast. 


IRIDACEAE    (IRIS    FAMILY}  121 

25.  SMILACEAE  Vent.    SMILAX  FAMILY 

Shrubby  or  ours  herbaceous  plants,  climbing  or  supported  by  a  pair  of 
tendrils  on  the  petiole  of  the  ribbed  and  netted- veined  simple  leaves.  Flow- 
ers small,  dioecious.  Perianth  regular,  of  6  similar  deciduous  sepals,  free  from 
the  ovary,  with  as  many  stamens  as  sepals,  and  introrse  1-celled  anthers. 
Ovary  with  3  cells  and  as  many  elongated  spreading  sessile  stigmas. 

1.  NEMEXIA  Raf.     SMILAX 

Unarmed  vines,  with  knotted  or  tuberous  rootstocks  and  annual  stems. 
Leaf-blades  membranous,  broad,  sometimes  hastate.  Umbels  on  long  and 
slender  peduncles.  Pedicels  inserted  in  small  pits  in  a  conic  or  globose  re- 
ceptacle. Stamens  6,  more  or  less  reduced  in  pistillate  flowers.  Ovary  3- 
celled,  wanting  in  staminate  flowers;  ovules  two  in  each  cavity.  Berry  blue- 
black. — SMILAX. 

1.  Nemexia  herbacea  (L.)  Small,  Fl.  S.  E.  U.  S.  281.  1903.  Stems  elon- 
gated, climbing,  glabrous:  leaves  numerous;  blades  ovate,  triangular-lanceolate 
to  lanceolate,  essentially  alike  throughout  the  plant,  4-8  cm.  long,  short- 
acuminate,  7-9-nerved,  rounded  or  truncate  at  the  base:  bracts  subtending  the 
peduncles  like  the  leaves :  peduncles  much  surpassing  the  subtending  bracts  at 
maturity:  flowers  carrion-scented:  sepals  and  petals  greenish,  oblong  or 
broadened  upward,  acutish:  filaments  twice  or  thrice  as  long  as  the  anthers: 
berries  subglobose,  bluish-black,  6-8  mm.  in  diameter.  CARRION  FLOWER. — 
Eastern  Wyoming  and  thence  far  eastward  and  northward. 

la.  Nemexia  herbacea  melica  A.  Nels.  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.  17:  175.  1904. 
Very  similar  but  the  leaves  very  thin  and  more  decidedly  ovate:  peduncles 
usually  shorter;  tendrils  very  slender:  flowers  sweet  or  honey-scented.  SWEET 
SMILAX. — In  canons;  northern  Colorado. 

26.  IRIDACEAE  Lindl.    IRIS  FAMILY 

Perennial  herbs,  with  equitant  sheathing  2-ranked  linear  leaves,  and  per- 
fect triandrous  regular  flowers,  the  six  divisions  of  the  superior  perianth  petal- 
like.  .  Flowers  showy,  few  or  solitary.  Style  3-cleft  at  the  apex.  Stamens  on 
the  base  of  the  sepals,  with  extrorse  anthers.  Ovary  3-celled,  becoming  a 
3-lobed  or  triangular  capsule  with  few  or  many  seeds. 

Style  branches  large  and  petaloid    .         .         .         . '  .         .         .     1.  Iris. 

Style  branches  filiform    .         .         .         .         .         .'  .         .         .2.  Sisyrinchium. 

IRIS  L.     FLAG.     BLUE  FLAG 

Stems  from  usually  thickened  rootstocks.  Flowers  large  and  showy,  solitary 
or  few  in  a  forked  corymb.  Perianth  tube  prolonged  above  the  ovary.  Sta- 
mens beneath  the  arching,  petal-like  branches  of  the  style;  filaments  dis- 
tinct. Base  of  the  style  connate  with  the  perianth  tube;  the  divisions 
stigmaticat  the  thin  apex,  above  which  is  a  broad  2-parted  crest,  which  is 
decurrent  on  the  inner  side  to  the  base  of  the  style.  Capsule  oblong.  Seeds 
numerous,  flattened. 

1.  Iris  missouriensis  Nutt.  Journ.  Acad.  Phila.  7:  58.  1834.  Stem  slender, 
the  leaves  few,  mostly  basal,  shorter  than  the  stem:  flowers  1-2,  with  scarious 
dilated  bracts,  light  blue;  parts  of  the  flower  5-7  cm.  long:  capsule  oblong, 
obtusely  angled,  2-3  cm.  long.  (I.  pelogonus  L.  N.  Good.  Bot.  Gaz.  33:  68. 
1902.) — Frequent  onuwet  lands  throughout  our  range;  not  rarely  also  on 
sandy  hillsides. 


122  ORCHIDACEAE    (ORCHID   FAMILY) 

2.  SISYRINCHIUM  L.     BLUE-EYED  GRASS 

Stems  simple  or  branched,  usually  geniculate  and  winged,  with  linear- 
lanceolate  or  grass-like  radical  leaves,  and  fugacious  flowers  on  slender  pedi- 
cels, clustered  within  2  sheathing  herbaceous  bracts,  with  a  scabrous  bractlet 
subtending  each  pedicel.  Perianth  6-parted.  Capsule  membranaceous,  sub- 


Flowers  and  fruits  all  terminal  on  normal  (scapes)  stems. 

Bracts  very  unequal;  the  outer  (lower)  much  surpassing  the  in- 
florescence. 
Plant  large  throughout        .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .     1.  S.  montanum. 

Plant  slender,  scapes  and  leaves  very  narrow     .         .         .         .     2.  S.  angustifolium. 

Bracts  moderately  unequal,  the  outer  not  much  longer  than  the  in- 
florescence      .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .     3.  S.  occidentale. 

Flowers  and  fruits  in  part  basal  on  dwarf  (scapes)  stems     .         .         .     4.  S.  heterocarpum. 

1.  Sisyrinchium  montanum  Greene,  Pitt.  4:  33.  1899.    Plant  stout,  erect, 
more  than  3  dm.  high,  herbage  light  green,  glabrous,  not  glaucescent :  foliage 
rather  copious  but  short,  less  than  half  the  length  of  the  scapes,  the  broad 
leaves  about  9-striate,  the  alternate  lines  commonly  rather  obscure:  scapes 
ancipital,  each  of  the  broad,  sharp-edged  subentire  wings  strongly  3-striate: 
spathes  mostly  solitary,  their  bracts  very  unequal,  the  outer  more  than  twice 
the  length  of  the  inner  and  4-5  cm.  long:  perianth  dark  purple:  capsules  large 
(about  5  mm.  in  diameter),  almost  globose. — Western  Colorado. 

2.  Sisyrinchium  angustifolium  Miller,  Diet.  Ed.  7.    1759.    Pale  green  and 
glaucous:  stem  2-edged  but  scarcely  winged,  1-3  dm.  high:  leaves  very  narrow, 
the  edges  either  rough  or  smooth,  much  shorter  than  the  stem:  bracts  very 
unequal,  sometimes  purplish,  the  outer  about  twice  as  long  as  the  inner  and 
usually  much  surpassing  the  flowers   and  fruit:    capsules   subglobose.     S. 
mucronatum  and  S.  anceps.    (S.  alpestre  Bickn.  1.  c.  453.) — Moist  grassy  banks 
and  fields;  Colorado  to  the  New  England  States. 

3.  Sisyrinchium  occidentale    Bickn.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  26:  447.  1899. 
Rather  stiffly  erect,  15-30  cm.  high:  leaves  narrow,  rigid  and  pungently  acute, 
much  shorter  than  the  stem:  bracts  more  or  less  hyaline-margined,  somewhat 
unequal;  the  outer  2-3  cm.  long,  equaling  or  but  slightly  longer  than  the  in- 
florescence: capsule  subglobose,  light  brown. — Colorado  to  Idaho  and  Montana. 

4.  Sisyrinchium  heterocarpum  Bickn.  1.  c.  348.    Resembling  S.  angustifolium 
but  greener  and  the  stems  somewhat  stouter:  leaves  short,  mostly  less  than 
half  as  long  as  the  stems,  rather  rigid :  bracts  very  unequal,  the  outer  usually 
much  surpassing  the  inflorescence:  flowers  and  fruits  of  two  kinds,  terminal 
and  basal;  the  latter  more  or  less  concealed  among  the  bases  of  the  leaves: 
perianth  violet-purple,  10mm.  long:  capsule  obovoid-subglobose:  seeds  black, 
angled  and  rugulose-pitted. — Throughout  Wyoming  and  probably  extending 
into  Colorado. 


27.  ORCHIDACEAE  Lindl.    ORCHID  FAMILY 

Perennial  herbs,  often  with  tuberous  or  fleshy  roots,  sometimes  parasitic; 
the  leaves  mostly  alternate,  sheathing  and  entire.  Flowers  perfect,  irregular, 
bracteate,  solitary  or  in  a  spike  or  raceme,  often  showy  and  singular  in  shape, 
adapted  to  cross-pollination  by  means  of  insects.  Perianth-segments  in  two 
series  or  sets;  the  3  outer  (sepals)  similar  or  nearly  so;  the  lateral  ones  of  the 
3  inner  (petals)  alike;  the  third  of  the  inner  set  very  dissimilar  and  often 
spurred,  and  known  as  the  lip  (labellum).  Before  the  lip,  in  the  axis  of  the 
flower,  is  the  column,  composed  of  a  single  stamen,  or  in  Cypripedium  2,  vari- 
ously coherent  with  or  borne  on  the  style  or  thick  fleshy  stigma.  Pollen 
united  by  elastic  threads  into  2  clavate  or  pear-shaped  usually  stalked  masses 
(pollinia),  one  to  each  anther  cell,  and  attached  by  the  base  of  the  stalk  to  a 


ORCHID  ACE  AE    (ORCHID   FAMILY)  123 

viscid  disk  (gland).  Stigma  a  broad  glutinous  surface  facing  the  lip  or  in  a 
cavity  between  the  anther  sacs.  Ovary  inferior,  1-celled,  usually  twisted, 
many-ovuled.  -Capsule  3-valved. 

Anthers  2;  lip  a  large  inflated  sac         .         .         .         .         ,         .         .       I.  Cypripedium. 

Anthers  solitary. 

Flowers  solitary-terminal  ........       2.  Calypso. 

Flowers  more  than  one,  generally  racemose  or  spicate. 
Green  leaves  present. 

Stem  leafy,  at  least  below. 

Leaves  alternate  and  more  than  2. 
Capsule  erect  or  ascending. 
Spike  not  spirally  twisted. 

Petals  lanceolate      '•%' ;.: 3.  Limnorchis. 

Petals  very  narrow       .         .         .         .         .         .         .4.  Coeloglossum. 

Spike  spirally  twisted. 

Long  and  slender;  flowers  greenish      ...  5.  Piperia. 


Short  and  crowded;  flowers  white 
Capsule  deflexed  at  maturity      .... 
Leaves  opposite,  a  single  pair  just  below  the  raceme 
Leaves  all  basal. 


Only  one 
Several 


No  green  leaves  present 


>.  Spiranthes. 

7.  Epipactis. 

8.  Listera. 

9.  Lysiella. 

10.  Peramium. 

11.  Corallorhiza. 


1.  CYPRIPEDIUM  L.     LADY'S  SLIPPER 


More  or  less  glandular  pubescent  herbs  with  leafy  stems  and  thick  fascicled 
roots.  Leaves  many-nerved  and  usually  large.  Flowers  solitary  or  several, 
large  and  showy,  with  an  inflated  sac-like  lip.  Anthers  2,  one  on  either  side 
of  the  column  and  a  sterile  one  above  covering  the  summit  of  the  style.  Pol- 
linia  granular;  the  caudicle  and  glands  wanting.  Stigma  3-lobed. 

Flowers  yellow,  usually  solitary    .         .         .         .         .         .:.•.!.  C.  paryiflorum. 

Flowers  dark  purple,  2-3  in  a  cluster     .         .         .         .         .         .  2.  C.  Knightae. 

1.  Cypripedium  parviflorum  Salisb.  Trans.  Linn.  Soc.  1:  77.  1791.    Stem 
2-4  dm.  high:  leaves  several,  oval  or  ovate-lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate: 
sepals  from  ovate  to  ovate-lanceolate:  lip  flattish  from  above,  bright  yellow, 
2-3  cm.  long:  sterile  stamen  triangular  and  purple  spotted  like  the  lip. — In 
damp  woods  and  thickets;  Colorado,  far  northward  and  east  to  the  Atlantic. 

2.  Cypripedium  Knightae  A.  Nels.  Bot.  Gaz.  42:  48.  1906.    Stem  short, 
3-7  cm.  high,  sparsely  and  coarsely  villous,  bearing  a  single  pair  of  nearly 
opposite  leaves  at  its  summit:  leaves  oval,  generally  rounded  and  obtuse, 
thickish,  4-7  cm.  long:  peduncle  glandular-viscid,   3-10  cm.  long,  usually 
naked,  rarely  with  a  lanceolate  bract  near  the  middle:  floral  bracts  rather 
large,   elliptic-lanceolate:  flowers  2  or  3  in  a  cluster,  dark  purple  or  dark 
brownish-purple:  lower  sepals  united  nearly  to  the  tip,  ovate-lanceolate,  the 
two  together  no  broader  than  the  other  sepal:  petals  similar,  a  little  broader 
than  the  sepals:  lip  10-12  mm.  long,  somewhat  shorter  than  the  sepals  and 
petals,  the  deeply  infolded  free  margin  deep  purple,  the  lower  part  of  the  sac 
ochroleucous  or  greenish-yellow:  sterile  anther  elliptic,  obtuse,  much  shorter 
and  smaller  than  the  large  conspicuous  stigma. — In  the  Medicine  Bow  Moun- 
tains of  Colorado  and  Wyoming. 

2.  CALYPSO  Salisb. 

A  low  herb,  in  wet  or  boggy  woods,  with  showy  flowers,  a  scaly-sheathed 
stem,  and  a  single  radical  broad  thin  leaf.  Petals  and  sepals  ascending,  similar 
and  nearly  equal;  lip  with  two  short  spurs  below  the  apex.  Column  petal oid, 
oval  and  concave.  Lower  pair  of  pollen  masses  smaller,  compressed. 

1.  Calypso  bulbosa  (L.)  Oakes,  Cat.  Ver.  PL  28.  1842.  Stems  6-12  cm. 
high,  with  two  or  three  membranaceous  brownish-green  sheaths,  and  a  linear 
acuminate  bract  at  the  summit:  the  radical  leaf  broadly  ovate  or  slightly 
cordate:  flower  drooping:  sepals  and  petals  light  rose-color:  lip  usually  longer, 


124  ORCHID  ACE  AE    (ORCHID   FAMILY) 

brownish-pink  mottled  with  purple,  the  edge  margined  at  the  apex  and  bifid 
or  entire,  about  equaling  the  tooth-like  spurs  and  with  a  tuft  of  yellow  hairs 
at  base.  C.  borealis. — From  Colorado  to  Oregon  and  British  America;  thence 
eastward  to  the  North  Atlantic  States. 

3.  LIMNORCHIS  Rydb.     OBCHIS 

Leafy  plants  with  thick  fleshy  roots  and  small  greenish  or  white  spicate 
flowers.  Leaves  persisting  until  the  maturity  of  the  fruit.  Sepals  and  petals 
free  and  spreading;  lip  entire.  Beak  of  the  stigma  without  appendages. 
Anther  sacs  nearly  parallel,  wholly  adnate;  glands  naked;  pollinia  granular. 
— Habenaria  in  part. 

Connective  of  the  anther  narrow;  spur  not  longer  than  the  lip. 
Flowers  greenish  or  purplish. 

Spur  shorter  than  the  lip 1.  L.  stricta. 

Spur  equaling  the  lip          .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .     2.  L.  viridiflora. 

Flowers  white;  spur  clavate  and  shorter  than  the  lip          ...     3.  L.  borealis. 

Connective  of  the  anther  broad;  spur  exceeding  the  lip     .          .         .         .4.  L.  sparsiflora. 

1.  Limnorchis  stricta  (Lindl.)  Rydb.  Mem.  N.  Y.  Bot.  Gard.  1:  105.  1900. 
Stem  strict,  2-7  dm.  high,  from  fusiform  tuberous  roots:  leaves  lanceolate;  the 
lower  obtuse:  spike  often  long  (1-3  dm.);  bracts  linear-lanceolate,  only  the 
lower  longer  than  the  flowers:  sepals  green:  petals  purplish;  lip  linear  or 
lanceolate,  obtuse ;  spur  thickened  at  the  apex  and  somewhat  shorter  than  the 
lip.     (L.  purpurascens  Rydb.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  28:  269.  1901.)— From 
Colorado  to  Alaska. 

2.  Limnorchis  viridiflora  (Cham.)  Rydb.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  28:  616. 
1901.     Stems  rather  stout,  from  elongated  thick  tuberous  roots:  leaves  ob- 
lanceolate  and  obtuse  below,  lanceolate  and  acute  above :  spike  rather  short 
and  dense  (5-10  cm.);  bracts  about  equaling  the  green  flowers:  upper  sepal 
ovate,  erect,  shorter  than  the  lanceolate  lateral  ones:  petals  erect,  lanceolate, 
acute,  shorter  than  the  upper  sepal;  lip  lanceolate,  obtuse,  4-5  mm.  long;  spur 
clavate,  curved,  about  equaling  the  lip.    Habenaria  hyperborea. — Bogs;  Colo- 
rado and  far  northward. 

3.  Limnorchis  borealis  (Cham.)  Rydb.  1.  c.    Slender,  3-6  dm.  high,  from 
thickened  tuberous  roots:  lower  leaves  oblanceolate  and  obtuse;  the  upper 
lanceolate  and  acute:  spike  variable,  dense,  or  few-flowered  and  lax;  the  bracts 
mostly  longer  than  the  flowers:  flowers  usually  white,  sometimes  ochroleucous 
or  greenish-tinged:  upper  sepal  ovate,  obtuse,  4-5  mm.  long;  the  lateral  oblong- 
lanceolate,  spreading:  petals  lanceolate,  exceeded  by  the  sepals;  lip  rhombic- 
lanceolate,  as  long  as  the  sepals  and  usually  somewhat  longer  than  the  scarcely 
clavate  spur.    Habenaria  dilatata. — Middle  Rocky  Mountains. 

4.  Limnorchis   sparsiflora   (Wats.)   Rydb.   1.   c.   631.     Slender  stemmed, 
4-6  dm.  high:  lower  leaves  oblanceolate,  obtuse,  8-16  cm.  long;  the  upper 
lanceolate  and  acute:  spike  1-2  dm.  long,  with  scattering  flowers;  bracts 
about  as  long  as  the  flowers,  linear-lanceolate:  flowers  greenish,  10-14  mm. 
long:  upper  sepal  ovate  to  obovate,  obtuse;  the  lateral  lanceolate:  petals 
lanceolate,  almost  as  long  as  the  upper  sepal;  lip  linear,  obtuse,  6-8  mm.  long, 
the  slender  spur  a  little  longer.     (L.  laxiflora  Rydb.  1.  c.  630.) — From  Col- 
orado to  California  and  Oregon. 

4.  COELOGLOSSUM  Hartman 

Leafy  plants  with  biennial  2-cleft  tubers.  Flowers  greenish,  in  a  long  leafy- 
bracted  spike.  Sepals  free,  but  bent  together  forming  a  hood.  Petals  narrow; 
lip  oblong,  obtuse,  2-3-toothed  at  apex ;  spur  much  shorter  than  the  lip,  blunt 
and  sac-like.  Pollinia  with  long  caudicles. — Habenaria  in  part. 

1.  Coeloglossum  bracteatum  (Willd.)  Parl.Fl.  Ital.  3:  409.  1858(7).  Stem 
leafy,  rather  stout,  1-2  dm.  high:  leaves  from  oval  to  lanceolate,  the  lower 
often  obtuse,  4-10  cm.  long:  floral  bracts  foliar  and  conspicuous:  spikes  loosely 


ORCHID  ACE  AE    (ORCHID   FAMILY)  125 

flowered:  flowers  green:  sepals  ovate-lanceolate,  spreading:  petals  narrow,  even 
filiform;  lip  oblong  spatulate,  more  than  twice  as  long  as  the  white  sac-like 
spur. — Northern  Wyoming,  eastward  and  to  the  Atlantic. 

5.  PIPERIA  Rydb. 

Slender  strict  plants  from  rounded  tuberous  roots,  and  with  mostly  basal 
leaves,  those  of  the  stem  being  reduced  and  bract-like.  Leaves  short-lived, 
usually  withering  or  dead  at  anthesis.  Flowers  greenish  or  white.  Sepals  and 
petals  1-nerved  or  obscurely  3-nerved,  linear-lanceolate  to  ovate,  truncate  or 
hastate  at  base.  Stigma  a  small  beak  in  the  angle  between  the  anther  cells. 
Capsule  ellipsoid. — Hdbenaria  in  part. 

1.  Piperia  unalaschensis  (Spreng.)  Rydb.  Bull.  Torr.  Hot.  Club  28:  270. 
1901.  Stem  very  strict  and  slender,  3-5  dm.  high,  leafy  below  only:  leaves 
oblanceolate,  obtusish  or  acute;  stem  leaves  bract-like:  bracts  lanceolate  or 
broader,  shorter  than  the  spirally  arranged  flowers:  sepals  and  petals  lanceo- 
late, greenish  or  the  lateral  purplish;  lip  oblong,  obtuse,  subhastately  lobed 
near  the  base;  the  spur  linear  or  slightly  clavate,  barely  longer  than  the  lip. 
Habenaria  unalaschensis. — From  Colorado  to  far  northwestern  America. 

6.  SPIRANTHES  Richard.     LADIES'  TRESSES 

Erect  strict  herbs  with  fleshy  usually  fascicled  roots  and  slender  more  or  less 
leafy  stems.  Flowers  white,  crowded-spicate,  in  1-3  spirally  arranged  rows. 
Perianth  oblique  upon  the  ovary,  the  sepals  and  petals  connivent;  lip  oblong, 
embracing  the  column,  with  2  callosities  at  base,  and  dilated  spreading  undu- 
late summit.  Columns  very  short,  terminating  in  a  stout  terete  stipe.  Anther 
erect  and  subsessile  at  top  of  column.  Stigma  with  a  bifid  beak. 

1.  Spiranthes  stricta  (Rydfc.)  A.  Nels.  Glabrous,  rather  stout,  1-3  dm. 
high:  leaves  oblong-lanceolate  to  linear:  spike  dense,  3-ranked,  conspicuously 
bracteate,  3-8  cm.  long:  perianth  curved:  lip  recurved,  contracted  below  the 
rounded  wavy-crenulate  summit ;  callosities  smooth,  often  obscure.  Spiranthes 
Romanzoffiana.  (Gyrostachys  stricta  Rydb.  Mem.  N.  Y.  Bot.  Gard.  1:  107. 
1900.) — Colorado  to  Montana  and  thence  across  the  continent. 

7.  EPIPACTIS  R.  Br. 

Stems  leafy,  stout,  from  creeping  rootstocks.  Flowers  few,  pediceled,  with 
conspicuous  divergent  bracts  and  spreading  perianth.  Sepals  and  petals 
nearly  equal;  lip  narrowly  constricted  and  somewhat  jointed  in  the  middle, 
concave  and  auriculate  at  base,  dilated  above.  Column  short,  erect.  Capsule 
at  maturity  deflexed. 

1.  Epipactis  gigantea  Dougl.  Hook.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  2:  220.  1839.  Three  to 
10  dm.  high,  nearly  smooth:  leaves  from  ovate  below  to  narrowly  lanceolate 
above,  somewhat  scabrous  on  the  veins  beneath:  raceme  pubescent:  flowers 
greenish,  strongly  veined  with  purple:  saccate  base  of  the  lip  with  erect  wing- 
like  margins,  strongly  nerved;  the  nerves  callous-tuberculate  near  the  base. — 
Western  Texas  and  southwestern  Colorado  to  California  and  Washington. 

8.  LISTER  A  R.  Br.     TWAYBLADE 

Stems  from  fibrous  and  creeping  roots,  low,  with  a  pair  of  broad  sessile 
leaves,  near  the  middle.  Flowers  small,  in  a  loose  raceme.  Perianth  spread- 
ing. Sepals  and  petals  similar;  lip  flat,  2-lobed,  free,  longer  than  the  sepals. 
Column  free  and  naked. — In  cold  damp  woods  and  thickets. 

Raceme  pubescent 1.  L.  convallarioides. 

Raceme  glabrous 2.  L.  nephrophylla. 

1.  Listera  convallarioides  (Sw.)  Torr.  Comp.  320.  1826.  Stem  slender, 
10-25  cm.  high,  naked  excepting  one  or  two  sheaths  at  base  and  the  pair  of 


126  ORCHID  ACE  AE    (ORCHID   FAMILY) 

orbicular  or  ovate  lekves  just  below  the  raceme:  inflorescence  pubescent:  sepals 
and  petals  linear;  lip  oblong-ovate  and  cuneate,  with  a  small  tooth  on  each 
side  near  the  base. — From  the  Sierra  Nevada  eastward  across  the  continent. 

2,  Listera  nephrophylla  Rydb.  Mem.  N.  Y.  Bot.  Card.  1:  108.  1900. 
Slender,  1-2  dm.  high,  glabrous:  leaves  rounded-reniform,  strongly  veined  and 
reticulate,  mucronate:  flowers  greenish,  with  oblong  sepals  and  petals,  much 
shorter  than  the  cleft  lip:  stamen  incurved  and  depressed  over  the  stigma: 
capsule  obovoid.  L.  cordata. — The  central  Rocky  Mountains. 

9.  LYSIELLA  Rydb. 

Small  plant  with  a  short  rootstock  and  thick  root  fibers.  Stem  scapose, 
with  a  single  obovate  leaf  at  the  base.  Flowers  greenish-yellow.  Lateral 
sepals  reflexed-spreading.  Petals  lanceolate ;  lip  entire,  linear-lanceolate ;  spur 
shorter  than  the  arcuate  ovary.  Beak  of  stigma  not  appendaged.  Capsule 
obovoid. — Habenaria  in  part. 

1.  Lysiella  obtusata  (Pursh)  Rydb.  Mem.  N.  Y.  Bot.  Card.  1:  104.  1900. 
Leaf  obovate  or  spatulate-oblong:  upper  sepal  very  broad  and  rounded:  lip  de- 
flexed,  about  the  length  of  the  tapering  and  curving  spur:  anther-cells  arcuate 
and  widely  separated. — Colorado  and  northward,  thence  eastward  across  the 
continent. 

10.  PERAMIUM  Salisb.    RATTLESNAKE  PLANTAIN 

Leaves  thickish,  all  rosulate  at  the  base,  petioled,  white-reticulate.  Root- 
stock  creeping,  with  fibrous  fleshy  rootlets.  Scapes  few-bracteate,  2-4  dm. 
high.  Flowers  spicate,  bracted.  Lateral  sepals  free,  the  upper  one  united 
with  the  petals  into  a  galea.  Lip  saccate,  entire,  without  callosities  and  free 
from  the  column. — Goodyera. 

Lip  with  incurved  margins,  scarcely  saccate    .         .         .         .         .         .     1.   P.  Menziesii. 

Lip  with  recurved  margins,  plainly  saccate     .         .         .         .         .         .     2.  P.  ophioides. 

1.  Peramium  Menziesii  (Lindl.)  Morong,  Mem.  Torr.  Club  5:  124.  1894. 
Scape  and  inflorescence  pubescent:  leaves  smooth,  ovate-oblong  to  oblong- 
lanceolate,  reticulated  with  light  greenish  markings:  spike  many-flowered, 
rather  dense,  secund :  perianth  white,  puberulent :  column  short  and  straight : 
gland  and  bifid  beak  very  narrow  and  elongated. — From  Colorado  northward, 
thence  eastward  to  western  New  York;  also  in  the  Pacific  States. 

2.  Peramium  ophioides  (Fernald)  Rydb.  in  Brit.  Man.  302.     1901.     Scape 
1-2  dm.  high,  glandular-pubescent:  leaf-blade  1-2  cm.  long,  broadly  ovate, 
abruptly  contracted  into  a  short-winged  petiole,  dark  green,  generally  with 
the  white  blotches  most  conspicuous  along  the  cross  veins:  flowers  greenish- 
white,  4-5  mm.  long:  galea  concave  with  a  short  strongly  recurved  tip;  lip 
deeply  saccate,  with  recurved  margins  and  tip:  anthers  blunt. — Moist  moun- 
tain woods;  Colorado  to  New  England. 

11.  CORALLORHIZA  R.  Br.     CORAL  ROOT 

Without  green  herbage,  the  solitary  scape  with  2-4  membranaceous  sheaths, 
and  bearing  a  simple  raceme  of  brownish,  yellowish,  or  purple  flowers;  pedicels 
reflexed  in  fruit.  Petals  and  sepals  ascending,  similar  and  nearly  equal,  but 
the  lateral  sepals  oblique  at  base  and  either  decurrent  in  a  short  spur  adnate 
to  the  side  or  summit  of  the  ovary,  or  forming  a  projecting  gibbosity  above  it. 
Column  narrowly  margined,  broader  at  base,  somewhat  incurved. 

Spur  present,  small  or  sac-like,  at  summit  of  the  ovary. 

Lip  deeply  3-lobed 1.  C.  multiflora. 

Lip  2-toothed  or  2-lobed  above  the  base     .         .         .         .         .         .  2.  C.  innata. 

Spur  absent;  the  lip  entire      .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .  3.  C.  striata. 


SALICACEAE  (WILLOW  FAMILY)         127 

1.  Corallorhiza  multiflora  Nutt.  Journ.  Acad.  Phil.  3:  13S.  pi    7.     1823. 
Scape  2-5  dm.  high,  many-flowered:  flowers  brownish-purple:  sepals  and 
petals  3-nerved;  spur  manifest,  but  wholly  adnate  to  the  ovary;  lip  nearly 
sessile,  3-lobed  by  a  deep  cleft  on  each  side,  the  middle  one  rounded  or  emar- 
ginate,  with  undulate  or  denticulate  margin:  capsule  10-14  mm.  long,  nar- 
rowed to  a  short  rather  stout  pedicel.    (C.  ochroleuca  Rydb.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot. 
Club  31:  402.  1904.) — Across  the  continent  in  north  temperate  latitudes,  and 
in  the  Rocky  Mountains  southward  to  Utah  and  Colorado. 

2.  Corallorhiza  innata  R.  Br.  in  Ait.  Hort.  Kew,  Ed.  2.  5:  209.  1813. 
Scape  slender,  1-2  dm.  high,  3-15-flowered:  sepals  and  petals  1-nerved,  dull 
purple;  spur  very  short;  lip  somewhat  3-lobed  by  lateral  clefts,  abruptly  at- 
tenuate to  the  base;  column  stout,  constricted  in  the  middle:  capsule  4-8  mm. 
long,  abruptly  narrowed  to  a  short  very  slender  pedicel. — From  Colorado  to 
Washington  and  thence  eastward  to  Canada  and  the  Atlantic  States,  and 
northward  to  the  Arctic  regions. 

3.  Corallorhiza  striata  Lindl.  Gen.  &  Sp.  Orch.  534.    1840.    Scape  stout, 
3-6  dm.  high,  many-flowered:  flowers  often  12-15  mm.  long:  spur  none,  the 
lateral  sepals  and  base  of  the  column  strongly  gibbous  over  the  top  of  the 
ovary:  flowers  larger,  purple  and  veined,  not  spotted:  lip  fleshy,  entire,  some- 
what narrowed  below,  reflexed  above  the  base  and  bearing  the  prominent 
laminae  upon   the   arch.     (C.  Vreelandii  Rydb.  1.  c.  8:  271.  1901.) — From 
Washington  and  Oregon  eastward  to  the  Great  Lakes. 


28.  SALICACEAE  Lindl.    WILLOW  FAMILY 

Trees  and  shrubs  with  simple,  alternate,  stipulate  leaves.  Flowers  dioe- 
cious, arranged  in  aments  (catkins),  these  falling  off  as  a  whole,  the  staminate 
after  anthesis,  the  pistillate  after  the  ripening  of  the  fruit  and  dispersion  of 
the  seeds.  Bracts  of  the  ament  scale-like.  Perianth  none.  Stamens  1  to 
several.  Ovary  1-celled;  stigmas  2.  Fruit  a  2-valved  capsule,  inclosing  many 
seeds  furnished  with  a  tuft  of  hairs  at  base. 

Bracts  lacerate;  flowers  with  a  broad  or  cup-shaped  disk;  stamens  numerous; 

buds  scaly        .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .1.  Populus. 

Bracts  entire;  flowers  with  small  glands;  disks  none;  stamens  few;  buds  with 

a  single  scale 2.  Salix. 

1.  POPULUS  L.     POPLAR.     COTTONWOOD.    ASPEN 

Deciduous  dioecious  trees,  often  low,  with  pale  furrowed  bark,  and  terete 
or  angular  branchlets.  Leaves  varying  from  broadly  deltoid-cordate  to 
narrowly  lanceolate.  Buds  scaly,  usually  covered  with  a  resinous  varnish. 
Both  kinds  of  flowers  in  drooping  aments  appearing  before  the  leaves;  bracts 
lacerate.  Flowers  with  a  broad  or  cup-shaped  disk.  Stamens  numerous. 
Stigmas  elongated.  Fruit  a  dehiscent  capsule  with  many  seeds,  each  bearing 
a  tuft  of  white  hairs. 

Petioles  flattened  laterally. 

Leaves  suborbicular 1.  P.  tremuloides. 

Leaves  broad,  more  or  less  deltoid. 

Abruptly  acuminate,  crenately  serrate    .         .         .         .         .         .     2.  P.  occidentalis. 

Gradually  acuminate,  deeply  sinuate-dentate         .         .         .         .     3.  P.  Wislizenii. 

Petioles  round  or  furrowed. 

Leaves  pale  beneath 4.  P.  balsamifera. 

Leaves  green,  scarcely  lighter  beneath. 

-  Oblong-lanceolate 5.  P.  angustifolia. 

Ovate,  abruptly  long-acuminate    .         .         .         .         .         .         .     6.  P.  acuminata. 

1.  Populus  tremuloides  Michx.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  2:  243.  1803.  A  small  tree, 
6-20  m.  high,  usually  in  dense  groves  and  rarely  attaining  the  maximum  size; 
bark  smooth,  greenish-white:  leaves  small,  roundish  heart-shaped,  with  a 


128  SALICACEAE    (WILLOW   FAMILY) 

short  sharp  point  and  small  regular  teeth,  smooth  on  both  sides,  with  downy 
margins;  petioles  slender,  flattened  laterally,  causing  movement  of  the  leaves 
in  the  lightest  breeze:  lobes  of  the  bracts  linear,  silky:  stamens  6-20:  capsule 
conic.  ASPEN  or  AMERICAN  ASPEN. — Very  common  on  moist  slopes  and  val- 
leys in  the  hills  and  mountains. 

2.  Populus  occidentalis  (Rydb.)  Brit.  Man.  Ed.  2.  320.  1905.    Becoming 
a  large  tree,  with  thick  rough  furrowed  bark;  the  branchlets  more  or  less 
angulate:  leaves  broadly  deltoid,  with  subcordate  or  truncate  base,  abruptly 
long-acuminate,  crenately  serrate,  the  teeth  mostly  obtuse;  petioles  often  as 
long  as  the  blade:  staminate  aments  7-15  cm.  long;  the  pistillate  as  long  or 
longer,  in  fruit  with  several  to  many  ovoid  capsules.    P.  angulata.    The  com- 
mon COTTONWOOD;  nearly  related  to  the  great  COTTONWOOD,  P.  deltoidea,  of 
the  valleys  of  the  Mississippi  and  its  tributaries. — Frequent  on  stream  banks 
along  the  eastern  base  of  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

3.  Populus  Wislizenii  (Wats.)  Sarg.  Man.  Trees  N.  A.  165.     1905.    Becom- 
ing a  large  tree,  with  gray  and  furrowed  bark:  leaves  subreniform  or  deltoid, 
the  triangular  acumination  entire,  usually  puberulent  especially  upon  the 
margin,  rather  deeply  sinuate-dentate:  staminate  aments  with  slender  ped- 
icels and  laciniate  bracts,  12  cm.  long;  the  pistillate  as  long:  stigmas  3,  di- 
lated and  irregularly  Ipbed:  capsule  ovoid,  the  short  pedicel  abruptly  dilated 
into  the  broad  disk-like  receptacle. — Stream  banks;  southern  Colorado  to 
Texas  and  west  to  California. 

4.  Populus  balsamifera  L.  Sp.  PI.  1034.  1753.    Becoming  a  tall  tree  with 
nearly  smooth  bark,  with  round  branches  and  very  resinous-viscid  balsamic 
buds:  leaves  glabrous,  dark  green  above,  pale  beneath,  ovate,  acute  or  acu- 
minate, rounded  or  subcordate  at  base,  crenulate:  aments  and  bracts  some- 
what pubescent:  stamens  18-30:  capsule  2-valved.     BALSAM. — From  Wyom- 
ing far  northward  and  eastward. 

5.  Populus  angustifolia  James,  Long's  Exp.  1:  497.  1823.     Becoming  a 
medium  sized  tree,  10-20  m.  high,  rarely  1  m.  in  diameter;  bark  thick,  rough, 
and  furrowed:  leaves  mostly  narrowly  lanceolate  or  oblong,  sometimes  ovate- 
lanceolate,  rounded  at  base,  acute  at  apex,  finely  crenulate  the  whole  length; 
petiole  semiterete  or  furrowed:  staminate  aments  oblong-cylindric ;  the  bracts 
obovate,  laciniate:  stamens  12-20,  with  large  reddish  anthers:  stigma  with 
broad  lobes. — The  prevailing  cottonwood  on  the  banks  of  mountain  streams 
at  middle  elevations;  known  as  the  NARROW-LEAF  COTTONWOOD. 

6.  Populus  acuminata  Rydb.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  20:  50.  1893.    A  slender 
tree  with  much  smoother  and  lighter-colored  bark  than  the  preceding:  leaves 
rhomboid-ovate,  long-acuminate,  the   base  rounded  or  cuneate,  crenulate- 
dentate,  long-petioled  and  somewhat  dropping:  pistillate  aments  slender:  the 
capsules  ovoid,  pediceled.     A  clean-looking,  well-shaped,  and  rapid-growing 
tree  now  largely  grown  for  shade  and  ornament;  known  as  the  SMOOTH -BARK 
COTTONWOOD.     Probably  short-lived. — Indigenous  on  some  of  the  streams  on 
the  eastern  slope  of  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

2.  SALIX  L.*     WILLOW 

Leaves  mostly  narrow,  short-petioled.  Buds  covered  by  a  single  scale. 
Aments  (catkins)  mostly  erect,  appearing  before  (precocious)  or  with  (coeta- 
neous)  the  leaves;  bracts  entire  or  merely  denticulate.  Stamens  few,  accom- 
panied by  1  or  2  little  glands.  Pistillate  flowers  with  a  gland  at  the  base  of  the 
ovary;  stigmas  short. 

Key  to  the  Sections 

CAPSULES  GLABROUS. 
Scales  pale  yellow,  deciduous. 

Stamens  3-5,  filaments  hairy  below;  leaves  lanceolate,  finely 

serrulate;  trees. 

Petioles  and  leaf-bases  not  glandular        .         .  I.  AMYGDALINAE. 

Petioles  and  leaf-bases  glandular II.  PENTANDRAE. 

*  This  treatment  of  the  genus  Salix  has  been  contributed  by  Mr.  Carleton  R.  Ball,  of  the 
U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture,  Washington,  D.  C. 


SALICACEAE    (WILLOW   FAMILY) 


129 


Stamens  2,  filaments  hairy  below;  leaves  linear  or  narrowly 

elliptical,   remotely  denticulate;   shrubs 

Scales  not  pale  yellow,  mostly  brownish  to  black,  persistent. 
Styles  none;  minute  prostrate  plant     ..... 
Styles  distinct;  erect  or  ascending  shrubs. 

Styles  0.3-0.7  mm.  long;  aments  pedunculate;  leaves  and 

capsules  glabrous 

Styles  1-2.5  mm.  long  (sometimes  shorter  in  No.  18),  leaves 
more  or  less  tomentose,  at  least  above;  capsules  gla- 
brous to  tomentose. 

Styles  1-1.5  mm.  long;  aments  pedunculate  (if  sessile, 
the  leaves  not  glandular)       ...... 

Styles  1.5-2.5  mm.  long;  aments  stout,  sessile;  leaves 
glandular        .... 

CAPSULES  HAIRY. 

Scales  yellow,  deciduous;  filaments  hairy  below;  styles  none  (in 
our  species)       ......... 

Scales  not  yellow,  mostly  brown  or  black,  at  least  at  the  tip, 

persistent. 
Styles  elongated,  0.5-2  mm.  (over  1  mm.  long,  except  in  one 

species  of  Commutatae). 

Leaves  usually  gray-tomentose  on  both  sides,  sometimes 

on  the  upper  surface  only;  aments  mostly  on  long 

leafy  peduncles;  capsules  gray-  or  white-tomentose. 

Capsules  thinly  villous-tomentose;  stigmas  entire,  short 

(two  species  of)      ....... 

Capsules  densely  white-tomentose;  stigmas  entire  or  usu- 
ally divided,  much  elongated,  about  1  mm.  long     . 
Leaves  glabrous  on   both   surfaces   or   densely   silvery- 
pubescent  on  the  lower  surface  only;  aments  dense, 
sessile  or  on  short,  leafy  peduncles;  capsules  silvery- 
pubescent. 

Leaves  densely  clothed  with  a  fine  satiny  pubescence 
below,  glabrate  above;  aments  on  short  leafy  pe- 
duncles  ......... 

Leaves  glabrous  on  both  surfaces,  bright  green;  aments 
closely  sessile          ....... 

Style  obsolete,  or  only  0.2-0.3  mm.  long. 
Tall  erect  shrubs;  capsule  conic-rostrate. 

Aments  stout,  dense,  sessile  or  subsessile;  scales  dark, 
long-villous;  pedicel  short  or  none;  stigmas  long, 

slender 

Aments  slender  and  lax,  the  staminate  small,  on  short 
leafy  peduncles;  scales  pale,  thinly  villous;  pedicel 
elongated;  stigmas  short         ..... 
Low  depressed  or  creeping  shrubs;  capsules  short,  ovate- 
conic,  subsessile;  aments  small,  few-flowered,  short- 
peduncled;  leaves  obovate,  reticulate  on  both  sides     . 


III.  LONGIFOLIAE. 

IV.  RETUSAE. 

V.  CORDATAE. 


VI.  COMMUTATAE. 
VH.  LANATAE. 

IH.  LONGIFOLIAE. 


VI.  COMMUTATAE. 
Vin.  ARCTICAE. 


IX.  ARGENTEAE. 
X.  PHYLICIFOLIAE. 

XI.  CAPREAE. 

XII.  ROSTRATAE. 
Xin.  RETICULATAE. 


AMYGDALINAE. — Trees  3-15  m.  high;  bark  brown;  twigs  long  and  slender, 
often  drooping,  usually  gray:  leaves  linear-lanceolate  to  broadly  lanceolate, 
acuminate,  closely  and  finely  serrulate,  glabrous;  stipules  small  and  decidu- 
ous or  none:  aments  coetaneous,  slender  cylindrical,  terminal  on  lateral  leafy 
twigs:  scales  deciduous,  light-yellow,  lanceolate  or  broader,  mostly  glabrous 
outside,  crisp-villous  within:  stamens  8-7,  filaments  hairy  below:  capsule 
small,  glabrous,  pedicellate;  styles  0.3-0.5  mm.  long;  stigmas  short. 


Leaves  linear-lanceolate,  deep  green  beneath     . 
Leaves  lanceolate  or  broader,  glaucous  beneath 


1.  S.  nigra. 

2.  S.  amygdaloides. 


1.  Salix  nigra  Marsh,  Arb.  Am.  139.  1785.     Dark  green;  twigs  grj 
brownish:  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  long-acuminate,  often  falcate,  deep 


gray  or 
green 

on  both  sides,  6-11  cm.  long,  7-12  mm.  wide  (often  ob lanceolate  while  un- 
folding) ;  petioles  short,  3-6  mm.  long:  staminate  aments  yellow,  2-5  cm.  long; 
pistillate  aments  2-6  cm.  long  in  fruit:  capsules  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  3-4 
mm.  long;  pedicels  1-1.5  mm.  long.  BLACK  WILLOW.  (S.  Wrightii  Anders, 
founded  on  a  monstrous  form  with  compact  and  distorted  aments.) — River 
banks,  common;  plains  of  eastern  Colorado  to  New  Mexico  and  California. 

2.  Salix  amygdaloides  Anders.  Ofv.  Handl.  Vet.  Akad.  114.  1858.  Yel- 
lowish green;  twigs  gray  or  the  youngest  yellow:  leaves  lanceolate  to  ovate- 
lanceolate  (frequently  obovate  or  broadly  oblanceolate  and  obtuse  when  un- 
folding), gradually  or  abruptly  acuminate,  green  above,  glaucous  beneath, 
5-12  cm.  long,  1.5-3  cm.  wide;  petioles  slender,  5-15  or  20  mm.  long:  staminate 

ROCKY  MT.  EOT. — 9 


130  SALICACEAE    (WILLOW  FAMILY) 

aments  yellow,  3-5  cm.  long;  pistillate  aments  lax  in  fruit,  4-8  cm,  long:  cap- 
sules lanceolate,  4-5  mm.  long;  pedicels  filiform,  2  mm.  long.  PEACH -LEAVED 
WILLOW. — Common  on  banks  of  streams  and  wet  ground  throughout  to  an  al- 
titude of  2,000  m.  A  form  with  very  narrow  leaves,  scarcely  1  cm.  wide,  is 
found  on  the  high  plains  east  of  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

II.  PENTANDRAE. — Tall  shrubs  or  small  trees  (within  our  range)  with  sparingly 
caespitose  stems,  3-6  m.  high,  and  reddish-brown  bark;  twigs  and  obtuse  buds 
stouter  than  in  AMYGDALINAE,  olive  to  reddish-brown,  lustrous:  leaves  large, 
lanceolate  or  elliptical,  acute  to  long-acuminate,  closely  glandular-serrate, 
especially  near  the  base,  glabrous;  petioles  stout,  glandular  near  the  distal 
end  or  naked;  stipules  small  or  none:  aments  coetaneous,  stout,  dense,  oblong, 
on  short  lateral  leafy  twigs,  1-2  cm.  wide;  scales  pale  yellow,  deciduous,  lan- 
ceolate to  obovate,  thinly  pilose  at  the  base:  capsules  rather  large,  5-9  mm. 
long,  glabrous;  pedicels  1-2  mm.  long;  styles  about  0.5  mm.  long;  stigmas  short, 
notched  or  bifid. 

Fruiting  in  early  summer;  capsules  thin-walled,  5-7  mm  long. 

Leaves  short-acuminate,  glaucous  beneath        .         .         .  .  .     3.  S.  lasiandra 

Leaves  long-acuminate,  scarcely  paler  beneath         .         .  .  .     4.  S.  Fendleriana. 

Fruiting  in  late  summer;  capsules  thick-walled,  7-9  mm.  long  .  5.  S.  serissima. 

3.  Salix  lasiandra  Benth.  PI.  Hartw.  335.     1849.    A  small  tree  within  our 
limits;  twigs  rather  stout,  deep  red,  lustrous:  leaves  lanceolate  to  broadly 
lanceolate  or  sometimes  oblanceolate,  acuminate  at  the  apex,  acute  to  rounded 
at  the  base,  dark  green  and  shining  above,  glaucous  beneath,  6-10  cm.  long, 
1.5-3.5  cm.  wide;  stipules  small,  acute,  glandular:  aments  on  peduncles  1-6 
(usually  2-3)  cm.  long;  staminate  aments  2-6  cm.  long,   1-1.3  cm.  wide; 
pistillate  aments  3-10  cm.  long,  1.2-2  cm.  wide;  scales  lanceolate  to  ovate, 
sometimes  glandular  at  the  apex:  capsule  pale  straw-color  or  light  brown, 
lanceolate,  5-7  mm.  long:  pedicel  1.5-2  mm.  long,  4-6  times  as  long  as  the 
gland. — Rare  in  our  limits;  Sante  Fe,  New  Mexico,  to  California,  and  north- 
ward. 

4.  Salix  Fendleriana  Anders.  1.  c.  115.    Twigs  long  but  not  slender,  shin- 
ing, reddish  or  reddish-yellow:  leaves  narrowly  lanceolate  to  lanceolate,  long- 
acuminate,  dark  green  on  both  sides  or  somewhat  paler  but  never  glaucous 
beneath,  6-13  cm.  long,  1.2-3  cm.  wide;  stipules  usually  none,  if  present, 
small,  semicordate  to  reniform:  staminate  aments  2-4  cm.  long,  1-1.2  cm. 
wide;  pistillate  2-5.5  cm.  long,  1.5  cm.  wide;  scales  lanceolate  to  oblanceolate: 
capsule  pale  straw-color  or  brownish,   5-7  mm.  long;  pedicels   1-1.5  mm. 
long;  styles  0.5-0.7  mm.  long.     FENDLER'S  WILLOW.     [S.  lasiandra  caudata 
(Nutt.)  Sudw.] — Mountain  streams  and  wet  places,  at  1,500  to  3,000  m.  altitude, 
common;  New  Mexico  to  Canada  and  west  to  the  coast. 

5.  Salix  serissima  (Bail.)  Fern.  Rhodora  6:  6.  1903.     A  shrub  or  small 
tree,  sometimes  4  m.  in  height;  twigs  lustrous,  bright  red  or  brownish:  leaves 
elliptic-lanceolate,  acute  at  both  ends  or  short-acuminate  at  the  apex,  closely 
glandular-serrulate,  dark  green  and  shining  above  with  the  midrib  whitish, 
pale  or  subglaucous  beneath,  coriaceous,  4-8  cm.  long,  1-25  cm.  wide;  petioles 
more  slender  than  in  the  related  species:  aments  very  short  and  stout;  the 
staminate  1-2  cm.  long,  1-1.2  cm.  thick;  scales  broad,  obtuse;  pistillate  ament 
1.5-3  cm.  long,  2-2.3  cm.  wide,  usually  loosely  flowered:  capsules  lustrous, 
long-conic,  thick-walled,  olive-brown  to  deep  brown,  7-9  mm.  long;  pedicels 
thick,  1-15  mm.  long,  2-3  times  as  long  as  the  gland.     AUTUMN  WILLOW. — 
Wet  ground;  Montana  to  Alberta,  eastward  to  New  Jersey  and  New  England. 

III.  LONGIFOLIAE. — Shrubs  2-5  m.  high,  with  densely  caespitose  stems  and  gray 
or  light  brown  bark;  twigs  slender,  brown  or  reddish,  often  lustrous:  leaves 
linear  to  linear-lanceolate  or  narrowly  elliptical,  remotely  denticulate  or  en- 
tire; petioles  very  short;  stipules  none:  aments  serotinous,  terminating  lateral 
leafy  branches,  the  staminate  often  and  the  pistillate  occasionally  in  pairs 
or  threes;  scales  light  yellow,  deciduous:  stamens  2,  filaments  hairy  below: 
capsules  glabrous  to  thinly  villous,  4-7  mm.  long;  styles  none;  stigmas  short 
(in  our  species),  divided. 


SALIC  ACE  AE    (WILLOW  FAMILY)  131 

Leaves  linear,  acuminate;  pistillate  aments  1-2  cm.  wide. 

Leaves  canescent,  entire  or  remotely  denticulate;  capsules  mostly  5 

mm.  long;  pedicels  0.5-0.7  mm.  long     .         .         .         .         .         .     6.  S.  exigua. 

Leaves  brignt  green,   denticulate;    capsules  mostly  6-7   mm.   long; 

pedicels  0.5-1.5  mm.  long 7.  S.  fluviatilis. 

Leaves    elliptical-oblanceolate,    rather    closely    denticulate;    pistillate 

aments  7-8  mm.  wide 8.  S.  melanopsis. 

6.  Salix  exigua  Nutt.  Sylva   1:  75.  1842.     Color  effect  grayish:  leaves 
linear,  acute  at  both  ends  or  acuminate  at  the  apex,  5-12  cm.  long,  2-10  mm. 
wide,  entire  or  remotely  denticulate,  opaque,  more  or  less  canescent  on  both 
surfaces  or  silky  with  a  fine  silvery  tomentum  beneath,  or  on  both  surfaces 
on  young  shoots  (then  frequently  mistaken  for  S.  argophylla) ;  petioles  2-7  mm. 
long:  peduncles  sometimes  7  cm.  long;  staminate  aments  2-4  cm.  long,  about 
7  mm.  wide;  the  pistillate  3-6  cm.  long,  1-1.3  cm.  wide;  scales  lanceolate  in 
the  pistillate  aments,  broader  in  the  staminate,  mostly  acute,  nearly  glabrous 
or  white  pilose  on  the  margins,  occasionally  on  the  back  also:  capsules  nar- 
rowly lanceolate,  4-6  (mostly  5)  cm.  long,  sessile  or  on  pedicels  0.5-0.7  mm. 
long,  especially  at  the  base  of  the  ament,  glabrous  or  thinly  villous;  gland 
about  0.5  mm.  long;  stigmas  divided.     (S.  stenophylla  Rydb.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot. 
Club  28:  271.  1901,  an  inconstant  form;   S.  luteosericea  Rydb.   Brit.  Man. 
316.  1901 .) — Very  common  along  mountain  streams  and  in  wet  places  through- 
out our  range  and  westward;  variable  in  foliage  characters  and  sometimes  very 
difficult  to  distinguish  from  the  next. 

7.  Salix  fluviatilis  Nutt.  1.  c.  73.     Color  effect  bright  green  or  slightly 
grayish:  leaves  linear  or  linear-lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate  at  the  apex, 
acute  at  the  base,  5-12  cm.  long,  2-15  mm.  wide,  remotely  denticulate  to 
spinulose-denticulate;  pure  green  and  veiny  on  both  sides,  glabrous  when 
mature,  often  thinly  villous  with  long  white  hairs  when  young;  petioles  2-9 
mm.  long:  aments  and  scales  as  in  the  preceding  but  the  pistillate  1.2-3  cm. 
wide   (sometimes  10  cm.   long  in  low  humid  regions);  scales  more  nearly 
glabrous:  capsules  5-8  (mostly  7)  mm.  long,  longer  east  of  our  limits,  glabrous, 
or  silky  with  long  white  hairs,  especially  when  young,  pedicellate;  pedicels 
0.5-1.5  mm.  long;  gland  often  1  mm.  long.     S.  longifolia.    SANDBAR  WILLOW. 
(S.  interior  Rowlee,  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  27:  253.  1900;  S.  linearifolia  Rydb. 
1.  c.) — Most  common  in  eastern  Colorado  and  Wyoming,  and  in  Montana  and 
Idaho,  but  not  abundant  anywhere  in  our  limits;  exceedingly  abundant  east- 
ward across  the  continent. 

8.  Salix  melanopsis  Nutt.  1.  c.  78.    A  tall,  dark  green  shrub  or  small  tree, 
3-5  m.  high,  more  divaricately  branched  than  the  related  species;  twigs 
brown  or  blackish,  often  lustrous:  leaves  oblanceolate  or  elliptical,  acute  at 
both  ends,  4-7  or  8  cm.  long,  6-15  mm.  wide,  rather  closely  denticulate,  often 
spinulose-denticulate,    especially  near  the   apex,    or  subentire,   the   margin 
somewhat  revolute  in  drying,  dark  green  and  glabrous  above,  paler,  strongly 
veined,  and  usually  thinly  silky-villous  beneath;  stipules  lanceolate  to  semi- 
cordate,  dentate:  aments  slender,  3-4  cm.  long,  the  staminate  5-6  mm.  wide, 
the  pistillate  7-8  mm.  wide;  scales  oblong  to  obovate,  sometimes  erose  at  the 
apex,  thinly  pilose,  the  pistillate  often  plainly  striate  with  3-5  nerves:  cap- 
sules ovate-lanceolate,  glabrous,  sessile  or  subsessile,  4-5  mm.  long.    DUSKY 
WILLOW. — Type  locality,  old  Fort  Hall  near  Pocatello,  Idaho.    Common  in 
northeastern  Oregon,  eastern  Washington,  and  British  Columbia  as  far  east  as 
the  Selkirks. 

IV.  RETUSAE. — Low,  depressed,  or  creeping  species,  less  than  1  dm.  high:  leaves 
minute,  entire,  glabrous:  aments  2-4-flowered:  capsules  glabrous;  stigmas 
sessile.  A  single  species  within  our  limits. 

9.  Salix  Dodgeana  Rydb   Bull.  N.  Y.  Bot.  Card.  1:  277.  1899.    Delicate, 
suffruticose,  2  cm.  high  or  less,  from  short,  slender,  subterranean  stems;  twigs 
yellowish-green,  very  leafy:  leaves  oblong  or  oval,  4-5  mm.  long,  acutish  or 
obtuse,  light  green,  strongly  veined:  staminate  ament  generally  3-4-flowered; 
stamens  2;  filaments  glabrous;  pistillate  aments  generally  2-flowered;  scales 
oblong,  truncate,  sparingly  villous-ciliate:  capsule  oblong-ovoid,  glabrous;  stig- 


132  SALICACEAE    (WILLOW   FAMILY) 

mas  sessile,  2-cleft. — Covering  acres  of  ground  on  Electric  Peak,  Yellowstone 
National  Park,  at  3,200  m.  altitude;  also  on  Sheep  Mountain,  Teton  Forest 
Reserve. 

V.  CORDATAE. — Shrubs  2-5  m.  high;  stems  densely  caespitose;  twigs  brown  to 
yellow,  mostly  slender,  lustrous:  leaves  linear-lanceolate  to  ovate  or  broadly 
oblanceolate,  acute  to  long-acuminate,  stipulate,  glabrous;  buds  and  slender 
petioles  yellowish:  aments  precocious  or  coetaneous,  rather  slender,  subsessile 
or  on  short,  bracted  peduncles;  scales  tawny  to  fuscous:  capsules  glabrous, 
pedicellate;  styles  distinct. 

Leaves  glaucous  or  at  least  distinctly  pale  beneath. 

Leaves  linear-lanceolate;  young  branches  with  bluish  bloom; 

capsules  subsessile 10.  S.  irrorata. 

Leaves  lanceolate  or  broader;  branches  without  bloom;  cap- 
sules distinctly  pedicellate. 
Pedicels  1-2.3  mm.  long. 

Leaves   lanceolate,    dark   green   above,    mostly   sharply 

serrate 11.  S.  cordata. 

Leaves  broadly  lanceolate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  yellowish- 
green,    crenate-serrulate  or  subentire        .         .         .     12.  S.  lutea. 
Pedicels  3-4  mm.  long;  leaves  oblanceolate  or  obovate         .     13.  S.  Mackenziana. 
Leaves  deep  rich  green  on  both  surfaces,  never  pale  beneath. 

Leaves  ovate  or  obovate,  thin;  pedicels  2.5-4  mm.  long         .     14.  S.  pyrifolia. 
Leaves  elliptic-lanceolate  or  oblong,  thick;  pedicels  1-2  mm. 

long 15.S.  pseudomyrsinites. 

10.  Salix  irrorata  Anders.  1.  c.  117.    Shrub  2-3  m.  high;  twigs  dark  brown 
to   yellowish,   glabrous  or  downy-puberulent,   often  covered  with  a  bluish 
glaucous  bloom,  not  shining:  buds  stout,  broadly  ovate,  brown  to  yellow: 
leaves  linear-lanceolate  or  linear-oblanceolate,  acute  to  acuminate  at  both 
ends,  6-10  cm.  long,  0.7-1.7  cm.  wide,  entire  or  undulate-serrulate,  glabrous, 
dark  green  and  veiny  above,  with  the  whitish  midrib  prominent;  glaucous 
and  finely  reticulate  beneath;  stipules  none:  aments  precocious,  sessile,  with- 
out bracts;  the  staminate  1-2  cm.  long;  the  pistillate  2-4.5  cm.  long,  7-10  mm. 
wide,  densely-flowered:  capsules  ovate-conic,  3-4  mm.  long,  subsessile,  gla- 
brous; pedicels  0.5-1  mm.  long;  styles  0.5-0.7  mm.  long;  stigmas  short,  en- 
tire or  emarginate:  scales  small,  fuscous,  obtuse,  clothed  with  long  white 
woolly  hairs. — Fairly  common  along  streams  and  in  wet  places  in  the  moun- 
tains,  at   1,200-2,500  m.  elevation;    southwestern  Texas  to  southern  Ari- 
zona northward  to  northern  Colorado.     Shoots  with  large  leaves  resemble 
S.  lasiolepis  very  strongly. 

11.  Salix  cordata  Muhl.  Neue  Schrift.  Ges.  Nat.  Fr.  Berlin  4:  236.  1803. 
Shrub  2-5  m.  high;  twigs  long,  stoutish,  brown  or  often  yellowish,  glabrous 
to  pubescent:  leaves  lanceolate  or  oblong-lanceolate  or  somewhat  oblanceo- 
late, acute  to  long-acuminate,  usually  narrowed  at  the  base,  6-10  cm.  long, 
2-3  cm.  wide,  shallowly  to  deeply  serrate,  dark  green  above,  glaucous  and  re- 
ticulate beneath;  stipules  large,  ovate  to  reniform,  serrate:  aments  on  short, 
bracted  peduncles;  staminate  2-3  cm.  long,  7-9  mm.  wide;  pistillate  2-3.5  cm. 
long,  1-1.3  cm.  wide;  scales  tawny,  or  fuscous  at  the  tip,  thinly  pilose:  cap- 
sules 5-7  mm.  long;  styles  0.3-0.5  mm.  long;  pedicels  1-2  (mostly  1.5)  mm. 
long. — Sparingly  distributed  throughout  the  Rocky  Mountains  and  westward, 
up  to  2,000  m. 

lla.  Salix  cordata  angustata  (Ph.)  Anders.  Mon.  Sal.  159.  1867.  Leaves 
narrower,  about  1  cm.  wide,  acute  or  acuminate  at  both  ends. — Wet  places 
on  the  high  plains  and  in  the  foothills  east  of  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

116.  Salix  cordata  Watsonii  Bebb,  Bot.  Cal.  2:  86.  1879.  Twigs  often  yel- 
low, shorter  and  more  divaricate:  leaves  smaller  and  more  slender,  subentire, 
mostly  dark  green  above,  pale  or  subglaucous  beneath :  pedicels  1.5-2  mm.  long. 
[S.  flava  Rydb.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  28:  273.  1901;  S.  Watsonii  (Bebb) 
Rydb.  1.  c.  33:  157;  S.  Ormsbyensis  v.  Seem.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  31:  403. 
1904.] — Rocky  Mountains,  westward  to  the  coast.  Intermediate  in  some  re- 
spects between  S.  cordata  and  S.  lutea. 

12.  Salix  lutea  Nutt.  1.  c.  63.  pi.  19.     Shrub  2-5  m.  high;  twigs  mostly 
yellow,,  reddish-brown  on  the  sunny  side,   glabrous  to  puberulent:   leaves 


SALICACEAE  (WILLOW  FAMILY)  133 

lanceolate  to  ovate-lanceolate,  acute  to  short-acuminate  at  the  apex,  rounded 
to  cordate  at  the  base,  4-8  or  10  cm.  long,  1.5-4  cm.  wide,  entire  to  serrulate, 
mostly  yellowish-green,  glaucous  beneath;  stipules  ovate  to  lunate,  entire  to 
serrulate:  aments  nearly  sessile,  on  very  short-bracted  peduncles;  staminate 
2-3  cm.  long;  pistillate  2-4  cm.  long,  1  cm.  wide;  scales  oblanceolate,  acute  to 
obtuse,  tawny,  thinly  pilose:  capsules  ovate-conic,  4  mm.  long;  pedicels 
0.7-2  mm.  long;  styles  less  than  0.5  mm.  long. — Common  plants  of  stream 
banks  and  wet  places;  Colorado  to  California,  northward  to  Canada.  Dis- 
tinguished only  with  difficulty  from  S.  cordata  and  may  perhaps  prove  to  be 
only  a  variety  of  that  species. 

13.  Salix  Mackenziana  Barr.  Hook.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  2:  149.  1839.     Shrub 
2-4  m.  high;  twigs  usually  divaricate,  lustrous:  leaves  oblanceolate  or  nar- 
rowly obovate,  sometimes  lanceolate,  mostly  acuminate  at  the  apex,  cuneate 
to  rounded  at  the  base,  3-6  or  7  cm.  long,  1-1.8  cm.  wide,  entire  or  serrulate, 
light  green  above,  glaucous  beneath,  reticulate  on  both  sides;  stipules  lunate, 
entire  to  serrate-dentate:  aments  coetaneous,  on  leafy  peduncles  0.5-1  cm. 
long;  pistillate  aments  2-6  cm.  long,  1.5  cm.  wide,  rather  lax  in  fruit;  stami- 
nate aments  2-4.5  cm.  long;  filaments  free,  or  united  only  at  the  base;  scales 
mostly  oblanceolate,  tawny  or  fuscous,  thinly  pilose:  capsules  ovate-conic, 
4-5  mm.  long,  greenish;  pedicels  3-4  mm.  long,  about  three  times  as  long  as 
the  scales;  styles  0.3-0.4  mm.  long;  stigmas  entire  or  sometimes  emarginate. 
Very  closely  related  to  S.  cordata  and  S.  lutea. — Fairly  common  along  streams 
and  in  wet  places;  northwestern  Wyoming  to  Saskatchewan,  west  to  Nevada 
and  California. 

14.  Salix  pyrifolia  Anders.  Vet.  Acad.  Handl.  Stockh.  6:  162.  1867.    Shrub 
1-3  m.  high;  twigs  slender,  glabrous,  bright  chestnut  to  brown,  lustrous: 
leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  ovate,  or  obovate-oval,  abruptly  cuspidate  to  short- 
acuminate  at  the  apex,  rounded  or  cordate  at  the  base,  3.5-7  cm.  long,  1.5-3.5 
cm.  wide,  shallowly  glandular-serrulate,  thin,  translucent,  pure  dark  green 
and  reticulate  with  slender  veins  on  both  sides;  stipules  lunate  or  broadly 
ovate,  glandular-serrate  to  dentate:  peduncles  short,  leafy;  aments  coetaneous, 
long,  lax;  the  staminate  slender,  flexuous,  4-6  cm.  long,  8-10  mm.  wide; 
filaments  united  for  one  third  to  three  fourths  their  length;  pistillate  aments 
3-6  cm.  long,  1.2-1.8  mm.  wide:  capsules  3-4.5  mm.  long;  pedicels  2.5-4  mm. 
long,  about  three  times  as  long  as  the  scales;  styles  0.3-0.7  mm.  long;  stigmas 
usually    deeply   divided.      (S.  .  rotundifolia   ovata    Nutt.) — Fairly   common, 
mountains  of  Idaho,  Oregon,  Washington,  and  British  Columbia. 

14a.  Salix  pyrifolia  obscura  Anders.  1.  c.  Leaves  obovate-oval  to  subrotund, 
abruptly  cuspidate  to  rounded  at  the  apex:  pedicels  2-3, cm.  long:  stipules 
more  ovate.  (S.  rotundifolia  Nutt.  1.  c.  75.)  Presenting  a  transition  to  S. 
pseudomyrsinites. — Vicinity  of  Yellowstone  Park  and  northward. 

15.  Salix  pseudomyrsinites  Anders.  Oefvers.  Vet.  Akad.  Foerhandl.  15:  129. 
1858.     Shrub  1-3  m.  high;  twigs  slender,  mostly  short,  divaricate,  leafy, 
bright    chestnut    to   dark   brown,    lustrous:    leaves   elliptic-oblanceolate   to 
lanceolate-oblong,  acute  to  acuminate  at  the  apex,  mostly  rounded  at  the 
base,  3-6  cm.  long,  1-2  cm.  wide,  shallowly  glandular-serrulate  or  subentire, 
dark  green  above,  pure  green,  scarcely  paler  and  coarsely  reticulate  with 
broad  veins  beneath;  petioles  3-8  mm.  long,  glabrous  or  thinly  villous;  stip- 
ules lanceolate  to  ovate,  acute   or  acuminate,   glandular-serrate,  4-8  mm. 
long:  peduncles  0.5-1  cm.  long,  leafy;  aments  coetaneous  (?),  small,  2-3  cm. 
long  in  both  sexes;  scales  oblong  or  oblanceolate,  acutish  to  truncate,  thinly 
clothed  with  long  white  woolly  hairs:  capsules  greenish,  4-5  mm.  long;  ped- 
icels 1-1.5  mm.  long;  styles  0.5-0.7  mm.  long;  stigmas  thick,  entire. — At 
middle  to  high  elevations,  infrequent;  New  Mexico  to  Saskatchewan,  west  to 
eastern  Oregon  and  eastern  Washington. 

15a.  Salix  pseudomyrsinites  equalis  Anders.  Leaves  smaller,  entire,  less 
strongly  reticulate:  capsules  subrostrate,  5-7  mm.  long,  green  or  rufescent. 
Young  leafy  shoots  strongly  resemble  those  of  S.  Wolfii,  but  the  leaves  differ 
in  being  glabrous  and  less  oblanceolate. — Southeastern  Wyoming  to  the  Uinta 
Mountains,  Utah,  and  north  to  Yellowstone  Park. 


134  SALIC  ACE  AE    (WILLOW   FAMILY) 

VI.  COMMUTATAE.— Shrubs  1-4  m.  high;  stems  densely  caespitose;  twigs  dark 
brown,  lustrous:  leaves  oblanceolate  to  obovate-oval  or  elliptic-oval,  entire 
or  shallowly  serrulate,  densely  to  thinly  villous-tomentose,  at  least  above,  stip- 
ulate: aments  on  leafy  peduncles  (sessile  in  No.  16),  precocious  or  coetaneous: 
scales  fuscous,  broad,  obtuse,  villous:  capsules  ovate  or  rostrate,  glabrous  or 
tomentose;  pedicels  0.5-1.5  mm.  long;  styles  1-1.5  mm.  long  (except  in  No.  18). 

Leaves  glabrate  above,  glabrous  and  glaucous  beneath,  crenate  or  serru- 
late. 

Aments  sessile     .         .         . 16.  S.  monticola. 

Aments  leafy-pedunculate  ........     17.  S.  Barclay!. 

Leaves  densely  villous-tomentose  to  glabrate  on  both  sides,  dull  green 

beneath. 18.  S.  Wolfii. 

16.  Salix  monticola  Bebb  in  Coult.  Man.  336.  1885.    Shrub  3-6  m.  high; 
twigs  rather  stout   and   divaricate,   usually  glabrous,   deep  reddish-brown, 
lustrous:  leaves  at  first  oblanceolate,  obovate  or  oval,  finally  more  elliptical 
or  oblong-elliptical,  acute  or  abruptly  short-acuminate  at  the  apex,  usually 
narrowed  and  rounded  at  the  base  or  sometimes  subcordate,  5-7  or  more  cm. 
long,  2-4  cm.  wide,  crenate-serrulate,  dark  green  above,  subglaucous  to  glau- 
cous beneath,  glabrous  or  thinly  puberulent  or  pubescent  above,  especially 
on  the  pale  yellow  midrib  and  the  primary  veins,  strongly  reticulate  beneath ; 
stipules   large,   ovate   or    semicordate,   acute,   serrate:    buds  large:    aments 
sessile,  stout,  naked  or  the  pistillate  with  a  few  broad  bracts  at  the  base, 
2-3  cm    long,  the  pistillate  becoming  3-5  cm.  long  in  fruit;   scales  dark, 
obovate-oval,  obtuse,  densely  villous  with  long  white  hairs:  capsule  glabrous, 
sessile  or  subsessile,  rostrate,  rufescent,  5-7  mm.  long;  styles  1-1.5  mm.  long. 
(S.  padifolia  Rydb.  not  Anders.;  S.  padophylla  Rydb.  1.  c.  28:  499.  1901). — 
Common  at  high  elevations,  2,400-3,500  m. ;  New   Mexico  to  Montana  and 
Alberta. 

17.  Salix  Barclay!  Anders.  1.  c.  125.    Shrub  1-4  m.  high;  twigs  short,  stout, 
divaricate,  blackish,  tomentose  to  glabrate:  leaves  ovate-lanceolate  to  oval 
or  obovate,  acute  or  cuspidate  at  the  apex,  cuneate  to  rounded  at  the  base,  or 
cordate  on  vigorous  shoots,  3-7  cm.  long,  1.5-2.5  or  more  cm.  wide,  crenate- 
serrulate,  the  glandular  teeth  inflexed,  or  subentire,  thinly  tomentose  above, 
especially  on  the  midrib  and  veins,  becoming  glabrate,  glabrous,  reticulate 
and  mostly  glaucous  beneath ;  stipules  large,  ovate-acuminate,  serrate:  aments 
stout,  on  leafy  peduncles  1-3  cm.  long;  staminate  aments  1-3,  and  the  pistil- 
late 2-6  cm.  long,  1.5  cm.  wide;  scales  fuscous,  mostly  acute,  thinly  to  densely 
villous  with  long  hairs:   capsules  glabrous,  or  sometimes  thinly  sericeous, 
greenish,  rostrate,  •  5-7  mm.   long;   pedicels    0.5-1  mm.    long;   styles   1-1.5 
mm.  long.    (S.  conjuncta  Bebb,  Bot.  Gaz.  13:  111.  1888). — High  elevations, 
mountains  of  Colorado  and  southeastern  Wyoming  to  Oregon,  Washington, 
and  Alaska. 

18.  Salix  Wolfii  Bebb,  Bot.  Wheeler  Exp.  241.  1878.    Low  shrub  6-10  dm. 
high;  twigs  chestnut,  leafy,  the  younger  yellowish,  lustrous:  leaves  oblanceo- 
late or  rhomboid-oblanceolate,  or  elliptical,  acute  at  the  apex,  rounded  at  the 
base,  2-4.5  cm.  long,  8-13  mm.  wide,  entire,  dull  green  and  silky-villous  with 
shining  hairs  on  both  sides,  becoming  somewhat  glabrate;  petioles  yellow, 
villous;  stipules  small  or  wanting:  peduncles  short,  bearing  several  leaf -like 
bracts  which  often  exceed  the  ament;  pistillate  aments  1-2.5  cm.  long,  sub- 
globose  to  oblong,   densely  flowered;  staminate  aments  0.5-1.5  cm.   long; 
scales  dark,   obovate,   sparsely  long- villous :  capsules  glabrous,   greenish  or 
rufescent,  3.5-4.5  mm.  long;  pedicels  about  0.5  mm.  long;  styles  variable, 
0.5-1  mm.  long.     S.  desertorum  Wolfii. — At  middle  to  high  elevations;  south- 
ern Colorado  to  Wyoming  and  Idaho. 

18a.  Salix  Wolfii  idahoensis  Ball,  Bot.  Gaz.  40:  378.  1905.  Leaves  larger, 
3-6  cm.  long,  1-1.8  cm.  wide,  oblanceolate:  aments  longer,  1-3.5  cm.  in 
length;  peduncles  proportionate:  capsules  about  5  mm.  long,  greenish,  thinly 
tomentose.  This  includes  most  of  the  material  called  "  S.  glauca  villosa  "  in 
herbaria. — Big  Horn  Mountains  of  north  Wyoming  to  east  Oregon  and  north 
Idaho;  abundant  in  the  region  of  the  Yellowstone  National  Park. 


SALICACEAE    (WILLOW   FAMILY)  135 

VII.  LANATAE. — Mostly  shrubs   1-4  m.  high;  twigs  stout,  divaricate,  tomen- 
tose:  leaves  large,  broadly  elliptical  to  obovate-oval  or  suborbicular,  more  or 
less  tomentose:  aments  very  large,  stout  and  dense,  sessile  or  short-peduncled, 
3-8  cm.  long,  lateral  or  terminal:  capsules  large,  sessile  or  subsessile,  glabrous 
(in  our  species)  or  tomentose;  styles  much  elongated.    Only  one  species  cer- 
tainly within  our  limits. 

19.  Salix  Tweedyi  (Bebb)  Ball,  Bot.  Gaz.  40:  377.  1905.     Low  (?)  shrub; 
the  youngest  twigs  more  or  less  tomentose  with  long  hairs:  leaves  broadly 
elliptical  to  oval  or  ovate,  acute  or  obtuse  at  both  ends  to  rounded  or  cordate 
at  the  base,  5-7  cm.  long,  2-4  cm.  wide,  green  above,  paler  but  not  glaucous 
beneath,    glabrous    throughout    or  sparsely    gray-tomentose    above,    finely 
glandular-denticulate    or    mature    leaves    irregularly    spinulose-denticulate ; 
petioles  tomentose,  8-15  mm.  long;  stipules  large,  clasping,  broadly  reniform, 
glandular-denticulate:  aments  precocious,  the  pistillate  sessile,  4-6  cm.  long, 
1.5  cm.  or  more  wide;  scales  obovate,  black,  clothed  with  long  white  hairs:  cap- 
sule large,  green,  glabrous  or  finely  pubescent  at  the  apex,  7-8  mm.  long; 
pedicels  1  mm.  long;  styles  1.5-2.5  mm.  long;  stigmas  divided;  gland  1  mm. 
long.    (S.  Barrattiana  Tweedyi  Bebb,  Contrib.  U.  S.  Nat.  Herb.  3:572.  1896.) 
— In  bogs  and  along  mountain  streams,  2,500-3,000  m.  altitude,  not  common; 
known  only  from  the  Big  Horn  Mountains  of  northern  Wyoming,  the  Yellow- 
stone Park,  and  Teton  Basin. 

VIII.  ARCTICAE. — Low,  erect,  or  creeping  alpine  shrubs,  1-10  or  15  dm.  high; 
branches  full  of  leaf-scars:  leaves  small  to  medium,  narrowly  elliptic  or  ob- 
lanceolate,  occasionally  broader,  entire,  more  or  less  tomentose;  stipules  small 
or  none:  aments  appearing  with  the  leaves,  on  short,  leafy  peduncles;  scales 
brown,  brown-tipped,   villous:   capsules   sessile   or  short-pediceled,   gray-   or 
white-tomentose;  styles  1-1.5  mm.  long;  stigmas  medium,  notched. 

Erect  or  spreading  subalpine  shrubs  2-15  dm.  high. 

Capsules  and  leaves  gray-  or  yellowish-tomentose  or  leaves  glabrate. 
Aments  much  longer  than  broad;  leaves  gray-tomentose,  drying 

black 20.  S.  glaucops. 

Aments   subglobose,    leaves   yellowish-tomentose   beneath,    not 

drying  black         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .     21.  S.  brachycarpa. 

Capsules  and  lower  leaf-surfaces  densely  white-tomentose     .         .     22.  S.  Candida. 
Depressed,  creeping  alpine  plants,  less  than  1  dm.  high. 

Leaves  broadly  elliptical  to  obovate,  pale  beneath,  2-4  cm.  long    .     23.  S.  petrophila. 
Leaves  narrowly  elliptical  or  obovate,  scarcely  10-12  mm.  long      .     24.  S.  tenera. 

20.  Salix  glaucops  Anders.  DC.  Prodr.  162;  281.  1868.     Subalpine  shrub, 
4-15  dm.  high;  branches  and  twigs  short  and  stout,  shining,  chestnut-brown 
or  darker,  the  bark  separating  from  the  older  branchlets  in  thin  gray  papery 
flakes:    leaves   elliptic-lanceolate,    or   oblanceolate   to   oblong-ovate,    entire, 
obtuse  or  subacute  at  the  apex,  obtusish  to  subcordate  at  the  base,  3-5  or 
6  cm.  long,  1-1.7  or  2  cm.  wide,  gray-tomentose  or  glabrate  on  both  sides, 
dark  green  above,  glaucous  and  reticulate  beneath;  petioles  yellowish,  5-10 
mm.  long;  stipules  minute,  ovate  or  semicordate:  peduncles  2-3  cm.  long, 
tomentose;  staminate  aments  1-3  cm.  long,  1-1.5  cm.  wide;  pistillate  3-5  cm. 
long  and  1.5  cm.  wide;  scales  oblong,  dark  to  pale  brown,  villous:  capsules 
conic,  gray-tomentose,  6-7  or  8  mm.  long;  pedicels  stout,  pubescent,  1-1.5  mm. 
long;  styles  fuscous  or  yellowish,  0.7-1  mm.  long.     (S.  pseudolapponum  v. 
Seem.  Engl.  Jahrb.  XXIX,  Beibl.  65:  28. 1900;  S.  Seemannii  Rydb.  Bull.  N.  Y. 
Bot.  Gard.  2:  164.  1901;  S.  wyomingensis  Rydb.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  28:  271. 
1901.) — Common  in  boggy  places  at  middle  to  high  elevations;  New  Mexico 
to  Canada  and  westward. 

20a.  Salix  glaucops  glabrescens  Anders.  Leaves  more  rigid,  glabrate, 
intensely  glaucous  beneath:  aments  stouter,  capsules  sometimes  glabrescent. 
— Range  of  the  species  but  less  common. 

21.  Salix  brachycarpa  Nutt.  N.  Am.  Sylva  1:  69.  1842.     A  small  alpine 
shrub,   scarcely  more   than  1   m.   high;    branches  stoutish  and   divaricate 
within  our  limits,   longer  and  more  slender  northward,   reddish-brown  to 
yellowish  or  gray;  twigs  tomentose:  leaves  elliptical-oblong  or  oblanceolate 


136  SALICACEAE    (WILLOW  FAMILY) 

to  narrowly  obovate,  obtusish  to  abruptly  acute  at  the  apex,  acute  to  semi- 
cordate  at  the  base,  entire,  light  green  and  somewhat  tomentose  above, 
pale  yellowish-green  and  densely  yellowish-tomentose  to  glabrate  beneath, 
not  glaucous,  2-3.5  cm.  long,  6-12  mm.  wide;  petioles  3-5  mm.  long;  stipules 
none:  aments  numerous,  often  crowded,  subglobose  to  oblong,  0.5-2  cm.  long, 
mostly  about  1  cm.  long:  capsules  ovate-lanceolate,  subsessile,  5-7  mm.  long, 
densely  gray-  or  white-tomentose ;  styles  1-1.5  mm.  long;  stigmas  medium. 
S.  desertorum.  [S.  stricta  (And.)  Rydb.  Bull.  N.  Y.  Bot.  Gard.  1:  273.  1899.] 
— Wet  places  in  the  mountains  above  2,000  m.,  fairly  common;  Colorado  and 
northward  to  the  plains  of  Canada. 

22.  Salix  Candida  Fluegge,  Willd.  Sp.  PI.  4:  708.  1806.    A  low,  branching 
shrub,  2-10  dm.  or  more  high;  branches  stout,  divaricate,  glabrous,  light  brown 
or  yellowish;  twigs  densely  white-tomentose:  leaves  linear-oblong  to  narrowly 
oblanceolate  or  occasionally  much  broader,  usually  acute  at  both  ends,  mar- 
gins revolute,  entire,  or  rarely  crenulate  and  glandular,  dark  green,  dull  and 
thinly  tomentose  above,  with  deeply  impressed  veins,  resembling  sage  leaves, 
densely  white-tomentose  beneath,   3.5-8  or  10  cm.  long,  0.7-2  cm.  wide; 
petioles  short,  tomentose;  stipules  very  narrow,  acute,  glandular,  tomentose: 
aments  on  short  leafy  tomentose  peduncles,  the  pistillate  1-3  cm.  long,  1-1.3 
cm.  wide:  capsule  lanceolate,  short-pediceled,  white-tomentose,  6-8  mm.  long; 
scales  obovate,  white- woolly;  styles  reddish  or  orange,  1-1.5  mm.  long;  stig- 
mas short,  divaricate,  notched.     SAGE-LEAVED  or  HOARY  WILLOW. — Infre- 
quent, in  cold  bogs;  east  of  the  Divide,  from  southern  Wyoming  to  Alberta, 
Saskatchewan,  and  eastward. 

23.  Salix  petrophila  Rydb.  Bull.  N.  Y.  Bot.  Gard.  1:  268.  1899.    Stems 
horizontal,  creeping;  branches  erect,  glabrous,  brown  or  yellowish,  5-10  cm. 
high:   leaves  broadly  elliptical  to  obovate,  abruptly  acute  to  obtuse,  entire, 
deep  green  above,  'distinctly  pale  to  subglaucous  beneath,  rather  strongly 
veined,  1.5-4  cm.  long,  1-1.5  cm.  wide,  glabrate  or  glabrous;  petioles  slender, 
yellow:  staminate  aments  1-2,  the  pistillate  2-4  cm.  long,  slender,  lax  at  base: 
capsules  lanceolate,  sessile,  gray-tomentose,  4-6  mm.  long;  styles  1-1.5  mm. 
long.     S.   arctica  petraea  Anders. — Among   rocks,'  alpine   summits,    above 
3,500  m.;  Colorado,  Utah,  and  northward. 

24.  Salix  tenera  Anders.  1.  c.  288.    Scarcely  5  cm.  in  height,  from  horizon- 
tal creeping  stems:  leaves  narrowly  elliptical  to  obovate,  acute  at  both  ends 
or  sometimes  obtuse  at  the  apex,  deep  green  and  shining  on  both  sides  or 
slightly  paler  beneath,  very  strongly  nerved,  0.8-12  mm.  long,  4-8  mm.  wide; 
petioles   2-3   mm.   long:    aments   subglobose,    few-flowered,    the    staminate 
5-10  mm.  in  length,  the  pistillate  7-20  mm.  long:  capsules  sessile,  4-5  mm. 
long,  gray-tomentose. — Rare;  alpine  summits  from  Wyoming  to  Washington. 
Perhaps  only  a  variety  of  the  preceding. 

IX.  ARGENTEAE. — Shrubs  1-3  or  4  m-  high;  twigs  rather  long,  brownish  or 
yellowish,  often  lustrous  and  mostly  pruinose:  leaves  narrowly  oblong  or  ob- 
lanceolate,  acute,  entire  or  subentire,  densely  silvery-sericeous  or  silvery- 
tomentose  beneath:  aments  sessile  or  very  short-pedunculate,  1-4  cm.  long: 
stamens  2:  scales  brown  or  black,  hairy:  capsules  small,  silvery-sericeous,  ses- 
sile or  short-pediceled; 


25.  Salix  subcoerulea  Piper,  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  27:  400.  1900.  Erect 
shrub  1-3  m.  high;  twigs  glabrous,  usually  covered  with  a  dense  bluish  bloom: 
leaves  oblong-lanceolate  or  oblanceolate,  acute  or  apuminate  at  the  apex, 
acute  at  the  (base,  2-5  or  7  cm.  long,  0.8-2.5  cm.  wide,  entire  or  slightly 
crenulate,  green  and  sparsely  pubescent  above,  densely  covered  with  a  fine 
short  silvery  pubescence  beneath;  petioles  2-7  mm.  long;  stipules  none,  or 
occasionally  very  small  and  lanceolate  on  vigorous  shoots:  pistillate  aments 
sessile  or  short-pedunculate  (peduncles  sometimes  5  mm.  long,  with  1  or  2 
small  bract-like  leaves  at  base),  2-4  cm.  long,  densely  flowered;  staminate 
aments  sessile,  stout,  1-2  cm.  long;  stamens  2;  scales  brown  or  black,  oblong, 
ovate  or  obovate,  acute  or  obtuse,  thinly  pilose:  capsules  ovate  or  ovate- 
lanceolate,  subsessile  or  short-pediceled,  3-5  mm.  long,  silvery  sericeous;  ped- 


SALICACEAE    (WILLOW   FAMILY)  137 

icels  never  more  than  1  mm.  long;  styles  1-1.5  mm.  long,  brown  or  yellowish. 
(S.  pellita  of  authors,  not  Anders.;  S.  Covillei  East.  Zoe  5:  80.  1900;  S.  pach- 
nophora  Rydb.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  31:  403.  1904.) — Mountain  streams 
and  wet  meadows;  from  New  Mexico  and  California  north  to  Montana  and 
Oregon.  The  pruinose  branches  and  oblanceolate,  acuminate  leaves  suggest 
S.  Geyeriana  very  strikingly. 

X.  PHYLICIFOLIAE. — Much-branched  alpine  or  subalpine  shrubs,  1-3  m.  high; 
twigs  short,  divaricate,  lustrous,  brown:  leaves  small,  elliptic-ovate,  obovate 
or  oblanceolate,  usually  entire,  bright  green  and  shining  above,  pale  or  sub- 
glaucous  beneath,  glabrous  throughout,  or  very  thinly  villous  beneath  with 
short  silvery  hairs:  aments  sessile,  stoutish,  densely  compact:  capsules  sessile, 
gray-pubescent;  styles  elongated;  stigmas  thick. 

Leaves  broadly  elliptic-ovate  or  obovate,  mostly  obtuse  at  the  apex; 

styles  1-1.5  mm.  long 26.  S.  chlorophylla. 

Leaves  oblanceolate,  acute  at  both  ends;  styles  0.5-1  mm.  long         .     27.  S.  Nelsonii. 

26.  Salix  chlorophylla  Anders.  Vet.  Acad.  Handl.  Stockh.  6:  138.  1867. 
Twigs  glabrous,  bright  chestnut  to  deep  rich  brown:  leaves  broadly  elliptic- 
ovate  or  obovate,  2-3.5  cm.  long,  0.8-2  cm.  wide,  obtuse  at  both  ends  or 
acutish  at  the  base  and  abruptly  acute  at  the  apex,  entire  or  occasionally 
somewhat  glandular-crenulate  or  serrulate;  petioles  2-5  mm.  long,  glabrous; 
stipules  none:  buds  large,  chestnut  or  darker:  aments  appearing  with  the 
leaves,  1-3  cm.  long,  1-1.3  cm.  wide;  scales  ovate,  acute,  clothed  on  both 
sides  with  long  white  hairs:  capsules  ovate-conic,  4-6  mm.  long;  styles  1-1.5 
mm.  long,  somewhat  pubescent  at  the  base;  stigmas  thick,  mostly  entire, 
rather  long. — Fairly  common  at  2,500-4,000  m.;  from  New  Mexico,  Utah,  and 
California  northward  into  Canada. 

27.  Salix  Nelsonii  Ball,  Bot.  Gaz.  40:  379.  1905.     A  shrub  1-3  m.  high, 
similar  to  the  preceding:  leaves  oblanceolate  or  rarely  narrowly  lanceolate, 
acute  or  short-acuminate  at  the  apex,  cuneate  at  the  base,  2-5.5  cm.  long, 
0.8-1.5  cm.  wide,  entire  or  the  apical  somewhat  glandular-crenulate,  rather 
strongly  veined  on  both  surfaces;   stipules  none:   pistillate  aments  naked 
or  sometimes  with  1-3  small  bracts  at  the  base,  1.5-5  cm.  long;  scales  black, 
ovate,  acute,  clothed  on  both  sides  with  long  white  hairs:  capsules  5-6  mm. 
long;   styles  0.5—1   mm.,  somewhat   pubescent  at  the  base;   stigmas,  long, 
stout,  glabrous.    NELSON'S  WILLOW. — Fairly  common  at  high  altitudes  2,500- 
4,000  m.;  from  central  Colorado  to  Alberta. 

XI.  CAPREAE. — Tall  shrubs  of  wide  distribution,  2-4   m.  high;  bark  gray, 
twigs  dark  brown  to  black:  leaves  rather  large,  lanceolate-oblong  to  obovate, 
entire  to  crenulate  or  crenulate-dentate ,  more  or  less  pubescent  to  tomentose, 
especially  beneath,  glabrate  in  age,  dark  green  above,  glaucous  and  strongly 
reticulate  beneath:  aments  precocious,  stout,  dense,  sessile  or  subsessile;  scales 
broad,  blackish,  long-villous:  capsule  gray-pubescent,  long-rostrate,  7-9  mm. 
long;  pedicels  1-2.5  mm.  long;  styles  short  or  none;  stigmas  long,  divided. 

Leaves  elliptic-lanceolate  to  oblong,  obtuse  or  acute  at  base,  acute  or 

short-acuminate  at  apex 28.  S.  discolor. 

Leaves  oblanceolate  to  obovate,  cuneate  at  base,  obtuse  or  abruptly 

acute  at  apex .  29.  S.  Scouleriana. 

28.  Salix  discolor  Muhl.  1.  c.  234.    Shrub  with  rather  stoutish  brown  to 
blackish  twigs,  glabrous  or  the  youngest  pubescent:  leaves  lanceolate-oblong 
to  elliptic-oblong,  acute  or  rounded  at  the  base,  short-acuminate  at  the  apex, 
4-8  cm.  long,  1.5-2.5  cm.  wide,  shallowly  crenulate-serrate  to  dentate,  mostly 
glabrous  at  maturity,  dark  green  above,  glaucous  and  reticulate  beneath; 
stipules  mostly  large,  semicordate,  acute,  irregularly  dentate:  aments  stout, 
the  staminate  sessile,  the  pistillate  very  short-pedunculate  and  rather  lax 
in  fruit,  3-5  or  6  cm.  long,  1-2  cm.  wide;  scales  brown  or  darker,  oblanceolate 
to  obovate,  villous  with  long  white  hairs:  capsules  lanceolate-rostrate,  7-9  or 
10  mm.  long,  pubescent;  styles  0.5  mm.  long;  stigmas  0,5-0.8  mm,  long,  entire 


138  SALICACEAE    (WILLOW  FAMILY) 

or  bifid. —Streams  and  wet  places  in  the  Black  Hills  and  in  Montana.    A  com- 
mon species  in  the  eastern  and  central  States. 

29.  Salix  Scouleriana  Barr.  1.  c.  145.     Shrub  with  rather  slender  twigs, 
glabrous  to  densely  pubescent:  leaves  obovate  or  oblanceolate,   obtuse  or 
mostly  abruptly  acute  at  the  apex,  cuneate  at  the  b£°e,  3-8  cm.  long,  1.5-3.5 
cm.  wide,  entire  or  shallowly  crenulate-serrulate,  dark  green  and  glabrate 
above,  glaucous,  strongly  reticulate-veined,  and  sometimes  densely  tomentose 
beneath;  stipules  minute,  entire,  or  small,  finely  dentate:  staminate  aments 
sessile,  2-3  cm.  long,  1.5  cm.  wide;  pistillate  longer,  short-peduncled,  3-5  cm. 
long,  1.2-1.5  cm.  wide;  scales  black,  obovate,  long-villous:  capsules  rostrate, 
7-9  mm.  long,  tomentose;  pedicels  1-2  mm.  long,  pubescent;  stigmas  about 
1  mm.  long.     S.  ftavescens.     (S.  Nuttallii  Sarg.  Gard.  &  For.  8:  463.  1895.) 
Forms  with  short,  stout  aments  may  be  referred  to  var.  crassijulis  Anders. 
—Common  along  mountain  streams  at  elevations  of    1,500-3,000  m.;  New 
Mexico  to  Alberta  and  west  to  the  coast. 

XII.  ROSTRATAE. — Shrubs    2-5  m.  high;    twigs   slender,   divaricate,   full  of 
leaf-scars,  the  younger  very  leafy:  leaves  linear-oblanceolate  to  elliptic-oval, 
mostly  entire,  more  or  less  pubescent  on  both  sides;  stipules  usually  none: 
aments  coetaneous;  the  staminate  small,  subsessile  with  small  leafy  bracts 
at  the  base;  the  pistillate  on  pubescent  leafy  peduncles,  rather  lax  in  fruit; 
scales  linear-oblong,  acute,  thinly  pilose,  tawny,  reddish  at  the  tips:  capsules 
long-pediceled,  conic-rostrate,  5-10  mm.  long,  pubescent;  styles  short  or  none; 
stigmas  short,  divided. 

Leaves  elliptic-oval,  pedicels  2-5  mm.  long;   branches  without  bloom     30.  S.  Bebbiana. 
Leaves  linear-oblanceolate,  pedicels  1.5-2.5  mm.  long;  branches  with 

bloom    .          .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .     31.  S.  Geyeriana. 

30.  Salix  Bebbiana  Sarg.  Gard.  &  For.  8:  463.  1895.    A  tall  shrub  with 
few  stems,  or  a  small  tree,    2-5  m.  high;  twigs   short,  brown   or  darker, 
pubescent  or  glabrate :  leaves  small  to  medium,  narrowly  elliptical  and  acute 
at  both  ends  to  broadly  oblanceolate  or  obovate-oval  and  abruptly  short- 
acuminate,  2-4  or  5  cm.  long,  1-2  or  2.5  cm.  wide,  entire  or  occasionally 
glandular-crenulate,  dull  green  above,  paler  or  subglaucous  and  reticulated  be- 
neath, more  or  less  pubescent  on  both  surfaces  or  glabrate  in  age;  stipules 
none,  or  small,  dentate:  staminate  aments  subsessile  or  on  short  peduncles, 
slender,  1-2  cm.  long,  5-7  mm.  wide,  yellowish;  filaments  capillary;  pistillate 
aments  (on  peduncles  0.5-2  cm.  long)  2-4  or  6  cm.  long,  1-2  cm.  wide,  very 
lax  in  fruit;  scales  in  both  sexes  lanceolate-oblong,   1-2  mm.  long,  acute: 
capsules  6-9  or  10  mm.  long,  thinly  pubescent;  pedicels  slender,  pubescent, 
2-5  mm.  long;  stigmas  deeply  divided.     (S.  perrostrata  Rydb.  in  Bull  N.  Y. 
Bot.  Gard.  2:  163.  1901.) — Along  streams  and  in  wet  ground,  throughout 
our  range;  ascending  to  3,000  m.  altitude. 

31.  Salix  Geyeriana  Anders.  Oefvers.  Vet.   Akad.    Foerh.  15:  122.  1858. 
Shrub  1-3  or  4m.  high;  twigs  glabrous,  very  leafy,  black  with  a  bluish  bloom: 
leaves  small,  linear-oblanceolate  or  elliptical,  acute  or  short-acuminate  at  apex, 
acute  at  base,  2-4  or  6  cm.  long,  5-10  mm.  wide,  dark  green  above,  more  or  less 
glaucous  beneath,  thinly  or  densely  silky-pilose  on  both  surfaces,  margins  entire, 
revolute ;  stipules  none:  aments  on  pubescent  leaf y  peduncles,  0.5-1  cm.  long,  the 
leaves  often  exceeding  the  ament,  the  staminate  1  cm.  or  less,  oblong;  the  pistil- 
late subglobose,  numerous,  1  or  occasionally  2  cm.  long,  1-1.3  cm.  wide;  scales 
linear-oblong,  acute,  thinly  pilose,  the  base  tawny,  the  tip  red :  capsules  5-7  mm. 
long,  rostrate;  pedicels  stout,  pubescent,  2-2.5  mm.  long;  styles  short  or  none; 
stigmas  short,  divided.    S.  macrocarpa  Nutt. — A  plant  of  stream  banks  and  wet 
places,  at  middle  altitudes;  Colorado  to  Montana,  west  to  the  coast. 

XIII.  RETICULATAE. — Densely    caespitose,    low    or    creeping    alpine    shrubs, 
0.5-8  dm.  high,  with  ellipticcl-oblong ,  obovate  or  suborbicular  leaves,  strongly  ' 
reticulate  and  glaucous  beneath;  petioles  slender,  channeled;  stipules  none: 
aments  on  naked  peduncles  arising  opposite  the  last  leaf:  capsules  small,  ses_f 
sile,  tomentose;  styles  none;  stigmo.s  sh^    ,  divided, 


BETULACEAE    (BIRCH    FAMILY)  139 

Ascending,  3-9  dm.  high;  leaves  long-villous  beneath      .         .         .  32.  S.  vestita. 
Creeping,  0.3-1  dm.  high;  leaves  glabrous  beneath. 

Leaves  1.5-2.5  cm.  long;  aments  many-flowered     .         .         .         .  33.  S.  saximontana. 

Leaves  7-1 2  mm.  long;  aments  few-flowered    .....  34.  S.  nivalis. 

32.  Salix  vestita  Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  2:  610.  1814.    A  shrub  with  rather 
stout,  light  brown  to  yellowish,  glabrous,  angular  twigs:  leaves  elliptic  to 
oblong-obovate  or  suborbicular,  rounded  to  retuse  at  the  apex,  acute  to  obtuse 
at  the  base,  3-4.5  cm.  long,  2-3.5  cm.  wide,  obscurely  crenulate,  deep  green 
and  glabrous  above,  clothed  beneath  with  long  white  silky  hairs,  especially 
on  the  midrib  and  veins;  petioles  2-10  mm    long:  buds  large,  obtuse,  light 
brown:  aments  on  villous  peduncles;  the  staminate  linear,  2-3.5  cm.  long, 
0.5  cm.  wide;  pistillate  aments  2  cm.  long,  1  cm.  wide;  scales  oblong-ovate, 
tomentose:  capsules  ovate-conic,  4-5  mm.  long.     (S.  Fernaldii  Blankinship, 
Mont.  Agr.  Coll.  Sci.  Studies  Bot.   1:  46.   1905.) — Among  rocks,  not  com- 
mon; eastern  Oregon  and  Montana  to  British  Columbia  and  Alberta. 

33.  Salix  saximontana  Rydb.  Bull.  N.Y.  Bot.  Card.  1:  261.  1899.    Densely 
caespitose  and  much  branched,  3-6  cm.  high:  leaves  elliptic-oblong  to  sub- 
orbicular,  obtuse  or  abruptly  acute  at  the  apex,  acutish  to  rounded  at  the 
base,  1.5-2.5  cm.  long,  1-1.5  cm.  wide,  light  green  above,  glabrous  through- 
out, margin  entire  and  revolute:  aments  1-2  cm.  long,  many-flowered;  scales 
broadly  obovate,  obtuse  or  rounded  at  the  apex,  cuncate  at  the  base,  yellowish, 
nearly  glabrous:  capsules  3-4  mm.  long,  densely  white-tomentose.     S.  retic- 
ulata.    (S.  aemulans  v.  Seemen,  1.  c.  28.) — Alpine  summits,  3,000  m.  altitude 
and  upward;  southern  Colorado  to  Montana  and  west  to  California  and  Oregon. 

34.  Salix  nivalis  Hook.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  2:  152.  1839.     Scarcely  2  cm.  high, 
from  buried  stems:  leaves  elliptic,  oblong-obovate,  or  suborbicular,  acute, 
obtuse  or  retuse,  7-12  mm.  long,  4-8  mm.  wide,  green  and  shining  above, 
margins  entire  and  revolute;  petioles  2-7  mm.  long,  yellowish:  aments  globose 
or  oblong,  3-6-flowered,  1  cm.  or  less  in  length;  scales  oblong-obovate,  obtuse, 
yellowish,  nearly  glabrous:  capsules  2.5-3  mm.  long,  tomentose. — Alpine 
summits;  Montana  to  Alberta  and  westward. 

29.  BETULACEAE  Agardh.    BIRCH  FAMILY 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  alternate  simple  leaves  and  deciduous  stipules,  and 
monoecious  flowers  in  aments,  the  staminate  pendulous.  Staminate  flowers 
1-3  in  the  axil  of  each  bract.  Calyx  membranous  and  2-4-parted,  or  wanting. 
Stamens  2-10,  the  filaments  sometimes  dichotomous  above  with  an  anther  cell 
on  each  branch.  Pistillate  aments  spike-like  or  capitate,  with  or  without  a 
calyx,  adnate  to  the  solitary  1-2-celled  ovary.  Fruit  a  small  1-seeded  nut, 
with  or  without  an  involucre. 

Pistillate  flowers  with  a  calyx;  nut  inclosed  in  a  large  thick  involucre     .         .     1.  Corylua. 
Pistillate  flowers  without  a  calyx;  nut  naked,  often  winged. 

Stamens  2;  filaments  bifurcate;  nutlets  winged    ......     2.  Betula. 

Stamens  4;  filaments  not  forked;  nutlets  not  winged     .         .         .         .         .3.  Alnus. 

1.  CORYLUS  L.    HAZELNHT 

Shrubs  with  double-toothed  leaves,  flowering  in  early  spring.  Sterile 
aments  single  or  fascicled,  from  scaly  buds  of  the  axils  of  the  preceding  year; 
the  fertile  terminating  early  leafy  shoots.  Sterile  flowers  in  drooping  cylindri- 
cal aments,  destitute  of  a  true  calyx,  consisting  of  several  stamens  included 
under  and  more  or  less  adnate  to  a  bract;  anthers  1 -celled.  Fertile  flowers  in  a 
scaly  bud  or  ament,  two  under  each  fertile  bract,  each  with  1  or  more  bractlets 
which  form  a  foliaceous  involucre  to  the  large  bony  nut. 

1.  Corylus  rostrata  Ait.  Hort.  Kew  3:  364.  1789.  Shrub  6-16  dm.  high: 
leaves  ovate  or  ovate-oblong,  somewhat  heart-shaped,  abruptly  pointed:  in- 


140  BETULACEAE    (BIRCH   FAMILY) 

volucre  of  united  bracts,  much  prolonged  above  the  ovoid  nut  into  a  narrow 
tubular  beak,  densely  bristly. — From  Colorado  to  Washington;  also  northward 
and  eastward. 

2.  BETULA  L.     BIRCH 

Outer  bark  usually  separable  in  sheets,  that  of  the  branchlets  dotted. 
Twigs  and  leaves  often  spicy-aromatic.  Staminate  flowers  3,  and  bractlets  2, 
under  each  shield-shaped  scale  or  bract  of  the  aments,  consisting  each  of  a 
calyx  of  one  scale  bearing  2  two-parted  filaments.  Pistillate  flowers  without 
bractlets  or  calyx.  Bracts  3-lobed,  becoming  coriaceous  and  caducous. 
Nutlets  winged. 

Bark  of  trunk  white  or  gray. 

Trunk  single  (simple  at  base; 1.  B.  papyrifera. 

Trunks  few-several  (in  stools  or  clumps)    .         .         .         .         .         .  2.  B.  Andrewsii. 

Bark  of  trunk  greenish-brown  or  brown. 

Low  bushy  shrub;  nutlets  orbicular- winged      .         .         .         .         .  3.  B.  glandulosa. 

Taller  and  slender,  becoming  tree-like;  nutlets  with  broad  lateral  wings  4.  B.  fontinalis. 

1.  Betula  papyrifera  Marsh,  Arb.  Am.  19.  1785.    A  large  tree  eastward  but 
in  our  range  much  reduced:  bark  chalky-white,  peeling  into  thin  layers:  leaves 
ovate,  acute,  dentate  and  incised,  glabrous  above,  pubescent  on  the  veins 
beneath:  staminate  aments  slender,  5-10  cm.  long;  pistillate  cylindric,  2-5 
cm.  long,  with  puberulent  or  ciliate  bracts.    PAPER  or  CANOE  BIRCH. — North- 
eastern Wyoming,  northward  and  eastward. 

2.  Betula  Andrewsii  A.  Nels.  Bot.  Gaz.  43:  281.  1907.    Near  B.  papyrifera 
but  growing  in  clumps  or  stools,  the  coordinate  trunks  few  to  several,  each 
attaining  a  maximum  diameter  of  10-15  cm.,  after  which  they  die  and  are 
replaced  by  new  shoots  from  the  same  root:  bark  on  the  old  trunks  silvery- 
gray,  exfoliating  as  in  the  preceding:  branches  reddish-brown,  conspicuously 
marked  by  the  transversely  disposed  oval  white  lenticels;  twigs  pale  brown: 
leaves  ovate,  abruptly  short-acuminate,  sharply  and  irregularly  serrate  with 
short  teeth:  fruiting  bracts  deeply  3-lobed,  the  middle  oi\e  longer  and  nar- 
rower than  the  lateral:  nut  oblong-obovate,  with  very  thin  wings  nearly  twice 
as  broad  as  the  body. — Known  only  from  type  locality,  Green  Mountain, 
Boulder,  Colorado. 

3.  Betula  glandulosa  Michx.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  2:  180.  1903.    A  low  bush,  15- 
20  dm.  high  or  less,  the  dark-colored  branches  usually  more  or  less  resinous- 
glandular:  leaves  small,  obovate  to  oblong-obovate,  mostly  cuneate  at  base, 
rounded  and  crenate  above,  smooth  and  often  resinous-coated:  the  deeply 
3-lobed  bracts  slightly  ciliate :  seed  orbicular-winged.    MOUNTAIN  BOG  BIRCH. 
— From  California  to  Sitka,  and  eastward  through  British  America  to  the 
Atlantic,  and  southward  in  the  mountains  to  New  Mexico. 

4.  Betula  fontinalis  Sarg.  Bot.  Gaz.  31:  239.  1901.    Ranging  in  size  from 
a  tree-like  shrub  to  a  tree  12  m.  or  more  high,  usually  slender  and  freely 
branched:  bark  smooth,  dark;  branches  gracefully  drooping:  leaves  thin, 
broadly  ovate,  with  small  gland-tipped  teeth,  smooth  above,  lightly  pubescent 
beneath:  wings  of  the  nutlet  as  broad  as  the  body.    B.  occidentalis.    ROCKY 
MOUNTAIN  BIRCH. — Throughout  our  range  and  westward 

3.  ALNUS  Gaertn.    ALDER 

Shrubs  or  small  trees  with  dentate  or  serrulate  leaves,  and  flowers  of  both 
kinds  in  aments.  Sterile  flowers  3,  and  bractlets  4  or  5  under  each  short- 
stalked  shield-shaped  scale,  consisting  each  of  a  3-5-parted  calyx  and  as 
many  stamens,  with  the  filaments  short  and  simple.  Fertile  flowers  with  a 
calyx  of  4  little  scales  adherent  to  the  scales  or  bracts  of  the  ament. 

1.  Alnus  tenuifolia  Nutt.  Sylva  1:  32.  1842.  A  large  shrub  or  small  tree, 
usually  several-stemmed  from  the  base:  leaves  ovate,  with  prominent  veins, 
rather  large,  sharply  double-toothed:  aments  begin  their  development  the 
summer  preceding  the  season  in  which  they,  open  and  hang  naked  upon  the 


FAGACEAE  (BEECH  FAMILY)  141 

branches  during  the  winter,  opening  in  the  spring  before  the  leaves  develop: 
fertile  aments  erect,  their  scales  becoming  woody,  persistent  for  a  time  after 
the  small,  compressed,  scarcely  winged  nuts  have  fallen. — The  common  ALDER 
on  all  the  streams  of  this  region. 

30.  FAGACEAE  Drude.     BEECH  FAMILY 

Shrubs  or  trees,  with  deciduous  or  evergreen  alternate  petioled  leaves. 
Flowers  monoecious;  the  staminate  in  aments;  the  pistillate  solitary  or  few  in 
a  cluster,  subtended  by  an  involucre  (of  more  or  less  united  bracts)  which 
becomes  a  bur  or  cup.  Petals  none.  Staminate  flowers  with  a  4-7-lobed 
perianth  and  4-20  stamens  on  slender  filaments;  the  pistillate  with  an  urn- 
shaped  perianth  adnate  to  the  few-celled  ovary;  ovules  1-2  in  each  cell,  only 
1  maturing;  styles  linear,  as  many  as  the  cells  in  the  ovary.  Fruit  a  1-seeded 
nut,  with  coriaceous  or  bony  exocarp. 

1.  QUERCUS  L.    OAK 

Shrubs  or  trees.  Leaves  in  ours  mostly  deciduous.  Flowers  small,  green  or 
yellowish;  the  staminate  numerous,  in  slender  drooping  aments;  the  pistillate 
solitary,  in  many-bracted  involucres.  Staminate  flowers  subtended  by 
caducous  bracts,  consisting  of  a  mostly  6-lobed  perianth  and  5-12  stamens. 
Pistillate  flowers  with  an  urn-shaped  calyx  adnate  to  a  3-celled  ovary.  Fruit 
consisting  of  the  imbricated  and  united  bracts  of  the  involucre  (cup),  sub- 
tending or  nearly  inclosing  the  coriaceous  nut  (acorn). 

Upper  scales  of  the  cup  with  caudate  prolongations    .         .         .         .     1.  Q.  macrocarpa. 

Upper  scales  of  the  cvp  not  prolonged. 
Leaves  deciduous,  lobed  or  divided. 

Densely  and  softly  short-villous  beneath      .         .         .         .         .     2.  Q.  utahensis. 

Glabrate  or  pubescent  (especially  on  the  veins)  beneath. 

Cup  shallow,  covering  less  than  one  fourth  of  the  nut          .         .     3.  Q.  Vreelandii. 
Cup  deeper,  covering  more  than  one  fourth  of  the  nut. 

Leaves  thin  and  almost  glabrous    .         .         .         .         .         .     4.  Q.  leptophylla. 

Leaves  firm,  puberulent  beneath. 

Nut  obtuse  .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .     5.  Q.  Gunnisonii. 

Nut  acute 0.  Q.  Gambellii. 

Leaves  persistent,  from  nearly  entire  to  undulate  toothed      .         .     7.  Q.  undulata. 

1.  Quercus  macrocarpa  Michx.  Hist.  Chens  Am.  No.  2.  1801.    Becoming 
a  large  tree  with  gray  flaky  bark:  leaves  variable,  obovate  or  oblong-obovate, 
irregularly  lobed,  or  pinnatifid,  or  deeply  undulate,  at  maturity  green  and 
shining  above,  grayish- white  tomentulose  below,  8-16  cm.  long:  styles  short: 
fruit  subsessile;  cup  subglobose  or  hemispheric,  14-20  mm.  in  diameter;  its 
bracts  floccose,  hard,  thick,  the  upper  subulate-tipped  forming  a  fringe  around 
the  ovoid  acorn,  which  is  from  half  to  almost  wholly  immersed  in  the  cup. 
BUR  OAK  or  MOSSY-CUP. — This  valuable  tree  comes  into  our  range  in  the 
Black  Hills  of  South  Dakota  and  Wyoming,  where  it  usually  attains  fair  size, 
though  occasionally  scarcely  more  than  a  shrub. 

2.  Quercus  utahensis  (DC.)  Rydb.  Bull.  N.  Y.  Bot.  Card.  2:  202.  1901.* 
A  small  tree  often  10  m.  high  or  more  or  sometimes  only  a  shrub :   bark  of 
young  branches  light  brown  and  pubescent,  bark  of  the  older  branches  brown 
or  gray;  bark  of  the  trunk  rough  and  furrowed:  bud-scales  thin,  brown,  some- 
what hairy  and  puberulent:  petioles  about  1  cm.  long,  puberulent;  leaf-blade 
6-10  cm.  long,  broadly  obovate,  deeply  divided,  often  to  near  the  midrib; 
lobes  oblong,  rounded  at  the  apex,  the  larger  usually  again  lobed  or  undulate; 
upper  surface  sparingly  stellate,  in  age  glabrate,  dark  green  and  glossy;  lower 

*  In  his  paper,  "The  Oaks  of  the  Continental  Divide,"  north  of  Mexico,  Rydberg  has 
given  the  species  most  exhaustive  treatment.  Indebtedness  to  his  descriptions  ia  gratefully 
acknowledged. 


142  FAGACEAE    (BEECH   FAMILY) 

surface  brownish,  pale,  densely  and  softly  pubescent,  almost  velvety,  strongly 
veined:  fruit  subsessile;  cup  hemispheric,  12-15  mm.  in  diameter;  scales 
pubescent,  ovate,  with  much  thickened  corky  backs;  acorn  ovoid,  barrel- 
shaped,  mostly  obtuse,  15-20  mm.  long,  light  brown. — From  Wyoming  to 
New  Mexico  and  Arizona. 

3.  Quercus  Vreelandii  Rydb.  1.  c.  204.     1901.     A  small  shrub,  1-1.5  m. 
high :  bark  of  young  branches  brown,  puberulent ;  that  of  the  older  branches 
and  trunks  ashy  gray:  bud-scales  brown,  thiri,  puberulent  on  the  margins: 
petioles  5-10  cm.  long,  puberulent;  leaf -blades  5-7  cm.  long,  obovate,  deeply 
lobed  about  two  thirds  to  the  midrib,  thick,  firm;  lobes  rounded,  the  larger 
often  lobed  or  sinuate;  upper  surface  slightly  stellate,  soon  glabrate,  bright 
green  but  not  glossy;   lower  surface  slightly  paler  and  somewhat  brownish 
and  puberulent:  fruit  subsessile;  cup  very  shallow,  covering  one  fifth  or  one 
sixth  of  the  acorn;  scales  ovate  and  very  corky  on  the  back;  acorn  barrel- 
shaped  or  slightly  ovoid,  obtuse,  about  15  mm.  long,  light  brown. — Colorado 
and  New  Mexico. 

4.  Quercus  leptophylla  Rydb.  1.  c.  205.    A  tree  10-15  m.  high:  bark  of 
young  twigs  brownish  or  purplish,  slightly  pubescent  at  first ;  that  of  the  older 
branches  gray;  that  of  the  trunk  rough  and  furrowed:  bud-scales  very  thin, 
brown,  glabrous:  petioles  about  1.5  cm.  long,  sparingly  stellate;  leaf -blades 
broadly  obovate,  very  thin,  pinnately  5-9-lobed  scarcely  more  than  halfway 
to  the  midrib;  lobes  rounded;  upper  surface  at  first  sparingly  stellate,  soon 
glabrate,  bright  green,  but  not  very  glossy;  lower  surface  paler,  almost  per- 
fectly glabrous,  or  pubescent  on  the  veins:  fruit  subsessile;  cup  hemispheric, 
about  15  mm.  wide,  covering  about  half  the  acorn;  scales  ovate-lanceolate,  ob- 
tuse, only  slightly  thickened  on  the  back;  acorns  short,  barrel-shaped,  obtuse 
or  even  depressed  at  the  apex. — Colorado  and  New  Mexico. 

5.  Quercus  Gunnisonii  (Torr.)  Rydb.  1.  c.  206.    A  low  shrub  1-3  m.  high: 
bark  of  young  branches  light  brown,  puberulent,  of  the  older  branches  and 
the  trunk  gray,  somewhat  shreddy:  bud-scales  brown,  pubescent:  petioles 
about  1  cm.  long,  puberulent;  leaf -blades  oblong,  elliptic  or  narrowly  obovate 
in  outline,  lobed  halfway  to  the  midrib  or  more  with  rounded  lobes,  very 
thick,  green  above,  sparingly  stellate  or  soon  glabrate,  shiny;  lower  surface 
paler,  puberulent,  veined:  fruit  subsessile;  cup  12-15  mm.  in  diameter,  hemi- 
spherical, covering  about  one  third  of  the  acorn ;  scales  ovate  with  a  lanceolate 
tip,  at  least  the  lower  much  thickened  and  corky  on  the  back;  acorns  barrel- 
shaped,  obtuse  or  even  depressed  at  the  apex  (Q.  nitescens  and  Q.  novo- 
mexicana  Rydb.  1.  c.  207  and  208). — Colorado  and  New  Mexico  to  Utah  and 
Arizona. 

6.  Quercus  Gambellii  Nutt.  Journ.  Acad.  Phila.  II.  1:  179.  1848.    A  shrub 
3-5  m.  high:   bark  of  young  twigs  light  brown  and  puberulent;   that  of  the 
older  branches  and  trunk  gray:  bud-scales  brown,  puberulent:  petioles  about 
1  cm.  long,  puberulent;  leaf-blades  broadly  obovate  in  outline,  lobed  one  half 
or  two  thirds  the  distance  to  the  midrib,  thinner  than  in  the  preceding;  upper 
surface  glabrate,  green,  not  very  glossy;  lower  surface  only  slightly  paler, 
puberulent  or  nearly  glabrous;  lobes  rounded:  fruit  subsessile:  cup  hemi- 
spheric or  somewhat  turbinate;  acorn  ovoid,  acute,  half  inclosed  in  the  cup, 
about  15  mm.  long,  light  brown  (Q.  Eastwoodae  Rydb.  1.  c.). — Utah  to  Colo- 
rado and  New  Mexico. 

6a.  Quercus  Gambellii  Fendleri  (Liebm.)  A.  Nels.  The  shrub  smaller 
and  reduced  in  all  its  parts:  lobes  of  the  leaves  mostly  acute:  the  acorn  varying 
from  obtuse  to  acute  (Q.  Fendleri  Liebm.,  Rydb.  1.  c.;  Q.  venustula  Greene, 
Rydb.  1.  c.)- — Colorado  to  New  Mexico  and  Texas. 

7.  Quercus  undulata  Torr.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  2:  248.  1828.    A  shrub  1-3  m. 
high:  bark  of  the  trunk  gray,  rough  and  much  cracked;  that  of  the  branches 
light  gray  and  with  numerous  lenticels;  that  of  the  young  twigs  sparingly 
stellate-pubescent:  petioles  2-6  mm.  long;  leaf -blades  firm,  pale  bluish  or 
brownish-green  and  shining  above,    pale   brownish   beneath,    stellate   when 
young,  almost  glabrous  in  age  on  both  sides  or  even  densely  stellate-pubescent 
beneath,  only  sinuately  dentate,  acute  at  both  ends;  teeth  mucronate,  scarcely 


MORACEAE    (MULBERRY    FAMILY)  143 

spinulose:  cup  hemispheric,  7-10  mm.  broad;  scales  ovate,  strongly  corky- 
thickened  on  the  back;  acorn  barrel-shaped  or  cylindric,  10-15  mm.  long, 
6-7  mm.  in  diameter,  brown  (Q.  pungens  Liebm.,  Rydb.  1.  c.).— Colorado  to 
Texas  and  Arizona. 


31.  ULMACEAE  Mirbel.    ELM  FAMILY 

Trees  or  shrubs  with  alternate  serrate  pinnately  veined  leaves,  with  fugaci- 
ous stipules.  Flowers  small,  monoecious,  dioecious,  or  polygamous,  clustered 
or  the  pistillate  solitary.  Perianth  of  4-9  distinct  sepals.  Stamens  as  many 
as  the  sepals.  Ovary  1-celled,  superior.  Fruit  a  samara,  drupe,  or  nut. 

All  the  flowers  clustered;  fruit  a  samara      .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .1.  Ulmus, 

Pistillate  flowers  solitary;  fruit  a  drupe 2.  Celtis. 

1.  ULMUS  L.     ELM 

Trees  with  polygamous  purplish  or  yellowish  flowers  in  lateral  clusters,  ap- 
pearing before  the  short-petioled  oblique  or  unequally  somewhat  heart-shaped 
leaves.  Perianth  campanulate.  Stamens  slender,  4-9.  Styles  2,  diverging, 
stigmatic  along  the  inner  margin.  Fruit  1-seeded,  winged  all  around. 

1.  Ulmus  americana  L.  Sp.  PI.  226.  1753.  Large  and  well-known  orna- 
mental tree,  usually  with  spreading  branches  and  drooping  branchlets:  buds 
and  branchlets  glabrous:  branches  not  corky:  leaves  ob ovate-oblong  or  oval, 
abruptly  pointed,  sharply  and  often  doubly  serrate  (5-10  cm.  long),  soft- 
pubescent  beneath,  or  soon  glabrous:  flowers  in  close  fascicles:  calyx  with  7-9 
roundish  lobes:  fruit  glabrous  except  the  margins  (12  mm.  long),  its  sharp 
points  incurved  and  closing  the  notch. — Probably  not  indigenous  in  our  range, 
but  largely  grown  as  a  shade  tree. 

2.  CELTIS  L.     HACKBERRY 

Leaves  pointed,  petioled.  Flowers  greenish,  axillary,  the  fertile  solitary  or  in 
pairs,  peduncled,  appearing  with  the  leaves;  the  lower  usually  staminate  only, 
in  little  fascicles  or  racemose  along  the  base  of  the  branches  of  the  season. 
Calyx  5-6-parted.  Stamens  5-6.  Ovary  1-celled.  Fruit  globular. 

1.  Celtis  occidentalis  L.  Sp.  PL  1044.  1753.  Leaves  reticulated,  ovate, 
cordate-ovate  and  ovate-lanceolate,  taper-pointed,  sharply  serrate,  some- 
times sparingly  so  or  only  towards  the  apex,  scabrous  but  mostly  glabrous 
above,  usually  soft-pubescent  beneath,  at  least  when  young:  fruit  reddish  or 
yellowish,  becoming  dark  purple. — From  Colorado  to  Wisconsin  and  east- 
ward. A  small  or  middle-sized  tree  with  the  aspect  of  an  elm. 

32.  MORACEAE  Lindl.    MULBERRY  FAMILY 

Trees,  shrubs,  or  herbs  with  opposite  lobed  leaves  (our  only  native  genus  an 
herbaceous  vine).  Flowers  dioecious.  Calyx  5-parted.  Petals  none.  Sta- 
mens 5.  Ovary  superior,  1-celled,  1-ovuled,  becoming  a  glandular  or  resinifer- 
ous  achene. — Ulmaceae  in  part. 

1.  HUMULUS  L.    HOP 

Twining  rough  perennials,  with  stems  almost  prickly  downwards,  and  mostly 
opposite,  heart-shaped,  and  palmately  3-7-lobed  leaves.  Sterile  flowers  with 
5  sepals  and  5  erect  stamens.  Fertile  flowers  in  short  spikes  with  leafy  im- 


144  URTICACEAE    (NETTLE   FAMILY) 

bricated  bracts,  each  2-flowered.    Achene  invested  with  the  enlarged  scale-like 
calyx. 

1.  Humulus  lupulus  L.  Sp.  PI.  1028.  1753.  Leaves  commonly  longer  than 
the  petioles:  the  fruiting  calyx,  achene,  etc.,  sprinkled  with  yellow  resinous 
grains,  giving  the  bitterness  and  aroma  of  the  hop. — In  the  mountains  from 
New  Mexico  to  British  America  and  eastward  across  the  continent. 

la.  Humulus  lupulus  neomexicanus  Nels.  &  Ckll.  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash. 
16:  45.  1903.  Leaves  divided  or  sometimes  parted,  the  segments  varying 
from  broadly  lanceolate  to  nearly  linear,  acuminate,  freely  sprinkled  with 
resin  particles  on  the  lower  face:  fruiting  bracts  ovate-lanceolate,  usually 
acuminate,  finely  pubescent  .—This  is  the  common  form  in  Colorado  and  New 
Mexico. 

33.  URTICACEAE  Reichenb.    NETTLE  FAMILY 

Herbs  with  simple  alternate  or  opposite  leaves,  and  small  greenish  apetalous, 
monoecious,  dioecious,  or  polygamous  flowers  variously  clustered.  Calyx  2-5 
cleft,  or  of  distinct  sepals.  Stamens  as  many  as  the  lobes  of  the  calyx  and 
opposite  them;  filaments  wrinkled  and  inflexed  in  the  bud.  Stigma  simple, 
penicillate  or  filiform;  ovary  always  1-celled  and  1-ovuled,  becoming  an 
achene. — Ulmaceae  in  part. 

Leaves  alternate;  no  stinging  hairs     .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .1.  Parietaria. 

Leaves  opposite;  beset  with  stinging  hairs 2.  Urtica. 

1.  PARIETARIA  L. 

Annual  herbs  without  stinging  hairs.  Leaves  alternate,  3-nerved,  petioled 
and  without  stipules.  Flowers  axillary,  polygamous,  and  glomerate  in  a 
leafy  involucre.  Calyx  of  the  staminate  flowers  4-parted;  the  fertile  tubular 
or  campamflate  (4-lobed),  and  permanently  inclosing  the  ovary.  Stigma 
penicillate. 

1.  Parietaria  pennsylvanica  Muhl.  Willd.  Sp.  PL  4:  955.  1806.  Low,  sim- 
ple or  "sparingly  branched,  minutely  downy:  leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  thin, 
veiny,  roughish  with  opaque  dots:  flowers  shorter  than  the  leaves  of  the  in- 
volucre.— From  Colorado  to  Wyoming;  across  the  continent. 

2.  URTICA  L.     NETTLE 

Perennial  herbs  armed  with  stinging  hairs,  with  distinct  stipules,  monoe- 
cious (rarely  dioecious)  greenish  clustered  flowers,  mostly  in  racemes  or  spikes 
or  loose  heads.  Sterile  flowers  with  four  stamens  inserted  around  the  cup- 
shaped  rudiment  of  a  pistil.  Fertile  flowers  with  the  2  outer  sepals  smaller. 
Stigmas  sessile.  Achene  flattened  and  ovate. 

Leaves  broadly  ovate,  cordate 1.  U.  dioica. 

Leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  base  rounded  or  barely  subcordate. 

Tomentose  beneath  .         .         .         .         .         ...         .         .  2.  U.  holosericea. 

Glabrate  or  slightly  pubescent  and  hispid 3.  U.  gracilis. 

1.  Urtica  dioica  L.  Sp.  PL  984.  1753.    A  coarse  weedy  perennial  5-15  dm. 
high,  very  bristly  and  stinging:  leaves  ovate,  cordate,  acute,  deeply  serrate, 
downy  beneath  as  is  also  the  upper  part  of  the  stem:  spikes  much  branched. — 
Naturalized  from  Europe  and  now  widely  distributed  in  the  United  States, 
mostly  in  waste  grounds. 

2.  Urtica  holosericea  Nutt.  Journ.  Acad.  Phila.  N.  S.  1:  183.  1847.    Tall 
and  stout,  more  or  less  bristly,  finely  and  densely  tomentose  especially  on  the 
lower  side  of  the  leaves:  leaves  thick,  oblong  to  ovate-lanceolate,  rounded  at 
base,  on  short  stout  petioles:  staminate  flowers  in  loose  slender  diffuse  panicles 


LORANTHACEAE  145 

nearly  equaling  the  leaves:  pistillate  panicles  denser  and  shorter. — Abundant 
in  the  Wasatch  and  westward  throughout  California. 

3.  Urtica  gracilis  Ait.  Hort.  Kew  3:  341.  1789.  Usually  tall  and  rather 
strict,  slender,  sparingly  bristly:  leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  serrate,  3-5-nerved 
from  the  rounded  or  scarcely  heart-shaped  base,  glabrate  or  slightly  pubescent, 
the  veins  and  the  elongated  slender  petioles  more  or  less  hispid:  spikes  slender 
and  loosely  panicled.  (U.  cardiophylla  Rydb.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  24:  191. 
1897  and  U.  gracilipes  Greene  are  forms  only;  the  former  with  subcordate  leaves; 
the  latter  with  leaves  glabrous,  more  elongated,  and  more  slenderly  petioled.) — 
Montana  to  New  Mexico  and  far  eastward. 

34.  LORANTHACEAE  D.  Don 

Evergreens,  parasitic  on  shrubs  or  trees,  dull  yellowish-green  or  brownish, 
with  dichotomous  branches  and  swollen  joints,  the  opposite  thick  and  coria- 
ceous exstipulate  and  entire  leaves  reduced  to  mostly  connate  scales.  Flowers 
small  and  inconspicuous,  greenish,  dioecious,  of  2-5  sepals  coherent  at  base. 
Anthers  as  many  as  the  sepals  and  inserted  upon  them.  Ovary  inferior, 
1-celled.  Fruit  a  berry  with  glutinous  endocarp. 

Anthera  a  single  globose  cell;  berry  compressed,  fleshy         .         .         .1.  Arceuthobium. 
Anthers  2-celled;  berry  globose,  pulpy         .         .         .         .         .         .2.  Phoradendron. 

1.  ARCEUTHOBIUM  Hoffm.     LESSER  MISTLETOE 

Parasitic  on  conifers,  glabrous  with  rectangular  branches  and  connate  scale- 
like  leaves.  Flowers  often  crowded  into  apparent  spikes  or  panicles,  opening  in 
summer  or  autumn  and  maturing  their  fruit  in  the  second  autumn,  when  the 
berries  suddenly  and  forcibly  eject  the  glutinous  seed  to  the  distance  of  several 
yards.  Flowers  axillary  or  terminal,  solitary  or  several  from  the  same  axil. 

Staminate  flowers  on  peduncle-like  joints  in  a  paniculate  cluster.         .     1.  A.  americanum. 
Staminate  flowers  in  the  axils  of  the  scales  of  a  simple  or  compound  spike. 

Spikes  short,  stout,  3-4  mm.  in  diameter 2.  A.  cryptopodum. 

Spikes  slender,  1-2  mm.  in  diameter. 

Dark,  usually  greenish-brown      .         .         .         .         .     '    .         .3.  A.  divaricatum. 
Pale,  usually  yellowish-green. 

Flowers  few  (host  Douglas  Spruce)          .         .         .         .         .     4.  A.  Douglasii. 
Flowers  many  (host  Limber  Pine)  .         .         .         .         .     5.  A.  cyanocarpum. 

1.  Arceuthobium  americanum  Nutt.  ex.  Gray,  Bost.  Journ.  Nat.  Hist. 
6:  214.   1550.     Slender,  dichotomously  and  verticillately  much  branched, 
greenish-yellow:  staminate  plants  5-10  cm.  high:  fertile  plants  much  smaller: 
flowers  small;  the  staminate  2  mm.  broad,  lobes  ovate-orbicular,  acutish;  the 
pistillate  1-2  mm.  broad:  berry  4  mm.  long.     On  Pinus  flexilis,  P.  Murray  ana, 
and  probably  P.  edulis. — Idaho  to  Colorado. 

2.  Arceuthobium  cryptopodum  Engelm.  in  Gray,  PL  Lindh.  2:  214.  1850. 
Stout,  5-10  cm.  high,  3-5  mm.  thick  at  base,  paniculate,  much  branched, 
brownish-yellow  to  dark  olive-brown:   staminate  plants   smaller  than  the 
pistillate  ones;  staminate  spikes  with  much  compressed  buds:  flowers  mostly 
3-parted,  3-4  mm.  broad:  anthers  attached  above  the  middle  of  the  ovate 
acute  lobes:  fruit  4-5  mm.  long.     On  Pinus  scopulorum. — Colorado  and  south- 
ward. 

3.  Arceuthobium  divaricatum  Engelm.  Bot.  Wheeler  Survey,  253.    1878. 
Rather  slender,  the  branches  spreading,  often  recurved,  5-10  cm.  long,  olive- 
green  or  light  brown:  staminate  flowers  few  and  scattered,  or  in  3-7-flowered 
spikes,  2  mm.  in  diameter,  with  ovate  acute  lobes:  inflorescence  often  bearing 
sterile  branches  from  the  same  axils  as  the  fertile  ones:  fruit  3-5  mm.  long. 
On  Pinus  edulis. — Colorado  and  to  the  southwest  ward. 

4.  Arceuthobium  Douglasii  Engelm.  1.  c.     Greenish-yellow:  stems  slender, 
6-24  mm.  high,  much  branched  but  not  verticillately:  spikes  short,  mostly 

ROCKY  MT.  BOT. — 10 


146  SANTALACEAE    (SANDALWOOD   FAMILY) 

5-flowered:  staminate  flowers  1-2  mm.  wide,  with  round-ovate  acutish  lobes, 
axillary,  forming  simple  or  compound  spikes:  accessory  branchlets  of  fruiting 
plant  flower-bearing:  berries  5  mm.  long.  On  Pseudotsuga  mucronata. — Idaho 
to  California  and  New  Mexico. 

5.  Arceuthobium  cyanocarpum  A.  Nels.  ex.  Rydb.  Fl.  Col.  101.  1906. 
Stems  simple  or  branched  from  the  base;  the  staminate  branchlets  somewhat 
paniculate  above,  sharply  four-angled  when  dry,  2-3  cm.  long,  greenish-yellow; 
the  pistillate  olive-green:  scales  suborbicular,  appressed,  obtuse  or  subacute, 
about  1.5  mm.  broad:  staminate  flowers  axillary  and  one-terminal,  densely  clus- 
tered, from  a  few  to  20  or  more;  calyx  segments  usually  3,  fleshy,  slightly  cari- 
nate;  pistillate  similarly  disposed  but  more  open  in  fruit:  berry  obovate,  its 
somewhat  truncate  summit  toothed  with  the  brown,  wrinkled  calyx-lobes, 
blue-green.  On  Pinus  flexilis. — Wyoming  and  Colorado. 

2.  PHORADENDRON  Nutt..   MISTLETOE 

Yellowish-green  dioecious  parasites  on  the  branches  of  trees,  with  jointed 
much-branched  stems,  thick  and  firm  persistent  leaves  (or  only  scales  in  their 

Slace),  short  catkin-like  jointed  axillary  spikes  (usually  several  to  each  short 
eshy  bract  or  scale  and  sunk  in  the  joint).    Calyx  globular,  3-lobed.    Anthers 
sessile  on  the  base  of  the  :  lyx-lobes  and  opening  by  a  pore.    Stigma  sessile, 
obtuse.    Berry  semitransparent  and  crowned  by  the  persistent  sepals. 

1.  Phoradendron  juniperinum  Engelm.  Gray,  PL  Fend.  58.  1848.  Gla- 
brous, stout,  densely  branched,  1-3  dm.  high:  branches  terete,  the  ultimate 
branchlets  quadrangular:  scales  broadly  triangular,  connate  or  distinct, 
ciliate:  staminate  spikes  of  a  ingle  6-8-flowered  joint:  pistillate  spikes  2- 
flowered:  berry  whitish  or  light  red.  On  different  species  of  Junip&rus. — 
Colorado  to  New  Mexico,  and  westward. 


35.  SANTALACEAE  R.  Br.     SANDALWOOD  FAMILY 

Herbs  or  shrubs,  with  angled  or  striate  branches,  entire  alternate  exstipulate 
and  mostly  sessile  leaves.  Flowers  (in  ours)  perfect,  usually  greenish-white  or 
purplish;  the  perianth  3-5-cleft,  and  adherent  to  the  1 -celled  ovary.  Corolla 
wanting.  Stamens  as  many  as  the  perianth-lobes  and  inserted  near  their  bases 
or  opposite  them  between  the  lobes  of  the  epigynous  disk.  Style  slender  with 
cleft  or  capitate  stigma.  Ovary  2-4-ovuled,  becoming  a  1-seeded  nut-like 
fruit. 

COMANDRA  Nutt.     BASTAED  TOADFLAX 

Low  herbaceous  smooth  perennials  with  subterranean  rootstocks.  Leaves 
glabrous  and  often  glaucous,  the  lowest  scale-like.  Flowers  greenish-white,  in 
small  terminal  or  axillary  umbellate  clusters:  perianth  campanulate  or  urn- 
shaped  with  a  5-lobed  persistent  limb.  Disk  with  a  free  lobed  margin.  Sta- 
mens included,  inserted  between  the  lobes  of  the  disk  to  which  they  are  at- 
tached by  tufts  of  hairs.  Fruit  drupaceous,  crowned  by  the  persistent  calyx. 

Leaves  green;  fruit  globose     .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .     1.  C.  umbellata. 

Leaves  glaucous;  fruit  ovoid 2.  C.  pallida. 

1.  Comandra  umbellata  (L.)  Nutt.  Gen.  1:  157.  1818.  Light  green,  1-3  dm. 
high:  stems  leafy:  leaves  from  oblong  to  lanceolate,  2-4  dm.  long,  sessile,  often 
acute  at  both  ends:  flowers  in  small  corymbosely  clustered  cymes  at  the  sum- 
mit of  the  stem ;  the  perianth  lobes  erect  or  spreading,  about  as  long  as  the 
green  tube  which  is  continued  conspicuously  above  the  ovary:  fruit  globular, 
5-6  mm.  in  diameter. — Rare  in  our  range;  transcontinental. 


POLYGON  ACE  AE    (BUCKWHEAT   FAMILY)  147 

2.  Comandra  pallida  A.  DC.  Prodr.  14:  636.  1857.  Stems  1-2  dm.  high, 
arising  at  somewhat  regular  intervals  from  the  horizontal  rootstock,  usually 
simple:  leaves  glaucous,  from  oblong  to  nearly  linear,  usually  acute,  often 
cuspidate:  cymes  corymbosely  clustered,  several-flowered;  the  perianth 
greenish- white  or  purplish:  fruit  ovoid,  6-8  mm.  high,  sessile  or  on  short  stout 
pedicels. — Frequent  on  dry  sandy  slopes  and  banks;  widely  distributed. 

36.  POLYGONACEAE  Lindl.  *  BUCKWHEAT  FAMILY 

Herbs  (ours),  trees,  or  shrubs  with  alternate  or  sometimes  opposite  or 
verticillate  entire  leaves,  and  stipules  in  the  form  of  sheaths  above  the  swollen 
joints  of  the  stems,  or  none.  Flowers  rather  small,  mostly  perfect,  with  a  more 
or  less  persistent  calyx  (perianth),  consisting  of  3-6  segments,  the  inner  ones 
or  often  all  petaloid.  Petals  wanting.  Stamens  4-9.  Ovary  1-celled,  bearing 
2  or  3  styles  or  stigmas.  Fruit  an  achene,  with  a  single  erect  seed. 

Flowers  subtended  by  an  involucre;  sheaths  none  .        ••>••-•.-  .  v        .     1.  Erigonum. 
Flowers  without  involucre;  sheaths  present 
Stigmas  tufted. 

Sepals  4;  stigmas  2;  achene  orbicular- winged       .         .  .  ',.<:..•,.-.•*.•     2.  Oxyria. 

Sepals  6;  stigmas  3;  achene  triangular      .         .         .  .  <^  .•  •      .     3.  Rumex. 

Stigmas  capitate,  2  or  3;  achene  lenticular  or  triangular  .  .         .4.  Polygonum. 

1.  ERIOGONUM  Michx. 

Annuals,  or  herbaceous  or  somewhat  woody  perennials,  with  radical  or 
alternate  or  verticillate  leaves.  Flowers  small,  fascicled,  cymose,  umbellate  or 
capitate,  subtended  by  5-8-toothed  oblong,  turbinate,  or  campanulate  in- 
volucres. Perianth  6-parted,  usually  colored;  its  segments  equal  or  unequal. 
Stamens  9.  Styles  3,  with  capitate  stigmas.  Achene  mostly  3-angled. 

ANNUALS. 
Stem  leafy. 

Flowers  white  .         .  .         .         .         .         .1.  E.  annuum. 

Flowers  yellow  ...         .         .         .         .         .  •     2.  E.  salsuginosum. 

Leaves  basal. 

One  or  more  nodes  of  the  stem  inflated     .         ...         .       3.  E.  inflatum. 

The  whole  stem  normal. 

Flowers  erect      '     .         .         .         .         .         .         .  4.  E.  Gordonii. 

Flowers  nodding 5.  E.  cernuum. 

PERENNIALS. 

BRACTS  SEVERAL,  FOLIACEOUS;  LEAVES  BASAL. 

Achenes  membranously  winged          .         .         .         .  6.  E.  alatum. 

Achenes  not  winged. 

Flowers  glabrous,  umbellate  at  summit  of  the  scape-like 

peduncle. 

Peduncle  with  a  medial  whorl  of  leaves     .         .         .       7.  E.  heracleoides. 
Peduncle  naked. 

Flowers  distinctly  yellow. 

Leaves  glabrate,  at  least  above    .         .         .  8.  E.  umbellatum. 

Leaves  tomentose  on  both  sides    .         .         .         .       9.  E.  Rydbergii. 

Flowers  ochroleucous.. 

Calyx  8-9  mm.  long    .         ,         .         .         .         .     10.  E.  latum. 

Calyx  4-5  mm.  long    .         .         .         .         .         .     11.  E.  subalpinum. 

Flowers  pubescent,   umbellate  on  long  scapes,  or  (in 

No.  17)  depressed-acaulescent. 
Umbel  irregularly  proliferous. 

Flowers  yellow 12.  E.  Bakeri. 

Flowers  white 13.  E.  Jamesii. 

Umbel  regular. 

Bracts  conspicuous,  1-3  cm.  long. 

Leaves  thick ;  perianth  narrowed  abruptly  at  base. 

Crowns  of  caudex  enlarged  but  not  woolly         .     14.  E.  flavum. 
Crowns  of  caudex  enlarged  and  woolly     .         .     15.  E.  crassifolium 
Leaves  thinner;  perianth  narrowed  to  a  stipe- 
like  base 16.  E.  Piperi. 

Bracts  inconspicuous,  less  than  1  cm.  long. 

Depressed-acaulescent          .         .         .         .         .     17.  E.  acaule. 
Subcaespitose  with  long  slender  scapes      .         .     18.  E.  lachnogynum. 


148  POLYGONACEAE    (BUCKWHEAT   FAMILY) 

BRACTS  TERNATE,  NOT  FOLIACEOUS. 
FLOWERS  NOT  YELLOW. 

Peduncles  unbranched,  terminated  by  a  capitate  cluster 

of  involucres. 
Leaves  white-tomentose. 
Oval  or  elliptic. 

Outer  perianth-segments  suborbicular          .         .     19.  E.  ovalifolium. 
Outer  perianth-segments  oblong  .         .         .     20.  E.  ochroleucum. 

Oblanceolate 21.  E.  multiceps. 

Leaves  glabrate  above,  linear 22.  E.  pauciflorum. 

Peduncles  branching  di-  or  trichotomously,  often  sev-        ' 

eral  times.  , 

Caudex  subterranean;  leaves  clustered  on  its  crowns. 
Peduncle  simple  or  simply  dichotomous. 

Sepals  dissimilar 23.  E.  tenellum. 

Sepals  similar 24.  E.  racemosum. 

Peduncle  di-  or  trichotomously  branched      .         .     25.  E.  Simpsonii. 
Caudex  woody,  branched,  leafy. 

Branches  few,  erect,  leafy  up  to  the  short  corymbose 

cyin6. 

Leaves  elliptic,  undulate-dentate         .         .         .     ?6.  E.  Jonesii. 
Leaves  linear-oblong,  entire         ....     27.  E.  salinum. 

Branches    numerous;    peduncle   long   and    naked, 

bearing  a  repeatedly  forked  cyme. 
Styles  and  stamens  included       .         .         .         .     28.  E.  effusum. 

Styles  exserted    .         .         .         .         .         .         .     29.  E.  corymbosum. 

FLOWERS  YELLOW. 

Involucres  in  terminal  capitate  clusters. 
Leaves  short,  less  than  2  cm. 

Oval  to  elliptic 19.  E.  ovalifolium. 

Oblong. 

Ovary  pubescent  above 30.  E.  caespitosum. 

Ovary  glabrous  .         .         .         .         .         .     31.  E.  andinum. 

Leaves  4—8  cm.  long,  oblanceolate     ....     32.  E.  chrysocephalum. 

Involucres  in  a  dichotomous  cyme. 

Cyme  short,  subumbellate  .....     33.  E.  orendense. 

Cyme  long,  freely  branched        .....     34.  E.  campanulatum. 

1.  Eriogonum  annum  Nutt.  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  II.  5:  164.  1833-37. 
Annual,  white  floccose-tomentose  throughout,  rather  stout,  simple  or  branched, 
3-8  dm.  high:  leaves  narrowly  oblanceolate  or  oblong,  attenuate  to  a  short 
petiole,  mostly  flat:  inflorescence  cymose:  the  flowers  white:  the  perianth- 
segments  very  unequal,  the  outer  oblong-obovate. — Montana  to  Texas  and 
Mexico. 

2.  Eriogonum  salsuginosum  Hook.  Kew  Journ.  5:  264.  1853.    Low  gla- 
brous annual  4-12  cm.  high:  stem  leafy,  di-  or  trichotomously  divided:  leaves 
spatulate-oblanceolate,    the    bracts    becoming    linear:     involucres    divided: 
flowers  pubescent,  yellow:  sepals  narrow,  closely  appressed  to  the  acutely 
triangular  glabrous  achene. — From  southwestern  Colorado  to  Utah  and  west- 
ern Wyoming. 

3.  Eriogonum  inflatum  Torr.  Frem.  2d  Rep.  374.  1845.    Glabrous  annual, 
diffusely  branched  above,  1-3  dm.  high,  one  or  more  of  the  internodes  of  the 
stem  much  inflated:  leaves  all  radical  or  nearly  so,  rounded,  usually  cordate 
and  mostly  undulate,  pubescent:  involucres  few-flowered,  smooth;  the  teeth 
erect:  flowers  yellowish,  pubescent;  the  pedicels  about  1  mm.  long;  the  achene 
twice  as  long.     (E.fusiforme  Small,  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  33:  56.  1906.) — In 
dry  desert  districts;  southwestern  Colorado  to  Arizona. 

4.  Eriogonum  Gordonii  Benth.  in  DC.  Prodr.  14:  20.  1856.     Annual,  gla- 
brous throughout,   or  the  petioles  slightly  pubescent:   leaves  basal,   long- 
petioled,  broadly  ovate:  peduncle  di-  or  trichotomously  slender  branched, 
15-30  cm.  high:  involucre  broadly  campanulate,  5-toothed:  flowers  glabrous, 
light  rose-color:  outer  sepals  ovate;  the  inner  oblong. — Rare;  in  the  region  of 
the  Piatte  in  Nebraska,  and  in  Colorado  and  Wyoming. 

5.  Eriogonum  cernuum  Nutt.  Journ.  Acad.  Phila.  II.  1:  162.  1848.     Gla- 
brous annual,  diffusely  di-  or  trichotomously  branched,  1-3  dm.  high:  leaves 
broadly  ovate,  acute:  involucres  turbinate-campanulate :  pedicels  deflexed:  ca- 
lyx white,  campanulate,  1  mm.  long,  6-parted;  the  segments  narrowed  near 
middle;  the  outer  ones  broader  above  and  retuse:  achene  rounded  at  base  and 
rough  on  the  angles. — Frequent  throughout  our  range. 


POLYGON  ACE  AE    (BUCKWHEAT   FAMILY)  149 

6.  Eriogonum  alatum  Torr.  Bitgr.  Rep.  168.  pi.  8.  1853.    Loosely  silky- 
villous  throughout,  or  the  leaves  nearly  glabrous  except  on  the  margin  and 
midrib,  perennial,  rather  stout,  branched  above,  5-10  dm.  high:  leaves  alter- 
nate, long-ob lanceolate:  involucres  pedunculate,  cymose  at  the  ends  of  the 
branches  of  the  rather  ample  panicle,  turbinate,  with  5  erect  teeth:  flowers 
about  2  mm.  long,  yellowish,  nearly  glabrous,  abruptly  contracted  at  the  base: 
achene  winged  the  whole  length.     (E.  triste  Wats.  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  10:  347. 
1875.) — Montana  to  Texas  and  Arizona. 

7.  Eriogonum  heracleoides  Nutt.  Journ.  Acad.  Phila.  7:  49.  1834.    Tomen- 
tose  perennial,  from  a  diffusely  branched  caudex,  2-5  dm.  high:  stems  slender, 
more  or  less  tufted,  with  some  sterile  decumbent  branches  below:  leaves 
largely  basal,  the  upper  part  of  the  stems  scapose-pedunculate  and  bearing  an 
umbellate  cluster  of  yellow  flowers  subtended  by  a  conspicuous  involucre  of 
foliar  bracts;  the  peduncle  usually  with  a  verticil  of  similar  bracts  near  the 
middle  also:  leaves  glabrate  above  or  glabrous,  spatulate  oblong  to  oblanceo- 
late:  involucre  6-8-cleft:  flowers  pale  yellow. — Colorado  and  Wyoming  to  the 
north  Pacific  States;^ 

8.  Eriogonum  umbellatum  Torr.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  2:  241.  1828.    Stems  de- 
presped  and  shrubby  below,  much  branched :  leaves  oblong  to  obovate-spatulate, 
3-4  cm.  long,  petioled,  white-tomentose  below,  green  and  glabrate  above: 
scapose  peduncles  1-3  dm.  long:  umbel  simple,  a  whorl  of  foliar  bracts  sub- 
tending it:  involucres  deeply  lobed,  the  lobes  becoming  reflexed:  flowers  yel- 
low, glabrous.     (E.  neglectum  Greene,  Pitt.  5:  69.  1903.) — Exceedingly  com- 
mon throughout  our  range  at  low  or  middle  elevations,  and  westward  to  the 
Pacific  States. 

8a.  Eriogonum  umbellatum  intectum  A.  Nels.  Leaves  glabrate  on  both 
faces  at  maturity.  (E.  umbelliferum  Small,  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  33:  51. 
1896.) — Same  range. 

9.  Eriogonum  Rydbergii  Greene,  Pitt.  5:  68.  1892.    Resembling  the  last 
but  lower  and  densely  white-tomentose  on  leaves,  peduncles,  and  the  smaller 
bracts:  leaves  elliptic-ovate  or  rhomboid,  1-2  cm.  long:  umbel  simple,  few- 
rayed:  flowers  yellow  or  greenish-yellow,  glabrous. — Yellowstone  Park,  in  the 
Geyser  regions. 

10.  Eriogonum  latum  Small,  Mem.  N.  Y.  Bot.  Gard.  1:  121.  1900.    Shrubby 
at  base  and  branching  freely,  forming  mats:  leaves  from  oblong  to  oval,  some- 
what floccose-pubescent  below,  glabrous  above:  scapes  2  dm.  or  less  long: 
umbel  3-8-rayed;  bracts  oblong  or  spatulate,  at  length  reflexed:  involucres 
ribbed,  with  6-10  unequal  reflexed  lobes:  flowers  in  dense  heads,  pale  yellow 
or  purple- tinged,  tapering  into  a  slender  stipe-like  base. — Northwestern  Wyo- 
ming to  Montana  and  Idaho. 

11.  Eriogonum  subalpinum  Greene,  Pitt.  3:  18.  1896.    Closely  resembling 
E.  umbellatum,  quite  as  matted  and  more  woody  at  base:  peduncles  stouter, 
often  3-4  dm.  long:  leaves  mostly  glabrate  above,  rarely  below  also:  flowers 
pale  yellow,  tinged  with  rose  in  drying;  the  inner  segments  accrescent  and 
finally  surpassing  the  outer  ones. — Middle  elevations  to  timber  line;  through- 
out our  range. 

12.  Eriogonum  Bakeri  Greene,  PI.  Baker.  3:  15.  1901.    The  base  woody, 
branched,  clothed  with  old  leaf-bases:  peduncles  white-tomentose,  becoming 
glabrate,  1-2  dm.  high:  leaves  from  oval  to  spatulate,  2-5  cm.  long,  white- 
tomentose,  tending  to  become  glabrate  above:  inflorescence  a  single  large 
sessile  involucre  at  summit  of  the  peduncle  (scape)  and  from  the  base  of  this 
a  pair  of  rays  (very  variable  in  length)  at  the  summit  of  which  is  another  in- 
volucre and  another  pair  of  proliferating  rays  (or  pedicels),  such  prolifera- 
tion sometimes  occurring  a  third  and  even  a  fourth  time  with  constantly 
shortening  rays:  bracts  large,  resembling  the  leaves:  flowers  yellow,  somewhat 
villous;  the  inner  segments  longer  than  the  outer.     E.  Jamesii  flavescens. 
[E.  arcuatum  Greene,  Pitt.  4:  319.  1901;  E.  vegetius  (T.  &  G.)  A.  Nels.-Bull. 
Torr.  Bot.  Club  31:  239.  1904.]— Wyoming  to  New  Mexico. 

13.  Eriogonum  Jamesii  Benth.  DC.  Prodr.  14:  7.  1856.     Rather  slender, 
herbaceous  with  branching  caudex,  1-3  dm.  high,  white-tomentose:  leaves  and 


130  POLYGON  ACE  AE    (BUCKWHEAT   FAMILY) 

bracts  oblong-lanceolate,  the  latter  shortly  petiolate:  inflorescence  a  very  few- 
rayed  irregularly  proliferous  umbel:  flowers  whitish,  silky,  4-5  mm.  long: 
achene  4  mm.  long. — Colorado  to  New  Mexico  and  Arizona. 

14.  Eriogonum  flavum  Nutt.  Fras.  Cat.  1813.    White-tomentose  through- 
out, 1-2  dm.  high;  caudex  branching,  the  crowns  enlarged  and  scaly:  leaves 
oblanceolate:    umbel  of  3-9  rays,  often  short,  but  quite  regular:  involucres 
turbinate,  nearly  entire;  bracts  spatulate,  foliaceous:  flowers  yellow,  villous; 
the  segments  obovate:  stamens  and  style  branches  exserted:  achene  con- 
stricted at  middle,  long-villous  at  the  summit.     (E.  chloranthum  Greene,  PI. 
Baker.  3:  15.   1901;  E.  polyphyllum  Small,  Mem.  N.  Y.  Bot.  Card.  1:  119. 
1900;  E.  xanthum  Small,  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  33:  51.  1906;  all  of  these  are 
reduced  subalpine  states  of  E.  flavum.} — From  Nebraska  through  the  Rocky 
Mountains  and  far  to  the  northwest. 

15.  Eriogonum    crassifolium    Benth.    Trans.    Soc.    Linn.    17:  408.    1837. 
Resembling  the  foregoing  but  the  caudex  more  indurated  and  densely  clothed 
in  leaf-bases  involved  in  a  woolly  tomentum:  leaves  broader,  mostly  elliptic, 
very  white,    thick  and  leathery:  umbel  short-rayed   (fcbcapitate) :  flowers 
yellow,  very  villous. — Frequent  in  the  more  desert  areas  in  the  region  of  the 
North  Platte  in  Wyoming. 

15a.  Eriogonum  crassifolium  tectum  A.  Nels.  Bot.  Gaz.  34:  23.  1902. 
Merely  an  extreme  form  with  inordinately  protected  crowns;  the  flowers  even 
so  involved  in  wool  as  to  hide  the  yellow  calyx-segments. — Hot  sandy  banks, 
Wyoming. 

16.  Eriogonum  Pi  peri  Greene,  Pitt.  3:  263.  1898.    Allied  to  the  two  fore- 
going but  taller  and  scape  slender:  villous  rather  than  tomentose,  except  on 
the  lower  face  of  the  thin  elliptic  or  oblanceolate  leaves  which  are  shorter 
than   the  slender  petioles:  bracts  narrow  and  petioled:  umbel  of  5-8  equal 
rays:    perianth    greenish-yellow,    hirsute,    narrowed   to   a    stipe-like    base: 
achene   villous   at   apex. — From   northwestern   Wyoming  and    Montana   to 
Washington. 

17.  Eriogonum  acaule  Nutt.  Journ.  Acad.  Phila.  II.  1:  160.  1847.    Very 
dwarf  and  densely  matted,  scarcely  rising  above  the  surface  of  the  ground: 
leaves  crowded,  4-5  mm.  long:  peduncle  1  cm.  high,  bearing  a  head  of  1-5 
nearly  sessile  involucres,  each  with  5  short  erect  teeth;  bracts  small:  flowers 
yellow,   abruptly  narrowed  at  base,  pubescent:  achenes  densely  villous. — 
Colorado  through  Wyoming  to  Idaho. 

18.  Eriogonum  lachnogynum  Torr.  ex  Benth.  DC.  Prodr.  14:  8.  1856. 
Caespitose  and  densely  tomentose:  leaves  oblong-lanceolate:  peduncle  slender, 
2-3  dm.  high,  sparingly  dichotomous  above;  bracts  small:  involucres  solitary, 
sessile  or  long-pedunculate,  short-toothed:  flowers  densely  tomentose,  yellow: 
achens  attenuate  above,  4  mm.  long.    (E.  tetraneuris  Small,  1.  c.  52.) — Colorado 
and  New  Mexico. 

19.  Eriogonum  ovalifolium  Nutt.  Journ.  Acad.  Phila.  7:  50.  1834.     Low, 
deasaly  tomentose  and  caespitose,  with  a  short  closely  branched  caudex: 
leaves  elliptic  to  orbicular,  7-20  mm.  long,  petioled:  bracts  ternate,  very  small, 
and  connate  at  base:  involucres  in  a  single  close  head,  on  slender  erect  pedun- 
cles 3-15  cm.  high,  cylindric-turbinate,  more  or  less  strongly  5-6-nerved  and 
with  as  many  erect  teeth:  flowers  yellow:  the  outer  sepals  oblong,  becoming 
orbicular;  the  inner  spatulate,  often  retuse.    (E.  orthocaulon  Small,  1.  c.  53.) — 
Colorado  to  Montana  and  far  to  the  westward.     Ours  belong  mostly  to  the 
following  variety. 

19a.  Eriogonum  ovalifolium  purpureum  (Nutt.)  A.  Nels.  Bot.  Gaz.  34:  23. 
1902.  Flowers  white,  shading  to  rose-color  or  passing  even  into  deep  pur- 
ple.— Frequent  on  the  open  plains  and  ridges  of  our  range,  and  westward  with 
the  species. 

20.  Eriogonum  ochroleucum  Small,  Mem.  N.  Y.  Bot.  Gard.  1:  123.  1900. 
Tufted  perennial  with  the  habit  of  E.  ovalifolium:  leaves  crowded,  densely 
tomentose,    obovate-spatulate,   cuneately  narrowed  into  the  slender,   often 
twisted  petiole:  scapes  erect,  slender,  1-3  dm.  high:  involucres  sessile,  in  capi- 
tate clusters,  ribbed  and  with  short  teeth:  flowers  numerous,  ochroleucous, 


POLYGON  ACE  AE    (BUCKWHEAT   FAMILY)  151 

becoming  4  mm.  long;  the  outer  segments  oblong;  the  inner  longer  and  spatu- 
late:  achene  glabrous. — Wyoming,  Montana,  and  westward. 

21.  Eriogonum  multiceps  Nees,  Max.  Reise  N.  A.  2:  446.  1841.    Densely 
white-tomentose  perennial;   the  caudex  short-branched,   and  more  or  less 
tufted:  leaves  crowded  below:  scapes  simple,  slender,  erect,  3-12  cm.  high: 
leaves  spatulate   or  oblanceolate,   narrowed   into  petioles:   involucres  in  a 
terminal  capitate  cluster,  with  short  spatulate  foliaceous  bracts:  flowers  white 
or  rose-color,  somewhat  villous,  3-5  mm.  long;  the  segments  cuneate,  obtuse 
or  emarginate:  stamens  and  style  branches  exserted. — Dry  plains;  Colorado  to 
Montana  and  east  to  Nebraska. 

22.  Eriogonum  pauciflorum  Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  735.     1814.     Densely 
caespitose,  at  first  more  or  less  tomentose  throughout:  the  narrowly  linear- 
oblanceolate  leaves  revolute  and  soon  glabrous  above,  4-6  cm.  long:   the 
turbinate  involucres  nearly  glabrous,  about  4  mm.  long,  in  capitate  clusters 
at  the  ends  of  the  peduncles;  bracts  ternate,  minute:  calyx  campanulate, 
white,  glabrous;  its  segments  ovate:  achene  glabrous,  about  3  mm.  long. — 
Dry  clayey  ridges;  Colorado  to  Montana. 

23.  Eriogonum  tenellum  Torr.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  2:  241.   1828.     Caudex 
caespitosely  branched,  depressed  and  spreading,  covered  with  the  numerous 
white-tomentose  leaves:   leaves   oblong  to   elliptic,  6-15   mm.  long,    short- 
petioled:  scapes  1-2  dm.  high,  glabrous  as  is  also  the  inflorescence,  sparingly 
paniculate-branched:  flowers  white  or  pinkish,  becoming  3  mm.  long:  outer 
sepals  broadly  ovate  or  orbicular;  the  inner  linear  oblong:  achene  4-5  mm. 
long. — Southern  Colorado  to  Texas  and  New  Mexico. 

24.  Eriogonum racemosumNutt.  1.  c.  161.  1847.     Floccose-woolly  perennial; 
scapes  solitary  or  few  from  the  summit  of  the  subterranean  caudex,  stout,  2-6 
dm.  high,  naked  or  leafy-bracted  at  the  lower  nodes:  leaves  3-6  cm.  long,  on 
long  (5-10  cm.)  petioles,  ovate  or  oblong,  sometimes  subcordate,  white-woolly 
beneath:  involucres  tubular-campanulate,  obtusely  5-toothed,  many-flowered, 
appressed  and  strictly  spicate  along  the  few  rigid  subsimple  branches:  calyx 
rather  large  (4  mm.  long),  pinkish  or  white,  acute  at  base,  very  glabrous;  its 
segments  obovate:  ovary  glabrous. — New  Mexico  through  Colorado  to  Utah. 

25.  Eriogonum  Simpsonii  Benth.  in  DC.  Prodr.  14:  18.  1856.     Subcaes- 
pitose;  the  branches  of  the  caudex  few,  short,  leafy:  leaves  broadly  linear, 
5-10  cm.  long,  attenuate  into  a  short  petiole,  greenish  and  thinly  pilose  above, 
white-pilose  beneath:  peduncle  1-2  dm.  long,  dichotomously  branching  into 
the  broadly  paniculate  cyme:  lower  bracts  sometimes  foliar,  long-linear;  the 
upper  subulate:  involucres  turbinate,  glabrous,  pubescent  on  the  teeth  within: 
calyx  white,  glabrous,  with  broad  obtuse  lobes.     [E.  lonchophyllum  T.  &  G. 
Proc.  Am.  Acad.  8:  173.  1870;  E.  nudicaule  (Torr.)  Small,  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club 
33:  54.   1906;  E.  scoparium  Small,  1.  c.  54.] — In  the  arid  districts;  southern 
Colorado  and  New  Mexico. 

26.  Eriogonum  Jctoesii  Wats.  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  21:  454.  1886.    A  woody- 
based  branched  tomentose  perennial,  3-8  dm.  high:  leaves  alternate,  ovate  to 
elliptic,  white-tomentose  beneath,  greener  above;  the  blade  2-4  cm.  long, 
shorter  than  the  petiole:  bracts  subtending  the  open  dichotomous  corymb 
somewhat  foliaceous:  involucre  mostly  sessile  and  solitary,  tomentose,  scarcely 
2  mm.  long:  calyx  2  mm.  long,  slightly  exserted,  glabrous,  white  or  pinkish; 
the  inner  sepals  oblong;  the  outer  obovate  and  emarginate. — Arid  places  in 
western  Colorado,  through  Utah  to  Arizona. 

27.  Eriogonum   salmum  A.  Nels.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club   31:  220.  1904. 
Caudex  woody,  branched:  stems  herbaceous,  strict,  leafy  up  to  the  short 
corymbose  cyme,  1-2  dm.  long:  leaves  narrowly  lanceolate,  mostly  erect,  sub- 
succulent,  short-petioled,  2-A  cm.  long,  white  with  a  fine  tomentum  beneath, 
glabrate  but  pale  above:  cyme  mostly  trichotomous;  the  bracts  linear:  in- 
volucres turbinate,  several-flowered,  lightly  tomentose:  calyx  white;  the  inner 
segments  obovate,  longer  than  the  outer  oblong-elliptic  ones:  stamens  and 
style  branches  included. — Saline  districts;  southern  Wyoming. 

28.  Eriogonum    effusum    Nutt.  Journ.  Acad.    Phila.    II.    1:  164.    1848. 
Shrubby  below  and  diffusely  much  branched  from  the  base,  densely  but 


152  POLYGON  ACE  AE    (BUCKWHEAT   FAMILY)  * 

floccosely  tomentose,  leafy  below  only:  leaves  from  oblong  to  linear,  mostly 
obtuse  at  the  apex,  nearly  sessile  or  short-petioled :  inflorescence  a  corymbose 
compound  cyme,  often  quite  large,  effusely  branched  and  carried  on  a  long 
rigid  naked  peduncle:  calyx  white  or  rose-colored,  seldom  more  than  2  mm. 
long,  at  length  constricted  near  the  middle:  stamens  and  style-branches  in- 
cluded. (Includes  E.  microthecum  Nutt.  1.  c.  172;  E.  tristichum  Small,  1.  c.  55; 
E.  salicinum  Greene,  PL  Baker  3:  16.  1901.)— From  Nebraska  and  New 
Mexico  to  the  Pacific. 

29.  Eriogonum  corymbosum  Benth.  in  DC.  Prodr.  14:  17.  1856.    Allied  to 
the  foregoing  but  stouter,  less  branched,  the  branches  more  rigid  and  often 
erect,  leafy  to  near  the  shorter  and  more  compact  cyme:  leaves  oblong  or  nar- 
rower, obtuse  and  inclined  to  be  undulate-crisped  on  the  margins:  bracts 
triangular-subulate:  calyx  broadly  campanulate,  at  length  constricted  near 
the  middle;  the  inner  segments  emarginate,  shorter  than  the  outer:  style 
branches  exserted.    [E.  Fendleriana  (Benth.)  Small;  E.  divergens  Small,  1.  c. 
55.] — From  Kansas  to  Arizona  and  Oregon. 

30.  Eriogonum  caespitosum  Nutt.  Journ.  Acad.  Phila.  7:  50.  1834.    Matted- 
caespitose:  leaves  6-12  mm.  long,  mostly  rosulate  on  the  prostrate  branches  of 
the  caudex,  spatulate,  hoary-tomentose  on  both  sides,  the  margins  more  or 
less  revolute:  scapes  leafless,  3-8  cm.  high:  involucre  solitary,  naked,  deeply 
6-8-cleft;  the  lobes  narrow,  spreading  and  at  length  reflexed:  calyx  4-6  mm. 
long,  yellow  or  tinged  with  purple,  slightly  silky-villous,  abruptly  contracted 
at  base;  its  segments  oval,  the  inner  and  the  filaments  more  or  less  villous  at 
base:  ovary  sparingly  hirsute  above. — Wyoming  to  Washington. 

31.  Eriogonum  andinum  Nutt.  Journ.   Acad.   Phila.   II.   1:    160.   1847. 
Very  similar  to  the  preceding,  more  depressed-caespitose:  leaves  smaller  and 
densely  pilose-lanate :  peduncle  short  and  weak:  ovary  (achene)  glabrous. — 
Western  Wyoming  to  Nevada. 

32.  Eriogonum  chrysocephalum  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  11:  101.  1876. 
Caudex  diffusely  branched,  woody,  tomentose  throughout:  leaves  narrowly 
oblanceolate,  3-5  cm.  long,  sometimes  nearly  glabrous  above:  peduncle  simple 
erect,  5-15  cm.  high;  the  inflorescence  capitate  or  but  slightly  branched: 
involucres  narrowly  turbinate,  firm,  about  3  mm.  long,  short-toothed,  some- 
what tomentose:  flowers  yellow,  glabrous.     (E.  laxi folium  A.  Nels.  Bot.  Gaz. 
34:  23.  1902.)— Western  Wyoming  and  Utah. 

33.  Eriogonum  orendense  A.  Nels.  Bot.  Gaz.  34:  21.  1902.    Caudex  woody, 
almost  wholly  subterranean,  tufted,  tomentum  uniform  and  rather  dense 
throughout:   stems  numerous,   short:   leaves  crowded,   narrowly  oblong  or 
oblanceolate,  subacute,  slender-petioled:  scapes  7-15  cm.  high;  the  inflores- 
cence subumbellate,  with  short  subulate  bracts;  the  rays  unequal:  involucres 
few  in  each  cyme,  short-peduncled,  turbinate,  merely  toothed  around  the 
summit,  3  mm.  long,  many-flowered:  calyx  bright-yellow;  the  segments  simi- 
lar, oblong,  obtuse,  scarcely  2  mm.  long;  the  pedicels  intermingled  with  setae 
bearing  stipitate  glands  and  a  few  fine  slender  hairs:  filaments  pubescent: 
styles  long-exserted:  ovary  glabrous. — Desert  areas;  Wyoming  to  Utah. 

34.  Eriogonum  campanulatum  Nutt.  Journ.  Acad.  Phila.  II.  1:  163.  1848. 
Caespitose  shrubby,  the  woody  leafy  branches  short,  bearing  a  naked  elongated 
herbaceous  scape-like  peduncle:  leaves  3-6  cm.  long,  from  linear  to  spatulate- 
oblanceolate,  attenuate  into  a  slender  petiole,  white- woolly  on  both  sides  or 
becoming  glabrate  above,  the  margins  at  length  mostly  revolute :  scapes  rigid, 
1-2  dm.  long,  the  cyme  repeatedly  trichotomous,  calyculately  bracted  at  the 
nodes:  involucres  5-toothed,  soon  glabrate:  calyx  yellow,  its  lobes  oblong  or 
fiddle-shaped:  style  and  style-branches  exserted. — From  Nebraska  to  New 
Mexico  and  west  to  Oregon. 

2.  OXYRIA  Hill./  MOUNTAIN  SORREL 

Perennial  alpine  and  arctic  herbs,  erect,  with  long-petioled  round-reniform 
mostly  radical  leaves,  and  small  obliquely  truncate  sheaths.  Flowers  small  and 
greenish,  in  narrowly  panic  led  racemes,  perfect.  The  two  inner  sepals  erect ; 


POLYGON  ACE  AE    (BUCKWHEAT   FAMILY)  153 

appressed,  and  unchanged  in  fruit.    Stamens  6.    Stigmas  2,  tufted.    Achene 
orb  icular-  winged : 

1.  Oxyria  digyna  (L.)  Camptdera,  Rumex,  pi.  3,  fig.  .3.  1819.  Rather 
stout  and  fleshy,  8-40  cm.  high,  glabrous:  flowers  in  scarious-bracted  fascicles, 
on  short  capillary  pedicels:  sepals  often  reddish,  the  outer  carinate  and  darker 
than  the  inner. — At  high  altitudes  in  cold  wet  places  among  rocks  throughout 
the  northern  hemisphere. 

3.  RUMEX  L.    DOCK.    SORREL 

Coarse  perennial  herbs:  stems  leafy,  with  obliquely  truncate  cylindrical 
naked  sheaths.  Flowers  small,  fascicled  or  verticillate  in  paniculate  racemes, 
perfect,  polygamous,  or  dioecious,  without  involucre.  Sepals  6;  the  outer 
spreading;  the  inner  somewhat  colored  and  developing  reticulate  wings. 
Stamens  6.  Stigmas  3,  peltate,  tufted.  The  foliage  in  some  species  is  dis- 
tinctly acid. 

Flowers  dioecious;  inflorescence  slender  and  leafless. 

Inner  sepals  becoming  winged;  achene  granular       .         .         .       1.  R.  Acetosella. 

Inner  sepals  not  winged;  achene  smooth 2.  R.  paucifolius. 

Flowers    perfect    or    polygamo-monoecious;     inflorescence    with 

stouter  often  leafy  branches. 

Inner    perianth-segments    (valves)    very    large    (10-30    mm. 
broad),  usually  rose-colored. 

Perennial  from  rootstocks ' ' ;    •'*       3.  R.  venosus. 

Perennial  from  large  clustered  tuber-like  roots. 

Fruiting  valves  cordate-reniform       .         .         .         .         .       4.  R.  salinus. 

Fruiting  valves  ovate-cordate 5.  R.  hymenosepalus. 

Inner  perianth-segments  (valves)  medium  size    (less  than  10 

mm.),  green  or  rose-color. 
One  or  more  of  the  valves  bearing  a  callosity  or  tubercle  on  the 

back. 
Wings  entire,  not  toothed  or  fringed. 

Leaves  flat,  entire  or  merely  undulate-margined. 

Stems  tufted 6.  R.  mexicanus. 

Stems  single         .         .         .         .    _     .         „        Y  7.  R.  brittanica. 

Leaves  decidedly  crisped  on  the  margin. 

Tubercles  3 8.  R.  crispus. 

Tubercle  1 .       9.  R.  Patientia. 

Wings  toothed  or  fringed. 

Lower  leaves  cordate  at  base 10.  R.  obtusifolius. 

Lower  leaves  narrowed  at  base      .         .         .         .         .     11.  R.  persicarioides. 
Valves  without  tubercles. 

Perennial   from  horizontal   rootstocks        .         .  "      .         .     12.  R.  densiflorus. 
Perennial  from  vertical  roots. 

Roots  several,  fascicled,  fleshy       .         .         .         .         .     13.  R.  polyrrhizus. 
Root  single 14.  R  occidentalis. 

1.  Rumex  Acetosella  L.Sp.  PL  338.  1753.    Dioecious,  1-3  dm.  high:  leaves 
small,  rarely  5  cm.  long;  the  lower  mostly  hastate,  with  a  large  decurrent 
auricle  on  each  side;  the  upper  gradually  reduced  and  entire:  panicle  more  or 
less  compound,   usually  reddish,   the  filiform  ascending  branches   leafless: 
pedicels  capillary,  once  or  twice  as  long  as  the  flower,  articulated  at  summit; 
flowers  about  1.5  mm.  long,  the  outer  sepals  granular. — Naturalized  from 
Europe;  not  infrequent  as  a  weed.    Known  as  FIELD  or  SHEEP  SORREL. 

2.  Rumex  paucifolius  Nutt.  Wats.   King's  Rep.  314.  1871.     Somewhat 
tufted,  2-4  dm.  high:  leaves  linear  to  lanceolate  or  oblanceolate,  attenuate  to 
a  slender  petiole:  inflorescence  with  suberect  branches:  flowers  reddish,  in 
loose  fascicles;  pedicels  filiform,  jointed  near  the  base:  valves  about  4  mm.  in 
diameter,  sometimes  with  a  minute  basal  tubercle:  achene  small.     [R.  Geyeri 
(Meis.)  Trel.  Rep.  Mo.  Bot.  Gaud.  3:  78.  1892.] — Mountain  parks;  Colorado 
and  Utah  and  far  northward. 

3.  Rumex  venosus  Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept,  733.     1814.    Stem  erect,  3  dm. 
high  or  less,  from  running  rootstocks,  stout  and  leafy,  with  conspicuous  di- 
lated stipules:  leaves  on  short  but  rather  slender  petioles,  ovate  or  oblong  to 
lanceolate,  8-15  cm.  long,  only  the  lowest  acute  or  somewhat  cordate  at  base: 
panicle  nearly  sessile,  short  ?  dense  in  fruit:  valves  entire,  cordate-orbicular 


154  POLYGON  ACE  AE    (BUCKWHEAT   FAMILY) 

with  a  deep  sinus,  15-30  mm.  in  diameter,  bright  rose-color:  pedicels  long, 
slender,  jointed  near  the  base:  achene4-7  mm.  long. — Sandy  ravines  and  banks; 
Kansas  and  Colorado,  and  far  westward  and  northward. 

4.  Rumex  salinus  A.  Nels.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  25:  549.  1898.    Perennial 
by  a  horizontal  woody  rootstock  on  which  are  borne  large  fascicled,  oblong- 
elliptic  tubers,  glabrous  throughout:  stem  stout,  nearly  erect,  conspicuously 
grooved,  2-4  dm.  high:  leaves  large,  moderately  thick,  somewhat  crisped  on 
the  edges,  crowded  at  the  base,  smaller  and  more  distant  upwards,  all  short- 
petioled;  the  lower  oblanceolate-oblong,  10-15  cm.  long,  3-5  cm.  wide,  upper 
lanceolate;  sheaths  large  and  thin:  racemes  erect,  at  length  naked  and  inter- 
rupted: calyx  red,  conspicuously  winged  at  maturity:  pedicels  filiform,  as  long 
or  longer  than  the  wings,  which  are  cordate,  10-13  mm.  long,  deep  red:  achene 
10  mm.  long,  smooth  with  margined  angles. — In  dry  densely  saline  (alkali) 
soils;  Colorado  and  Wyoming. 

5.  Rumex  hymenosepalus  Torr.  Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  177.  1858.    Stems  4-10 
dm.  high,  from  a  cluster  of  deep-seated  dahlia-like  tuberous  roots,  subsimple, 
papillate  to  glabrous,  often  red:  leaves  rather  succulent,  more  or  less  wavy 
margined,  often  5-20  cm.  long  or  longer,  elliptical  to  oblanceolate,  obtuse  to 
very  sharply  acuminate,  the  acute  base  decurrent  on  the  short  thick  petioles: 
inflorescence  ample,  compound,  with  elongated  suberect  branches;  pedicels 
slender,  about  as  long  as  the  fruit,  less  tumidly  jointed  below  the  middle: 
valves  flexible,  ovate,  about  10-15  mm.,  obtuse  to  subacute,  with  an  open 
sinus:  achene  about  5  mm.  long. — Colorado  to  California  and  southward. 

6.  Rumex  mexicanus  Meisn.  DC.  Prodr.  14:  47.  1856.     Stems  tufted,  as- 
cending, 3-6  dm.  high:  leaves  rarely  over  15  cm.  long,  lanceolate,  often  plicate, 
acute  at  both  ends:  pedicels  scarcely  equaling  the  fruit,  or  a  few  in  each  clus- 
ter longer,  jointed  near  the  base:  valves  4-5  mm.  long,  triangular-ovate, 


cally  a  very  narrow  margin  on  each  side:  achene  2  mm.  long. 
folius. — Throughout  the  Rocky  Mountains  and  across  the  continent  north- 
ward. 

7.  Rumex  brittanica  L.  Sp.  PI.  334.  1753.    Stout,  erect,  5-10  dm.  high, 
somewhat  branched,  glabrous:  leaves  large,  somewhat  undulate,  rounded  or 
acute  at  base  and  decurrent,  tapering  gradually  to  the  apex:  panicle  ample, 
dense  in  fruit,  the  whorls  overlapping:  pedicels  about  twice  as  long  as  the  fruit, 
jointed  near  the  base:  valves  5-6  mm.  long,  round-ovate,  scarcely  cordate; 
tubercles  3,  low  and  broad:  achene  2-3  mm.  long. — Seemingly  extending  into 
Colorado  and  Utah  from  the  eastward. 

8.  Rumex  crispus  L.  1.  c.  335.     Erect,  rather  stout,  6  dm.  high,  simple: 
leaves  bluish-green,  the  petiole  and  principal  veins  papillate,  very  wavy  mar- 
gined, the  lowest  ample,  elliptical  to  mostly  oblong-lanceolate,  rather  obtuse, 
rounded  or  decurrently  acutish  at  base:  flowering  branches  strict,  somewhat 
leafy;  whorls  dense  and  approximated;  pedicels  about  one  half  longer  than  the 
fruit,  swollen-jointed  near  the  base:  valves  3-5  mm.  long,  round-ovate,  barely 
cordate,  minutely  erose  or  exceptionally  broadly  dentate  below;  callosities  3, 
often  rosy,  smooth,  ovoid,  reaching  to  the  middle  of  the  valve:  achene  2. 5  mm. 
long. — Introduced  everywhere  into  cultivated  and  waste  grounds.     CURLED 
DOCK. 

9.  Rumex  Patientia  L.  1.  c.  333.    A  stout  erect  perennial  much  like  the  pre- 
ceding but  only  one  of  the  rather  larger  valves  developing  a  tubercle. — Ex- 
tensively introduced  in  this  country;  sparingly  in  our  range. 

10.  Rumex  obtusifolius  L.  1.  c.     Erect,  6-9  dm.  high:  stem  usually  and 
sometimes  strongly  papillate:  leaves  somewhat  undulate,  ample  or  the  lowest 
very  large,  broadly  ovate,  cordate,  frequently  acute,  the  often  purple  veins 
papillate,  especially  beneath:  flowering  branches  suberect,  sparingly  leafy  be- 
low: pedicels  slender,  about  twice  as  long  as  the  fruit,  swollen-jointed  toward 
the  base:    valves   flexible,  not  very  heavily   veined,  4-5  mm.  long,  ovate- 
oblong,  with  3-5  thin  triangular  teeth  on  each  side;  callosities  smooth,  the 
largest  one  about  1  mm.  broad,  the  other  two  usually  very  small:  achene 


POLYGONACEAE    (BUCKWHEAT   FAMILY)  155 

about  2  mm.  long.  —  Introduced  everywhere  in  the  east,  and  to  some  extent 
in  our  range. 

11.  Rumex  persicarioides  L.  1.  c.    Annual,  simple,  or  diffusely  branched, 
the   low  stems  erect   or  procumbent,   minutely  pubescent:    leaves    linear- 
lanceolate,  usually  truncate  or  cordate  at  base,  3-10  cm.  long,  mostly  on 
short  petioles,  somewhat  wavy-margined:  flowers  in  numerous  dense  verticils 
along  the  slender  branches:  valves  ovate-lanceolate,  with  2  or  3  long-awned 
teeth  on  each  side,  all  grain-bearing.    R.  maritima.  —  Mostly  in  saline  soils; 
transcontinental. 

12.  Rumex  densiflorus  Osterh.  Erythea  6:  13.  1898.    Stout  erect  glabrous 
scarcely  branched  perennial,  from  thick  horizontal  rootstocks;  stems  clustered, 
grooved,  5-10  dm.  high:  lower  leaves  very  large,  1.5-3  dm.  long,  10-15  cm. 
wide,  usually  very  obtuse,  long-petioled  ;   upper  leaves  gradually  reduced: 
flowers  in  dense  clusters,  terminating  the  stem  and  its  branches,  polygamous 
or  dioecious:  calyx  usually  red;  the  anthers  brown:  valves  naked;  the  wings 
broadly  ovate,  shorter  than  the  pedicels:  achene  ash-color.  —  Stream  banks  at 
high  elevations;  Colorado  and  Wyoming. 

13.  Rumex  polyrrhizus  Greene,  Pitt.  4:  305.  1901.    Slender  sparingly  leafy 
perennial,  5-10  dm.  high:  stem  solitary  from  a  short  vertical  crown  surmount- 
ing a  small  fascicle  of  fleshy  roots,  usually  a  whorl  of  fibrous  roots  near  summit 
of  crown:  leaves  from  lanceolate  to  linear,  12-20  cm.  long,  on  petioles  usually 
shorter  than  the  blade,  flat  or  crisped  near  the  base  :  panicle  strict  but  rather 
loose;  pedicels  slightly  enlarged  upward,  jointed  well  above  the  base:  valves 
thin,  venulose,  the  margin  obscurely  crenate-dentate.    (R.  Bakeri  Greene,  PI. 
Baker.  3:  15.  1901;  R.  praecox  Rydb.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  33:  137.  1906.)— 
Wet  mountain  meadows;  Colorado  and  Montana. 

14.  Rumex  occidentalis  Wats.  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  12:  253.  1876.     Mostly 
6-9  dm.  high,  rather  stout,  subsimple:  leaves  somewhat  fleshy,  glabrous, 
glossy,  bluish-green,  wavy  margined,  the  lower  very  large,  ovate  or  mostly 
oblong-ovate,  truncately  cordate,  the  apex  rounded  to  subacute:  panicle  strict/ 
dense  and  rosy  in  fruit,  naked  or  with  a  few  small  leaves  below;  whorls  some- 
what remote  but  overlapping;  pedicels  2  to  3  times  as  long  as  the  fruit:  valves 
sometimes  rosy,  5-6  mm.  long,  deltoid-ovate,  often  only  slightly  cordate,  re- 
motely erose  or  denticulate,  rounded  or  obtuse  at  apex,  without  callosities. 
[R.  subalpina  Jones,  Proc.  Cal.  Acad.  II.  5:  720.  1895.]  —  Texas  to  Ontario 
and  California. 

4.  POLYGONUM  L.     KNOTWEED 

Terrestrial,  amphibious,  or  aquatic  herbaceous  (ours)  annuals  or  perennials 
with  fibrous  roots,  or  tuberous  or  thickened  rootstocks.  Stem  simple  or 
branched,  more  or  less  swollen  at  the  numerous  nodes,  erect,  prostrate  or 
climbing.  Leaves  alternate  and  entire  ;  sheaths  truncate  or  oblique  at  sum- 
mit, lobed,  lacerate,  or  fringed.  Flowers  axillary-racemose  or  spicate;  pedi- 
cels jointed.  Calyx  mostly  5-parted,  the  divisions  often  petal-like,  all  erect 
in  fruit,  persistent.  Stamens  4-9.  Styles  or  stigmas  2  or  3;  achene  accord- 
ingly lenticulate  or  3-angular. 

Key  to  the  Sections 

Flowers  in  terminal  spikes,  with  scarious  bracts;  fila- 

.    ments  filiform. 

Roots  tuberous,  or  fleshy  rhizomes    ....         I.  BISTORTA. 

Roots  fibrous    !         .         ......       II.  PERSICARIA. 

Flowers  axillary,  or  racemose  with  foliar  bracts. 


BISTORTA.—  Perennials  of  northern  or  subalpine  distribution. 

Rootstock  elongated;  spike  floriferous  throughout         .         .       1.  P.  bistortoides. 

Rootstock  corm-like;  spike  bearing  bulblets    .         .         .         .       2.  P.  viviparum. 
PERSICARIA.  —  Annuals  or  perennials,  mostly  of  southern  and 
of  middle  to  lower  altitudes. 


156  POLYGON  ACE  AE    (BUCKWHEAT   FAMILY) 

Spike  usually  solitary,  short  and  thick. 

Sheaths  neither  spreading  at  summit  nor  fringed. 

Leaves  obtuse  or  subacute       .         .         .         .         .  3.  P.  amphibium. 

Leaves  acute  or  acuminate     .         .         .         .         .         .       4.  P.  emersum. 

Sheaths  spreading  at  summit  and  somewhat  fringed  .       5.  P.  Hartwrightii. 

Spikes  several  or  many,  rarely  few. 
Sheaths  cylindric,  naked. 

Spikes  erect;  styles  2-parted;  achene  orbicular      .         .     '  6.  P.  pennsylvanicum. 
Spikes  drooping  (at  least  at  tip);  style  2-parted;  achene 

ovoid. 

Calyx  and  style  each  parted  to  below  the  middle         .       7.  P.  lapathifolium. 
Calyx  and  style  each  parted  nearly  to  the  base     .  8.  P.  incarnatum. 

Sheaths  cylindric,  fringed  with  bristles. 
Spikes  erect. 

Achene  lenticular  or  triangular;  spike  dense. 

Achene  smooth,  broadly  ovoid       .         .         .         .    *9.  P.  Persicaria. 

Achene  granular,  narrowly  ovoid     ....     10.  P.  persicarioides. 

Achene  triangular;  spike  slender,  open      .         .         .11.  P.  hydropiperoides. 
Spike  drooping;  achene  lenticular  or  triangular. 

Achene  dull  and  granular 12.  P.  Hydropiper. 

Achene  smooth  and  shining       .         .         .         .         .13.  P.  punctatum. 
AVICULARIA. — Mostly  annuals,  usually  rather  small,  with  nar- 
row leaves;  achene  triangular 

Plants  prostrate-spreading 14.  P.  aviculare. 

Plants  erect. 

Flowers  axillary  throughout. 

Achenes  conspicuously  exserted       .  .  15.  P.  exsertum. 

Achenes  included. 

Branched  throughout,  the  branches  spreading. 

Leaves  from  oblong  to  oval 16.  P.  erectum. 

Leaves  from  oblong  to  linear    .         .         .         .         .     17.  P.  ramosissimum. 
Branched  from  the  base. 
Pedicels  erect. 

Achene  oblong 18.  P.  sawatchense. 

Achene  ovoid 19.  P.  tenue. 

Pedicels  deflexed. 
Achene  ovoid. 

Upper  bracts  small  and  subulate      .         .         .     20.  P.  Douglasii. 
Upper  bracts  foliaceous     .         .         .         .         .     21.  P.  montanum. 

Achene  oblong      .         .         .         .         .         .         .     22.  P.  Engelmannii. 

Flowers  in  terminal  bracteate  spicate-racemes. 
Styles  evident. 

Raceme  long  and  interrupted 23.  P.  spergulariaeforme. 

Raceme  very  short,  subcapitate. 

Bracts  winged 24.  P.  polygaloides. 

Bracts  not  winged 25.  P.  Watsonii. 

Styles  wanting  or  nearly  so     .         .         .         .         .         .     26.  P.  Kelloggii. 

BELDERDYKIA. — Annual  or  perennial,   the  stem  herbaceous 

and  twining  (Tiniaria). 
Outer  calyx-segments  unchanged  in  fruit      ....     27.  P.  Convolvulus. 

Outer  calyx-segments  developing  wings       .         .         .         .     28.  P.  scandens. 

1.  Pplygonum  bistortoides  Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  271.     1814.     Herbaceous 
perennial  with  thick  creeping  chaffy  rootstock;  stem  2-6  dm.  high:  leaves  few, 
glabrous  or  with  a  minute  hispid  pubescence  beneath;  the  radical  on  long 
petioles,  oblong,  oblong-lanceolate  to  linear,  either  acute  or  obtusish  at  both 
ends;  the  cauline  much  reduced  and  sessile  upon  the  sheath,  the  margin  often 
revolute:  flowers  rose-color  to  white,  on  slender  pedicels,  in  very  dense  ovate 
to  oblong  spikes,  and  usually  long-pedunculate:  stamens  and  styles  exserted: 
achenes  smooth  and  shining.     [P.  lilacina  (Greene);  P.  calophylla  (Greene), 
both  under  Bistorta  in  Leaflets  1:  18  &  19.  1904.] — New  Mexico  to  Montana 
and  far  northward  and  westward. 

la.  Polygonum  bistortoides  linearifolium  (Wats.)  Small,  Bull.  Torr.  Bot 
Club  19:  252.  1892.  Slender  reduced  alpine  form  with  leaves  tending  to 
linear:  raceme  ovoid.  [P.  linearifolia  (Greene),  under  Bistorta,  1.  c.J— Alpine; 
same  range. 

2.  Polygonum  viviparum  L.  Sp.  PI.  360.     1753.     Perennial  from  a  short 
corm-like  rootstock:  stems  1-2  dm.  high:  leaves  glabrous  or  rarely  hispidulous 
beneath;  the  radical  oblong  or  lanceolate,  2-8  cm.  long,  varying  from  acute  to 
subcordate  at  base;  cauline  from  narrowly  lanceolate  to  linear,  revqlute:  flow- 
ers rather  small,  nearly  sessile  in  linear  spikes  2-5  cm.  long,  the  lower  flowers 
at  least  replaced  by  sessile  bulblets  about  2  mm.  long.    [P.  scopulina  (Greene), 


POLYGONACEAE    (BUCKWHEAT   FAMILY)  157 

under  Bistorta,  1.  c.  20.] — Subalpine  and  alpine  in  our  range;  arctic  America, 
Europe,  and  Asia. 

3.  Polygonum  amphibium  L.  Sp.  PL  361.     1753.     Aquatic,  stout,  gla- 
brous or  nearly  so,  not  branching  above  the  rooting  base:  leaves  floating, 
thick,  smooth  and  shining  above,  usually  long-petioled,  elliptical  to  lanceo- 
late, cuneate  or  cordate  at  base;  sheaths  leaf-bearing  about  the  middle:  spike 
terminal,  dense,  ovate  or  oblong"  1-3  cm.  long,  on  a"  usually  short  peduncle: 
flowers  bright  rose-color:  the  5  stamens  and  2-cleft  style  exserted.     (P.  plat- 
tensis,  P.  subcoriacea,  P.  laetevirens,  P.  psychrophila,  under  Persicaria  by 
Greene,  Leaflets  1:  29-31.  1904.) — Colorado,  north  to  the  boundary,  thence 
across  the  continent.    In  shallow  water  or  on  muddy  banks  the  stems  become 
erect,  the  petioles  shorter,  and  the  whole  plant  often  more  or  less  strigose- 
pubescent. 

4.  Polygonum  emersum  (Michx.)  Brit.  Trans.   N.  Y.  Acad.  Sci.  8:  73. 
1889.    In  muddy  or  wet  places,  scabrous  with  short  appressed  or  glandular 
hairs,  especially  upon  the  leaves  and  upper  part  of  the  simple  stem:  leaves 
thinner  and  longer,  rather  broadly  lanceolate,  acute  or  narrowly  acuminate, 
usually  rounded  or  cordate  at  base:  spikes  more  elongated,  5-7  cm.  long,  often 
in  pairs:  flowers  and  fruit  nearly  as  in  the  last.    P.  Muhleribergii.    [P.  Wardii 
(Greene),  under  Persicaria,  1.  c.  40.] 

5.  Polygonum  Hartwrightii  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  8:  294.  1870.    Closely 
allied  to  the  two  preceding  species,  growing  usually  in  the  mud,  the  ascending 
stems  rooting  at  the  base  and  very  leafy,  more  or  less  rough,  hairy,  at  least  on 
the  sheaths  and  bracts:  leaves  rather  narrow,  on  very  short  petioles,  not 
punctate,  adnate  to  the  middle  of  the  sheath:  flowers  bright  rose-color:  sepals 
not  glandular-dotted:   style  2-cleft,   and  achene  somewhat  flattened.      (P. 
muricidata  Greene,  under  Persicaria  1.  c.  47.) — Transcontinental  through  the 
northern  States. 

6.  Polygonum  pennsylvanicum  L.  Sp.  PI.  362.     1753.     Stem  3-8  dm.  high, 
smooth  below,  the  branches  above  and  especially  the  peduncles  beset  with 
bristly-stalked  glands:  leaves  lanceolate,  roughish  on  the  midrib  and  margins: 
spikes  oblong,  obtuse,  erect,  thick:  flowers  bright  rose-color:  stamens  mostly 
8,  somewhat  exserted:  style  2-parted;  achene  lenticular.    (P.  omissum  Greene, 
Pitt.  5:  200.  1903.)— Colorado  and  eastward  to  the  Atlantic  States. 

7.  Polygonum  lapathifolium  L.  1.  c.  360.     Annual,  branching,  3-12  dm. 
high,  glabrous  or  the  peduncles  often  minutely  glandular:  leaves  lanceolate, 
attenuate  upward  from  near  the  cuneate  base  and  acuminate,  s6mewhat 
scabrous  with  short  appressed  hairs  on  the  midrib  and  margin,  or  rarely 
floccose-tomentose  beneath;  sheaths  and  bracts  rarely  somewhat  ciliolate: 
spikes  oblong  to  linear  (1.5  to  5  cm.  long),  dense,  erect  or  nearly  so:  flowers 
white  or  pale  rose-color:  stamens  6:  achene  ovate,  rarely  2  mm.  broad. — In 
most  parts  of  North  America. 

7a.  Polygonum  lapathifolium  incanum  (Schmidt)  Koch.  Syn.  Fl.  Germ. 
711.  1837.  Lower,  with  shorter  and  less  pointed  leaves,  which  are  lanceolate, 
obtuse  and  white-downy  beneath;  sheaths  often  somewhat  hairy  or  ciliolate: 
spikes  shorter,  oblong  and  blunt. — In  the  Wasatch,  on  the  Saskatchewan,  and 
eastward  to  New  York;  rare. 

76.  Polygonum  lapathifolium  nodosum  (Pers.)  Small,  Monog.  Polyg.  55. 
1895.  Generally  robust  and  glabrous:  stems  red  or  reddish,  marked  with 
purple  spots  and  dark  rings  below  the  sheaths,  much  thickened  at  the  nodes. 
P.  nodosum. — Range  about  that  of  the  species. 

8.  Polygonum  incarnatum  Ell.  Bot.  S.  C.  &  Ga.  1:  456.  1817.    Stem  4-10 
dm.  high,  nearly  glabrous,  the  peduncles,  etc.,  often  minutely  rough  with 
scattered  sessile  glands:  leaves  rough  on  the  margins  and  midrib,  elongated- 
lanceolate:  spikes  linear,  nodding,  becoming  slender:  flowers  smaller  than  in 
the  last,  lighter  rose-color  shading  to  white:  stamens  6  and  styles  2,  both  in- 
cluded: achene  lenticular,  biconcave,  black,  smooth  and  shining. — Colorado 
and  Wyoming  and  eastward  to  the  Atlantic  States. 

9.  Polygonum  Persicaria  L.  Sp.  PI.  361.    1753.     Nearly  smooth  and  gla- 
brous, 3-5  dm.  high:  sheaths  more  or  less  bristly-ciliate ;  leaves  lanceolate, 


158  POLYGONACEAE    (BUCKWHEAT   FAMILY) 

pointed,  roughish,  often  marked  with  a  dark  triangular  or  lunar  spot  near  the 
middle :  spikes  ovoid  or  oblong,  dense,  erect,  on  smooth  (or  at  least  not  glandu- 
lar) peduncles-,  stamens  mostly  6:  styles  2-3-cleft  below  the  middle;  achene 
gibbous-flattened  or  sometimes  triangular,  smooth  and  shining. — Naturalized 
from  Europe;  not  frequent  in  our  range. 

10.  Polygonum  persicarioides  H.B.K.  Nov.  Gen.  2:  197.  1817.    Glabrous 
or  often  strigulose,  erect,  decumbent  or  cre'eping;  the  stems  3-6  dm.  long: 
leaves  from  lanceolate  to  linear-lanceolate,  acuminate  at  both  ends,  punctate, 
petioled  or  sessile;  sheaths  conspicuously  fringed  with  short  bristles:  inflores- 
cence paniculate,  somewhat  compound:  spikes  erect,  2-6  cm.  long,  loosely 
flowered :  calyx  rose-color,  tinged  with  green :  achenes  narrowly  ovoid  or  ob- 
long, somewhat  granular  but  shining. — On  our  southeastern  border  to  Mexico; 
also  in  South  America. 

11.  Polygonum  hydro piperoides  Michx.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  1:  239.  1803.    Peren- 
nial, not  acrid;  stem  smooth,  3-8  dm.  high,  branching:  the  narrow  sheaths 
hairy;  leaves  narrowly  lanceolate,  sometimes  oblong:  spikes  erect,  slender, 
sometimes  filiform,  often  interrupted  at  base,  2-5  cm.  long:   flowers  small, 
flesh-color  or  nearly  white:  sepals  not  dotted:  stamens  8:  achene  sharply 
triangular,  smooth  and  shining. — Wet  places  and  in  shallow  water;  across  the 
continent. 

12.  Polygonum  Hydropiper  L.  Sp.  PL  361.  1753.    Smooth,  3-6  dm.  high, 
juice  very  acrid:  leaves  punctate:  spikes  nodding,  usually  short  or  interrupted: 
flowers  mostly  greenish:  sepals  conspicuously  dotted:  stamens  6:  style  2-3- 
parted;  achene  dull,  strongly  granular,  either  flat  or  obtusely  triangular. — 
Ranging  across  the  continent  northward,  where  it  is  probably  indigenous. 

13.  Polygonum  punctatum  Ell.  1.  c.  445.     Annual,  branching,  3-12  dm. 
high,  glabrous  or  the  peduncles  often  minutely  glandular:  leaves  lanceolate, 
attenuate  upward  from  near  the  cuneate  base  and  acuminate,   somewhat 
scabrous  with  short  appressed  hairs  on  the  midrib  and  margin,  or  rarely 
floccose-tomentose  beneath;  sheaths  and  bracts  rarely  somewhat  ciliolate: 
spikes  oblong  to  linear  (1.5  to  5  cm.  long),  dense,  erect  or  nearly  so:  flowers 
white  or  pale  rose-color:  stamens  6:  achene  ovate,  rarely  2  mm.  broad. — Wet 
places;  across  the  continent,  mostly  southward. 

14.  Polygonum  aviculare  L.  Sp.  PI.  362.  1753.     Slender,  mostly  prostrate 
or  ascending,  bluish-green:  leaves  oblong  to  lanceolate,  6-20  mm.  long,  usually 
acute:  sepals  scarcely  1  mm.  long,  green  with  pinkish  margins:  stamens  8 
(rarely  5):  achene  dull  and  minutely  granular,  mostly  included.     (P.  buxi- 

forme  Small,  Bull.  Torr.  Club  33:  56.  1906.) — Variously  called  KNOTGRASS, 
GOOSE  GRASS,  DOOR-WEED;  introduced  from  Europe  and  growing  everywhere 
about  yards  and  roadsides. 

15.  Polygonum  exsertum  Small,  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  21:  172.  1894.     An- 
nual, slender,  glabrous,  erect,  3-8  dm.  high,  somewhat  flexuous  and  ribbed: 
leaves  from  obovate  to  narrowly  lanceolate  or  linear:  sheaths  silvery  or  brown- 
ish and  much  lacerate:  flowers  in  small  axillary  clusters,  greenish  and  incon- 
spicuous: style  3-cleft  or  the  stigmas  often  nearly  sessile;  achene  triangular- 
pyramidal,  rounded  at  the  base,  much  exserted  from  the  calyx. — From  the 
eastern  part  of  our  range  to  Maine. 

16.  Polygonum  erectum  L.  Sp.  PI.  363.  1753.    Stout,  erect  or  ascending, 
3-6  dm.  high,  yellowish:  leaves  oblong  or  oval,  1.5-6  mm.  long,  usually  ob- 
tuse: flowers  mostly  3  mm.  long,  often  yellowish,  on  more  or  less  exserted 
pedicels:  stamens  5  or  6:  achene  dull,  included. — Texas  and  Colorado  to  the 
Northwest  Territory. 

17.  Polygonum  rampsissimum  Michx.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  1:  237.  1803.    Erect  or 
ascending,  6-12  dm.  high,  yellowish-green:   leaves  lanceolate  to  linear,  2.5-6 
cm.  long,  acute,  much  reduced  above:  flowers  and  achenes  as  in  the  last,  but 
sepals  more  frequently  6,  the  stamens  3-6,  and  the  achene  mostly  smooth  and 
shining.     (P.  rubescens  Small,  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  33:  56.  1906.) — Sandy 
shores  and  banks  of  streams  extending  from  Texas  to  the  far  north  and  west. 

18.  Polygonum   sawatchense  Small,  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  20:  213.  1893. 
Annual,   somewhat  scurfy:  stem  erect,   5-15  cm.  high,  usually  somewhat 


POLYGON  ACE  AE  (BUCKWHEAT  FAMILY)         159 

branched  from  the  base,  striate,  or  wing-angled  below  the  sheaths:  leaves  from 
linear  to  ob lanceolate,  1-2  cm.  long,  sessile,  flat  or  revolute,  conspicuously 
articulated  to  the  funnel-form  lacerate  sheath:  flowers  in  small  axillary  clusters, 
green:  stamens  6-8:  stigma  3-cleft,  nearly  sessile;  achene  triangular,  oblong, 
smooth  and  shining. — Colorado  to  Dakota  and  west  to  Washington. 

19.  Polygonum  tenue  Michx.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  1:  238.  1803.     Stem  slender, 
angled,  erect,  1.5-4.5  dm.  high,  slightly  scabrous  at  the  nodes:  leaves  narrowly 
linear  to  lanceolate,  2.5-5  cm.  long,  3-nerved,  acute  at  each  end  and  often 
cuspidate,  the  margins  somewhat  scabrous  and  at  length  revolute:  flowers 
often  solitary,  nearly  sessile:  stamens  8:  achene  ovate,  included,  black  and 
shining. — New  Mexico  to  Canada  and  east  to  the  Atlantic  States. 

20.  Polygonum  Douglasii  Greene,  Bull,  (falif.  Acad.  Sci.   1:   125.  1884. 
Erect  and  slender,  1-4  dm.  high,  glabrous  and  somewhat  glaucous,  sometimes 
slightly  scabrous  at  the  nodes:  sheaths  with  a  close  somewhat  herbaceous  base, 
sparingly  scarious  and  lacerate  above ;  leaves  linear  to  lanceolate,  usually  much 
reduced  above:  flowers  often  solitary  and  usually  distant,  soon  reflexed,  the 
sepals  margined  with  white  or  rose-color:  stamens  8:  achenes  ovate,  black  and 
shining.    P.  tenue. — From  Arizona  to  British  Columbia  and  eastward  across 
the  continent. 

21.  Polygonum  montanum  (Small)  Greene,  PI.  Baker.  3:    13.  1901.    Low, 
fastigiately  branched  from  the  base,  7-15  cm.  high,  the  branches  floriferous 
from  the  base,  but  the  flowers  few  among  the  proper  leaves,  most  of  them 
forming  a  mere  bracted  spike  beyond  the  foliage,  all  the  angles  of  stem  and 
branches  denticulate-scaberulous  and  other  parts  also  more  or  less  scabro- 
puberulent:  leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  very  acute,  often  2-3  cm.  long,  1-nerved, 
the  nerve  sharply  carinate  beneath  the  leaf:  fruiting  perianth  subsessile  but 
nodding,  its  segments  dark  green  or  purplish  except  marginally  and  partly  or 
completely  inclosing  the  achene,  which  is  black,  smooth  and  shining.     (P.  com- 
mixtum  Greene,  1.  c.  14.) — Colorado. 

22.  Polygonum  Engelmanii  Greene,  Bull.  Calif.  Acad.  Sci.  1:  126.  1884. 
Slender,  somewhat  wiry  scurfy  annual;  stems  diffusely  branched  at  the  base-,' 
spreading-assurgent,  5-15  cm.  high;  the  branches  simple  or  branched:  leaves 
from  narrowly  oblanceolate  to  linear;  sheaths  somewhat  lacerate:  flowers  in 
axillary  clusters  of  2-4;  the  pedicels  at  length  deflexed:  calyx  green,  its  seg- 
ments scarious-margined :   stamens  5-8,  included:   style  3-parted,  at  length 
somewhat  exserted;  achene  triangular,  oblong,  smooth  and  shining.     (P.  con- 
simile  Greene,  Pitt.  5:  202.  1903.) — High  mountains  of  Colorado  and  Wyoming. 

23.  Polygonum    spergulariaeforme    Meis.  Small,   Bull.  Torr.   Bot.   Club 
19:  366.  1892.    Slender,  wiry  scurfy  annual,  1-3  dm.  high,  simple  or  corym- 
bosely  branched:   leaves  linear-oblong  or  linear-lanceolate,  5-25  cm.  long, 
conspicuously  articulated  to  the  lacerate  sheaths:  flowers  clustered-axillary  but 
confined  mostly  to  the  ends  of  the  branches  and  appearing  as  interrupted 
spicate-racemes  by  the  shortening  of  the  internodes:  calyx  whitish  or  pink, 
5-parted  to  near  the  base;  the  segments  obtuse,  each  with  a  green  nerve: 
stamens  8:  style  3-parted;  achene  triangular,  black,  smooth  and  shining  except 
on  the  margins. — Colorado;  also  in  the  north  Pacific  regions. 

24.  Polygonum  polygaloides  Meis.  in  DC.  Prodr.  14:  101.  1856.    A  slender 
glabrous  light  green  annual;  stem  erect,  1-2  dm.  high,  simple  or  corymbosely 
branched,  slightly  flexuous  and  angled:  leaves  linear,  1-3  cm.  long:  flowers 
axillary  but  the  terminal  internodes  so  short  as  to  give  a  spicate  or  sub- 
capitate  inflorescence;  bracts  oblong,  obtuse,  scarious-winged  and  somewhat 
imbricated:  the  calyx  parted  nearly  to  the  base,  white  or  pinkish:  stamens  8, 
included:  achene  ovoid,  triangular. — Northern  Wyoming  and  Montana,  and 
west  to  the  Pacific  States. 

25.  Polygonum  Watsonii  Small,  Monog.  Polyg.  .138.  pi.  56.  1895.     Low 
slender  annuals,  3-15  cm.  high,  smooth  or  slightly  scabrous  at  the  nodes: 
leaves  linear,  1-4  dm.  long;  sheaths  rather  large,  2-parted  or  lacerate  above  the 
short  scarious  base:  bracts  sometimes  scarious  on  the  margin:  flowers  axillary 
but  appearing  as  short  densely  terminal  spikes,  with  imbricated  bracts,  nearly 
sessile:  the  calyx  green,  the  segments  ovate,  more  or  less  rose-colored  on  the 


160  CHENOPODIACEAE    (GOOSEFOOT   FAMILY) 

margins:  stamens  3-5:  achene  triangular,  narrowly  ovoid,  prominently  granu- 
lar in  ridges.  P.  imbricatum.  (P.  unifolium  Small,  Mem.  N.  Y.  Bot.  Gard. 
1:  129.  1900.) — Alpine  and  subalpine;  Colorado  and  Wyoming  west  to  the 
Pacific  States. 

26.  Polygonum  Kelloggii  Greene,  Fl.  Francis.   134.  1891.     Low  slender 
glabrous  annual,  divergently  branched  from  the  base;  the  branches  2-5  cm. 
long:  leaves  linear  or  nearly  so,  crowded  but  spreading  rather  than  imbricated; 
sheaths  lacerate:  flowers  axillary  (because  of  the  short  internodes  the  inflores- 
cence appears  like  a  leafy  raceme):  calyx  green,  its  obtuse  segments  whitish 
or  cream-color:  stamens  about  5,  included:  stigmas  Sessile  or  nearly  so;  achene 
triangular,  rhombic-ovoid,  ligfrt  brown,  granular,  and  somewhat  striate. — 
Colorado  and  Wyoming  and  west  to  the  coast  States. 

27.  Polygonum  Convolvulus  L.  Sp.  PI.  364.  1753.     Annual,  twining  or 
procumbent,  low,  roughish,  the  joints  naked:  leaves  halberd-heart-shaped, 
pointed:  flowers  in  small  interrupted  corymbose  racemes:  outer  calyx-lobes 
keeled :  achenes  smoothish .    BLACK  BINDWEED . — Cultivated  and  waste  grounds 
throughout  the  United  States. 

28.  Polygonum  scandens  L.  1.  c.    Perennial,  smooth:  sheaths  naked:  leaves 
cordate  or  slightly  halberd-shaped,  pointed:  racemes  interrupted,  leafy:  the 
outer  calyx-lobes  strongly  keeled  and  winged  in  fruit,  the  wings  somewhat 
crenate,  but  often  one  or  all  three  wanting:  achene  over  3  mm.  long,  smooth 
and  shining.     P.  dumetorum  scandens.     CLIMBING  FALSE  BUCKWHEAT. — Moist 
thickets;  from  our  range  to  the  Atlantic  States. 

37.  CHENOPODIACEAE.     GOOSEFOOT  FAMILY 

Annual  or  perennial,  herbaceous  or  shrubby,  usually  with  simple  alternate 
exstipulate  leaves.  Flowers  perfect  or  unisexual,  small,  green  or  greenish, 
regular  or  nearly  so,  variously  clustered  or  more  rarely  solitary  in  the  axils, 
ebracteate  or  with  herbaceous  bracts,  which  may  become  either  a  thin  or 
coriaceous  pericarp  inclosing  the  fruit.  Perianth  of  5  or  fewer  usually  her- 
baceous and  persistent  sepals.  Stamens  as  many  as  the  sepals  and  opposite, 
distinct,  with  2-celled  anthers.  Ovary  1-celled,  with  a  solitary  ovule,  becom- 
ing an  achene  or  utricle.  Mostly  plants  of  saline  soils. 

Embryo  annular  or  folded  on  itself. 
Flowers  perfect,  bractless. 
Perianth  wingless,  persistent. 
Two-five  parted  or  divided. 

Lobes  herbaceous,  keeled      .......1.  Chenopodium. 

Lobes  becoming  fleshy  and  red 2.  Blitum. 

One  sepal  only. 

Herbaceous  and  bract-like 3.  Monolepis. 

Hyaline  and  scale-like    ........       4.   Corispennum 

Perianth  horizontally  winged. 

Plant  annual 5.  Cycloloma. 

Plant  perennial 6.  Kochia. 

Perianth  saccate,  fleshy;  stems  fleshy,  leafless      ....       7.  Salicornia. 

Flowers  monoecious  or  dioecious;  perianth  in  fertile  flowers  wanting. 

Fruiting  bracts  compressed  .......       8.  Atriplex. 

Fruiting  bracts  obcompressed. 
Pericarp  naked. 

Orbicular,  wing-margined      .         .         .         .         .         .         .9.  Grayia. 

Subhastate,  2-toothed  at  apex      ......     10.  Suckleya. 

Pericarp  silky-pubescent 11.  Eurotia. 

Embryo  spirally  coiled. 

Flowers  monoecious;  plant  shrubby;  fruit  winged     ....     12.  Sarcobatus. 
Flowers  perfect;  plants  herbaceous. 

Leaves  spiny  at  maturity;  frv.it  winged      .....     13.  Salsola. 
Leaves  not  spiny;  fruit  not  winged      .         .         .         .         .         .14.  Sueda. 

1.  CHENOPODIUM  L.     GOOSEFOOT.    PIGWEED 

Annual  herbs  with  alternate  petioled  leaves.  Flowers  small,  green,  sessile, 
in  axillary  terminal  or  panicled  spikes;  lobes  of  the  perianth  usually  somewhat 


CHENOPODIACEAE    (GOOSEFOOT   FAMILY)  161 

keeled  or  crested,  becoming  dry  and  inclosing  the  utricle,  at  least  in  part. 
Stamens  5.  Styles  2-3.  Pericarp  membranous,  closely  investing  the  lenticular 
seed.  Many  are  introduced  weeds. 

Pericarp  firmly  attached  to  the  smooth  seed;  stamens  5. 
Leaves  more  or  less  white-mealy. 

At  least  the  lower  ones  angulate-toothed    .....       1.  C.  album. 

Nearly  entire;  plant  heavy-scented    .         .         .         .         .         .       2.  C.  Watsonii. 

Leaves  not  mealy. 

Glabrous  and  coarsely  toothed    .         .         .  .         .  3.  C.  hybridum. 

Glandular-  or  viscid-puberulent.  . 

Pinnately  lobed;  calyx  glandular-pubescent    ....       4.  C.  Botrys. 

Sinuate-pinnatifid;  calyx  resinous-dotted       .         .         .  5.  C.  cornutum. 

Pericarp  easily  separable  from  the  seed. 
Stamens  5. 

Leaves  lanceolate  or  broader,  undulate-toothed  or  lobed. 
More  or  less  mealy. 

Plant  low,  divaricately  branched  or  spreading. 

Leaves  green,  at  least  above    .         .         .         .         .  6.  C.  glaucum. 

Leaves  white-farinose      .         .         .         .         .         .  7.  C.  incanum. 

Plant  erect,  green,  sparsely  mealy. 

Leaves  triangular-hastate 8.  C.  Fremontii. 

Leaves  ovate  to  oblong    .         .         .         .         .         .         .       9.  C.  aridum. 

Not  mealy,  glabrous  and  succulent       .....     10.  C.  succosum. 

Leaves  oblong  or  narrower,  entire. 
Decidedly  mealy. 

Leaves  lance-linear     .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .     11.  C.  leptophyllum. 

Leaves  oblong,  small 12.  C.  desiccatum. 

Hardly  at  all  mealy,  bright  green 13.  C.  subglabrum. 

Stamens  1-2 14.  C.  rubrum. 

1.  Chenopodium  album  L.  Sp.  PI.  219.  1753.  Stem  erect,  branched  above, 
3-10  dm.  high,  light  green:  leaves  generally  pale  green  above,  white-mealy 
beneath,  rhombic-ovate  to  narrowly  lanceolate,  at  least  some  of  them  angulate- 
toothed  :  flowers  in  terminal  and  axillary  spikes :  perianth  wholly  inclosing  the 
utricle,  the  black  shining  seed  adherent  to  the  pericarp. — An  introduced  weed 
common  in  waste  places;  commonly  known  as  LAMB'S  QUARTERS. 
•  2.  Chenopodium  Watsonii  A.  Nelson,  Bot.  Gaz.  34:  362.  1902.  Moderately 
mealy  throughout,  heavy-scented,  more  or  less  branched,  2-5  dm.  high: 
leaves  dull  green,  rather  thick,  oblong  to  ovate,  often  subhastate,  margin  en- 
tire or  nearly  so,  15-20  mm.  long,  on  slender  petioles:  flowers  in  close  clusters 
arranged  in  open  panicles:  pericarp  mealy  and  adherent  to  the  large  seed. 
C.  olidum  Wats.  Prqc.  Am.  Acad.  9:  96.  1874. — Indigenous  from  New  Mexico 
to  Utah  and  Wyoming. 

3.  Chenopodium  hybridum  L.  Sp.  PI.  219.     1753.     Glabrous  throughout 
or  only  the  inflorescence  mealy,  erect,  4-8  dm.  high:  leaves  thin,  bright  green, 
rhombic-cordate,  acuminate  at  apex,  with  1^4  large  acute  teeth  on  each  side, 
3-5  cm.  long,  the  uppermost  smaller  and  entire:  flowers  large,  in  large  spread- 
ing panicles:   perianth-segments  somewhat  keeled,  not  wholly  inclosing  the 
utricle:  seed  with  acutish  margin,  firmly  united  to  the  pericarp. — A  widely 
distributed  weed  but  probably  indigenous  in  our  range. 

4.  Chenopodium  Botrys  L.  Sp.  PI.  219.     1753.     Glandular-pubescent  or 
even  viscid,  strong-scented:  stem  leafy  below,  branching  above  into  the  dense 
naked  inflorescence,  2-5  dm.  high:  leaves  ovate  or  narrower,  deeply  pinnately- 
toothed  or  -lobed,  obtuse,  truncate  or  cuneate  at  base,  reduced  upward: 
flowers  very  small  in  numerous  axillary  panicles:  calyx-lobes  acute,  loosely 
inclosing  the  fruit. — Generally  introduced;  from  Europe. 

5.  Chenopodium  cornutum  Benth.  &  Hook.  Gen.  PI.  3:  51.  1880.     More 
or  less  glandular-puberulent,  aromatic,  not  mealy,  diffusely  branched:  leaves 
thin,  lanceolate,  repand-dentate  or  coarsely  sinuate-pinnatifid :  flowers  minute 
and  solitary,  axillary  and  terminal  upon  the  repeatedly  dichotomous  nearly 
naked  branches:  calyx  resinous-dotted.     (Te]oxys  cornuta  Torr.  Pac.  R.  R. 
Rept.  4:  129.  1856.) — Through  the  southern  part  of  our  range  to  California. 

6.  Chenopodium  glaucum  L.  Sp.  PL  220.    1753.    A  succulent,  low  spread- 
ing or  often  prostrate  annual,  glaucous-mealy,  the  upper  surface  of  the  leaves 
smooth  and  green:  leaves  ovate  to  ovate-lanceolate,  sinuate-dentate,  10-20 
mm.  long,  on  slender  petioles:  flowers  clustered  in  axillary  spikes  shorter 

ROdfcY  MT.  BOT. 11 


162  CHENOPODIACEAE    (GOOSEFOOT   FAMILY) 

than  the  leaves:  calyx  about  1  mm.  broad,  its  segments  obtuse,  not  keeled, 
not  fully  covering  the  depressed  shrfrp-edged  utricle. — Widely  distributed  as 
an  introduced  weed,  but  undoubtedly  indigenous  in  saline  areas  of  our  range. 

7.  Chenopodium  incanum  (Wats.)  Heller,  Cat.  N.  A.  PI.  45.    1898.    Densely 
mealy  throughout,  low  and  diffusely  branched,  1-2  dm.  high:  leaves  rather 
thick,  somewhat  fleshy  and  white-farinose,  ovate,  sinuate  or  hastately  lobed, 
7-14  mm.  long:  flowers  crowded  in  close  contracted  panicles:  sepals  carinate 
and  mealy,  covering  the  seed  which  readily  separates  from  the  pericarp. 
C.  Fremontii  incanum  Wats.  Proci  Am.  Acad.  9:  94.  1874. — Dry  loose  soil  of 
the  plains. 

8.  Chenopodium    Fremontii    Wats.  King's    Rep.  5:  287.    1871.     Erect, 
slender,  more  or  less  branched,  2-6  dm.  high,  light  green  but  somewhat  mealy, 
the  stem  striate:  leaves  broadly  triangular- hastate,  7-20  mm.  long,  truncate 
or  cuneate  at  base,  narrower  and  reduced  upward :  the  small  flowers  in  slen- 
der spikes  of  the  open  panicle :  the  strongly  carinate  sepals  nearly  inclosing 
the  easily  separable  seed. — Frequent;  in  the  Rocky  Mountains  and  westward. 

9.  Chenopodium  aridum  A.  Nels.   Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  31:  240.  1904. 
Annual,  sparingly  mealy:  stem  erect,  3-4  dm.  high,  often  branched,  striate: 
leaves  moderately  thick,  dark  green,  only  slightly  mealy;  petioles  about  1  cm. 
long;  blades  1-3  cm.  long,  oblong  to  ovate-lanceolate,  entire  or  rarely  slightly 
hastately  toothed,  obtuse:   inflorescence  dense,  narrow;  flowers  small:  seeds 
less  than  1  mm.,  usually  0.75  mm.  in  diameter:  pericarp  thin  and  easily  sep- 
arated from  the  seed.     (C.  WolfiiRydb.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  30:  240.  1903.) 
—Colorado  and  Wyoming. 

10.  Chenopodium  succosum  A.  Nelson,  Bot.  Gaz.  34:  361.  1902.    Stout, 
erect,  5-8  dm.  high,  freely  branched,  with  ascending  straw-colored  branches; 
the  whole  plant  fleshy  and  exceedingly  succulent:  leaves  lanceolate  to  ob- 
lanceolate  or  even  linear,  irregularly  toothed,  2-5  cm.  long,  on  petioles  about 
half  as  long,  green  on  both  sides  and  not  noticeably  mealy:  flower-clusters 
axillary,   crowded-spicate,    very  numerous:   calyx  membranous;   the   sepals 
usually  3,  suborbicular:  pericarp  thin,  rather  loosely  covering  the  dark  brown 
seed. — Wet  saline  soil;  southern  Wyoming. 

11.  Chenopodium  leptophyllum  (Moq.)  Nutt.  DC.  Prod.  132:    71.  1849. 
Usually  densely  mealy,  the  leaves  sometimes  glabrate  and  green  above; 
stems  slender,  erect,  striate,  branched,  2-4  dm.  high:   leaves  linear,  entire, 
1-3  cm.  long,  acute  or  mucronate,  shortly  petioled:  the  small  flowers  clustered 
in  dense  or  interrupted  spikes:  the  carinate  sepals  scarcely  covering  the  1  mm. 
broad  seed. — Wyoming  to  Utah  and  southward  to  Mexico. 

lla.  Chenopodium  leptophyllum  oblongifolium  Wats.  Proc.  Am.  Acad. 
9:  95.  1874.  Densely  mealy,  lower,  stouter,  more  widely  branched:  leaves 
oblong,  often  slightly  hastate:  flowers  in  dense  clusters  in  short  close  spikes. 
— Colorado  and  New  Mexico. 

12.  Chenopodium  desiccatum  A.  Nels.  Bot.  Gaz.  34:  362.  1902.    Densely 
white-mealy  throughout,  freely  branched,  low  and  spreading,  about  1  dm. 
high  (broader  than  high) :  leaves  from  linear  to  oblong,  mostly  acute,  1-2  cm. 
long:  floriferous  throughout;  the  small  clusters  in  dense  panicles  which  are 
naked  towards  the  apex:   calyx  thickened  and  inclosing  the  rather  large 
shining-black  seed,  which  is  easily  separable  from  the  pericarp. — Southern 
Wyoming  and  northern  Colorado. 

13.  Chenopodium  subglabrum  (Wats.)  A.  Nels.  Bot.  Gaz.  34:  362.  1902. 
Glabrous,  bright  green,  loosely  and  slenderly  branched,  the  branches  very 
widely  divaricate:  leaves  linear-acute,  2-4  cm.  long:  flowers  single  or  in  2-3- 
flowered  clusters,   scattered  on  the  branches.     C.  leptophyllum  subglabrum 
Wats.— Wyoming  to  Oklahoma. 

14.  Chenopodium  rubrum  L.  Sp.  PI.  218.    1753.    Stout,  erect,  branching: 
leaves  triangular-hastate  to  lanceolate,  cuneate  at  base,  sparingly  sinuate- 
dentate,  the  upper  narrowly  lanceolate  and  entire:  flower-clusters  densely 
spicate  upon  the  leafy  branchlets:  sepals  2-5,  rather  fleshy:  stamens  1  or  2: 
stigmas  short:  seed  horizontal,  shining,  separating  from  the  pericarp. — In 
saline  soil;  across  the  continent,  especially  northward. 


CHENOPODIACEAE    (GOOSEFOOT   FAMILY)  163 

14a.  Cheno podium  rubrum  humile  (Hook.)  Wats.  Bot.  Cal.  2:  48.  1880. 
Smaller,  prostrate  or  ascending:  leaves  ovate  to  lanceolate,  often  hastate, 
much  smaller,  1-3  cm.  long,  rarely  toothed:  flowers  in  axillary  or  somewhat 
spicate  clusters. — Colorado  to  Nevada  and  Washington. 

2.  BLITUM  TOURN. 

Annual  fleshy  herbs,  branched,  often  from  the  base.  Leaves  alternate, 
hastate  and  petioled.  Flowers  small,  crowded  in  axillary  capitate  clusters  or 
the  uppermost  subspicate.  Calyx  more  or  less  fleshy  in  fruit  and  usually 
highly  colored.  Stamens  1-5.  Seed  subglobose,  vertical,  shining;  embryo  a 
complete  ring. 

1.  Blitum  capitatum  L.  Sp.  PI.  4.  1753.  Glabrous,  usually  branched  from 
the  base,  the  branches  ascending,  2-5  dm.  long:  leaves  from  broadly  triangu- 
la'r  to  lanceolate,  usually  sharply  sinuate-toothed  and  more  or  less  hastate, 
cordate  at  base,  2-7  cm.  long:  flower-clusters  large,  often  12  mm.  in  diameter, 
becoming  bright  red  and  by  their  appearance  suggesting  berries:  seed  com- 
pressed, acutely  margined,  separable  from  the  pericarp.  Chenopodium  cap- 
itatum Wats.  Bot.  Cal.  2:  48.  1880.  (B.  hastatum  Rydb.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot. 
Club  28:  273.  1901.) — Frequent;  moist  mountain  valleys. 

3.  MONOLEPIS  Schrad. 

Low  annuals  more  or  less  branched,  with  alternate,  entire,  toothed,  or  lobed 
leaves.  Flowers  polygamous;  a  single  persistent  sepal,  1  stamen  and  2  styles. 
The  pericarp  of  the  flat  utricle  thin  and  adherent  to  the  vertical  seed. 

1.  Monolepis  Nuttalliana  (R.  &  S.)  Engelm.  PL  Upp.  Miss.  206.     1861. 
More  or  less  mealy,  branched  from  the  base,  1-2  dm.  high:  leaves  lanceolate- 
hastate  or  sometimes  narrowly  spatulate,  entire  or  sparingly  sinuate-dentate, 
cuneate  or  attenuate  at  base;  lower  petioles  elongated:  flower-clusters  often 
reddish:  pericarp  fleshy,  becoming  dry  and  minutely  pitted;  seed   1   mm. 
broad,  the  margin  acutish.     M.  chenopodioides  Moq. — Mostly  in  saline  soil; 
throughout  our  range  and  west  to  the  coast. 

2.  Monolepis  pusilla  Torr.  in  Wats.  King's  Rep.  5:  289.  1871.    Somewhat 
mealy  and  often  tinged  with  red,  slender  and  freely  branched  from  the  base, 
5-15  cm.  high:  leaves  oblong,  obtuse,  entire,  scarcely  petioled,  10-15  mm. 
long:  the  small  clusters  1-5-flowered:   sepal  obtuse:  pericarp  adherent  and 
minutely  tuberculate;  seed  as  in  the  preceding  but  only  about  one  half  as 
large. — Rare  in  our  range;  alkali  basins  Colorado  and  westward. 

4.  CORISPERMUM  A.  Juss.     BUGSEED 

Annuals,  with  alternate  sessile  linear  1 -nerved  leaves.  Flowers  perfect, 
solitary  in  the  axils  of  reduced  leaves  on  the  spicate  branches.  Calyx  reduced 
to  a  single  hyaline  sepal,  or  none.  Stamens  1-3  (rarely  more),  if  more  than 
one  unequal.  The  ovate  ovary  with  2  styles,  becoming  oblong  in  fruit.  Per- 
icarp adherent  to  the  vertical  acute-margined  seed. 

Fruit  distinctly  wing-margined. 

Bushy-branched  throughout,  floriferous  above  only       .         .         .     1.  C.  nitidum. 
Divaricately  branched  below,  floriferous  nearly  to  the  base. 

The  branches  branched        .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .     2.  C.  marginale. 

The  branches  simple,  spike-like 3.  C.  imbricatum. 

Fruit  wingless  or  nearly  so. 

Plant  glabrous         .         .         .         .         .         .  -  .         .         .     4.  C.  emarginatum. 

Plant  somewhat  villous 5.  C.  villosum. 

1.  Corispermum  nitidum  Kit.  ex.  Schult.  Oestr.  Fl.  Ed.  2.  1:  7.  1814. 
Rather  pale  green,  somewhat  pubescent  when  young,  slender-branched  and 
erect,  2-4  dm.  high:  leaves  narrowly  linear,  2-4  cm.  long:  spikes  terminating 
the  slender  branchlets,  at  first  short  and  crowded,  becoming  longer  and  rather 


164  CHENOPODIACEAE    (GOOSEFOOT   FAMILY) 

lax  in  fruit:  utricle  narrowly  but  clearly  winged,  about  2  mm.  broad  and 
usually  broader  than  the  subtending  leaf  or  bract.  C.  hyssopifolium. — 
Throughout  the  middle  west. 

2.  Corispennum  marginale  Rydb.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  30:  247.  1903. 
Annual;  stem  glabrous,  much  branched,  2-5  dm.  high:  leaves  narrowly  linear, 
2-5  cm.  long,  1.5-2  mm.  wide:  spike  3-8  cm.  long,  rather  dense:  bracts  usually 
overlapping  each  other,  the  lower  lanceolate,  about  1  cm.  long,  the  upper 
ovate,  5  mm.  long,  all  more  or  less  acuminate,  with  a  strong  midrib  and  con- 
spicuous scarious  margins,  slightly  pubescent  when  young  or  glabrate:  fruit 
about  4  mm.  long  and  2.5  mm.  wide,  with  a  broad  wing-margin. — Wyoming  to 
New  Mexico. 

3.  Corispermum  imbricatum  A.  Nels.     Very  glabrous  throughout;  branches 
spreading  from  the  crown  of  the  annual  root,  1-2  dm.  long,  simple,  spike-like 
and  floriferous  nearly  to  the  base:  leaves  crowded-imbricate,  lanceolate  to 
ovate,  7-15  mm.  long,  broadly  scarious-margined :  fruit  oval,  about  3  mnv 
long,  narrow  wing-like  margin,  yellowish.     Characters  much  like  the  preceding 
but  of  very  different  habit. — Southeastern  Wyoming. 

4.  Corispermum  emarginatum  Rydb.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  31:  404.  1904. 
Annual,  perfectly  glabrous  or  with  a  few  hairs  on  the  bracts,  branched  near 
the  base,  3-4  dm.  high:  leaves  narrowly  linear,  2-4  cm.  long,  1-2  mm.  wide, 
cuspidate-pointed:  bracts  except  the  lowest  ovate,  5-7  mm.  long,  acuminate, 
scarious-margined,  much  broader  than  the  fruit:  fruit  plano-convex,  2.5-3  mm. 
long  and  about  2  mm.  wide,  almost  without  a  trace  of  a  wing-margin. — Wy- 
oming and  Colorado. 

5.  Corispermum  villosum  Rydb.   Bull.   Torr.   Bot.  Club  24:   191.   1897. 
Stem  2-4  dm.  high,  much  branched  from  near  the  base,  the  branches  diver- 
gent, striate,   when  young  with  the  leaves  and  bracts  villous  with  many 
branched  hairs,  in  age  glabrate:  leaves  linear,  2-4  cm.  long,  1-3  mm.  wide, 
cuspidate-mucronate :  spikes  rather  dense,  with  more  or  less  imbricated  bracts: 
lower  bracts  linear-lanceolate,  5-10  cm.  long,  the  upper  ovate-acuminate  and 
cuspidate,  4-5  mm.  long  and  about  3  mm.  wide,  with  broad  scarious  margin: 
achene  2-2.5  mm.  long  and  2  mm.  wide,  acutely  margined  but  scarcely  at  all 
winged. — Throughout  our  range. 

5.  CYCLOLOMA  Moq. 

An  erect  herbaceous  annual  with  thin  leaves  and  small  flowers  in  inter- 
rupted panicled  spikes.  Flowers  perfect  or  pistillate;  the  urn-shaped  calyx 
with  5  concave  acute  carinate  lobes,  around  the  base  of  which  develops  a  mem- 
branous wing.  Stamens  5.  Styles  3.  Seed  lenticular. 

1.  Cycloloma  atriplicifolium  (Spreng.)  Coult.  Mem.  Torr.  Club  5:  143. 
1894.  More  or  less  arachnoid-pubescent,  becoming  glabrate,  diffusely 
branched,  1-3  dm.  high,  generally  light  green  or  purple-tinged:  leaves  lanceo- 
late, acute,  coarsely  sinuate-toothed,  on  slender  petioles:  calyx  cleft  to  the 
middle,  4  mm.  broad,  including  the  irregular  wing,  wholly  covering  the 
utricle.  C.  platyphyllum  Moq. — Throughout  our  range  in  sandy  soil;  not  com- 
mon. 

6.  KOCHIA  Roth 

Low  plants  from  a  shrubby  base,  with  terete  leaves.  Flowers  solitary  or 
few  in  the  axils,  with  globose,  transversely  winged  perianth,  5  usually  exserted 
stamens,  a  depressed  ovary,  and  2  filiform  styles.  The  pericarp  membranous. 

Glabrate  at  maturity 1.  K.  americana. 

Villous  or  subtomentose          .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .     2.  K.  vestita. 

1.  Kochia  americana  Wats.  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  9:  93.  1874.  Branching  at 
base;  stems  villous-tomentose  or  nearly  glabrous:  flowers  1-3  in  the  axils, 
mostly  with  abortive  stamens:  perianth  densely  white-tomentose,  persistent; 
lobes  of  the  membranous  wing  cuneate-rounded,  nerved  and  somewhat  crenu- 


CHENOPODIACEAE    (GOOSEFOOT  FAMILY)  165 

late:  ovary  tomentose  above  and  seed  horizontal. — Wyoming  and  Colorado 
and  westward. 

2.  Kochia  vestita  (Wats.)  A.  Nels.  Habit  of  the  preceding:  densely  villous 
throughout  and  subtomentose :  ovary  oblong,  nearly  equaling  the  calyx,  very 
pubescent.  (K.  americana  vestita  Wats.  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  9:  93.  1874.) — 
Colorado  to  Nevada. 

Kochia  scoparia  Schrad.  Annual,  pubescent  or  becoming  glabrate;  stem  erect,  slender, 
leafy,  3-8  dm.  tall:  leaves  linear-lanceolate  or  linear,  ciliate,  acuminate,  2-5  cm.  long,  2-4 
mm.  wide,  the  upper  gradually  smaller:  flowers  sessile  in  the  axils  of  the  upper  leaves, 
forming  short  dense  bracted  spikes:  fruiting  calyx-segments  each  with  a  short  triangular 
horizontal  wing. — An  introduction  from  the  old  world;  occasionally  in  our  range. 

7.  SALICORNIA  L.     SAMPHIRE 

Low  fleshy  saline  plants,  mostly  herbaceous,  and  with  jointed  stems,  op- 
posite branches,  and  scale-like  leaves.  Flowers  mostly  perfect,  immersed 
by  threes  in  the  depressions  of  a  close  cylindrical  spike.  Calyx  a  fleshy 
rhomboidal  sac  with  an  anterior  opening,  adherent  by  a  narrow  line  to  the 
rachis.  Stamens  1  or  2,  exserted  in  flower.  Ovary  oblong;  styles  2-3.  Peri- 
carp adherent  to  the  vertical  seed. 

1.  Salicornia  rubra  A.  Nels.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  26:  1899.  Annual 
with  a  strong  taproot,  erect,  pyramidal  in  form,  closely  and  divaricately 
branched  from  base  to  summit,  the  opposite  branches  regularly  at  right 
angles  to  the  preceding  pair  and  gradually  shorter  upward,  the  lower  branches 
themselves  similarly  branched,  rather  stout,  about  3  mm.  in  diameter  when 
green,  joints  about  as  long  as  broad:  scales  short,  approaching  triangular, 
much  wider  than  long,  subacute:  fruiting  spikes  2-4  cm.  long,  very  numerous, 
assuming  a  ruby  red  at  maturity:  middle  flower  higher  than  the  lateral  ones, 
reaching  to  the  summit  of  the  joint:  the  calyx  broadly  ovate,  about  1.5  mm. 
long:  utricle  obscurely  pubescent,  oval,  1  mm.  long.  S.  herbacea. — Strongly 
alkaline  and  saline  shores;  Rocky  Mountain  ponds  and  lakes. 

8.  ATRIPLEX  L.    SALTBUSH.     ORACHB 

Annual  or  perennial,  herbaceous  or  shrubby,  usually  more  or  less  mealy  or 
scurfy-silvery.  Leaves  alternate  or  some  of  them  opposite.  Flowers  monoe- 
cious or  dioecious,  in  axillary  clusters  or  panicled  spikes;  the  staminate  ebrac- 
teate,  and  with  3-5-cleft  perianth;  the  pistillate  without  perianth,  inclosed 
in-a  pair  of  more  or  less  united  compressed  bracts  which  become  enlarged  and 
inclose  the  fruit.  Styles  two;  pericarp  thin  and  membranous;  seed  free  and 
vertical.  For  satisfactory  determination  of  the  species  well-matured  fruiting 
bracts  are  necessary. 

Annuals;  radicle  inferior  or  subascending. 

Fruiting  bracts  very  thin,  broadly  oval    .         .         .         .         .         .       1.  A.  hortensis. 

Fruiting  bracts  triangular-ovate,  herbaceous,  with  free  tips. 

Plant  low  (2-3  dm.),  several  stemmed  from  the  base    ...       2.  A.  subspicata 
Plant  tall  (4-10  dm.),  freely  branching  upward. 

Very  fleshy,  usually  rubescent  and  glabrate      .         .         .  3.  A.  carnpsa. 

Scarcely  fleshy,  somewhat  scurfy,  greenish-gray      .         .  4.  A.  spatiosa. 

Annuals;  radicle  superior. 

Fruiting  bracts  ovate,  small,  2  mm.  long. 

United,  thin,  unappendaged 5.  A.  Suckleyana. 

Margin  free,  truncately  3-toothed 6.  A.  Wolfii. 

Fruiting   bracts    rhombic-orbicular,    or   obovate-truncate,    larger, 

3  mm.  or  more  broad. 
Apex  truncate,  with  3-toothed  margin      .         .         .         .  7.  A.  truncata. 

Indurated  and  sides  appendaged. 

Appendages  more  or  less  herbaceous      .         .         .         .  8.  A.  argent ea. 

Appendages  short  fleshy  processes    .         .         .         .         .         .       9.  A.  philonitra. 

Perennials;  radicle  superior. 

Shrubs:  bracts  margined  or  winged. 

Bracts  suborbicular,  thick  and  scurfy 10.  A.  confertifolia. 

Bracts  broadly  winged 11.  A.  canescens. 

Base  shrubby:  bracts  thickened. 


!()()  CHENOPODIACEAE    (OOOSEFOOT   FAMILY) 

Bracts  indurated,  with  flattened  processes. 

Flattened  vertically .         .  12.  A.  aptera. 

Irregularly  flattened .         .  13.  A.  cuneata. 

Bracts  spongy. 

Sides  appendaged  with  spongy  crests      .....  14.  A.  Nuttallii. 

Sides  rarely  appendaged,  apex  toothed 15.  A.  pabularis. 

1.  Atriplex  hortensis  L.  Sp.  PL  1053.    1753.    An  erect  annual,  somewhat 
branched  above,  fruiting  profusely:  the  bracts  large  and  thin,  broadly  oval  or 
ovate,  mucronate,  united  only  at  the  base. — An  escape  from  cultivation  in 
many  places  in  our  range. 

2.  Atriplex  subspicata  (Wats.)  Rydb.  Fl.  Colo.  117.     1906.    A  scurfy  an- 
nual, low  and  usually  branched  from  the  base,  spreading  or  ascending,  1-3  dm. 
high:  leaves  1-3  cm.  long,  lanceolate,  often  hastately  lobed:  bracts  rather 
small,  thick,  deltoid  or  lanceolate,  acute.     A.  patula  subspicata. — From  the 
Saskatchewan  to  Nebraska. 

3.  Atriplex  carnosa  A.  Nels.  Bot.  Gaz.  34:  361.  1902.    Annual,  stout,  at 
length  widely  and  diffusely  branched,  sometimes  nearly  1  m.  high;  stems 
green,  subglabrous:  leaves  thick  and  fleshy,   oblong-lanceolate  or  broader, 
3-7  cm.  long,  on  petioles  less  than  half  as  long,  mostly  entire,  the  larger  ones 
sub  hastate  or  with  1  or  more  large  teeth  near  the  base:  fruiting  spikes  nu- 
merous, more  or  less  panicled,  at  first  dark  green,  becoming  dark  purple  at 
maturity;  the  large  fleshy  clusters  closely  approximate  in  a  spike  often  1  cm. 
in  diameter:  fruiting  bracts  triangular-ovate,  about  5  mm.  long  and  broad, 
usually  1  or  more  small  teeth  on  the  margins,  smo6th  on  the  back  or  with  1 
or  2  fleshy  tubercles. — Saline  areas;  Colorado  and  Wyoming  and  westward  to 
Utah. 

Atriplex  hastata  L.  Sp.  PI.  1053.  1753.  This  species,  common  on  both  the  Atlantic  and 
Pacific  coasts,  probably  occurs  sparingly  as  an  introduction  on  wet  alkali  soil.  It  may  be 
known  by  its  thin  hastate-triangular  slender-petioled  leaves;  small  clusters  in  interrupted 
slender  spikes;  otherwise  much  like  the  foregoing. 

4.  Atriplex  spatiosa  A.   Nels.   Bot.   Gaz.   34:   360.   1902.     A  large  erect 
annual,   freely  and  divergently  branched,   often  1   m.  high,   greenish-gray, 
minutely  scurfy  throughout:  leaves  ovate,  2-5  cm.  long,  coarsely  and  irreg- 
ularly toothed,  cuneate  at  base,  rarely  subhastate,  nearly  sessile,  acute  at 
apex  with  a  minute  cusp;  the  floral  gradually  reduced,  becoming  lanceolate 
and  bract-like:  monoecious,  androgynous  at  least  above,  the  flowers  in  small 
axillary  clusters   and  in   ebracteate  terminal  spikes:   calyx  deeply   5-cleft: 
fruiting  bracts  small,  rarely  5  mm.  long,  ovate- triangular  or  orbicular,  ap- 
pressed,  free  above,  with  green  border,  hastately  toothed  near  base  or  with 
several  smaller  teeth,   the  back  usually  crested  with  a  semicircle  of  small 
slender  green  appendages. — Waste  grounds,  loose  banks  and  grades;  Utah  and 
Wyoming  to  Colorado  and  Kansas. 

5.  Atriplex  Suckleyana  (Torr.)  Rydb.  Mem.  N.  Y.  Bot.  Card.  1:  134.  1900. 
Erect,  1-2  dm.  high,  somewhat  mealy,  branching  from  the  base:  leaves  thin, 
lanceolate,    sessile,    entire,    acute,    15-20   mm.    long:     sterile   flower-clusters 
arachnoid;  the  calyx  urceolate,  with  inflexed  dorsally  crested  teeth;  pistillate 
flowers  solitary  in  the  lower  axils,  sessile:  fruiting  bracts  ovate,  2  mm.  long, 
membranous,   pubescent:    ovary   surrounded   by   3-4   short   hyaline    sepals. 
(Endolepis  ovata  Rydb.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  30:  248.  1903.) — From  Montana 
through  Wyoming. 

6.  Atriplex  Wolfii  Wats.  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  9:  112.  1874.    Slender,  10-15  cm. 
high,  branching  from  the  base,  scurf y-canescent  and  reddish:  leaves  linear, 
8-12  mm.  long,  acute,  sessile:  flowers  very  small,  in  androgynous  axillary 
clusters:  calyx  deeply  5-cleft:  fruiting  bracts  oblong,  scarcely  more  than  1  mm. 
long,  the  herbaceous  summit  broader  than  the  body,  with  a  quadrilateral 
tooth  on  each  side  and  a  small  acute  tooth  in  the  center. — Alkaline  flats; 
Colorado. 

7.  Atriplex  truncata  (Torr.)  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  8:  398.  1872.    Scurfy- 
canescent,  either  strict  or  freely  and  widely  branched,  2-5  dm.  high  and  often 
as  broad:  leaves  broadly  ovate,  12-30  mm.  long,  truncate  or  cordate  at  base, 
mostly  acute,  sessile  or  the  lower  short-petioled :   spikes  more  or  less  leafy: 


CHENOPODIACEAE    (GOOSEFOOT   FAMILY)  167 

calyx  mostly  3-4-parted:  fruiting  bracts  about  3  mm.  long,  oblong-obovate, 
united  up  to  the  herbaceous  truncately  3-toothed  summit,  the  sides  rarely 
subtuberculate. — Wyoming  to  Oregon. 

8.  Atriplex  argentea  Nutt.  Gen.  1:  198.  1818.     Grayish-scurfy  or  silvery- 
glabrate;  starved  and  young  plants  often  nearly  simple  and  erect  and  only 
1-2   dm.  high;   well-nourished   ones   intricately  and   divaricately  branched, 
subspherical  masses  3-8  dm.  in  diameter:  leaves  deltoid  or  triangular-ovate 
or  subrhombic,  often  subhastate,  2-5  cm.  long:  f Anting  bracts  short-pediceled, 
united  up  to  the  dilated  free  margin  which  extends  nearly  to  the  base;  the 
free  margin  variously  toothed  or  acutely  lobed;  the  sides  irregularly  appen- 
daged  with  herbaceous-tipped  teeth  or  lamellae.     (A.  volutans  A.  Nels.  Bull. 
Torr.  Bot.  Club  25:  203.  1898.)— From  the  Missouri  River  west  to  Oregon 
and  California. 

9.  Atriplex  philonitra  A.  Nels.  Bot.  Gaz.  34:  358.  1902.    Annual,  silvery- 
white,  with  a  dense  scurfiness,  freely  branched  throughout,  widely  spreading 
and  forming  low  tangled  masses,  2-6  dm.  high:  leaves  in  young  plants  from 
broadly  ovate  to  orbicular,  3-nerved,  1-3  cm.  long,  on  petioles  mostly  ex- 
ceeding the  leaves;  in  older  plants  very  numerous,  rhombic-ovate  or  sub- 
cordate,  sessile,  on  the  branches  becoming  acute,  gradually  smaller  and  bract- 
like:  monoecious,  androgynous,  and  also  with  unisexual  clusters,  floriferous 
and  leafy-bracted  throughout,  the  crowded  clusters  at  the  closely  approx- 
imated nodes  of  the  spike-like  branches:  calyx  small,  only  the  tips  of  the 
sepals  free:  anthers  large:  fruiting  bracts  suborbicular,  about  5  mm.  broad, 
barely  united  above  by  the  irregularly  toothed  narrow  margins,  the  backs 
appendaged  by  short  thick  flat  processes. — Saline  plains;  Colorado,  Wyoming, 
and  westward. 

10.  Atriplex  confertifolia  (Torr.)  Wats.  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  9:  119.   1874. 
Densely   appressed-scurfy  diffusely  branched   shrub,   somewhat   spinescent, 
3-12  dm.  high:  leaves  ovate  to  obovate,  5-20  mm.  long,  usually  obtuse  at 
apex  and  with  cuneate  base:  flower-clusters  small,  axillary:  bracts  sessile, 
united  at  the  cuneate  base  around  the  seed  and  broadly  margined  above : 
seed  2  mm.  broad,"  filling  the  cavity. — Alkaline  plains  and  valleys  through- 
out the  Rocky  Mountain  States. 

11.  Atriplex  canescens   (Pursh)   James,   Wats.   Proc.  Am.  Acad.  9:  120. 
1874.    A  rather  rigid  freely  branched  shrub,  4-10  dm.  high:  leaves  ob lanceo- 
late to  narrowly  oblong,  entire,  2-5  cm.  long:  flowers  mostly  dioecious,  in  naked 
panicled  spikes:  calyx  5-cleft:  bracts  at  first  ovate,  becoming  indurated,  ad- 
herent below  to  the  pedicel  of  the  ovary,  bifid  at  apex  and  with  4  distinct 
broadly  dilated  but  variable  wings.    [A.  occidentalis  (Torr.)  Diet.  Syn.  5:  537; 
A.  odontopfiora  Rydb.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  31:  404.  1904.]— Clay  and  marl 
cliffs  and  banks;  Dakota  to  Lower  California. 

12.  Atriplex  aptera  A.  Nels.  Bot.  Gaz.  34:  356.  1902.    Perennial,  from  a 
woody  base,  the  annual  stems  tufted,  decumbent  at  base  or  even  depressed, 
more  or  less  branched,  1-3  dm.  high:  leaves  narrowly  oblong,  2-4  cm.  long, 
5-8  mm.  broad,  mostly  obtuse,  cuneately  narrowed  to  a  subsessile  base:  fruiting 
spikes  paniculate,  crowded,  bracteate ;  the  bracts  linear-lanceolate,  gradually 
reduced  upward  or  wanting:  dioecious,  the  fruiting  bracts  united,  scarcely 
stipitate,  somewhat  indurated,  densely-scurfy,  appendaged  with  3-4  more  or 
less  vertical  rows  of  short  vertically  flattened  processes,  some  of  them  often  ex- 
panded but  scarcely  wing-like. — Alkali  flats;  southern  Wyoming. 

13.  Atriplex  cuneata  A.  Nels.  Bot.  Gaz.  34:  357.  1902.    Perennial,  with 
woody  base,    2-several   dm.   high,  branched   from   the   base,  the  branches 
decumbent:  leaves  numerous,   on  the  erect  branches  of  the  current  year, 
1-4  cm.  long,  entire,  thick  or  semifleshy,  narrowly  to  broadly  elliptic,  obtuse 
at  apex,  cuneately  tapering  into  a  short  petiole:  flowers  dioecious;  the  stami- 
nate  densely  clustered  in  the  upper   leaf -axils  and  in  terminal  spikes;   the 
pistillate  axillary,  1  or  more  in  each  cluster:  fruiting  bracts  united  except  at 
the  tip,  thickened  and  forming  an  ovate  or  subglobose  fruit,  rather  thickly 
covered  with  irregular  rigid  flattened  processes. — Southwestern  Colorado, 
southward  ancj  westward. 


168  CHENOPODIACEAE    (GOOSEFOOT   FAMILY) 

14.  Atriplex  Nuttallii  Wats.  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  9:  116.  1874.     Perennial, 
with  more  or  less  woody  base,  diffusely  branched,  2-5  dm.  high,  greenish  but 
moderately  appressed  scurfy:  leaves  oblong-spatulate  to  narrowly  oblancep- 
late,  entire:  staminate  flowers  in  dense  leafless  spikes;  pistillate  clustered  in 
the  axils  and  in  terminal  spikes:  fruiting  bracts  ovate,    strongly  convex, 
united,   with  toothed   margins  and   irregularly  crested   or  tubercled   sides. 
(A.  oblanceolata  Rydb.  1.  c.^403.) — The  "Great  Plains;"  on  alkali  free  or 
moderately  saline  soil. 

14a.  Atriplex  Nuttallii  corrugata  (Wats.)  A.  Nels.  Lower  and  more  closely 
branched:  leaves  smaller  and  more  crowded:  fruiting  bracts  obovate  and 
smaller.  (A.  corrugata  Wats.  Bot.  Gaz.  16:  345. 1891.) — Arid  plains ;  Colorado. 

15.  Atriplex  pabularis  A.  Nels.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  25:  203.  1898.    Closely 
appressed  white-scurfy,  the  slender  branches  tufted  on  a  lignescent  base,  mostly 
erect,  2-5  dm.  high,  usually  but  slightly  branched:  leaves  oblong  to  almost 
linear,  2-5  cm.  long:  flowers  panicled,  densely  clustered :  fruiting  bracts  united, 
oblong-cuneate,  decidedly  compressed,  4-5  mm.  long,  almost  as  broad  at  the 
3-toothed  summit,  their   sides  not  muricate. — Moist  strongly  alkaline  soil; 
Wyoming  and  south  into  Colorado. 

15a.  Atriplex  pabularis  eremicola  (Osterh.)  A.  Nels.  Base  more  shrubby, 
more  divaricately  branched:  fruiting  bracts  often  broader  and  not  rarely 
with  accessory  teeth  on  the  rounded  summit.  (A.  eremicola  Osterh.  Bull. 
Torr.  Bot.  Club  25:  284.  1898.) — Same  range  as  the  species. 

9.  GRAYIA  H.  &  A. 

Slightly  scurfy  or  mealy  and  often  spiny  undershrubs,  with  entire  alternate 
leaves,  small  flowers  in  axillary  clusters  or  terminal  spikes.  Flowers  dioecious ; 
calyx  mostly  4-parted.  Fruiting  bracts  completely  united,  obcompressed, 
orbicular-flattened,  entire  and  wing-margined,  the  sides  naked  and  somewhat 
reticulate- veined.  Radicle  inferior. 

1.  Grayia   spinosa  (Hook.)   Moq.  in  DC.  Prodr.   132:  119.  1849.     Erect, 
diffusely   branched,    3-8   dm.    high,    the   branchlets   frequently   spinescent: 
leaves  rather  fleshy,  glabrous  or  at  first  with  the  young  branches  somewhat 
mealy,  oblanceolata,  spatulate  or  obovate,  10-25  mm.  long,  obtuse  or  acute, 
narrowed  at  base  and  sometimes  petioled :  staminate  flowers  in  axillary  clusters, 
the  pistillate  mostly  spicate:  fruiting  perianth  5-10  mm.  in  diameter,  sessile, 
smooth,  emarginate,   thin,   white  or  pinkish,  the  seed  usually  central.     G. 
polygaloides  H.  &  A. — Alkaline  soil;  throughout  our  range  and  westward. 

2.  Grayia  Brandegei  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  11:  101.  1876.     Lower  and 
unarmed,  more  mealy:  leaves  linear-spatulate :  fruiting  bracts  smaller,  slightly 
mealy,  retuse  at  base,   sometimes  3- winged,   sessile:   style  short,  included. 
— Southwest  Colorado. 

10.  SUCKLEYA  Gray 

A  nearly  glabrous  annual,  with  branching  prostrate  stems,  and  suborbicular 
leaves  on  long  petioles.  Monoecious,  the  flowers  in  axillary  clusters.  Peri- 
carp naked,  subhastate,  with  crested  margins  and  2-toothed  apex. 

1.  Suckleya  Suckleyana  (Torr.)  Rydb.  Mem.  N.  Y.  Bot.  Gard.  1:  133.  1900. 
Smooth,  or  somewhat  scurfy;  the  stems  prostrate  or  ascending,  2-3  dm.  long: 
leaves  12-25  mm.  long,  on  somewhat  longer  slender  petioles,  acutely  repand- 
dentate:  flowers  in  axillary  clusters,  the  staminate  above:  calyx  parted  to 
the  base:  fruiting  bracts  5-6  mm.  broad,  flattened,  surrounded  by  -a  narrow 
crenate-denticulate  margin:  seed  large,  filling  the  cavity.  S.  petiolaris  Gray. 
— Throughout  our  range  but  rare. 

11.  EUROTIA  Adans. 

Low  pubescent  undershrubs  with  alternate  entire  leaves  and  monoecious 
or  dioecious  flowers  in  small  axillary  and  somewhat  spicate  clusters.  Calyx 


CHENOPODIACEAE    (GOOSEFOOT   FAMILY)  169 

4-parted.  Stamens  with  slender  exserted  filaments.  Styles  2,  somewhat 
hairy,  exserted.  Pericarp  conical,  of  obcompressed  united  densely-hairy 
2-horned  bracts. 

1.  Eurotia  lanata  (Pursh)  Moq.  Enum.Chenop.81.  1840.  White-tomentose 
throughout  with  stellate  hairs  (often  turning  reddish-brown),  at  least  the 
base  shrubby:  leaves  linear  to  narrowly  lanceolate,  with  revolute  margins: 
calyx-lobes  hairy:  fruiting  bracts  lanceolate,  nearly  covered  by  4  dense  spread- 
ing tufts  of  long  silvery- white  hairs. — New  Mexico  to  Oregon  and  Manitoba; 
known  as  WINTER  FAT  or  WHITE  SAGE,  and  valued  as  forage. 

12.  SARCOBATUS  Nees.     GREASEWOOD 

A  subspinescent  rigidly  branched  shrub  with  alternate  linear  fleshy  leaves, 
and  bractless  monoecious  or  dioecious  flowers.  Staminate  flowers  without 
calyx,  in  close  terminal  spikes;  stamens  2-5,  irregularly  arranged  under  a 
stipitate  peltate  scale.  Pistillate  flowers  solitary,  axillary;  the  perianth  ad- 
herent at  the  contracted  somewhat  2-lipped  apex  to  the  base  of  the  stigmas, 
laterally  margined  by  a  narrow  erect  slightly  2-lobed  border,  which  at  length 
becomes  a  broad  circular  horizontal  membranous  veined  wing;  style  lateral, 
terminated  by  two  thick  exserted  unequal  stigmas. 

1.  Sarcobatus  venniculatus  (Hook.)  Torr.  Emory's  Rep.  150.  1848.  Gla- 
brous or  slightly  pubescent  on  young  branches,  with  smooth  white  bark, 
5-25  dm.  high:  leaves  pale  green,  somewhat  3-angled,  2-5  cm.  long:  fruiting 
calyx  coriaceous,  about  5  mm.  long,  the  winged  margin  7-12  mm.  broad. 
— Moist  saline  flats;  throughout  our  range  and  west  to  Nevada. 

13.  SALSOLA  L. 

Ours  an  introduced  saline  annual,  with  fleshy  sessile  subcylindrical  leaves 
and  sessile  solitary  2-bracted  perfect  flowers.  Calyx  5-sepaled,  becoming 
horizontally  5-winged,  inclosing  the  fruit.  Stamens  5.  Stigmas  2.  Fruit  a 
flattened  utricle  enveloping  the  horizontal  seed. 

1.  Salsola  pestifer  A.  Nels.  Bushy-branched,  at  first  soft  and  succulent,  in 
age  rigid,  often  1  m.  broad  and  high:  leaves  and  outer  branches  bright  red  at 
maturity;  the  linear  leaves  becoming  rigid  and  prickle- tipped :  calyx  membra- 
nous, conspicuously  veiny  on  the  wings.  (S.  Tragus  of  Am.  authors,  not  S. 
Tragus  L.) — The  now  widely  distributed  RUSSIAN  THISTLE. 

14.  SUAEDA  Forskal. 

Annuals  or  frutescent  perennials  with  subterete  fleshy  leaves  and  axillary 
clustered  or  solitary  flowers.  Flowers  perfect  or  polygamous,  minutely  bracte- 
olate.  Calyx  5-cleft,  its  lobes  unappendaged  or  more  or  less  strongly  keeled 
or  crested,  or  at  length  somewhat  winged.  Stamens  5.  Seed  compressed, 
the  testa  shining,  black  and  crustaceous. 

Wholly  herbaceous. 

Erect  annuals;  calyx  cleft  to  below  the  middle. 

Calyx  lobes  unappendaged          .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .  1.  S.  diffusa. 

Calyx  lobes  carinate-crested        .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .  2.  S.  erecta. 

Decumbent  perennial  [sometimes  annual  (?)] 3.  S.  depressa. 

Woody-based  perennial     .         .         .         .         ...         .         .         .         .  4.  S.  Moquinii. 

1.  Suaeda  diffusa  Wats.  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  9:  88.  1874.    Smooth  or  more  or 
less  pubescent,  green  or  often  purple,  erect,  diffusely  branching,  3-5  dm.  high: 
leaves  subterete,   1-4  cm.  long;  the  floral  ones  similar  but  shorter,  usually 
rather  distant  on  the  branchlets:  clusters  2-4-flowered:  calyx  cleft  below  the 
middle,  fleshy  but  not  carinate. — From  the  upper  Missouri  to  Mexico. 

2.  Suaeda  erecta  (Wats.)  A.  Nels.    Erect  with  ascending  branches,  3-6  dm. 
Jiigh:  leaves  smooth,  linear,  broadest  at  base,  1-3  cm.  long;  the  floral  shorter, 


170         AMARANTHACEAE  (AMARANTH  FAMILY) 

linear-subulate:  calyx-lobes  carinate-crested:  seed  1  mm.  broad,  lightly  retic- 
ulated. Suaeda  depressa  erecta  Wats.  (Dondia  erecta  A.  Nels.  Bot.  Gaz.  34:  364. 
1902.) — Strongly  alkaline  soil;  from  the  Dakotas  to  southern  California. 

3.  Suaeda  depressa  (Pursh)  Wats.  1.  c.  89.      Perennial  from  a  deep-set 
slender  root  or  more  rarely  annual;  branched  from  the  base,  the  branches 
decumbent  or  ascending,  3-^  dm.  high:  leaves  linear,  1-3  cm.  long,  broadest 
at  base,  the  uppermost  shorter,  and  broader,  becoming  ovate:  one  or  more 
of  the  calyx-lobes  keeled  in  fruit:  seed  dull,  minutely  reticulated. — Saline  soil; 
throughout  the  Rocky  Mountain  States. 

4.  Suaeda  Moquinii  (Torr.)  A.  Nels.     Perennial  from  a  woody  base,  with 
erect  herbaceous  branches,  3-7  dm.  high:  leaves  linear,  subterete,  1-4  cm. 
long;  the  floral  similar:  calyx  rather  large,  deeply  cleft:  seed  finely  tuberculate. 
Suaeda  Torreyana  Wats.    (Dondia  Moquina  A.  Nels.  1.  c.  363.) — From  Colorado 
and  Wyoming  to  California. 

38.  AMARANTHACEAE  J.  St.  Hil.    AMARANTH  FAMILY 

Ours  annuals  with  simple  mostly  entire  leaves  destitute  of  stipules.  Flow- 
ers small,  perfect  or  unisexual,  solitary  or  clustered,  usually  subtended  by 
scarious  bracts  (mostly  3).  Perianth  of  2-5  either  herbaceous  or  scarious 
segments  (sepals)  which  are  distinct  or  united  at  the  base.  Stamens  as  many 
as  the  sepals,  or  rarely  fewer.  Ovary  1-celled,  1-ovuled,  utricular  in  fruit. 
Seed  mostly  smooth;  the  embryo  annular. 

Anthers  2-celled;  leaves  alternate. 

Flowers  monoecious  or  dioecious,  all  with  3-5  sepals    .         .         .         .1.  Amaranthus. 

Flowers  dioecious;  calyx  wanting  in  the  fertile  flowers    .         .         .         .2.  Acnida. 
Anthers  1-celled;  flowers  perfect;  leaves  mostly  opposite. 

Leaves  sessile;  flowers  spicate      ........     3.  Froelichia. 

Leaves  petiolate;  flowers  axillary 4.  Cladothrix. 

1.  AMARANTHUS  L.     AMARANTH 

More  or  less  branched  annuals,  either  glabrous  or  pubescent,  with  thin 
veiny  pinnately-veined  petioled  leaves.  Flowers  small,  monoecious,  polyg- 
amous, or  dioecious,  green  or  purplish,  in  axillary  or  spiked  clusters  of  spike- 
lets.  Staminate  flowers  usually  mingled  with  the  more  numerous  pistillate 
ones.  Sepals  2-5,  distinct  or  united  at  the  base.  Utricle  ovate  or  oblong, 
2-3-beaked,  usually  circumscissile.  Nearly  all  the  species  are  troublesome 
weeds,  many  of  them  introduced. 

Utricle  circumscissile,  the  top  coming  off  as  a  lid. 
Flowers  in  dense  spikes,  mostly  terminal;  stamens  5. 
Plants  pubescent,  at  least  upward. 

Spikes  thick,  erect        .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .1.  A.  retroflexus. 

Spikes  slender,  panicled      .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .     2.  A.  hybridus. 

Plant  glabrous,  or  nearly  so. 

Spine-bearing  in  the  leaf-axils     .         .         .         .         .         .         .     3.  A.  spinosus. 

Not  spine-bearing         .          .          .          .          .          .          .          .          .     4.  A.  Powellii. 

Flowers  in  small  axillary  clusters  or  spikes;  stamens  3. 

Plant  erect  but  bushy-branched     .         .         .         .         .         .         .     5.  A.  graecizans. 

Plant  prostrate  matted    .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .     6.  A.  blitoides. 

Utricle  indehiscent,  falling  away  inclosed  in  the  perianth. 

Bracts  not  exceeding  the  sepals 7.  A.  Torreyi. 

Bracts  twice  as  long  as  the  sepals      .         .         .         .         .         .         .     8.  A.  Palmeri. 

1.  Amaranthus  retroflexus  L.  Sp.  PI.  991.  1753.  Roughish  and  more  or 
less  pubescent;  stems  erect,  stout,  3-12  dm.  high,  more  or  less  branched: 
leaves  ovate  to  rhombic-ovate,  dull  green,  with  undulate  margins,  5-10  cm. 
long,  cuneately  narrowed  at  base  and  often  decurrent  on  the  long  petiole: 
flowers  green,  monoecious,  in  stoirt  thick  crowded  erect  spikes;  the  bracts 
lanceolate  and  attenuate  to  a  rigid  awn,  twice  as  long  as  the  scarious  sepals: 
utricle  scarcely  equaling  the  sepals,  slightly  wrinkled. — Now  common  as  a 
weed  everywhere. 


AMARANTHACEAE  (AMARANTH  FAMILY)          171 

2.  Amaranthus  hybridus  L.  Sp.  PI.  990.    1753.    Very  similar,  but  slender 
and  with  smaller  leaves,  darker  green  or  purplish:  spikes  linear-cylindric, 
axillary  and   forming  crowded  terminal  panicles,   ascending  or   somewhat 
spreading  or  drooping:  sepals  oblong,  acute  or  cuspidate. — Like  the  preceding, 
naturalized  from  tropical  America  and  now  widely  distributed. 

3.  Amaranthus   spinosus  L.  Sp.  PL  991.    1753.     Stem  stout  and  rigid, 
freely  branched,  3-10  dm.  high:  leaves  ovate  to  lanceolate,  tipped  with  the 
excurrent  midrib  and  bearing  a  pair  of  rigid  stipular  spines  in  the  axils:  flow- 
ers in  terminal  spikes  and  axillary  clusters :  the  subulate  bracts,  1-nerved  se- 
pals, and  the  thin  imperfectly  circumscissile  utricle  subequal. — Infrequent 
weed  in  our  range. 

4.  Amaranthus  Powellii  Wats.  Am.  Acad.  10:  347.  1875.    Glabrous,  erect 
and  slender,  with  ascending  branches  and  spikes,  reddish,  5-8  dm.  high  or 
more:  leaves  thin,  2-several  cm.  long,  oblong  to  narrowly  lanceolate,  on  slen- 
der petioles:  terminal  compound  spike  erect,  narrow  and  somewhat  leafy; 
bracts  solitary,  subulate,  rigid,  pungent:  utricle  equaling  the  oblong  obtuse 
sepals:   seed  orbicular,  1  mm.  broad.     (A.  Wrightii  Wats.  1.  c.  12:  275.)— 
Colorado,  in  the  Arkansas  Valley. 

5.  Amaranthus  graecizans  L.  Sp.  PI.  990.    1753.    A  pale  glabrous  annual, 
with  whitish  stems;  diffusely  branched  from  the  base:  leaves  oblong-spatulate 

'  to  obovate,  obtuse  or  retuse:  flowers  polygamous  in  small  axillary  clusters; 
bracts  subulate,  rigid,  pungently  awned,  the  lateral  ones  much  smaller  or 
wanting:  utricle  rugose,  exceeding  the  3  membranous  sepals:  seed  less  than 
1  mm.  broad.  A.  albus  L. — Known  as  TUMBLEWEED,  since  it  is  freely  up- 
rooted when  mature  and  driven  about  on  the  plains  by  the  wind. 

6.  Amaranthus  blitoides  Wats.  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  12:  273.  1876.    Branched 
from  the  base;  the  branches  prostrate,  forming  mats:  leaves  small,  5-20  mm. 
long,  obovate-spatulate,  tapering  into  the  slender  petiole:  spikelets  short; 
bracts  ovate-oblong,  short-acuminate,  nearly  equal:  utricle  not  rugose:  seed 
about   1  mm.  broad. — A  very  troublesome  weed  in  waste  and   cultivated 
ground. 

7.  Amaranthus  Torreyi  (Gray)  Benth.,  Wats.  Bot.  Cal.  2:  42.  1880.    Gla- 
brous, erect,  with  grooved  stem,   3-8  dm.  high:  leaves  mostly  lanceolate, 
narrowed  to  an  obtuse  apex:  flowers  either  monoecious  or  dioecious,  in  slen- 
der terminal  spikes  and  in  axillary  clusters :  sepals  of  the  sterile  flowers  oblong- 
lanceolate,  acute;  the  fertile  obovate-spatulate,  entire,  retuse  or  emarginate, 
deciduous  with  the  indehiscent  utricle:  bracts  cuspidate,  scarcely  equaling 
the  fruit. — Colorado  and  southward. 

8.  Amaranthus  Palmeri  Wats.  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  12:  274.  1876.    Somewhat 
pubescent  above,  stout,  branching,  5-8  dm.  high:  leaves  oblong-rhomboid, 
3-5  cm.  long,  equaled  by  the  petiole,  the  upper  reduced  and  narrow:  spikes 
elongated-linear,  leafy  at  base;  bracts  solitary,  rigid,  narrowed  into  an  awn: 
flowers  dioecious:  sepals  5,  spatulate,  half  as  long  as  the  bracts:  utricle  dry, 
indehiscent. — Rare  in  our  range;  to  be  expected  in  southern  Colorado. 

2.  ACNIDA  L.     WATER  HEMP 

Ours  an  annual  glabrous  herb,  with  alternate  petioled  pinnately- veined 
long-petioled  leaves.  Flowers  dioecious,  small,  green,  3-bracted,  in  elongated 
spikes.  Staminate  flowers  of  5  thin  oblong  and  mucronate  sepals,  longer  than 
the  bracts,  and  as  many  stamens  with  oblong  anthers;  the  cells  of  the  latter 
united  only  at  the  middle.  Pistillate  flowers  with  lance-subulate  bracts  longer 
than  the  ovary;  the  calyx  wanting.  Fruit  a  thin  membranous  utricle,  smooth 
and  even.  Seed  erect,  smooth  and  shining. 

1.  Acnida  tamariscina  (Nutt.)  Gray,  Am.  Nat.  10:  489.  1876.  Tall  and 
erect,  with  slender  flexuous  branches,  often  1  or  2  m.  high:  flowers  in  elongated 
panicled  spikes:  utricle  indehiscent,  ovoid,  somewhat  tubercled:  stigmas  very 
long,  divergent,  plumose-hispid.  A.  tuberculata. — Low  wet  sandy  shores; 
rare  in  our  range;  Colorado  and  southeastward. 


172  NYCT  AGIN  ACE  AE    (FOUR-O'CLOCK   FAMILY) 

3.  FROELICHIA  Moench 

Erect  woolly  or  silky  annuals,  with  narrow  opposite  leaves,  perfect  3-bracted 
flowers  in  panicled  spikes.  Calyx  tubular,  5-cleft  at  the  summit,  2-5-crested 
on  the  tube  or  sometimes  tuberculate  in  fruit.  Stamens  5,  the  united  fila- 
ments forming  a  tube  5-cleft  at  summit  and  bearing  the  1-celled  anthers  be- 
tween the  lobes.  Ovary  ovoid;  the  utricle  indehiscent  and  inclosed  in  the 
stamen-tube. 

Spikes  all  opposite 1.  F.  floridana. 

Spikes  alternate,  at  least  in  part         ........     2.  F.  gracilis. 

1.  Froelichia  floridana  (Nutt.)  Moq.  in  DC.  Prodr.  132:  420.  1849.    Stout, 
Euberect,   with  slender  branches,   3-5  dm.  high:   leaves  from  oblanceolate 
below  to  linear  on  the  pedunculate   stem:   spikes  opposite:    fruiting  calyx 
vertically  wing-crested. — From  Colorado  to  Texas  and  Florida. 

2.  Froelichia  gracilis  Moq.  in  DC.  Prodr.   132:  420.  1849.      Similar  but 
smaller  and  slenderer:  leaves  linear  or  the  lower  spatulate  and  subpetioled: 
spikes  (at  least  some  of  them)  alternate:  fruiting  calyx  with  vertical  rows 
of  tubercles  or  these  confluent  into  crests. — Colorado  to  Kansas  and  Texas. 

4.  CLADOTHRIX  Nutt. 

Low  annual,  or  erect  and  woody  at  base,  with  small  rounded  entire  petiolate 
leaves.  Flowers  3-bracted;  bracts  concave,  hyaline.  Perianth  of  5  erect  equal 
oblong  rigid-scarious  sepals,  somewhat  pilose  with  verticillately  branched 
hairs.  Anthers  large,  oblong.  Utricle  ovate-globose,  indehiscent. 

1.  Cladothrix  lanuginosa  Nutt.  Moq.  in  DC.  Prodr.  132:  360.  1849.  Pros- 
trate or  ascending,  diffusely  branched:  leaves  round-obovate  to  rhomboidal, 
more  or  less  attenuate  at  base,  often  in  threes:  flowers  mostly  in  pairs:  sepals 
twice  longer  than  the  broader  hairy-tipped  bracts. — From  S.  California  east- 
ward through  S.  Colorado  to  Arkansas  and  Texas. 


39.  NYCTAGINACEAE  Lindl.     FOUR-O'CLOCK  FAMILY 

Herbs,  with  stems  more  or  less  swollen  at  the  joints  and  mostly  opposite 
entire  leaves.  Calyx  tubular  or  funnelform,  4-5-lobed,  usually  delicate  in 
texture  and  more  or  less  colored  like  a  corolla,  its  persistent  base  constricted 
above  the  1-celled,  1-seeded  ovary  and  becoming  indurated  into  a  nut-like 
pericarp.  Corolla  wanting.  Flowers  umbellately  clustered  and  subtended 
by  an  involucre  (in  our  genera).  Stamens  few,  slender.  Fruit  grooved, 
ribbed  or  winged. — (Allioniaceae.) 

Involucral  bracts  more  or  less  united. 

Involucre  unchanged  in  fruit     .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .1.  Mirabilis. 

Involucre  accrescent  and  veined  in  fruit. 

Involucre  5-lobed .         .         .2.  Allionia. 

Involucre  3-lobed 3.  Wedelia. 

Involucral  bracts  distinct      ..........     4.  Abronia. 

1.  MIRABILIS  L.     FOUR-O'CLOCK 

Perennial  herbs  with  opposite  leaves  nearly  equal  in  the  pairs.  Peduncles 
solitary  in  the  axils  or  paniculate.  Involucre  calyx-like,  5-lobed,  not  changed 
in  fruit,  3-6-flowered.  Perianth  tubular-funnelform.  Stamens  as  long  as  the 
perianth;  the  filaments  united  at  the  base.  Stigma  capitate,  granulate. 
Fruit  globose  to  ovate-oblong,  smooth  or  only  slightly  ribbed  or  furrowed. 
— (Includes  Allioniella  Rydb.) 

Inflorescence  glabrate        .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .1.  M.  multiflora. 

Inflorescence  very  glandular  pubescent 2.  M.  oxybaphoides. 


NYCTAGINACEAE    (FOUR-O'CLOCK   FAMILY)  173 

1.  Mirabilis  multiflora  (Torr.)  Gray,  Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  173.    1859.    Some- 
what pubescent  but  not  glandular,  widely  branched,  3-6  dm.  high:   leaves 
broadly  ovate  or  deltoid,  3-7  cm.  long,  mostly  rounded  at  base,  on  petioles 
much  shorter  than  the  blades:  involucres  usually  6-flowered:  perianth  tubular- 
funnelform,  3-5  cm.  long,  pale  rose  to  purple,  the  ovate  lobes  shorter  than  the 
somewhat  greenish  tube:  fruit  6-8  mm.  long,  obtuse,  slightly  ribbed  below. 
Quamoclidion  multiflorum  Torr. — Colorado  to  Texas  and  California. 

2.  Mirabilis  oxybaphoides  Gray,  1.  c.   -Stems  procumbent,  diffuse,  slender: 
leaves  all  deeply  cordate,  on  rather  long  petioles,  lowest  reniform,  upper  ones 
acuminate,  often  subangled:  involucre  3-flowered,  deeply  5-cleft,  very  viscid- 
glandular  as  is  also  the  peduncles  in  the  loose  panicle;  lobes  ovate,  rather 
acute,  a  little  shorter  than  the  campanulate  perianth:  stamens  3:  fruit  sub- 
globose-obovoid,  glabrous,  destitute  of  ribs  or  angles,  blackish.     (Allioniella 
oxybaphoides  Rydb.) — Colorado  to  Texas  and  California. 

2.  ALLIONIA  Loefl. 

Herbs,  simple-stemmed  or  dichotomously  branched,  with  opposite  leaves 
and  flowers  in  terminal  panicles.  Involucres  mostly  5-lobed,  3-5-flowered, 
becoming  enlarged  and  reticulate- veined  in  fruit.  Perianth  campanulate. 
Stamens  usually  3,  sometimes  5.  Fruit  obovoid  or  clavate,  strongly  ribbed, 
pubescent  in  our  species. — Oxybaphus  in  part. 

Stems  more  or  less  hirsute  from  base  to  summit. 

Leaves  also  hirsute    .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .  1 .  A.  hirsuta. 

Leaves  glabrous  or  nearly  so .         .         .  2.  A.  pilosa. 

Stems  glabrous  below,  more  or  less  viscid-puberulent  upward. 

Leaves  ovate  or  cordate 3.  A.  nyctaginea. 

Leaves  lanceolate  to  linear. 

Perianth-lobes  4,  deeply  bifid       .         .         .         .         .         .         .  4.  A.  glandulifera. 

Perianth-lobes  4-5,  entire  (?). 

Branched  from  the  base;  the  stems  diffuse         .         .         .         .  5.  A.  diffusa. 

Mostly  simple  and  erect. 

All  the  leaves  linear 6.  A.  linearis. 

Some  of  the  leaves  broadly  lanceolate          .         .         .         .  7.  A.  lanceolata. 

1.  Allionia  hirsuta  Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  2:  728.  1814.     Rather  roughly 
hirsute  or  pilose  throughout,  with  jointed  hairs,  2-5  dm.  high:  leaves  from 
broadly  to  narrowly  lanceolate  or  oblong,  sessile  or  the  lowest  short-petioled : 
inflorescence  rather  short:  involucre  pubescent:  stamens  3  or  5:  fruit  narrowly 
ovoid,  with  obtuse  ribs,  pubescent.     Oxybaphus  hirsutus. — Minnesota,  west- 
ward and  southward  to  Colorado. 

la.  Allionia  hirsuta  aggregata  (Ortega)  A.  Nels.  A  reduced  form  with  the 
involucres  solitary  in  the  axils  of  the  upper  leaves.  See  the  analogous  forms 
2a  and  6a  below.  (Calyxhymenia  aggregata  Ortega,  Nov.  or  Rar.  PI.  8:  pi.  11. 
1798.) — Wyoming  to  the  Dakotas. 

2.  Allionia   pilosa   (Nutt.)   Rydb.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  29:   690.   1902. 
Resembling  the  preceding,  but  the  stem  less  hirsute,  often  glabrate  except 
below  the  nodes:  leaves  glabrate  or  finely  hirsute,  lanceolate  or  narrower, 
narrowed  but  blunt  at  apex,  sessile  or  nearly  so :  involucral  lobes  acute :  calyx 
white,  1  cm.  broad :  fruit  obovoid,  5-ribbed  and  transversely  rugose. — Same 
range  as  the  preceding  and  farther  south. 

2a.  Allionia  pilosa  decumbens  (Nutt.)  A.  Nels.  Stems  low,  with  decum- 
bent base:  leaves  narrower  and  glabrate:  the  inflorescence  reduced  to  invo- 
lucres solitary  in  uppermost  axils.  Calymenia  decumbens  Nutt.  Gen.  1:  26. 
1818. — The  upper  Missouri  region  and  said  to  extend  to  Mexico. 

3.  Allionia  nyctaginea  Michx.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  1:  100.  1803.    Stems  somewhat 
4-angled,  nearly  glabrous,  4-8  dm.  high:  leaves  broadly  ovate,  acute  with  cor- 
date or  rounded  base,  4-8  cm.  long,  petioled,  glabrous  or  glabrate:  inflores- 
cence more  or  less  pubescent:  perianth  red:  stamens  and  style  exserted:  fruit 
oblong,   pubescent.     Oxybaphus   nyctaginea.     [Allionia  floribunda   (Choisy) 
Kuntze,  Rev.  Gen.  553.     1891.] — New  Mexico  to  Wyoming  and  far  to  the 
eastward. 


174  NYCTAGINACEAE    (FOUR  O'CLOCK  FAMILY) 

4.  Allionia  glandulifera  A.  Nels.'Bot.  Gaz.  34:  364.  1902.     Erect,  simple 
or  branched  perennial;  stems  minutely  striate,  white,  glabrous  and  shining 
below,  greener  upward,  3-5  dm.  high:  leaves  linear  to  lanceolate,  glabrous  or 
the  uppermost  viscid-pubescent:  inflorescence  a  freely  branched  cyme,  nearly 
naked,  usually  densely  viscid  or  glandular-pubescent:  involucre  about  1  cm. 
broad,  with  elliptic-ovate  subacute  bracts:  calyx  white  or  pinkish,  broadly 
funnelform,  7-10  mm.  long;  its  limb  deeply  4-lobed,  each  lobe  bifid,  giving 
8  subequal  obtuse  elliptic  segments:. fruits  ribbed  and  pubescent. — Through- 
out the  central  Rocky  Mountains. 

5.  Allionia  diffusa  Heller,  Minn.  Bot.  Stud.  2:  33.  1898.    Branched  from 
the  base  and  diffusely  spreading:  stems  whitened  and  glabrous  below,  the 
middle  part   often  marked   with  hairy  lines,    the  inflorescence   glandular- 
pubescent:  leaves  lanceolate  to  linear:  involucres  in  close  terminal  cymes,  with 
triangular-lanceolate  lobes:   calyx  rose-color,   its  lobes  broadly  obovate. — 
Said  to  occur  from  N.  Dakota  to  Kansas  and  Arizona. 

6.  Allionia  linearis  Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  2:  728.  1814.     Glabrous  except 
for  a  glandular-puberulence  above;  stems  slender,  erect,  3-6  dm.  high:  leaves 
linear,  thick,  3-9  cm.  long:  involucral  lobes  broadly  ovate,  obtuse:  calyx 
campanulate,  purple,  with  ovate  lobes:  stamens  and  style  exserted  as  is  also 
the  case  in  the  two  preceding  species:  fruit  oblong-ovoid,  ribbed  and  tuber- 
culate,  pubescent.     Oxybaphus  angustifolius.  •    (A.  divaricata  Rydb.  1.  c.) — 
From  the  base  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  eastward  into  the  plains  and  south 
to  Texas. 

6a.  Allionia  linearis  Bodinii  (Holz.)  A.  Nels.  A  low  form  with  reduced 
inflorescence,  the  lower  involucres  often  solitary  in  the  axils.  Oxybaphus 
Bodinii  Holz.  Contrib.  U.  S.  Nat.  Herb.  1:  287.  1893. — From  Wyoming  to 
New  Mexico. 

7.  Allionia  lanceolata  Rydb.  1.  c.  691.     1902.     A  branched  perennial; 
stems  erect  or  ascending,  glabrous  below,  viscid-pubescent  with  short  hairs, 
4-15  dm.  high:  lower  leaves  short-petioled,  the  upper  sessile ;  blades  lanceolate 
or  ovate-lanceolate  to  almost  linear,  3-10  cm.  long,  very  thick,  obtuse  or 
blunt  at  the  apex:  involucres  numerous,  in  terminal  cymes,  1-1.5  cm.  wide, 
lobes  rounded-ovate,  sometimes  acutish:  perianth  pink,  about  10  mm.  broad: 
fruit  obovoid,  4.5-5  mm.  long,  with  usually  4-5  broad  ribs  and  finely  tuber- 
culate  faces.     (A.  sessilifolia  Osterh.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  32:  611.  1905.) 
— Minnesota  to  Colorado  and  Texas. 


3.  WEDELIA  Loeff. 

Annual  or  perennial  herbs,  with  opposite  very  unequal  leaves,  and  axillary 
pedunculate  flowers.  Perianth  with  an  oblique  4-  or  5-lobed  limb.  Fruit 
ovate,  compressed,  smooth  and  convex  on  the  inner  side. 

1.  Wedelia  incarnata  (L.)  Kuntze,  Rev.  Gen.  PL  533.  1892.  Stems  slen- 
der, branching,  prostrate;  pubescence  viscid,  short  or  floccose:  leaves  ovate: 
lobes  of  the  involucre  concave:  calyx  rose-colored  or  white:  fruit  with  a 
double  line  of  tubercles  on  the  back,  surrounded  by  a  rigid  winged  margin, 
toothed  and  inflexed:  stamens  3.  Allionia  incarnata. — -Southern  Colorado 
to  Texas  and  California. 

4.  ABRONIA  Juss. 

Often  prostrate,  and  usually  more  or  less  viscid-pubescent,  with  thick  op- 
posite unequal  leaves,  and  elongated  axillary  and  terminal  peduncles;  flowers 
usually  very  fragrant  and  showy.  Tube  of  the  perianth  elongated,  and  the 
limb  of  5  (or  4)  obcordate  or  emarginate  segments.  Stamens  unequal,  ad- 
nate  to  the  tube.  Fruit  coriaceous  or  indurated,  1-5-winged,  mostly  retic- 
ulately  veined,  inclosing  a  smooth  cylindrical  achene. — (Includes  Tripterocalyx 
Hook.) 


NYCT  AGIN  ACE  AE  (FOUR-O'CLOCK  FAMILY)        175 

Perennials;  fruit  coriaceous,  the  narrow  wings  not  encircling  the  fruit. 
Flowers  white,  2-3  cm.  long. 

Leaves  glabrous;  fruit-wings  narrow      .         .         .         .         .  1.  A.  fragrans. 

Leaves  puberulent;  fruit-wings  broad     .         .         .         .         .         .     2.  A.  salsa. 

Flowers  greenish,  2  cm.  or  less  long. 

Involucral  bracts  4-5  mm.  long;  fruit  biturbinate    .          .          ...     3.  A.  ammophila. 

Involucral  bracts  7-15  mm.  long;  fruit  turbinate    .         .         .         .4.  A.  elliptica. 
Annuals;  wings  of  fruit  broad,  orbicular,  net-veined. 

Wings  of  fruit  double;  terminating  above  in  disks     .         .         .         .     5.  A.  Carletonii. 
Wings  of  fruit  single;  ^completely encircling  it. 

.     7.  A.  cycloptera. 


Prostrate;  wings  of  fruit  emarginate         .         .         .         .         .         .     6.  A.  micrantha. 

Erect;  wings  of  fruit  entire     ....... 


1.  Abronia  fragrans  Nutt.  Hook.  Kew  Journ.  Bot.  5:  261.  1853.     From 
nearly  glabrous  and  somewhat  glaucous  to  moderately  white-hirsute  and 
viscid;   perennial,  with  branched  ascending  or  erect  stems,  2-6  dm.  high: 
leaves  from  oval  to  oblong-elliptic,  obtuse,  the  base  rounded  or  cuneate, 
3-7  cm.  long:  involucral  bracts  ovate-oblong  or  obovate,  1-2  cm.  long:  flowers 
very  numerous,  white,  2-3  cm.  long:  fruit  coriaceous,  with  2-5  narrow  wings. — 
From  Montana  to  New  Mexico  and  eastward  to  the  Missouri. 

la.  Abronia  fragrans  glaucescens  A.  Nels.  Bot.  Gaz.  34:  364.  1902.  Stems 
glabrous  at  least  below,  slightly  puberulent  and  viscid  toward  the  inflores- 
cence: leaves  glabrous,  pale  green  above  and  more  or  less  glaucous  beneath: 
fruit  terminating  in  a  conical  beak  one  third  as  long  as  the  narrowly  winged 
obconical  body. — Northern  Colorado  to  Montana  and  westward  to  Oregon. 

2.  Abronia  salsa  Rydb.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  29:  684.  1902.    Resembling 
the  preceding,  but  densely  viscid-pubescent  especially  above,  and  with  very 
evident  puberulence  on  the  oval  or  elliptic  leaves:  bracts  rounded  obovate, 
15  mm.  long:  flowers  many,  2  cm.  long;  the  limb  4  mm.  broad:  fruit  cuneate- 
obpyramidal,  8  mm.  long,  6  mm.  broad  including  the  rather  thick  wing. 
(A.fallax  Heimerl,  Rydb.  1.  c.) — Western  Colorado  and  Utah. 

3.  Abronia  ammophila  Greene,  Pitt.  4:  226.  1900.     Glandularrpuberulent 
throughout:  stems  decumbent  or  prostrate,   2-4  dm.  long:  leaves  oblong- 
elliptic,  obtuse:  involucral  bracts  membranous,  oblong,  acute,  4-5  mm.  long: 
flowers  numerous,  greenish  or  ochroleucous:  fruit  tapering  to  both  ends,  with 
about  5  low  and  rounded  crests,  densely  glandular-pubescent.     (A.  pumila 
Rydb.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  29:  683.  1902.) — On  the  sandy  beaches  of  Yel- 
lowstone Lake. 

4.  Abronia  elliptica  A.  Nels.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  26:  7.  1900.    Glabrous 
except  for  a  minute  viscid  puberulence  upon  the  stems  and  inflorescence; 
stems  decumbent  at  base,  assurgent-erect,  1-3  cm.  long:  leaves  elliptic  or 
ovate,   obtuse,   the  base  rounded  or  subcordate:  involucral   bracts  mostly 
obovate,  obtuse  or  acutish,  7-15  mm.  long:  flowers  greenish-white,  numerous, 
15-20  mm.  long:  fruit  obscurely  pubescent,  turbinate;  wings  usually  5,  narrow, 
with  rounded  obtuse  summits.     (A.  Bakeri  Greene,  PL  Baker.  3:  32.  1901; 
A.  glabra  Rydb.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  29:  685.  1902.) — Desert  areas;  Wyom- 
ing and  northern  Colorado  and  Utah. 

5.  Abronia  Carletonii  Coult.  &  Fish.  Bot.  Gaz.  17:  349.  1892.    Stems  pro- 
cumbent, slender,  whitish,  minutely  glandular,  2.5-4  dm.  long:  leaves  very 
thick,  linear-oblong  or  oblong-ovate,  with  cuneate  base  and  revolute  mar- 
gins: peduncles  very  slender,  as  long  as  the  leaves:  involucral  bracts  5,  rose- 
color,  oblong-lanceolate,   attenuate  or  cuspidate,   6  mm.  long:  flowers  nu- 
merous: perianth  rose-color,  with  obcordate  lobes:  fruit  longer  than  broad, 
scarcely  coriaceous,  with  the  5  wings  coarsely  reticulated  and  terminating 
above  in  disks. — Eastern  Colorado. 

6.  Abronia  micrantha  (Torr.)  Chois.  in  DC.  Prodr.  132:  436.  1849.    Annual, 
prostrate:  peduncles  shorter  than  the  petioles:  flowers  small  and  inconspicu- 
ous, reddish-green,  the  limb  scarcely  4  mm.  broad:  fruit  with  3  thin  wings, 
emarginate  above  and  below,  the  body  rather  broad  and  with  a  light  spongy 
exterior. — On  sandy  plains;  Montana  to  New  Mexico. 

7.  Abronia  cycloptera  Gray,  Am.  Journ.  Sci.  II.  15:  319.  1853.    Annual, 
stouter:  flowers  large  and  showy,  upon  elongated  peduncles:  fruit  with  firmer 
and  more  prominently  veined  wings,  emarginate  at  neither  end,  the  firm 


176  PORTULACACEAE    (PURSLANE   FAMILY) 

smooth  narrow  body  usually  3-nerved.    (A.carnea  Greene,  Pitt.  3:  343.  1898.) 
—Southern  Colorado,  New  Mexico,  and  Texas. 

40.  AIZOACEAE  A.  Br.    CARPET  WEED  FAMILY 

A  miscellaneous  group,  chiefly  of  fleshy  or  succulent  plants,  with  mostly 
opposite  leaves  and  no  stipules;  differing  from  Caryophyllaceae  and  Portula- 
caceae  by  having  distinct  partitions  to  the  ovary  and  capsule.  Stamens  some- 
times numerous,  as  in  Cactaceae.  Petals  wanting  in  ours. — Ficoideae. 

Fleshy  plants;  capsules  circumscissile  .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .1.  Sesuvium. 

Plants  not  fleshy;  capsule  valvate 2.  Mollugo. 

1.  SESUVIUM  L. '  SEA  PURSLANE 

Smooth  branching  mostly  prostrate  herbs.  Leaves  opposite,  linear  to  spat- 
ulate,  entire.  Flowers  axillary  and  terminal,  solitary  or  clustered.  Calyx- 
tube  turbinate;  the  lobes  apiculate  on  the  back  near  the  top,  membranously 
margined.  Styles  3-5.  Capsule  ovate-oblong. 

1.  Sesuvium  sessile  Pers.  Syn.  2:  39.  1805.  Erect  and  dichotomously 
branched;  stems  smooth  or  nearly  so:  leaves  linear-oblong  to  spatulate,  sub- 
acute  or  obtuse,  2-4  cm.  long:  flowers  sessile,  6-10  mm.  long:  sepals  horned 
on  the  back  near  the  apex:  stamens  many.  S.  Portulacastrum. — On  saline 
plains;  southern  Colorado  and  throughout  the  southwest. 

2.  MOLLUGO  L.     CARPET  WEED 

Low  and  much  branched,  glabrous  annuals.  Leaves  spatulate  to  linear- 
oblanceolate,  entire,  opposite  and  apparently  verticillate.  Flowers  mostly  on 
long  pedicels,  axillary.  Stamens  hypogynous.  Styles  3.  Seeds  longitudi- 
nally sulcate  on  the  back. 

1.  Mollugo  verticillata  L.  Sp.  PL  89.  1753.  Prostrate-spreading,  gla- 
brous, not  fleshy:  leaves  5-6  in  each  verticil,  obtuse:  pedicels  umbellately 
fascicled  at  the  nodes:  capsule  oblong-ovoid:  seeds  shining. — Colorado  and 
New  Mexico,  and  across  the  continent. 


41.  PORTULACACEAE  Reichenb.    PURSLANE  FAMILY 

More  or  less  succulent  herbs,  with  simple  and  entire  leaves  (either  opposite 
or  alternate)  and  regular  but  unsymmetrical  perfect  flowers.  Sepals  (except 
in  Lewisid)  2.  Petals  2-5  or  more.  Stamens  opposite  the  petals  or  numerous. 
Ovary  1-celled,  in  fruit  becoming  capsular;  style  2-8-cleft.  Stipules  none  or 
scarious  or  reduced  to  hairs.  Flowers  open  only  in  sunshine  or  bright  day- 
light. 

Ovary  free  from  the  calyx;  capsule  valvate,  except  in  Lewisia. 
Sepals  herbaceous;  capsule  3-valved  from  summit,  with  3  stigmas. 

Calyx  deciduous  and  the  petals  ephemeral      .         .         .         .         .1.  Talinum. 

Calyx  persistent  and  the  petals  often  marcescent. 

Roots  cormose  or  fleshy      ........     2.  Claytpnia. 

Roots  fibrous  or  rhizomatous      .......     3.  Montia. 

Sepals  somewhat  scarious;  capsule  2-valved,  with  2  stigmas. 
Stamens  not  more  than  3. 

Annuals;  style  short  or  wanting 4.  Calyptridium. 

Perennials;  style  very  long    ........     5.  Spraguea. 

Stamens  5-40;  capsule  circumscissile  near  base     .         .         .         .6.  Lewisia. 

Ovary  adnate  to  calyx  below  the  middle;  capsule  circumscissile  near  the 

middle 7.  Portulaca. 


PORTULACACEAE    (PURSLANE   FAMILY)  177 

1.  TALINUM  Adans. 

Low  glabrous  herbs,  mostly  with  linear  leaves  (clustered  near  the  base), 
without  stipules,  and  usually  white  or  pink  cymose  flowers.  Sepals  deciduous 
(tardily  in  ours).  Petals  5,  fugacious.  Stamens  adherent  to  the  base  of  the 
petals.  Style  3-lobed  or  3-cleft.  Seeds  numerous. 

1.  Talinum  parviflorum  Nutt.  T.  &  G.  Fl.  N.  A.  1:  197.  1838.  Stem  short, 
from  thick  fleshy  branching  roots:  leaves  terete  or  nearly  so,  broadened  at  the 
base:  scape-like  peduncles  slender,  5-20  cm.  high:  flowers  pink,  in  loose  cymes: 
sepals  ovate:  stamens  5:  capsule  ovoid.  T.  teretifolium. — In  dry  soil;  Minne- 
sota to  Colorado  and  southward. 

2.  CLAYTONIA  L.     SPRING  BEAUTY 

Low  glabrous  succulent  perennial  herbs  with  a  pair  of  opposite  stem  leaves 
(alternate  in  C.  megarrhiza)  and  usually  1  or  more  radical  ones.  Flowers 
white,  yellow,  or  rose-colored,  in  naked  loose  terminal  simple  or  paniculate 
racemes.  Sepals  2,  persistent.  Style  3-cleft.  Capsule  3-valved.  Seeds  not 
more  than  6,  compressed,  orbicular  or  reniform. 

Radical  leaves  and  the  stems  from  a  tuber-like  corm. 

Flowers  yellow   ...         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .     1.  C.  aurea. 

Flowers  white  or  pink,  with  pink  or  purple  veins. 

Radical  leaves  usually  more  than  1,  always  present       .         .         .     2.  C.  multicaulis. 
Radical  leaves  only  1,  or  wanting. 

Petals  retuse  or  obcordate;  sepals  obtuse    .         .         .         .         .     3.  C.  lanceolata. 

Petals  rounded-obtuse;  sepals  subacute      .         .         .         .         .     4.  C.  rosea. 

Radical  leaves  and  stems  from  a  thick  caudex      .         .         .         .         .     5.  C.  megarrhiza. 

1.  Claytonia  aurea  A.  Nels.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  27:  260.  1900.    Corm 
large,  deep-set :  radical  leaf  oblong  or  oblanceolate,  net  more  than  half  as  long 
as  its  slender  petiole;  cauline  sessile  by  a  narrowed  base,  linear-lanceolate, 
2-4  cm.  long:  stems  1-5  from  each  corm,  rather  stout,  1-2  dm.  high:  raceme 
many-flowered,  rather  long-peduncled :  sepals  rhomboidal  or  suboval:  petals 
large,  golden-yellow,  oval,  abruptly  narrowed  into  a  short  claw. — Type  lo- 
cality, Henry's  Lake,  Idaho;  probably  in  Wyoming  and  Utah. 

2.  Claytonia  multicaulis  A.  Nels.  1.  c.    Conns  large,  15-25  mm.  in  diameter, 
near  the  surface  of  the  ground:  radical  leaves  usually  more  than  one  (often 
several),  oblong  or  lanceolate,  as  long  as  the  petiole;  cauline  similar,  sessile: 
raceme  short-peduncled,   5-9-flowered ;  pedicels  subumbellate,   slender,  the 
lowest  with  an  obtuse  green  bract  at  the  base:  sepals  obtuse,  half  as  long  as 
the  elliptic  or  oval  short-clawed  petals,  turning  yellowish  in  drying:  petals 
white  with  purplish  veins,  yellowish  at  base  when  dry. — Collected  first  in 
Yellowstone  Park;  apparently  from  Colorado  to  Montana. 

3.  Claytonia  lanceolata  Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  1:  175.  1814.     Corm  rather 
small,  7-15  mm.  in  diameter:  radical  leaf,  when  present,  oblong-lanceolate, 
scarcely  half  as  long  as  the  slender  petiole;  cauline  sessile,  oblong-lanceolate 
to  elliptic:  raceme  few-several-flowered,  sessile  between  the  paired  leaves, 
rarely  longer  than  the  leaves:  sepals  elliptic,  obtuse:  petals  retuse  or  emar- 
ginate  or  obcordate.     C.  caroliniana. — From  northern  Wyoming  far  north- 
ward and  westward. 

4.  Claytonia  rosea  Rydb.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  31:  404.  1904.     Much  like 
the  preceding:  cauline  leaves  oblong-lanceolate^  or  narrower,  2-5  cm.  long: 
raceme  peduncled,  surpassing  the  leaves:  sepals  subacute:  petals  spatulate 
to  obovate,  entire,  rounded-obtuse,  pale  rose-color,  with  purple  veins.     C. 
caroliniana  sessilifolia. — Common  on  moist  slopes;  throughout  our  range. 

5.  Claytonia  megarrhiza  (Gray)  Parry,  in  Wats.  Bibl.  Index  118.     1878. 
Perennial,  with  a  thickened  caudex:  root  fusiform,  very  large:  leaves  fleshy; 
radical  ones  petioled;  cauline  lanceolate  or  linear-lanceolate,  -sessile :  racemes 
secund:  flowers  large,   profuse,  white  with  pinkish  veins:  petals  obovate, 
subemarginate. — High  alpine,  growing  in  crevices  of  the  rock,  its  large  purple 
tap-root  penetrating  to  a  great  depth;  mountains  of  Colorado,  Utah,  and 
Wyoming. 

ROCKY  MT.  BOT. — 12 


178  PORTULACACEAE    (PURSLANE   FAMILY) 

3.  MONTIA  Micheli 

Low  glabrous  and  succulent  herbs  with*  delicate  pale  or  white  flowers  in 
loose  axillary  or  terminal  simple  or  compound  racemes.  Sepals  2,  rarely  3, 
persistent.  Petals  usually  5,  rarely  3  or  wanting,  more  or  less  united  at  base, 
usually  unequal,  3  of  them  a  little  smaller  than  the  other  2.  Stamens  3-5, 
inserted  on  the  base  of  the  corolla,  opposite  its  lobes.  Ovary  3-ovuled.  Cap- 
sule 3-valved,  1-3-seeded. — Claytonia  in  part. 

Perennial  by  stolons,  also  rooting  at  the  joints 1.  M.  Chamissonis. 

Annuals. 

Leaves  all  linear      .         . 2.  M.  linearis. 

Cauline  leaves  connate,  forming  a  disk-like  involucre    .         .         .  3.  M.  Viae. 

1.  Montia  Chamissonis    (Eschs.)  Greene,  Fl.  Francis  180.    1891.    Stems 
weak,  decumbent,   1-3  dm.  long,  stoloniferous  at  base  and  rooting  at  the 
nodes,  often  bearing  bulb  lets  at  the  ends  of  short  branchlets  or  in  the  axils 
of  the  lower  leaves:  leaves  oblong,  or  ob lanceolate,  1-2  cm.  long,  somewhat 
fleshy.'  calyx  small:  petals  white,  obovate-oblong,  entire,  3-4  times  as  long  as 
the  sepals:  seeds  tuberculate-roughened. — In  cold  springy  or  boggy  places; 
frequent  in  our  range  and  west  to  the  Pacific. 

2.  Montia  linearis  (Dougl.)  Greene,  1.  c.    Stems  branching,  erect  or  diffuse, 
5-12  cm.  high:  all  the  leaves  linear,  2-3  cm.  long:  racemes  several  or  many: 
petals  white,  unequal,  scarcely  longer  than  the  rather  large  obtuse  sepals: 
stamens  3:  seeds  large,  orbicular,  compressed,  smooth  and  shining. — Possibly 
extending  into  our  range  at  the  northwest. 

3.  Montia  Viae  A.  Nels.  Bot.  Gaz.  42:  48,  1906.    Annual,  with  fibroin 
roots*;  stems  and  petioles  weak,  suberect,  10-15  cm.  high:  leaves  delicately 
thin,  pale  green;  the  radical  several,  slender-petioled,  the  short  blades  from 
linear  to  oval,  acute;  the  single  pair  of  cauline  connate  and  forming  a  circular 
disk  10-20  mm.  broad,  involucre-like  below  the  inflorescence:  raceme  pe- 
duncled,  with  a  pair  of  green  bracts  at  the  base  of  the  lower  pedicels:  flowers 
very  small,  several:  sepals  broadly  oval,  even  in  fruit  less  than  2  mm.  long: 
petals  5,   spatulate,   barely  equaling  the  sepals,  very  delicate,   apparently 
often  wholly  wanting:  stamens  5,  very  short:  ovule  solitary;  the  seed  small, 
oval,  slightly  compressed  and  subcarinate,  minutely  but  distinctly  papillose- 
roughened   and   with   a   waxy-looking   conspicuous   strophiole. — On   shady 
muddy  banks;  northern  Wyoming  to  Utah. 

4.  CALYPTRIDIUM  Nutt. 

Glabrous  and  rather  succulent  herbs,  with  alternate  leaves,  and  small 
ephemeral  flowers  in  scorpioid  solitary  or  clustered  scorpioid  spikes.  Sepals  2, 
broadly  ovate  or  cordate-orbicular,  scarious,  usually  persistent.  Sepals  2-4. 
Stamens  1-3.  Style  bifid.  Capsule  membranaceous,  2-valved,  6-12-seeded. 

1.  Calyptridium  roseum  Wats.  Bot.  King's  Exp.  44.  1871.  Diffuse  and 
nearly  prostrate,  branches  5-12  cm.  long:  leaves  oblong-spatulate,  obtuse: 
sepals  unequal,  nearly  orbicular,  scarious  margined:  petals  2,  minute,  broadly 
obovate,  with  narrowed  base:  capsule  oblong-ovate,  not  exceeding  the  calyx. — 
Western  Wyoming  and  westward. 

5.  SPRAGUEA  Torr. 

Glabrous  biennials,  with  mostly  radical  fleshy  leaves  and  ephemeral  flowers 
in  dense  scorpioid  spikes  umbellate-clustered  on  scape-like  peduncles.  Sepals 
unequal,  orbicular-cordate.  Petals  4.  Stamens  3.  Style  2-cleft.  Capsule 
2-valved. 

1.  Spraguea  multiceps  Howell,  Erythea  1 :  39.  1893.  Depressed  branching 
perennial:  stems  3-12  cm.  long,  very  leafy  below:  leaves  7-12  mm.  long,  or 


PORTULACACEAE    (PURSLANE   FAMILY)  179 

more  on  young  plants,  spatulate  or  oblanceolate,  with  short  thick  petiole: 
peduncle  solitary,  terminating  the  short  lateral  branchlets:  flowers  in  dense 
capitate  clusters:  sepals  scarious,  4-8  mm.  broad,  as  long  as  the  obqvate 
petals:  stamens  and  style  conspicuously  exserted.  S.  umbellata. — North- 
western Wyoming  to  Oregon. 

6.  LEWISIA  Pursh.     BITTERROOT 

Low  somewhat  fleshy  perennials  with  a  thick  fleshy  root  and  caudex  (in 
L.  triphylla  a  small  corm),  the  crown  bearing  a  rosulate  cluster  of  leaves  and 
short  1-flowered  scapes  or  scapose  stalked  panicles.  Flowers  conspicuous, 
varying  from  white  to  red.  Sepals  2-8.  Petals  3-16.  Style-branches  slender, 
3-8.  Capsule  thin,  globose-ovate,  circumscissile  near  the  base  and  splitting 
upwards  from  the  line  of  dehiscence.  Seeds  usually  many.  —Lewisia  in  part, 
Calandrinia,  and  also  Erocallis  Rydb. 


large,  6-8 1.  L.  rediviva. 

Sepals  smaller,  only  2. 

Root  vertical,  somewhat  fusiform. 

Leaves  linear;   seeds  60-80        .         .         .         .         .         .  .  2.  L.  minima. 

Leaves  spatulate-lanceolate;  seeds  10-20 3.  L.  pygmaea. 

Root  a  small  corm        .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .  4.  L.  triphylla. 

1.  Lewisia  rediviva  Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  2:  368.  1814.     Leaves  densely 
clustered,  linear-oblong,  subterete,  smooth  and   glaucous:   scapes  but  little 
longer,  jointed  at  the  middle,  and  with  5-7  subulate  scarious  bracts  verticil- 
late  at  the  joint:  petals  rose-colored  or  white. — Arizona,  Utah,  Wyoming, 
Montana  (in  the  Bitter  Root  Mountains),  and  westward;  the  specific  name  re- 
fers to  the  fact  that  the  roots  are  wonderfully  tenacious  of  life;  the  state 
flower  of  Montana. 

2.  Lewisia  minima  A.  Nels.     Root  short  conical  or  napiform:  leaves  few- 
several,  narrowly  linear,  4-7  cm.  long:  scapes  rarely  equaling  the  leaves,  each 
with  a  small  pair  of  bracts  about  one  third  its  length  from  the  base,  gen- 
iculately  and   divergently  flexed  near  the  node:   sepals  suboval,   abruptly 
acuminated  into  a  short  tooth,  sometimes  with  one  or  two  smaller  lateral 
teeth,  no  glandulosity:  petals  white:  capsule  large:  seeds  smooth  and  shiny, 
60-80  in  each  capsule.     (Oreobroma  minima.  A.  Nels.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club 
27:  260.  1900.) — Yellowstone  Park. 

3.  Lewisia  pygmaea  (Gray)  Robins.  Syn.  Fl.  1:  268.  1897.    Root  fusiform 
with  a  thickened  farinaceous  caudex:  leaves  broadly  linear  to  spatulate  or 
lance-oblong:   scapes  mostly  well  surpassing  the  leaves:   sepals  somewhat 
truncate,  erose-dentate.  with  gland-tipped  teeth:  petals  6-8,  rose-red:  ovules 
and  seeds  10-20.     Calandrinia  pygmaea. — Alpine;  in  our  range  and  north- 
ward and  westward. 

4.  Lewisia  triphylla  (Wats.)  Robins.  1.  c.     Stems  slender,  from  a  small 
globular  corm:  cauline  leaves  a  pair  or  usually  a  whorl  of  3,  linear,  sessile, 
3-5  cm.  long:  racemose  cyme  several-flowered;  the  pedicels  slender,  erect  in 
fruit:  petals  3-10,  about  4  mm.  long:  capsule  oblong-conical.     (Claytonia  tri- 
phylla Wats.  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  10:  345.  1875;  Erocallis  triphylla  Rydb.  Bull. 
Torr.  Bot.  Club  33:  140.  1906.)     This  plant  has  the  appearance  of  a  true  Clay- 
tonia and  would  be  placed  in  that  genus  but  for  the  structure  of  the  capsule. 
— Subalpine;  from  Colorado  northward  and  west  to  California  and  Washington. 

7.  PORTULACA  L.     PURSLANE 

Fleshy  diffuse  or  ascending  annuals  with  terminal  or  axillary  ephemeral 
yellow  flowers.  Sepals  2,  united  below  and  adnate  to  the  ovary,  the  free  upper 
portion  at  length  deciduous.  Petals  4-6.  Stamens  7-20.  Capsule  circum- 
scissile near  the  middle. 

1.  Portulaca  oleracea  L.  Sp.  PI.  445.  1753.  Glabrous;  stems  terete:  leaves 
cuneate,  obtuse:  calyx-lobes  ovate,  acute:  stamens  7-12:  style-lobes  6-6: 


180  CARYOPHYLLACEAE    (PINK   FAMILY) 

seeds  black,  tuberculate.    P.  retusa  (?). — A  weed  now  more  or  less  common 
in  cultivated  grounds  in  many  parts  of  the  world. 

42.  CARYOPHYLLACEAE  Reichenb.    PINK  FAMILY 

Herbs  with  opposite  stipulate  or  exstipulate  leaves  and  regular  and  mostly 
perfect  flowers.  Stems  usually  swollen  at  the  nodes.  Sepals  4  or  5,  persistent. 
Petals  4  or  5  (or  rarely  wanting),  often  with  a  spreading  blade  and  a  distinct 
claw  crowned  with  an  appendage  at  its  summit.  Stamens  commonly  twice 
as  many.  Ovary  1-celled,  with  a  free  central  placenta.  Seeds  reniform,  many, 
or  by  abortion  few.  Fruit  a  capsule,  mostly  3-valved,  opening  to  the  base, 
or  the  valves  bifid  and  opening  by  six  teeth  at  the  summit. 

Sepals  united,  forming  a  tubular  or  ovoid  calyx. 
Ribs  or  nerves  of  calyx  10  or  more. 

Calyx-teeth  foliaceous 1.  Agrostemma. 

Calyx-teeth  short. 

Styles  3 2.  Silene. 

Styles  5 3.  Lychnis. 

Ribs  or  nerves  of  calyx  5 4.  Saponaria. 

Sepals  distinct  or  nearly  so. 

Petals  deeply  emarginate  or  bifid. 

Capsule  dehiscent  to  the  base;  styles  mostly  3  .         .         .5.  Stellaria. 

Capsule  opening  at  summit  only,  by  teeth;  styles  mostly  5'    .         .       6.  Cerastium. 
Petals  entire  or  barely  emarginate. 
Stipules  wanting. 

Styles  5 7.  Sagina. 

Styles  3. 

Seeds  not  appendaged  at  the  hilum  .  ...       8.  Arenaria. 


Seed  with  an  appendage  (strophiole) 
Stipules  present,  usually  scarious  and  conspicuous 
Capsule  opening  by  3  valves  to  the  base 
Capsule  indehiscent,  or  essentially  an  achene 


1.  AGROSTEMMA  L.     CORN  COCKLE 


9.  Moehringia. 

10.  Spergularia. 

11.  Paronychia. 


An  herbaceous  annual  (or  biennial),  with  linear  leaves  and  purplish-red 
flowers.  Calyx  ovoid,  strongly  10-ribbed;  its  teeth  prolonged  into  foliaceoua 
appendages.  Petals  5,  unappendaged.  Stamens  10.  Styles  5. 

1.  Agrostemma  Gigatho  L.  Sp.  PL  435.  1753.  Densely  silky-pubescent, 
3-5  dm.  high,  somewhat  branched:  leaves  5-10  cm.  long:  flowers  few,  large, 
long-peduncled:  calyx-lobes  2-3  cm.  long:  petals  obovate. — A  troublesome 
weed;  introduced  into  fields  in  seed  grain. 

2.  SILENE  L.     CATCHFLY.    CAMPION 

Herbaceous  annuals  or  perennials,  with  opposite  leaves  and  white,  yellowish, 
or  purple  flowers.  Calyx  tubular,  5-toothed,  10-nerved  or  sometimes  many- 
nerved.  Petals  bifid  or  sometimes  4-cleft,  with  a  conspicuous  claw  and 
usually  an  appendage  (crown)  at  the  base  of  the  blade,  borne  with  the  stamens 
on  a  stipe  (carpophore)  under  the  ovary.  Capsule  dehiscent  at  the  mostly 
6-toothed  summit.  Styles  3.  Seeds  many. 

Annuals. 

Viscidly    hirsute-pubescent         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .     1.  S.  noctiffora. 

Nearly  glabrous;  glutinous  on  one  or  more  of  the  upper  internodes     .     2.  S.  antirrhina. 
Perennials. 

Acaulescent-caespitose        .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .     3.  S.  acaulis. 

Stems  1-7  dm.  high. 

Flowers  in  a  paniculate  leafy  cyme 4.  S.  Menziesii. 

Flowers  in  a  narrow  mostly  leafless  cyme  or  thyrse. 

Petals  cleft  into  4  or  more  segments     .  5    S.  oregana. 

Petals  2-cleft. 

Plants  low  (1-3  dm.);  flowers  few,  mostly  in  5-flowered  long- 
pedunculate  cymes. 


CARYOPHYLLACEAE    (PINK   FAMILY)  181 

Calyx  short,  less  than  1  cm 6.  S.  tetonensis. 

Calyx  10-15  mm.  long       .         .         .         .         .         .         .  7.  S.  multicaulis. 

Plants  taller  (3-7  dm.);  flowers  usually  many,  in  a  spike-like 
thyrse. 

Flowers  nodding;  petals  purple 8.  S.  Hallii. 

Flowers  erect;,  petals  white  or  purplish       .         .         .         .  9.  S.  Scouleri. 

1.  Silene  noctiflora  L.  Sp.  PI.  419.     1753.     A  coarse  viscid-pubescent  or 
hirsute  weed,  3-5  dm.  high:  leaves  lanceolate  or  broader:  flowers  few,  in  loose 
cymes,  fragrant:  calyx  ovoid,  white  with  green  nerves  and  attenuate  teeth: 
petals  bifid,  white  or  pinkish.     NIGHT-BLOOMIN^  CATCHFLY. — Waste  and  cul- 
tivated grounds;  sparingly  introduced  in  our  range. 

2.  Silene  antirrhina  L.  Sp.  PI.  419.    1753.    Glabrous  annual,  with  one  or 
more   of  the   upper  intern  odes  glutinous:   stems  erect,   slender,   somewhat 
branched,  2-5  dm.  high:  leaves  lanceolate  or  linear:  flowers  in  a  dichotomous 
panicle,  on  long  pedicels:  calyx  becoming  expanded  by  the  enlarging  capsule: 
petals  pink. — Across  the  continent. 

3.  Silene  acaulis  L.  Sp.  PL  Ed.  2.  603.     1762.   -Dwarf  tufted   perennial, 
glabrous  or  nearly  so:  leaves  linear,  8-12  mm.  long,  crowded:  flowers  solitary, 
terminal,  usually  nearly  sessile,  sometimes  naked-pedunculate:  calyx  cam- 
panulate:  petals  entire  or  emarginate,  purple  or  purplish,  a  small  scale  at  the 
summit  of  the  claw:  capsule  equaling  or  surpassing  the  calyx. — Alpine  summits 
throughout  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

4.  Silene  Menziesii  Hook.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  1 :  90.  pi.  30.  1830.     Glandular- 
puberulent:  stems  dichotomously  branched,  leafy,  spreading  or  decumbent, 
1-3  dm.  high:  leaves  ovate-lanceolate  or  oblong:  peduncles  lateral  or  in  the 
forks  of  the  branches,  1-flowered,  equaling  the  leaves:  petals  white  or  pink, 
crownless,  longer  than  the  calyx:  capsule  equaling  the  calyx:  seeds  black, 
obscurely  tuberculate.    (S.  stellarioides  Nutt.) — From  New  Mexico  far  north- 
ward and  westward  to  the  coast. 

5.  Silene  oregana  Wats.  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  10:  343.  1875.    Viscid-pubescent 
and  with  fetid  odor:  stems  solitary  or  several,  erect,  simple,  with  racemiform 
or  paniculate  inflorescence:  leaves  ob lanceolate,  tapering  to  long  petioles; 
the  upper  narrower,  tending  to  become  lance-linear:  calyx  cylindrical,  con- 
tracted at  base  around  the  stipe  of  the  capsule:  petals  white,  clawed,  bearing 
a  crown  of  two  ear-like  appendages  at  the  summit  of  each  claw;  the  blades 
4-6-cleft  into  linear  segments:  capsule  distinctly  stipitate. — From  northern 
Wyoming  to  Oregon. 

6.  Silene  tetonensis  E.  Nels.  Bot.  Gaz.  30:  117.  1900.    Minutely  pubescent 
and  above  also  glandular,  1-2  dm.  high:  stems  several,  erect:  leaves  connate- 
sheathing  at  base,  linear,  or  narrowly  ob  lanceolate,  2-8  cm.  long;  the  lower 
with  ciliate-margined  petioles:  calyx  obovoid,  7-10  mm.  long,  purple-nerved: 
petals  9-12  mm.  long,  greenish- white  or  rose-color,  crownless,  deeply  emar- 
ginate or  cleft  to  the  middle:  stipe  very  short. — Northwestern  Wyoming  and 
probably  in  the  mountains  of  Idaho  and  Montana. 

7.  Silene  multicaulis  Nutt.  T.  &  G.  Fl.  N.  A.  1:  192.  1838.     Grayish- 
tomentulose  and  sparingly  glandular:  stems  usually  several  to  many,  erect, 
slender,  2-3  dm.  high:  leaves  narrowly  lanceolate  or  oblong,  suberect  and 
tapering  to  both  ends,  the  upper  much  reduced:  flowers  mostly  in  short 
3-flowered  cymes,  pale  red:  calyx  ovate-cylindrical,  12-15  mm.  long:  petals 
bifid  and  crowned  with  short  auriculate  appendages. — From  the  western 
slopes  of  our  mountains  to  the  Pacific. 

8.  Silene  Hallii  Wats.  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  21:  446.  1886.    Densely  glandular- 
pubescent,  2-5  dm.  high:  stems  several,  from  a  stout  root:  leaves  ob  lanceolate, 
tapering  to  the  base,  the  lower  part  of  the  midrib  prominent:  flowers  verticil- 
lately  spicate,  more  or  less  nodding:  calyx  oblong-campanulate,  becoming 
obovate,  strongly  green  or  purple  nerved;  its  teeth  triangular,  acute,  with 
thin  incurved  margins:  petals  purple,  with  broad  ciliate  claws  and  short 
bifid  blades:  capsule  ovate,  short  stipitate. — In  the  high  mountains  of  Colorado 
and  Wyoming, 

9.  Silene  Scouleri  Hook.  FL  Bor.  Am.  1:  88.  1830.    Pubescent  and  above 


182  CARYOPHYLLACEAE    (PINK    FAMILY) 

glandular-viscid:  stems  from  a  stout  root,  simple,  erect,  4-8  dm.  high: 
leaves  f rom ' oblanceolate  to  lance-linear:  flowers  verticillate,  in  a  long  spike- 
like  thyrsus:  calyx  clavate;  its  teeth  short,  ciliate,  and  with  broad  mem- 
branous margins:  petals  white  or  purplish,  with  slightly  laciniate  auricles: 
capsule  stipitate. — Frequent  in  the  mountains;  from  Colorado  to  the  far 
northwest. 

3.  LYCHNIS  L.     COCKLE 

Perennials  with  the  aspect /and  many  of  the  characters  of  Silene.  Leaves 
linear  to  oblanceolate.  Calyx  more  or  less  inflated,  5-toothed  or  5-lobed. 
Styles  5.  Capsule  5-10-toothed.  Seeds  with  a  loose  membranous  margin  or 
tuberculate. 

Dwarf  and  caespitose,  with  1-flowered  stems. 

Petals  included,  the  claw  narrow 1.  L.  montana. 

Petals  exserted,  the  claw  broad      .         .         .         .         .         .         .  2.  L.  Kingii. 

Tall,  erect,  with  simple  stems     .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .  3.  L.  Drummondii. 

1.  Lychnis  montana  Wats.  Proc.  Am.  Acad.   12:    247.  1877.     A  dwarf 
caespitose  alpine  perennial  with  1-flowered  stems;  glandular  pubescent  above, 
nearly  glabrous  below:  petals  included  or  nearly  so,  the  emarginate  blade 
not  broader  than  the  very  narrow  claw;  appendages  very  small:  seeds  rather 
broadly  membranous  margined. — Mountain  peaks  of 'Colorado  and  Utah. 

2.  Lychnis  Kingii  Wats.  1.  c.     Pubescent  throughout:  petals  exserted, 
with  a  broad,  ciliate,  rather  broadly  auricled  claw  and  a  short  broad  bifid 
blade:  filaments  ciliate. — Northern  Utah  and  probably  Idaho  and  Wyoming. 

3.  Lychnis  Drummondii  Wats.  Bot.  King's  Exp.  37.  1871.  Finely  glandular- 
pubescent  above:  stems  rather  stout,  1  or  more,  2-5  dm.  high,  from  a  stout 
vertical  root:  basal  leaves  oblanceolate;  the  upper  lance-linear:  flowers  few, 
on  stout  often  elongated  appressed  pedicels:  petals  included  or  slightly  ex- 
serted, white  or  purple;  the  entire  or  emarginate  blade  narrower  than  the 
auricled  claw:   seeds  tuberculate.      (L.  striata  Rydb.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club 
31:  408.  1894.) — From  New  Mexico  northward  and  westward. 

4.  SAPONARIA  L.     WHEAT  COCKLE 

Ours  a  rather  handsome  annual  weed  with  sessile  and  somewhat  connate 
leave/s  and  a  broad  open  flat-topped  corymb  of  showy  rose-red  flowers.  Calyx 
tubular  or  ovoid,  strongly  5-angled.  Petals  5,  not  crowned.  Stamens  10. 
Styles  2.  Capsule  dehiscent  at  apex  by  4  teeth. 

1.  Saponaria  Vaccaria  L.  Sp.  PI.  409.  1753.  Glabrous:  stem  branched 
above,  2-4  dm.  high:  leaves  ovate-lanceolate:  calyx  sharply  5-angled,  enlarged 
in  fruit.  [Vaccaria  Vaccaria  (L.)  Brit.] — Naturalized  from  Europe;  not 
infrequent. 

6.  STELLARIA  L.     STARWORT.     CHICKWEED 

Low  herbs,  mostly  somewhat  tufted  and  diffuse,  with  solitary  or  cymose 
white  flowers.  Sepals  distinct  or  nearly  so.  Petals  2-cleft  (or  wanting), 
without  crown  or  claw  and  inserted  with  the  stamens  on  the  margin  of  a  disk 
under  the  sessile  ovary.  Stamens  10  or  fewer.  Styles  usually  3.  Capsule 
globose  to  oblong,  dehiscent  by  twice  as  many  valves  as  there  are  styles. 
— Alsine  of  recent  American  authors. 

Floral  bractlets  small  and  scarious. 

Petals  wanting;    pedicels  subumbellate        .         .         .         .  .     1.  S.  umbellata. 

Petals  present,  equaling  or  surpassing  the  calyx;  seeds  smooth. 

Flowers  in  a  diffuse  cyme,  on  filiform  widely  spreading  or  deflexed 

pedicels 2.  S.  longifolia. 

Flowers  solitary  or  few,  on  erect  or  ascending  pedicels. 

Pedicels  filiform,  unequal      .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .     3.  S.  longipes. 

Pedicels  stout,  subequal       .....  .     4.  S.  valida. 


CARYOPHYLLACEAE    (PINK   FAMILY)  183 

Floral  bractlets  foliar  or  the  pedicels  axillary  to  true  leaves. 
Petals  shorter  than  the  sepals  or  wanting. 

Stems  erect;  leaves  lanceolate    ........     5.  S.  borealis. 

Stems  prostrate;  leaves  ovate    . 6.  S.  obtusa. 

Petals  equaling  or  exceeding  the  sepals. 

Glabrous  .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .     7.  S.  crassifolia. 

Viscid-pubescent 8.  S.  Jamesiana. 

1.  Stellaria  umbellata  Turcz.  Bull.  Soc.  Nat.  Mosc.  89.    1838.    Glabrous: 
steins  slender,  weak,  ascending  from  a  decumbent  rooting  base :  leaves  from 
elliptic-oblong  to  lance-linear:  flowers  in  a  simple  or  compound  sub  umbellate 
cyme;   the  pedicels  filiform-elongated;  the  bractlets  minute  and   scarious: 
sepals  small,  2-3  mm.  long,  glabrous:  petals  wanting:  capsule  twice  as  long  as 
the  sepals.    (Alsine  baicalensis  Coville,  Contrib.  U.  S.  Nat.  Herb.  4:  70.  1893.) 
— From  New  Mexico  to  Montana  and  west  to  California. 

2.  Stellaria  longifolia  Muhl.  Willd.   Enum.  479.     1809,     Stems  sharply 
4-angled,  1-2  dm.  high,  mostly  slender  and  weak:  leaves  linear  or  broader, 
narrowed  to  both  ends,  2-4  cm.  long:  cyme  open,  many-flowered;  the  pedicels 
filiform,  widely  divergent  or  deflexed;  the  bractlets  minute  and  scarious: 
petals  and  capsule  longer  than  the  calyx. — Throughout  our  range,  and  across 
the  continent  to  the  northward. 

3.  Stellaria  longipes  Goldie,  Edinb.  Phil.  Journ.  6:  327.  1822.     Shining 
or  somewhat  glaucous,  very  smooth:  leaves  ascending,  lanceolate  or  linear- 
lanceolate,  broadest  at    the  base:   cyme  terminal,   few-flowered;   the  long 
unequal  pedicels  erect. — Colorado  and  northward,  thence  across  the  con- 
tinent. 

3a.  Stellaria  longipes  laeta  Wats.  Smaller,  only  5-12  cm.  high,  usually  very 
glaucous,  leafy  below,  the  cyme  often  reduced  to  a  solitary  long-pediceled 
flower;  as  in  the  species  the  capsule  is  dark-colored  and  somewhat  acute. — 
Same  range. 

4.  Stellaria  valida  L.  N.  Good.  Bot.  Gaz.  33:  69.  1902.     Glabrous:  stems 
4-angled,  1-2  dm.  high,  branched:  leaves  lanceolate,  tapering  from  the  base, 
1-3  cm.  long:  cyme  compound,  its  rays  and  pedicels  subequal;  the  bractlets 
small  and  scarious;  pedicels  rigid,  spreading:  petals  deeply  bifid,  scarcely 
longer  than  the  sepals:  the  dark  brown  capsule  twice  as  long  as  the  sepals: 
styles  recurved  and  crested  with  fine  short  bristles. — Type  locality,  Centen- 
nial Valley,  southern  Wyoming. 

5.  Stellaria  borealis  Bigel.  Fl.  Bost.  Ed.  2:  182.  1824.     Glabrous  or  pu- 
bescent, erect  or  spreading:   stems  weak,  somewhat  branched:   leaves  ob- 
long to  lance-linear,  thin,  their  margins  often  ciliate:  cyme  dichotomously 
compound,  with  foliose  bracts  and  slender  pedicels,:  petals  shorter  (or  wanting) 
than  the  ovate-lanceolate  sepals  which  are  much  surpassed  by  the  oblong  cap- 
sule: se^eds  smooth.     (Alsine  calycantha  Rydb.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  24:  244. 
1897.) — Frequent  in  the  mountains;  from  Colorado  northward. and  across  the 
continent. 

6.  Stellaria  obtusa  Engelm.  Bot.  Gaz.  7:  5.  1882.     Glabrous:  the  short 
stems  prostrate:  leaves  ovate,  acute,  6-8  mm.  long:  flowers  solitary,  on  short 
axillary  peduncles:  petals  wanting:  capsule  obtuse,  longer  than  the  obtuse 
sepals:  seeds  brown,  covered  with  minute  oblong  tubercles  with  fringed  edges 
(visible  only  under  a  strong  lens). — Infrequent;  in  the  mountains,  Colorado, 
northward  and  westward. 

7.  Stellaria  crassifolia  Ehrh.  Hannov.  Mag.  8:  116.  1784.     Glabrous:  the 
stems  weak,  erect  or  diffuse:  leaves  slightly  fleshy,  from  linear-lanceolate  to 
oblong:  flowers  terminal  or  in  the  forks  of  the  stem  or  the  axils  of  the  foliar 
bracts:  petals  longer  than  the  lance-oblong  acute  sepals:  capsule  ovoid,  longer 
than  the  sepals:  the  seeds  rough. — Throughout  our  range  and  extending  to 
eastern  and  arctic  America. 

8.  Stellaria   Jamesiana  Torr.   Ann.   Lye.    N.   Y.   2:    169.  1828.     Viscid- 
pubescent  above:  stems  sharply  4-angled:  leaves  lanceolate,  5-10  cm.  long,  at- 
tenuate, broadest  at  the  sessile  base:   flowers  in  a  leafy  terminal  panicle: 
petals  twice  as  long  as  the  oblong  acute  sepals:   seeds  rough. — From   New 
Mexico  to  Wyoming  and  westward. 


184  CARYOPHYLLACEAE    (PINK   FAMILY) 

6.  CERASTIUM  L.     CHICKWEED 

Mostly  low  pubescent  or  hirsute  herbs  with  white  flowers  in  terminal  leafy 
or  scariotisly  bracted  dichotomous  cymes.  Sepals  distinct.  Petals  emar- 
ginate  or  bifid.  Stamens  10.  Styles  5.  Capsule  often  incurved,  twice  or 
thrice  the  length  of  the  sepals,  opening  by  about  10  apical  teeth.  Seeds 
rough. 

Annuals. 

Leaves  less  than  20  mm.  long;  pedicels  not  longer  than  the 

capsule. 

Rays  and  pedicels  strongly  swollen  at  base      .         .         .     1.  C.  Buffumae. 
Rays  and  pedicels  same  diameter  as  the  node      .         .         .     2.  C.  brachypodium. 
Leaves  more  than  20  mm.  long;  pedicels  much  longer  than  . 

the  capsule. 
Capsule  long-exserted          .         .         .         .         .         .         .     3.  C.  longipedunculatum. 

Capsule  nearly '  wholly  included        .         .         .         .         .     4.  C.  elongatum. 

Perennials. 

Petals  scarcely  longer  than  the  sepals. 

Leaves  sparse     .  .       .         .         .  .         .         .         .     5.  C.  beeringianum. 

Leaves  imbricated  below 6.  C.  fuegianum. 

Petals  about  twice  as  long  as  the  sepals. 

Mature  capsule  scarcely  surpassing  the  sepals     .         .         .     7.  C.  arvense. 
Mature  capsule  about  twice  as  long  as  the  sepals      .         .     8.  C.  oreophilum. 

1.  Cerastium  Buffumae  A.  Nels.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  26:  239.'  1899.    An- 
nual, yellowish-green,  glandular-pubescent,  and  very  leafy:   stems  crowded 
upon  the  slender  root  and  freely  branched,  becoming  matted:  leaves  narrowly 
oblong  to  elliptic,  5-12  mm.  long:  the  few-flowered  cymes  very  numerous; 
the  peduncles  and  pedicels  dilated  or  swollen  at  the  base  into  an  elliptic- 
oblong  foot:  petals  one  half  longer  than  the  oblong  obtusish  sepals:  capsule 
about  twice  as  long  as  the  sepals. — Type  locality  only,  Big  Horn  Mountains, 
Wyoming. 

2.  Cerastium  brachypodium  (Engelm.)  Robins,  in  Brit.  Mem.  Torr.  Club 
5:  150.  1894.     Annual,  pale  green,  viscid-pubescent:  stems  erect,  simple  or 
sparingly  branched,  1-2  dm.  high:  leaves  oblong  or  spatulate,  1-2  cm.  long: 
cymes  terminal,  rather  few-flowered;  pedicels,  even  the  lower  ones,  scarcely 
exceeding  the  capsule,  from  nearly  erect  to  widely  spreading  or  decurved: 
capsule  usually  slightly  curved,  2-3-times  as  long  as  the  calyx. — Not  infre- 
quent in  our  range,  and  eastward  and  westward. 

3.  Cerastium  longipedunculatum  Muhl.  Cat.  46.     1813.     Annual,  bright 
green,  more  or  less  viscid-pubescent:   stems  weak,  branched,  ascending  or 
almost  prostrate:  leaves  oblong  to  spatulate  below,  lanceolate  or  narrower 
upward,  2-5  cm.  long:  cyme  several  to  many-flowered;  the  pedicels  slender, 
much  longer  than  the  mature  capsule:  petals  twice  as  long  as  the  nodding 
capsule.    C.  nutans. — Across  the  continent. 

4.  Cerastium  elongatum  Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  321.  1814.     Annual,  glan- 
dular-pubescent, 1-2  dm.  high:  stems  many  from  the  base,  somewhat  branched: 
leaves  linear-lanceolate,  15-30  mm.  long,  very  numerous  below:  cyme  usu- 
ally trichotomous;  the  pedicels  rather  stout,  variable  in  length,  usually  much 
longer  than  the  mature  capsule:  petals  large,  often  more  than  twice  as  long 
as  the  acute  sepals:  capsule  short,  sub  globose  and  scarcely  exserted. — Northern 
Wyoming,  Montana,  and  westward. 

5.  Cerastium  beeringianum  Cham.  &  Schlecht.  Linnaea  1:  62.  1826.     Per- 
ennial, tomentulose  and  somewhat  glandular- viscid  above:  stems  usually  sev- 
eral from  the   slender  branches  of  the  caudex,  low  and  spreading,  ovate- 
elliptic,  oblong  or  lanceolate,  3-10  mm.  long:  flowers  few,  in  a  narrow  cyme, 
with  short  pedicels:  petals  and  capsule  but  little  longer  than  the  sepals. — In 
the  mountains;  from  New  Mexico  to  Alaska. 

6.  Cerastium  fuegianum  (Hook.)  A.  Nels.    Perennial,  with  slender  root- 
stock;  the  slender  strict  stem  only  5-10  cm.  high:  leaves  short,  thickish  and 
imbricated  on  the  lower  part  of  the  stem:  flowers  solitary  or  few:  petals  and 
capsule  but  slightly  longer  than  the  calyx.    (C.  arvense  fuegianum  Hook.  Bot. 
U.  S.  Expl.  Exp.  1:  129;  Hoi.  &  Brit.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  14:  50.)— In 
Yellowstone  Park,  also  in  Fuegia, 


CARYOPHYLLACEAE    (PINK   FAMILY)  185 

7.  Cerastium  arvense  L.  Sp.  PL  438.     1753.     Perennial,  downy  with  re- 
flexed  hairs,   caespitose:  leaves  linear  to  linear-lanceolate,   clasping:   cyme 
few-flowered;  pedicels  erect  or  nodding:  petals  nearly  twice  longer  than  the 
sepals:  capsule  little  exceeding  the  calyx,  nearly  straight.    (C.  effusum  Greene, 
Pitt.  4:  298.  1901.) — Colorado  and  northward  through  Utah,  Montana,  and 
Wyoming,  and  across  the  continent. 

8.  Cerastium    oreophilum   Greene,*   Pitt.   4:    297.    1901.     More   or  less 
glandular-pubescent,  with  somewhat  tufted  stems;  pubescence  either  minute 
and  strigose  (deflexed  upon  the  lower  part  of  .the  stem)  or  spreading  and 
hispidulous,  becoming  minutely  glandular  or  viscid  above:  leaves  mostly 
lance-linear,  1-3  cm.  long,  pubescent  or  glabrate,  numerous  below,  sparser 
and  smaller  upward:  flowers  large,  8-12  mm.  broad,  in  strict  or  at  length  more 
open  cymes:  petals  twice  as  long  as  the  sepals:  capsule  about  twice  as  long  as 
the  calyx. — Throughout  our  range. 

7.  S  AGIN  A  L.     PEARLWORT 

Low  green  herbs,  with  subulate  or  filiform  glabrous  leaves,  and  small 
terminal  usually  long-pediceled  flowers.  Petals  entire  or  wanting.  Styles 
alternate  with  the  4  or  5  sepals.  Capsule  4-  or  5-valved.  Seeds  several  to 
many. 

1.  Sagina  saginoides  (L.)  Brit.  Mem.  Torr.  Club  5:  151.  1894.  A  glabrous 
tufted  perennial,  only  a  few  cm.  high:  stems  slender,  decumbent:  leaves 
linear,  mucronate,  5-15  mm.  long:  flowers  3-5  mm.  broad,  with  5  sepals,  petals, 
and  styles:  petals  scarcely  longer  than  the  sepals:  stamens  10:  capsule  ovoid- 
oblong,  twice  as  long  as  the  obtuse  sepals.  S.  Linnaei. — Moist  spots  and 
banks  in  the  mountains;  New  Mexico  to  arctic  America. 

8.  ARENARIA  L.     SAND  WORT 

Mostly  low  more  or  less  tufted  or  densely  caespitose  perennials,  with  ses- 
sile usually  subulate  and  more  or  less  rigid  leaves,  and  white  cymosely  pan- 
icled  or  capitate  flowers.  The  five  sepals  distinct  or  nearly  so.  Petals  5, 
entire,  not  clawed.  Stamens  10.  Styles  3.  Capsule  globose,  or  short-oblong, 
many-seeded.  Seeds  not  appendaged  at  the  hilum. — Includes  Alsinopsis 
Small. 

Valves  of  the  capsule  entire;  plants  low,  tufted  or  caespitose. 
Glandular-hirtellous  throughout. 

Filiform  stems  1-4  cm.  long       .         .         .         .         .         .         .       1.  A.  aequicaulis. 

Slender  stems  7-15  cm.  long 2.  A.  Nuttallii. 

Leaves  glabrous  or  nearly  so. 

Sepals  acute 3.  A.  macrantha. 

Sepals  obtuse 4.  A.  sajanensis. 

Valves  of  the  capsule  2-cleft  at  summit. 
Leaves  oblong  or  elliptic,  not  pungent. 

Leaves  less  than  1  cm.  long       .         .         .         .         .         .  5.  A.  saxosa. 

Leaves  more  than  1  cm.  long      .         .         .         .         .         .  6.  A.  confusa. 

Leaves  linear,  more  or  less  rigid  and  pungent. 
Petals  distinctly  longer  than  the  sepals. 

Cyme  congested,  usually  capitate     .         .         .         .         .  7.  A.  congesta. 

Cyme  open. 

Densely  glandular-pubescent  above      .         .         .         .         .       8.  A.  Tweedyi. 

Nearly  glabrous  throughout 9.  A.  uintahensis. 

Petals  shorter  than  or  merely  equaling  the  sepals. 

Plants  low,  broadly  and  densely  caespitose;  cyme  very  dense     .     10.  A.  Hookeri. 
Plants  tufted,  usually  1-2  dm.  high;  cyme  open      .         .         .     11.  A.  Fendleri. 

1.  Arenaria  aequicaulis  A.  Nels.  Perennial  from  a  very  slender  woody  root, 
glandular  or  viscid-pubescent  throughout,  only  3-6  cm.  high:  stems  filiform, 

*  A  number  of  other  segregates  of  C.  arvense  have  been  published.  The  writer  finds  him- 
self unable  to  disc-em  in  them  distinguishing  characters.  Students  are  referred  to  the  original 
descriptions  as  follows:  C.  Earlei  Rydb.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  30:  249.  1903;  C.  scopulorum 
Greene,  Pitt.  4:  288;  C.  occidentals  Greene,  1.  c.  299.  If  these  be  distinct,  then  the  above  de- 
scription of  C'.  oreophilum  is  that  of  an  aggregate, 


186  CARYOPHYLLACEAE    (PINK   FAMILY) 

intricately  branched  at  the  decumbent  base,  erect,  nearly  uniform  in  length 
on  a  given  plant:  leaves  crowded  at  the  base,  linear-subulate,  not  pungent, 
semicylindric,  3-nerved:  sepals  linear-lanceolate,  strongly  3-nerved,  longer 
than  the  petals:  valves  of  capsule  entire,  considerably  longer  at  maturity 
than  the  sepals.  A.  verna  hirta.  (A.  verna  equicaulis  A.  Nels.  Bull.  Torr. 
Bot.  Club  26:  352.  1899;  Alsinopsis  propinqua  Rydb.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club 
33:  140.  1906;  not  A.  propinqua  Rich.) — Not  infrequent  on  open  stony  slopes; 
central  Rocky  Mountains  and  westward. 

2.  Arenaria  Nuttallii  Pax  in  Engl.  Jahrb.  18:  30.  1893.    Glandular-puberu- 
lent  or  tomentulose  throughout;  root  single,  vertical,  rather  stout:  stems  nu- 
merous, slender,  loosely  matted  and  much  branched  near  the  base;  branches 
ascending  or  erect,  leafy:  leaves  subulate-acerose,  rigid,  pungent,  tending  to 
be  squarrosely  spreading,  connate,  7-10  mm.  long:  flowers  usually  numerous, 
in  a  spreading  cyme:  sepals  acuminate,  often  purplish,  exceeding  the  subacute 
petals:  capsule  ovoid,  shorter  than  the  sepals.    A.  pungens. — In  the  mountains, 
especially  on  slides;  our  range  and  west  to  California. 

3.  Arenaria  macrantha  (Rydb.)  A.  Nels.    A  diffusely  branched  spreading 
glabrous  caespitose  perennial;  branches  1  dm.  long  or  less:  leaves  subulate- 
filiform,  obtuse,  5-10  mm.  long,  1-nerved:  pedicels  1  cm.  long  or  less:  sepals 
lanceolate,  4-5  mm.  long,  acute,  scarious  margined,  strongly  3-nerved:  petals 
oblong,  exceeding  the  sepals  and  the  capsules.     (Alsinopsis  macrantha  Rydb. 
Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  31:  407.  1904.) — La  Plata  Mountains,  Colorado. 

4.  Arenaria  sajanensis  Willd.  in  Schlecht.  Berl.  Gesell.  Nat.  Fr.  Mag.  7:  200. 
1816.     Densely  but  finely  glandular-hirsute:  caespitose,  with  stems  decum- 
bent at  base  and  leafy  below,  2-6  cm.  high,  1-3-flowered:  leaves  linear,  ob- 
tusish,  rather  rigid,  4-8  mm.  long,  usually  glabrous:  sepals  linear-oblong, 
nerved,  glandular-pubescent,  3-5  mm.  long:  petals  usually  exceeding  the  sepals: 
capsule  oblong,   exceeding  the  sepals.     A.  biftora  obtusa.     (Alsinopsis  06- 
tusiloba  Rydb.  1.  c.) — Common  and  variable;  in  alpine  regions. 

5.  Arenaria  saxosa  Gray,  PL  Wright.  2:  18.  1853.     Finely  puberulent, 
green  or  glaucescent:  stems  many,  spreading  from  a  rather  stout  root,  decum- 
bent or  creeping  at  the  base,  5-15  cm.  long:  leaves  numerous,  slightly  fleshy, 
lance-oblong,  acute,  mucronate,  5-15  mm.  long:  flowers  terminal  and  sub- 
solitary  on  short  simple  peduncles,  or  in  stouter  individuals  numerous  and 
paniculate:    sepals    ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate,  equaling   the   petals.      (A. 
polycaulos  Rydb.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  31:  406.  1904.) — Colorado,  New  Mex- 
ico, and  Arizona. 

6.  Arenaria  confusa  Rydb.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  28:  275.  1901.    Puberu- 
lent caespitose  perennial,  with  slender  diffuse  stems,  3-5  dm.  long:  leaves 
linear-lanceolate,  acute,  with  conspicuous  midrib:   pedicels  (in  fruit)  diver- 
gent, slightly  bent  under  the  calyx,  about  1  cm.  long:  sepals  linear-lanceolate, 
scarious  margined,  about  3  mm.  long:  petals  shorter  than  the  sepals  and  the 
ovoid  capsule. — Colorado,  New  Mexico,  and  Arizona. 

7.  Arenaria  congesta  Nutt.  T.  &  G.  Fl.  1 :  178.  1838.    Glabrous  or  obscurely 
glandular-puberulent:   stems   slender,   simple,    1-3   dm.   high,   more  or  less 
tufted:   basal   leaves   gramineous-setaceous,    1-5  cm.   long,    ciliolate-serrate 
near  the  base;  cauline  few,  gradually  shorter:  flowers  sessile,  in  1-3  dense 
heads,  subtended  by  1  or  more  scarious  bracts:  sepals  carinate,  scarious,  ex- 
ceeded by  the  oblong  petals. — Very  common  in  the  mountains;  Colorado, 
Wyoming,  and  westward. 

•7a.  Arenaria  congesta  subcongesta  Wats.  Bot.  Calif.  1:  69.  1885.  Smaller, 
the  base  subligneous;  the  stems  usually  glandular-puberulent;  the  flowers 
fewer  and  tending  to  form  an  open  dichotomous  cyme. — Range  nearly  the 
same  as  the  species. 

8.  Arenaria  Tweedyi  Rydb.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  31 :  406.  1904.     Caespi- 
tose, with  ligneous  base:  leaves  fleshy,  linear-filiform,  2-3  cm.  long:  stems 
glandular-puberulent,  especially  above,  7-12  cm.  high:  flowers  in  an  'open 
cyme,  with  lanceolate  scarious  bracts;  pedicels  about  1  cm.  long:  sepals  lan- 
ceolate, acute,  densely  glandular-puberulent,  about  5  mm.  long  and  distinctly 
surpassed  by  the  petals. — La  Plata  Mountains,  Colorado, 


CARYOPHYLLACEAE    (PINK   FAMILY)  187 

9.  Areimria  uintahensis  A.  Nels.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  28:  7.  1899.     Caes- 
pitose,  with  gubligneous  multicipital  caudex,  nearly  glabrous   throughout: 
leaves  mostly  basal,  narrowly  linear,  acerose,  10-25  mm.  long:  stems  slender, 
erect,  10-15  cm.  high,  glabrous  or  obscurely  glandular-puberulent  above:  cyme 
open,  subpaniculate :  sepals  ovate  or  narrower,  nerveless,  scarious,  keeled  by 
the  broad  green  midrib:  petals  oblong,  obtuse,  5  mm.  long,  longer  than  the 
sepals. — Western  Wyoming,  Utah,  probably  Colorado  and  Idaho. 

10.  Arenaria  Hookeri  Nutt.  T.  &  G.  Fl.  1:  178.  1838.     The  multicipital 
caudex  forming  broad  mats  surmounting  the  woody  root:  stems  3-12  cm. 
high,  glandular-puberulent:  leaves  linear-subulate,  rigid  and  pungent,  2-4  cm. 
long:  cymes  short  and  dense,  the  scarious  bracts  conspicuous:  sepals  rigid, 
pungent,  5-7  mm.  long,  exceeded  by  the  oblong  petals.    (A.  pinetorum  A.  Nels. 
Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  26:  350.  1899.) — Common  on  bleak  hilltops  in  our  range. 

11.  Arenaria  Fendleri  Gray,  PI.  Fendl.   13.     1848.     Pale  and  somewhat 
glaucous,  more  or  less  glandular-pubescent,  especially  above:  stems  numerous, 
erect,  leafy,  closely  aggregated  upon  the  summit  of  a  thick  root:  basal  leaves 
setaceous-gramineous,   either  ciliolate  or  smooth,  4-8  cm.   long,   somewhat 
pungent;  the  cauline  gradually  shorter,  sheathing  at  base:  inflorescence  dichot- 
omous,  few-many-flowered:  the  glandular  sepals  attenuate,  but  little  shorter 
than  the  obovate  white  or  ochroleucous  petals:  capsule  shorter  than  the 
sepals.      (A.  EastwoodiaeRydb.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  31:  406.  1904.) —  New 
Mexico  to  Wyoming,  and  westward. 

9.  MOEHRINGIA  L. 

Low  slender  perennials  with  thin  oblong  or  ovate-lanceolate  leaves  and 
small  white  flowers  axillary  or  in  terminal  cymes.  Parts  of  the  flower  some- 
times in  fours.  Valves  of  the  capsule  bifid.  Young  ovary  3-celled.  Seed 
with  a  light-colored  spongy  appendage  at  the  hilum. 

1.  Moehringia  lateriflora  (L.)  Fenzl.  Verbr.  Alsin.  Table,  p.  18.  1835. 
Glabrate  or  puberulent :  stems  erect,  sparingly  branched :  leaves  ovate  to  ob- 
long,, obtuse,  1-2  cm.  long:  peduncles  usually  2-flowered,  soon  becoming  lat- 
eral: petals  white,  entire  or  nearly  so,  longer  than  the  oblong  sepals:  capsule 
twice  as  long  as  calyx,  opening  by  three  2-cleft  valves.  Arenaria  lateriflora. — 
Moist  shaded  places;  Colorado,  northward  and  across  the  continent. 

10.  SPERGULARIA  J.  &  C.  PRESL. 

Somewhat  fleshy-leaved  annuals  or  perennials  of  wet  saline  soils,  with 
white  or  purplish  solitary-axillary  or  terminal  cymose  flowers.  Sepals  5.  Pet- 
als 5.  Stamens  10.  Styles  3;  ovary  1-celled,  with  3  valves. 

1.  Spergularia  sparsiflora  (Greene)  A.  Nels.  A  glandular-hirsutulous  an- 
nual, freely  branched,  erect,  or  with  lax  spreading  stems,  diffuse,  slender, 
the  lower  internodes  longer,  the  upper  rather  shorter  than  the  narrowly  linear 
acute  leaves:  stipules  thin,  very  short,  broadly  ovate  and  acutish,  varying 
to  obtuse  and  truncate:  flowers  mostly  solitary,  one  to  each  pair  of  leaves,  on 
slender  pedicels  shorter  than  the  leaves:  petals  small,  lilac:  capsule  ovate, 
obtusish,  exceeding  the  sepals:  seeds  minute,  red-brown.  Tissa  sparsiflora 
Greene,  Erythea  3:  46.  1905. — Not  infrequent  in  wet  strongly  saline  places; 
Wyoming  and  Colorado. 

11.  PARONYCHIA  Adans.     WHITLOWWORT 

Tufted  herbs,  with  lignescent  base,  opposite  leaves,  and  dry,  silvery  stipules. 
Flowers  small,  apetalous,  and  scarious-bracted.  Sepals  5,  linear-oblong, 
concave  and  awned  at  the  apex.  Stamens  5,  sometimes  alternating  with 
linear  staminodia.  Ovary  ovoid,  narrowed  into  the  2-cleft  style. 


Flowers  terminal,  solitary  or  subcymose  and 

Leaves  oblong,  obtuse 1.  P.  pulvmata. 

Leaves  linear-subulate  .         .         .        .'  .         .         .     2.  P.  sessilifolia. 


188  NYMPHAEACEAE    ( WATER   LILY   FAMILY) 

Flowers  axillary,  solitary  or  cymose 3.  P.  depressa. 

Flowers  in  terminal  dichotomous  cymes. 

Stems  erect 4.  P.  Jamesii. 

Stems  prostrate-spreading    .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .  5.  P.  diffusa. 

1.  Paronychia  pulvinata  Gray,  Proc.  Acad.  Phila.    58.     1863.     Matted- 
caespitose  from  a  woody  root,   forming  dense  cushion-like  tufts:    stipules 
broadly  ovate,  entire,  pointless;  leaves  thick,  oblong,  obtuse,  equaling  the 
stipules,  and  with  them  densely  covering  the  short  stems:  flowers  immersed 
among  the  leaves:  sepals  oval,  awned  a  little  below  the  apex. — Alpine;  Col- 
orado, Utah,  and  Wyoming. 

2.  Paronychia  sessilifolia  Nutt.  Gen.  1:  160.  1818.    Very  densely  caespitose 
from  a  woody  root,   much  branched  and  crowded,   branches  very  dense: 
stipules  2-cleft;  leaves  imbricated,  linear-subulate,  the  lowest  erect,  obtuse, 
the  upper  longer,  recurved-spreading,  acute  or  mucronate,  longer  than  the 
stipules:  sepals  oblong-linear,  with  divergent  awns  rather  shorter. — Colorado 
and  northward  to  the  headwaters  of  the  Missouri  and  the  Saskatchewan. 

2a.  Paronychia  sessilifolia  brevicuspis  A.  Nels.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club. 
26:  237.  1899.  More  densely  tufted:  the  lower  leaves  obtuse:  flowers  sub- 
cymose:  calyx  with  a  swollen  turbinate  base;  sepals  closely  valvate,  forming 
a  short  cylindrical  tube  closed  at  the  summit  by  their  short  arched  tips,  the 
awn  very  short. — Open  stony  ridges;  southern  Wyoming. 

3.,  Paronychia  depressa  (Nutt.)  A.  Nels.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  26:  236. 
1900.  Spreading  in  a  close  mat  from  the  crown  of  a  woody  root;  silvery 
throughout  by  reason  of  the  large  scarious  stipules  and  the  short  silvery  sca- 
brous pubescence:  leaves  linear,  cuspidate  or  bristle-pointed,  scarcely  longer 
than  the  stipules:  flowers  single  in  the  axils  or  in  small  cymes,  subsessile  and 
surpassed  by  the  subtending  bracts  and  leaves:  sepals  with  a  cone-shaped 
awned  tip  half  as  long  as  the  body:  filaments  very  short,  exceeded  by  the  slen- 
der staminodia. — Rare;  dry  hills  near  the  Platte,  in  Wyoming. 

4.  Paronychia  Jamesii  T.  &  G.  Fl.  N.  A.  1:  170.  1838.     Very  minutely 
scabrous-pubescent,   caespitose  and  freely  branched  from  the  base:   stems 
7-15  cm.  high,  erect  or  nearly  so,  more  or  less  dichotomously  branched  above: 
leaves  longer,  linear-subulate,  obtuse,  about  the  length  of  the  internodes: 
cymes  few-flowered,  with  a  central  subsessile  flower  in  each  division:  sepals 
linear-oblong,  with  very  short  cusps.      (P.  Wardii  Rydb.  in  Small.  Fl.  400. 
19D3.) — Colorado. 

5.  Paronychia  diffusa  A.  Nels.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  26:  237.  1900.    Al- 
lied to  the  preceding  but  wholly  prostrate-spreading:  leaves  generally  longer 
than  the  internodes,  acute  and  mucronate:  stipules  lanceolate,  silvery,  shorter 
than  the  internodes:  cymes  small,  congested  at  the  ends  of  the  brittle  branches: 
calyx  with  minutely  hirsute  turbinate  base;  its  cusps  short  and  arched  within: 
filaments  exceeded  by  the  staminodia. — Barren  slopes  and  ridges,  frequent; 
Wyoming  and  Colorado. 


43.  NYMPHAEACEAE  DC.    WATER  LILY  FAMILY 

Aquatic  herbs,  with  horizontal  trunk-like  rootstocks  or  sometimes  tubers. 
The  leaves  (in  ours)  deeply  cordate.  Flowers  with  all  the  parts  distinct  and 
free,  solitary  and  axillary  on  long  peduncles.  Stamens  numerous.  Carpels 
several  or  many,  united  into  a  compound  pistil. 

1.  NYMPHAEA  L.     YELLOW  POND  LILY.     SPATTERDOCK 

In  shallow  water,  sending  up  large  leathery  leaves  which  are  usually  up- 
right but  sometimes  floating.  Sepals  5-12,  persistent,  usually  yellow  within 
and  partly  green  without.  Petals  and  stamens  short  and  numerous,  densely 
crowded  around  the  ovary.  Ovary  8-20-celled,  crowned  by  a  radiate  stigma, 
the  cells  many-seeded. — Nuphar.  .' 


RANUNCUtACEAE    (BUTTERCUP   FAMILY)  189 

1.  Nymphaea  polysepala  (Engelm.)  Greene,  Bull.  Tqrr.  Bot.  Club  15:  84. 
1887.  Petioles  stout,  the  floating  leaves  oval,  with  narrow  or  nearly  closed 
sinus,  1-3  dm.  long:  calyx  subglobose,  when  fully  expanded  8-12  cm.  broad; 
sepals  9-12,  yellow,  or  at  length  tinged  with  red:  petals  12-18,  obovate,  cu- 
neate,  truncate:  fruit  subglobose,  with  a  constricted  neck  and  convex  um- 
bonate  15-24-rayed  stigmatic  disk. — High  mountain  lakes;  Colorado,  Wyoming, 
and  northwestward.  Nymphaea  (Nuphar)  advena,  reported  from  Wyoming, 
is  probably  this  species. 

44.  CERATOPHYLLACEAE  L.    HORNWORT  FAMILY 

Aquatic  herbs,  with  whorled  finely  dissected  leaves,  and  minute  axillary 
and  sessile  monoecious  flowers  without  floral  envelopes,  but  with  an  8-12-cleft 
involucre  in  place  of  a  calyx.  Fertile  flower  a  simple  1-celled  ovary. 

1.  CERATOPHYLLUM  L. 

Submersed  plants,  in  ponds  or  slow  flowing  streams,  the  sessile  leaves  cut 
into  thrice-forked  thread-like  divisions.  Sterile  flowers  of  12-24  stamens, 
with  sessile  anthers.  Fruit  an  achene,  beaked  with  a  slender  persistent  style. 

1.  Ceratophyllum  demersum  L.  Sp.  PL  992.  1753.  Stems  very  slender, 
3-5  dm.  long:  leaves  in  numerous  whorls  of  6-8:  achene  elliptical,  shortly  stipi- 
tate,  with  a  short  spine  or  tubercle  on  each  side  near  the  base. — California  and 
northward,  thence  eastward  across  the  continent. 

45^  RANUNCULACEAE  Juss.    BUTTERCUP  FAMILY 

Herbs  or  rarely  climbing  shrubs  with  acrid  sap.  Leaves  usually  alternate, 
simple  or  compound,  without  stipules  but  often  dilated  at  base  of  petioles. 
Flowers  regular  or  irregular,  the  parts  all  distinct  and  free.  Sepals  3-15,  often 
petal-like,  usually  caducous,  imbricate  (in  two  genera  valvate).  Petals  3-15, 
or  wanting.  Stamens  numerous  or  rarely  few.  Pistils  many,  few,  or  solitary, 
becoming  achenes,  follicles,  or  berries. 

Pistils  becoming  follicles  or  berries  with  several  seeds. 
Flowers  regular. 

Leaves    simple    (sometimes    deeply   lobed    or   divided);    follicles 

many,  forming  a  head  in  fruit. 
Leaves  undivided       .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .1.  Caltha. 

Leaves  deeply  lobed  or  divided       ......       2.  Trollius. 

Leaves  compound. 

Petals  not  spurred;  fruit  a  berry      ......       3.  Actaea. 

Petals  spurred;  fruit  follicular    .......       4.  Aquilegia. 

Flowers  irregular;  carpels  3-5. 

Posterior  (upper)  sepal  spurred     .......       5.  Delphinium. 

Posterior  sepals  hooded  (helmet-like) 6.  Aconitum. 

Pistils  becoming  achenes. 

Petals  none  or  inconspicuous;  sepals  large  and  petal-like. 
Flowers  subtended  by  an  involucre;  sepals  imbricated. 

Styles  short,  glabrous  or  pubescent    .         .         .         .         .         .7.  Anemone. 

Styles  becoming  elongated  and  plumose     .....       8.  Pulsatilla. 

Flowers  without  involucre;  sepals  valvate;  styles  elongated  and 

plumose;  leaves  opposite         .......       9.  Clematis. 

Petals  as  well  as  sepals  present,  except  in  the  last. 

Minute  annuals:  sepals  spurred     .......     10.  Myosurus. 

Perennials;  sepals  not  spurred. 

Flowers  white    .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .11.  Batrachium. 

Flowers  yellow;  or  petals  wanting. 

Leaves  simple  but  often  lobed  or  divided;  petals  with  a  nec- 
tariferous pit  at  the  base;  achenes  compressed. 
Achenes  smooth  or  hispid;  petals  broad        ....     12.  Ranunculus. 

Achenes  longitudinally  striate;  petals  narrow  .         .     13.  Halerpestes. 

Leaves  ternately  compound  or  decompound. 

Petals  present 14.  Cyrt9rhyncha. 

Petals  wanting 15.  Thalictrum. 


190  RANUNCULACEAE    (BUTTERCUP   FAMILY) 

1.  CALTHA  L.     MARSH  MARIGOLD 

Smooth  perennial  herbs  with  thickish  somewhat  succulent  round  or  oblong 
leaves  with  cordate  base.  Sepals  large  and  petal-like,  white  or  pink,  early 
deciduous.  Petals  none.  Stamens  numerous.  Pistils  several  or  many,  becom- 
ing follicles  with  several  seeds. 

1.  Caltha  rotundifolia  (Huth.)  Greene,  Pitt.  4:  80.  1899.  Leaves  all  rad- 
ical, rather  thick  and  firm,  broadly  ovate,  elliptic  or  oblong,  cordate  at  base 
with  narrow  sinus,  entire  or  dentate,  3-8  cm.  long:  scapes  2-15  cm.  high, 
1-flowered:  sepals  5-15,  oblong  or  obovate,  white  (bluish  without):  filaments 
flattened:  follicles  flattened  and  somewhat  spreading.  C.  leptosepala.  (C. 
chionophila  Greene  1.  c.) — Throughout  our  range  and  northwestward. 

2.  TROLLIUS  L.     GLOBEFLOWER 

Perennial  herbs  with  palmately  parted  or  incised  leaves,  thickened  fibrous 
roots,  and  large  solitary  terminal  flowers.  Sepals  5-15,  petal-like.  Petals 
5-15,  small,  narrow,  with  a  minute  nectariferous  pit  at  the  base.  Stamens 
numerous.  Pistils  several,  many-ovuled. 

1.  Trollius  albiflorus  (Gray)  Rydb.  Mem.  N.  Y.  Bot.  Gard.  1:  152.  1900. 
Stems  slender,  1-2  dm.  high:  leaves  palmately  5-7-parted,  4-8  cm.  broad, 
all  petioled  except  the  uppermost,  the  segments  obovate,  variously  cleft  or 
toothed:  flowers  white,  2-4  cm.  broad:  sepals  obovate:  petals  minute,  much 
shorter  than  the  stamens:  follicles  many,  flattened,  many-seeded,  tipped  with 
a  divergent  slender  beak. — Not  infrequent  at  subalpine  and  higher  stations 
throughout  our  range. 

3.  ACTAEA  L.     BANEBERRY 

Perennial  herbs  with  leaves  twice  or  thrice  ternately  compound.  Flowers 
numerous,  white,  in  a  simple  raceme.  Sepals  caducous,  small,  4-6,  petal-like. 
Petals  small,  4-10.  Stigma  sessile,  2-lobed.  Pistil  1,  becoming  a  large  some- 
what poisonous  berry  with  many  seeds. 

Leaflets  thin,  sharply  incised,  the  teeth  acuminate      .         .         .         .         .     1.  A.  arguta. 
Leaflets  thicker,  the  incisions  few,  the  teeth  rounded  or  mucronate     .         .     2.  A.  rubra. 

1.  Actaea  arguta  Nutt.  T.  &  G.  Fl.  1 :  35.  1838.    Glabrous  or  nearly  so,  erect, 
bushy-branched,  3-6  dm.  high:  basal  leaf  long-petioled,  ternate;  the  divisions 
long-petioled,   pinnate;   leaflets  ovate,   5-12  cm.   long,   sharply  incised  and 
toothed,  the  teeth  acute  or  acuminate:  flowers  white,  numerous,  in  an  ovoid 
raceme  which  elongates  in  fruit:  petals  spatulate:  berries  6-8  mm.  long,  oval 
or  subspherical,  red  or  white.     (A.  eburnea  Rydb.  Mem.  N.  Y.  Bot.  Gard. 
1:  153.  1900.) — In  rich  soil  of  moist  woods;  New  Mexico  and  far  to  the  north 
and  west. 

2.  Actaea  rubra  (Ait.)  Willd.  Enum.-  561.     1809.     Very  similar  to  the  pre- 
ceding, but  the  leaflets  less  sharply  incised,  the  teeth  mostly  rounded  or  mu- 
cronate, or  acutish:  petals  rhombic-spatulate :  berries  smaller,  cherry-red,  or 
sometimes  white.     (A.  viridiflora  Greene,  Pitt.  2:  108.  1890.) — Northeastern 
Wyoming,  northward  and  eastward. 

4.  AQUILEGIA  L.     COLUMBINE 

Perennial  herbs,  with  leaflets  twice  or  thrice  ternately  compound,  the 
leaflets  lobed.  Sepals  5,  petaloid,  deciduous.  Petals  of  the  same  number,  the 
blade  small,  each  produced  backward  between  the  sepals  as  a  large  hollow 
spur.  Stamens  indefinite,  some  of  the  inner  sterile  and  dilated-petaloid  or  re- 
duced to  scarious  scales.  Pistils  5;  the  ovules  numerous,  in  two  rows. 


RANUNCULACEAE    (BUTTERCUP   FAMILY)  191 

Spur  longer  than  the  calyx. 

Flowers  red  in  whole  or  in  part      .         .         .         .         .         .         .     1.  A.  elegantula. 

Flowers  never  red. 

Flowers  blue  or  white  .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .     2.  A.  coerulea. 

Flowers  yellow  or  bluish. 

Spurs  long  (5-7  cm.),  yellow 3.  A.  chrysantha. 

Spurs  shorter  (4  cm.  or  less),  bluish       .         .         .         .         .     4.  A.  oreophila. 
Spur  shorter  than  the  calyx. 

Stem  leafy  or  not  wholly  naked-scapose;  flowers  several. 
Flowers  yellow  or  yellowish. 
Plant  tall  (more  than  2  dm.). 

Spur  as  long  as  lamina .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .     5.  A.  flavescens. 

Spur  nearly  wanting 6.  A.  Eastwoodiae. 

Plant  lower  (less  than  2  dm.  high)    .         .         .         .         .         .     7.  A.  laramiensis. 

Flowers  blue        .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .     8.  A.  saximontana. 

Stem  scapose,   1-flowered 9.  A.  Jonesii. 

1.  Aquilegia  elegantula  Greene,  Pitt.  4:  14.  1899.    Erect,  glabrous,  slen- 
der, 2-4  dm.   high:   leaves  mostly  radical,   long-petioled,   glaucous  beneath; 
cauline  small,  subsessile:  flowers  solitary  or  few,  about  3  cm.  long:  sepals  and 
limb  of  petals  yellowish-green,  or  becoming  red  like  the  spurs:  spurs  inflated 
above,  straight,  longer  than  the  sepals:  filaments  short:  styles  exserted.    A. 
canadensis. — Colorado  and  New  Mexico. 

2.  Aquilegia  coerulea  James,  in  Long's  Exp.  2:  15.  1825.    Glabrous,  rather 
slender,  3-6  dm.  high:  leaves  most  radical  and  long-petioled,  glaucous  beneath; 
the  leaflets  deeply  cleft:  flowers  solitary  or  several,  terminating  the  peduncle- 
like  stems,  large,  deep  blue,  or  rarely  pale:  sepals  rhomboid-ovate,  acute, 
longer  than  the  obtuse  petals:  spurs  straight,  slender,  twice  as  long  as  the 
limb:  style  shorter  than  the  petals. — Frequent  in  the  mountains;  northern  New 
Mexico  to  Montana;  the  state  flower  of  Colorado. 

2a.  Aquilegia  coerulea  leptocera  (Nutt.)  A.  Nels.  Not  readily  distinguished 
from  the  species  except  by  the  nearly  white  flowers  and  the  broader  and  very 
obtuse  lobes  of  the  leaflets.  A.  leptocera  Nutt.  Journ.  Acad.  Phil.  7:  9.  1834. — 
Western  Wyoming  and  Utah,  at  lower  elevations  than  the  species. 

3.  Aquilegia  chrysantha  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  8:  621.  1873.    Resembling 
the  preceding  in  habit,  but  often  taller  (3-10  dm.  high) :  flowers  many,  a  pure 
yellow:  sepals  lanceolate-oblong,  scarcely  longer  and  not  broader  than  the 
lamina  of  the  petals:  spurs  long,  straight  and  slender.    (A.  thalictrifolia  Rydb. 
Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  29:  145.  1902.) — Southern  Colorado,  New  Mexico,  and 
Arizona. 

4.  Aquilegia  oreophila  Rydb.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  29:  146.  1902.    Re- 
sembling the  two  preceding  and  the  following,  smaller,  2-4  dm.  high:  flowers 
few,  3-4  cm.  long:  sepals  oblong-lanceolate,  acute,  pale  blue,  longer  than  the 
oval  obtuse  ochroleucous  limb  of  the  petals:  spurs  straight,  widening  regularly 
to  the  throat,  ochroleucous  or  bluish,  about  twice  as  long  as  limb. — Middle 
elevations;  northwestern  Wyoming  to  Idaho  and  Montana. 

5.  Aquilegia  flavescens  Wats.  Bot.  King's  Exp.  10.    1871.    Glabrous  except 
above,   branching   freely,   3-5    dm.  high:    flowers   lemon-yellow,   sometimes 
tinged  with  scarlet:  sepals  oval  or  oblong,  spreading  or  reflexed,  longer  than 
the  obovate  obtuse  limb  of  the  petals :  spur  about  equaling  the  petals,  more  or 
less  curved  but  scarcely  hooked,  knobbed,  6-8  mm.  long:  stamens  longer  than 
the  petals. — Probably  in  the  western  part  of  our  range  in  the  higher  mountains. 

6.  Aquilegia   Eastwoodiae  Rydb.   Bull.   Torr,  Bot.  Club  29:   146.   1902. 
Pubescent  with  soft  spreading  hairs:  leaves  triternate  on  long  slender  petioles; 
leaflets  cuneate,  thin,  somewhat  3-lobed,  petioled:  sepals  and  petals  lanceo- 
late, subequal,  15  mm.  long:  the  petals  merely  saccate  at  base  and  not  truly 
spurred:  sterile  filaments  united  into  a  tube:  follicles  reticulate-veiny,  12- 
15  mm.  long.     (A.  ecalcarata  Eastwood,  Zoe  2:  226.) — Southwestern  Colorado 
to  Utah  and  southward. 

7.  Aquilegia  laramiensis  A.  Nels.  First  Rep.  Fl.  Wyo.  78.     1896.    Many- 
stemmed  from  a  rather  large  semifleshy  root,  1-2  dm.  high;  stems  and  petioles 
more  or  less  decumbent  and  diffuse:  leaves  biternate;  the  leaflets  large,  with 
crenate  lobes,  slightly  pubescent  below:  inflorescence  and  fruits  pubescent: 
flowers  10-15  mm.  long:  sepals  greenish- white,  lanceolate,  with  emarginate 


192  RANUNCULACEAE    (BUTTERCUP   FAMILY) 

apex:  lamina  of  the  petals  cream-color,  elliptical,  obtuse,  longer  than  the 
slender  hooked  knobbed  spurs. — Shaded  cliffs  in  the  Laramie  range,  Wyom- 
ing. 

8.  Aquilegia  saximontana  Rydb.  in  Robins.  Syn.  Fl.  1:  43.  1895.     Glabrous, 
12-18  cm.  high:  stems  several  from  a  scaly  rootstock:  leaves  small,  twice 
ternate,  even  the  upper  slender-petioled :  flowers  small,  12-18  mm.  long;  the 
lamina  of  the  petals  yellowish,  shorter  than  the  blue  sepals  and  much  longer 
than  the  blue  spurs:  carpels  glabrous.    A.  brevistyla. — High  peaks  in  the  cen- 
tral Rocky  Mountains. 

9.  Aquilegia    Jonesii    Parry,    Am.    Nat.    8:  211.   1874.     Minutely    soft- 
pubescent:  scape  3-6  cm.  high,  naked,  1 -flowered:  leaves  all  crowded  and  the 
persistent  scale-like  dilated  bases  of  their  petioles  imbricated  on  the  stout 
ascending  branches  of  the  rootstock;  the  partial  petioles  short  or  wanting,  so 
that  the  9  small  obovate  entire  leaflets  are  in  a  dense  cluster:  lamina  of  petals 
only  half  as  long  as  the  obtuse  sepals;  the  spurs  shorter  than  the  sepals:  folli- 
cles large,  2  cm.  long. — Rare  alpine  plants;  high  peaks  in  the  central  Rocky 
Mountains. 

5.  DELPHINIUM  L.     LARKSPUR 

Erect  herbs,  usually  with  palmately  lobed,  cleft,  or  dissected  leaves,  and 
racemose  flowers  which  are  white,  blue,  or  purple.  Sepals  5,  petal-like.  Petals 
2  or  4,  irregular;  when  4,  the  upper  pair  are  developed  backwards  into  a  spur 
which  is  inclosed  in  the  spur  of  the  upper  sepal;  the  lower  pair  with  slender 
claw  and  broad  blade.  Pistils  few,  becoming  erect  or  divergent  follicles  with 
several  to  many  seeds. 

Roots  fasciculate-tuberous  and  easily  detachable  from  the  slender 

stem. 

Stem  strict,  3-4  dm.  high;  flowers  many,  in  a  spicate-raceme         .       1.  D.  strictum. 
Stem  lower;  flowers  few,  in  a  lax  raceme      .         .         .         .  2.  D.  Nelsonii. 

Roots  thickened  and  fascicled  but  not  tuberous;  plants  low  (1—5  dm. 

high). 
Stems  glabrous,  at  least  below. 

Leaves  basal  and  cauline    .         .         .         .         .         .      •   .  3.  D.  bicolor. 

Leaves  all  basal        .         .         .         .         .  .         .  4.  D.  scapusum. 

Stems  pubescent  to  the  base. 

Radical  leaves  numerous,  tufted       .  .         .         .  5.  D.  Geyeri. 

Radical  leaves  few,  open 6.  D.  carolinianum. 

Roots  large,  deep-set,  woody,  with  1  or  more  crowns;  plants  often 

coarse  and  tall  (1-20  dm.  high). 
Leaf -segments  laciniately  multind;  the  lobes  linear. 

Flowers  green  or  greenish  and  purple-streaked  .         .         .         .       7.  D.  sapellonis. 
Flowers  blue. 

Stem  glabrous  below 8.  D.  scopulorum. 

Stem  puberulent  to  the  base  .         .         .         .         .         .  9.  D.  robustum. 

Leaf-segments  5-9,  these  and  their  divisions  oblong  to  obovate- 

cuneate. 

Pubescence  more  or  less  viscid-villous,  yellowish. 
Raceme  crowded,  spicate;  flowers  blue. 

Mature  follicles  glabrous     .......     10.  D.  subalpinum. 

Mature  follicles  viscid-pubescent        .         .         .         .         .     11.  D.  reticulatum. 

Raceme  open;  flowers  few  (5-10). 

Plant  tall;  flowers  purple 12.  D.  Cockerellii. 

Plant  low;  flowers  blue      .......     13.  D.  alpestre. 

Pubescence  finely  canescent,  not  viscid  or  glandular. 

Raceme  dense,  spicate,  finely  villous 14.  D.  cucullatum. 

Raceme  more  open,  pilose     .......     15.  D.  glaucescens. 

1.  Delphinium  strictum  A.  Nels.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  27:  263.  1900. 
Finely  pubescent:  root  tuberous-fasciculate  or  solitary-cormose :  stem  very 
strict,  3-4  dm.  high:  leaves  trifoliolate;  the  leaflets  again  3-parted  or  variously 
lobed;  the  segments  oblong  to  linear:  raceme  spicate,  5-10  cm.  long;  pedicels 
short,  erect,  stout:  flowers  blue:  spur  straight,  with  deflexed  tip,  standing  at 
right  angles  to  the  rachis;  lateral  petals  deeply  cleft,  sparsely  long- villous: 
follicles  3,  pubescent,  6-8  mm.  long:  seeds  wing-angled. — Wet  meadows; 
Jackson's  Hole,  Wyoming. 

2.  Delphinium  Nelsonii  Greene,  Pitt.  3:  92.  1896.    Finely  puberulent,  at 


RANUNCULACEAE    (BUTTERCUP   FAMILY)  193 

least  above;  stem  slender,  simple,  1-3  dm.  high,  from  a  cluster  of  tuberous, 
easily  detachable  roots:  leaves  firm,  divided  into  linear  segments:  flowers 
blue,  slightly  villous,  slender-pediceled :  sepals  oblong,  shorter  than  the 
slender  spur:  lower  petal  2-cleft,  pubescent  and  with  a  tuft  of  hairs  about  the 
middle:  follicles  pubescent  or  glabrate:  seeds  wing-angled  above.  (D.  dume- 
torum  Greene,  PI.  Baker.  3:  4.  1901.) — Western  Nebraska  through  Wyoming 
and  Colorado  to  Utah. 

3.  Delphinium  tricolor  Nutt.  Journ.  Acad.  Phila.  7:  10.  1834.    Glabrous 
or  pubescent,  2-3  dm.  high,  rather  stout,  from  thickish  fascicled  deep-set 
roots:  leaves  deeply  parted,  the  segments  cleft  or  parted  into  linear  lobes: 
raceme  open,  few-flowered,  the  lower  pedicels  elongated:  flowers  about  2  cm. 
long:   upper  petals  yellowish   and   copiously  blue-veined:   mature   follicles 
glabrous,  erect  or  recurving. — Northern  Wyoming,  west  to  Oregon. 

4.  Delphinium  scaposum  Greene,  Bot.  Gaz.  6:  156.  1880.    Glabrous;  stems 
scapose,  2-4  dm.  high,  from  thickish  branching  roots:  leaves  clustered  at  the 
base,  short-petioled,  round  or  reniform  in  outline,  and  mostly  oblong  or  sub- 
cuneate  divisions  and  lobes:  raceme  several-flowered;  the  flowers  blue:  sepals 
oblong,  10-14  mm.  long,  shorter  than  the  somewhat  curved  spur:  follicles 
oval,  erect:  seeds  with  rugose  and  ariliform  coat. — Western  Colorado  to  Ne- 
vada. 

5.  Delphinium  Geyeri  Greene,  Erythea  2:  189.  1894.    Canescently  tomentu- 
lose  throughout;  stems  usually  several  or  many  from  a  bundle  of  woody  deep- 
set  roots,  2-5  dm.  high:  basal  leaves  numerous  and  tufted,  petioled;  the  cau- 
line  diminishing  upward;  all  rather  thick,  cut  into  many  linear  segments, 
these  tipped  with  a  white  callosity:  raceme  long,   with  many  azure-blue 
flowers:  spur  horizontal  or  ascending,  stoutish.     This  is  the  species  that  is 
commonly  known  as  POISON  WEED.     The  tuft  of  radical  leaves  develops  early 
and  these  if  eaten  freely  produce  fatal  bloating  in  cattle  unless  the  animal 
is  relieved  promptly  by  the  use  of  a  trochar. — Very  abundant  on  the  plains 
in  our  range. 

6.  Delphinium  carolinianum  Walt.  Fl.  Car.  155.     1788.     Puberulent  or 
pubescent;  stem  solitary,  strict,  simple  or  nearly  so,  2-5  dm.  high:   leaves 
3-5-parted  or  cleft,  usually  into  linear  lobes :  raceme  spicif orm,  many-flowered : 
flowers  varying  from  blue  to  white  or  even  greenish- white :  sepals  sometimes 
tipped  with  brown:  spur  horizontal  or  ascending;  petals  rather  heavily  pilose: 
follicles   oblong,   erect.    D.   azureum.     (D.   albescens   Rydb.    in    Brit.    Man. 
417.     1901.) — From  the  eastern  base  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  far  to  the 
eastward. 

6a.  Delphinium  carolinianum  Penhardii  (Huth.)  A.  Nels.  A  form  with 
flowers  mostly  white  and  the  spurs  curved  and  erect.  (D.  Penhardii  Huth. 
Helios  10:  27.  1893;  D.  camporum  Greene,  Erythea  2:  183.  1894.)— On  the 
great  plains,  eastward  of  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

7..  Delphinium  sapellonis  Ckll.  Bot.  Gaz.  34:  453.  1902.  Very  glandular 
or  viscid-pubescent,  especially  above;  stem  strict  8-18  dm.  high:  leaves 
tripartite;  the  lateral  divisions  large  and  themselves  almost  tripartite;  the 
segments  mostly  linear:  racemes  long,  narrow,  many-flowered;  flowers  rather 
small,  dull-colored,  greenish-brown  and  more  or  less  streaked  with  dull  purple: 
spur  ascending;  petals  somewhat  pilose  with  yellow  hairs. — New  Mexico,  and 
may  reach  Colorado. 

8.  Delphinium  scopulorum  Gray,  PL  Wright.  2:  9.  1853.    Glabrous  below, 
minutely  pubescent  in  the  inflorescence;  stem  usually  simple,  3-8  dm.  high: 
leaves  laciniately  multifid ;  the  primary  and  secondary  divisions  cuneiform  in 
outline,  laciniately  many-cleft  into  lance-linear  very  acute  segments:  flowers 
rather  large,  indigo-blue,  in  a  strict  raceme:  spur  longer  than  the  sepals: 
follicles   erect,   nearly  glabrous. — New  Mexico  and  probably  in   southern 
Colorado. 

9.  Delphinium    robustum    Rydb.   Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  28:  276.   1901. 
Puberulent  throughout;  stem  stout,  often  2  m.  or  more  high:  leaves  divided 
into  5-7  segments  which  are  6-12  cm.  long  and  twice  cleft  into  linear  lobes: 
inflorescence  branched,  many-flowered:  sepals  elliptical,  dark  blue,  as  long  as 

ROCKY  MT.  BOT. — 13 


194  RANUNCULACEAE    (BUTTERCUP   FAMILY) 

or  longer  than  the  spur:  lateral  petals  2-cleft  at  the  apex,  slender-clawed,  and 
bearded  within. — Southern  Colorado. 

10.  Delphinium  subalpinum  (Gray)  A.  Nels.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  27:  263. 
1900.    Tawny  pubescent  especially  above  and  in  the  inflorescence,  more  or 
less  viscid;  stems  simple,  erect,  5-15  dm.  high:  leaves  deeply  cleft  into  about 
5  segments  which  are  variously  incised  or  gash-toothed,   nearly  glabrous: 
raceme  simple,  short  and  compact  (1  dm.  long);  pedicels  longer  than  the 
spurs  of  the  uniformly  very  deep  blue  flowers:  lower  petals  with  narrow  claw 
and  oval  deeply  notched  blade;  the  lobes  dentate:  ovaries  glabrate,  bluish: 
follicles  short-oblong,  glabrous.    [(?)  D.  Barbeyi  Huth.  Bull.  Herb.  Boiss.  1 :  335. 
1893.] — In  large  dense  beds  at  subalpine  stations;  Colorado  and  Wyoming. 

11.  Delphinium  reticulatum  A.  Nels.  1.  c.  231.    Near  the  preceding,  more 

Eibescent  but  viscid  in  the  inflorescence  only;  stems  usually  several  from  the 
rge  woody  root,  5-10  dm.  high,  and  more  or  less  branched  above:  leaves 
with  3-5  broadly  cuneate  divisions  which  are  3-clef t  into  more  or  less  toothed 
lobes:  raceme  simple  or  branched,  becoming  elongated;  flowers  dull  or  dark 
blue,  more  or  less  streaked  with  white:  spur  longer  than  the  sepals;  lower 
petals  with  ovate,  bifid,  more  or  less  bearded  blade:  follicles  erect,  10  mm. 
long,  conspicuously  reticulated  with  dark  lines,  slightly  pubescent  or  viscid- 
pubescent.  (D.  multiflorum  Rydb.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  29:  147.  1902;  D. 
occidentale  Wats,  as  to  our  range.) — From  northern  Colorado  to  Montana 
and  Idaho. 

12.  Delphinium  Cockerellii  A.  Nels.  Bot.  Gaz.  42:  51.  1906.    Tawny  pubes- 
cent on  stems  and  in  the  inflorescence,  densely  and  viscidly  so  above,  the 
leaves  obscurely  pubescent:  stems  nearly  simple  or  bushy-branched,  6-12  dm. 
high:  leaves  large,  often  12-18  cm.  in  diameter,  the  veins  strikingly  superfi- 
cial, about  5-cleft  or  parted  into  broadly  oblong  or  oblong-cuneate  divisions, 
these  merely  coarsely  toothed  or  incised  above  the  middle:  racemes  often 
several,  open,  with  rather  long  peduncles  and  pedicels  and  few  flowers  (5-10)  ; 
flowers  bright  purple,  large  (3-4  cm.  long):  sepals  oblong-lanceolate,  acute, 
about  as  long  as  the  thick  curved  spur:  petals  small;  the  upper  yellowish- 
white,  concealed  within  the  upper  sepal;  the  lower  purple,  with  suborbicular 
blade,  cleft  and  sparsely  hirsute-ciliate. — Mountains  of  southern  Colorado 
and  of  New  Mexico. 

13.  Delphinium  alpestre  Rydb.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  29:  146.  1902.    Pu- 
berulent,  viscid  above,  caespitose,  only  1-2  dm.  high:  leaves  digitate,  the 
divisions  cuneate-obovate,   divided  halfway  into  oblong  mucronate  lobes: 
inflorescence  short,  few-flowered,  viscid:  sepals  blue  as  are  also  the  upper 
petals:  lower  petals  2-cleft;  the  lobes  lanceolate. — Alpine,   among  rocks; 
Colorado  and  New  Mexico. 

14.  Delphinium  cucullatum  A.  Nels.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  27:  262.  1900. 
Stems  numerous,  clustered  on  thick  woody  roots,  8-15  dm.  high,  glabrous 
nearly  to  the  inflorescence,  leafy:  leaves  finely  pubescent,  10-18  cm.  in  diam- 
eter, 3-7-divided,  the  segments  cuneate  and  very  irregularly  cleft  and  gashed 
at  the  apex:  racemes  usually  several,  very  closely  flowered,  densely  pubescent 
(not  viscid  or  glandular):   sepals  yellowish-white  or  bluish,   all  distinctly 
hooded,  shorter  than  the  spur:  petals  blue,  the  lower  pair  with  slender  claw 
having  a  conspicuous  saccate  nectary  at  base;  the  blade  cleft  to  near  the 
middle:  ovaries  densely  white-pubescent. — Known  as  yet  only  from  north- 
western Wyoming,  on  Snake  River. 

15.  Delphinium  glaucescens  Rydb.  Mem.  N.  Y.  Bot.  Gard.  1:  155.  1900. 
Stems  several  or  many  from  a  thick  caudex,  pubescent,  especially  above,  or 
in  age  glabrate  and  glaucous,  3-8  dm.  high:  leaves  finely  puberulent,  more 
or  less  glaucous  and  tending  to  become  glabrous,  with  5-8  cuneate  divisions 
which  are  mostly  3-clef  t:  raceme  simple,  rather  short;  the  lower  bracts  ex- 
ceeding the  flowers:  flowers  blue,  or  variegated  with  white,  finely  pilose:  spur 
as  long  as  the  lower  petal:  ovaries  densely  hairy:  follicles  erect,  oblong,  pu- 
bescent.    (D.  ramosum  Rydb.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  28:  276.  1901;  D.  elon- 
gatum  Rydb.  1.  c.  29:  148;  D.  qiiercetorum  Greene,  PI.  Baker.  3:  4.  1901.) — 
Montana  to  Colorado. 


RANUNCULACEAE    (BUTTERCUP   FAMILY)  195 

6.  ACONITUM  L.     ACONITE.     MONKSHOOD 

Perennial  herbs,  with  palmately  lobed  or  dissected  leaves,  and  showy 
flowers  in  terminal  racemes  or  panicles.  Sepals  5,  petal-like;  the  upper  one 
large,  helmet-shaped  or  prolonged  saccate.  Petals  2-5;  the  upper  two  with 
long  nectariferous  claws  and  irregular  spur-like  blades  concealed  within  the 
hood;  the  3  lower  very  minute  or  obsolete.  Follicles  3-5,  with  several  to 
many  squamellose  seeds. 

Primary  leaf-segments  rarely  cleft  below  the  middle. 
Flowers  blue,  sometimes  very  pale. 

Raceme  open  or  paniculate,  few-flowered 1.  A.  columbianum. 

Raceme  dense,  subspicate .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .  2.  A.  Bakeri. 

Flowers  ochroleucous     .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .  3.  A.  lutescens. 

Primary  leaf-segments  cleft  nearly  to  the  base    .         .         .         .         .  4.  A.  ramosum. 

1.  Aconitum  columbianum  Nutt.  T.  &  G.  Fl.  N.  A.  1:  34.  1838.     More  or 
less  pubescent  above  with  short  spreading  viscid  hairs:  stem  stout,  9-18  dm. 
high:  divisions  of  the  leaves  broadly  cuneate,  laciniately  toothed,  lobed,  or 
cleft  to  near  the  middle :  flowers  blue,  sometimes  pale  or  nearly  white,  some- 
what pubescent,  rather  few,  in  a  loose  terminal  panicle-like  raceme:  hood 
12-15  mm.  long,  the  helmet-shaped  portion  higher  than  broad;  the  beak  vari- 
able, porrect  or  downwardly  curved.     (A.  insigne  Greene,  in  herb.) — Moist 
open  woods;  from  New  Mexico  to  British  Columbia. 

2.  Aconitum  Bakeri  Greene,  PL  Baker.  3:  5.  1901.    The  whole  upper  por- 
tion of  the  plant,  even  the  flowers,  short-hirsute  with  glandular  hairs,  or  some- 
what viscid-villous:   root  semifleshy,.  short,  fusiform:    stem   stoutish,  erect, 
simple  and  rather  strict,  5-7  dm.  high:  leaves  mostly  5-parted,  the  cuneate 
divisions  doubly  about  3-cleft  to  near  the  middle:  raceme  compact  or  sub- 
spicate, the  flowers  usually  dark  blue:  hood  15-18  mm.  long,  scarcely  higher 
than  broad;  beak  subulate,  usually  projecting  horizontally:  follicles  glabrous, 
about  4.     (A.  atrocyaneum  Rydb.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  29:  150.  1902;   A. 
porrectum  Rydb.  1.  c.) — Moist  subalpine  stations;  Colorado  mountains. 

3.  Aconitum  lutescens  A.   Nels.   Bot.   Gaz.  42:  51.   1906.     Root  small, 
fusiform-tuberous:  stems  slender,  simple,  erect,  only  3-6  dm.  high,  glabrous 
nearly  to  the  inflorescence:  leaves  3-5  cm.  broad;  the  5  broadly  cuneate  divi- 
sions deeply  and  incisely  toothed  above  the  middle:  raceme  narrow,  long  for 
the  plant,  rather  open;  the  flowers  a  pure  cream-color,  becoming  nearly  white 
or  pinkish  in  drying;  rachis  and  pedicels  softly  hirsute-ciliate  with  straight 
viscid  hairs  standing  out   at  right  angles. — Wyoming,   Colorado,  and  New 
Mexico. 

4.  Aconitum  ramosum  A.  Nels.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  26:  8.  1899.    Pu- 
bescent above  only,  obscurely  glandular:  stems  3-5  dm.  high,  more  or  less 
branched  above:  leaves  3-4-parted;  the  segments  2-  or  3-cleft  much  below 
the  middle;  these  divisions  also  incised,  the  leaf  thus  appearing  incisely  mul- 
tifid  with  linear-lanceolate  lobes:  flowers  in  short  terminal,  capitate  racemes, 
blue:   hood   12-16  mm.   long;   the  beak  short:   follicles  cylindrical-oblong, 
reticulately  veined,  nearly  glabrous. — As  yet  only  from  northeastern  Wyom- 
ing. 

7.  ANEMONE  L.     ANEMONE.     WINDFLOWER 

Erect  perennial  herbs.  Basal  leaves  lobed,  divided,  or  dissected,  and  those 
of  the  stem  forming  an  involucre  either  near  to  or  distant  from  the  solitary 
or  umbellate  flowers.  Sepals  4-20.  Petals  wanting.  Stamens  numerous, 
shorter  than  the  sepals.  Pistils  numerous,  becoming  compressed  achenes, 
which  are  not  long- tailed. 

Achenes  densely  woolly. 

Stem  low,  simple,  1-flowered. 

From  slender  rootstocks       .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .     1.  A.  parviflora. 

From  a  short  erect  caudex     .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .     2.  A.  lithophila. 

Stems  generally  branching  above,   1-3  dm.  high;  flowers  mostly 

more  than  1. 
Head  of  carpels  globose       .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .     3.  A.  globosa. 

Head  of  carpels  cylindrical 4.  A.  cylindrica. 


196  KANUNCULACEAE    (BUTTERCUP   FAMILY) 

Achenes  pubescent  only  or  glabrate. 
Leaves  of  the  involucre  sessile. 

Achenes  appressed-pubescent 5.  A.  canadensis. 

Achenes  wholly  glabrous 6.  A.  zephyra. 

Leaves  of  the  involucre  petioled. 

Stems  from  horizontal  or  ascending  rootstocks    .         .         .         .     7.  A.  quinquefolia. 
Stems  from  an  erect  caudex. 

Styles  deciduous 8.  A.  tetonensis. 

Styles  persistent 9.  A.  stylosa. 

1.  Anemone  parviflora  Michx.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  1:  319.  1803.    Sparingly  softly 
hirsute:  the  stems  low,  4-10  cm.  high,  the  solitary  peduncles,  in  fruit,  often 
longer:  rootstock  slender:  root-leaves  3-parted,  then*  broadly  cuneate  seg- 
ments crenately  lobed  or  toothed;  involucral  leaves  nearly  sessile,  then-  seg- 
ments more  deeply  lobed:  sepals  5  or  6,  oval,  white:  head  of  fruit  globular. — 
Mountains  of  Colorado,  northward  to  the  Arctic  sea. 

2.  Anemone  lithophila  Rydb.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  29:  152.  1902.     Spar- 
ingly pubescent  with  long  silky  hairs:  stems  1  or  more  from  a  short  erect  root- 
stock:  leaves  ternate,  the  obovate-cuneate  segments  once  or  twice  3-cleft  or 
lobed,  the  lobes  oblong:  involucral  leaves  subsessile  and  similar:  sepals  silky, 
ochroleucous,  tinged  with  blue,  broadly  oboyate  or  oval:  achenes  densely  vil- 
lous. — Utah  and  Montana,  probably  Wyoming  and  Idaho. 

3.  Anemone  globosa  Nutt.  ex  Pritz.  in  Linnaea  15:  673.   1841.     Silky 
hairy,  1-3  dm.  high:  basal  leaves  long-petioled,  3-5-parted,  the  segments 
cleft  into  linear  acute  lobes;  involucral  leaves  short-petioled:  sepals  5-9,  red, 
rarely  yellow,  oval  or  oblong,  silky  or  downy  beneath.    A.  multifida. — Fre- 
quent in  the  central  Rocky  Mountains. 

4.  Anemone  cylindrica  Gray,  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  3:  221.  1836.     Tall  and 
clothed  with  silky  hairs:  flowers  2-6,   on  very  long  and  upright  naked  pe- 
duncles: leaves  of  the  involucre  long-petioled,  twice  or  thrice  as  many  as  the 
flower  stalks,  3-divided,  then*  divisions  wedge-shaped,  the  lateral  2-parted, 
the  middle  one  3-cleft,  lobes  cut  and  toothed  at  the  apex:  sepals  greenish- 
white:  head  of  fruit  cylindrical. — From  Colorado  to  Bitter  Root  valley  and 
thence  eastward  across  the  continent. 

5.  Anemone  canadensis  L.  Syst.  Ed.  12.  3:  App.  231.  1768.    Hairy,  rather 
low:  involucres  sessile;  the  primary  ones  3-leaved,  bearing  a  naked  peduncle, 
and  soon  a  pair  of  branches  or  peduncles  with  a  2-leaved  involucre  at  the 
middle,  which  branch  similarly  in  turn;  their  leaves  broadly  wedge-shaped, 
3-cleft,  cut  and  toothed;  radical  leaves  5-7-parted  or  cleft:  sepals  5,  obovate, 
white:  carpels  orbicular.     A.  dichotoma. — Common  along  streams;  eastern 
Colorado  and  Wyoming  and  eastward. 

6.  Anemone  zephyra  A.  Nels.  Bot.  Gaz.  42:  51.  1906.    Green  but  sparsely 
long-pilose:  stems  1  or  more  from  the  thick  erect  caudex,  7-15  dm.  high, 
rather  stout:  basal  leaves  petioled,  ternate,  the  broad  petiolulate  segments 
mostly  deeply  3-cleft,  and  these  segments  in  turn  deeply  incised  into  linear- 
oblong  lobes;  involucral  leaves  sessile,  with  linear-oblong  lobes:  flowers  large, 
2-3  cm.  broad,  lemon-yellow  or  ochroleucous,  usually  solitary  and  rather  long 
pedunculate,   sometimes  umbellately  2-4-fl  owered :   achenes  large,  glabrous, 
obovate,  tapering  to  a  stipe-like  base,  tipped  with  the  short  hooked  style. 
A.  narcissiflora. — Subalpine  or  alpine  in  the  central  Rocky  Mountains. 

7.  Anemone  quinquefolia  L.  Sp.   PL   541.  1753.     Smooth  or  somewhat 
villous:  stem  perfectly  simple  from  a  filiform  rootstock,  slender,  leafless,  ex- 
cept for  the  involucre  of  3  long-petioled  trifoliolate  leaves;  their  leaflets  wedge- 
shaped  or  oblong,  toothed  or  cut,  or  the  lateral  ones  2-parted;  a  similar  rad- 
ical leaf  in  sterile  plants  solitary  from  the  rootstock:  sepals  4-7,  oval,  white 
or  pinkish:  achenes  oblong,  with  a  hooked  beak.     A.  nemorosa.— Scarcely 
within  our  range;  northward  and  eastward. 

8.  Anemone  tetonensis  Porter,  Brit.   N.  Y.  Acad.  Sci.  6:  224.  1891.    Much 
like  A.  globosa,  but  lower  and  more  slender:  leaf-segments  somewhat  broader, 
obtusish,  glabrate:  flowers  deep  purple:  achenes  dorsally  glabrate. — In  the 
high  mountains  of  northwest  Wyoming  and  extending  into  Idaho  and  Mon- 
tana. 


RANUNCULACEAE    (BUTTERCUP   FAMILY)  197 

9.  Anemone  stylosa  A.  Nels.  Bot.  Gaz.  42:  52.  1906.  Low  from  a  thickened 
simple  or  branched  caudex,  densely  covered  with  the  dead  sheathing  petioles: 
basal  leaves  pale  green,  glabrous,  biternate,  segments  3-parted,  again  incised 
into  linear-lanceolate  acute  lobes;  involucral  leaves  short-petioled,  otherwise 
quite  similar:  stems  and  petioles  sparsely  long-pilose,  the  hairs  spreading  or 
refracted:  sepals  oval  or  oblong,  purplish-red  or  greenish-red:  achenes  pubes- 
cent, with  rather  long  straight  glabrous  persistent  styles,  hooked  at  the  tip. 
— Only  as  yet  from  type  locality,  Fish  Lake,  Utah. 

8.  PULSATILLA  Adans.     PASQUE  FLOWER 

Characters  nearly  the  same  as  for  Anemone,  except  that  the  styles  are  always 
persistent  and  become  greatly  elongated  and  plumose. — Anemone  in  part. 

1.  Pulsatilla  hirsutissima  (Pursh)  Brit.  Ann.  N.  Y.  Acad.  Sci.  6:  1891. 
Villous  with  long  silky  hairs:  flower  erect,  developed  before  the  leaves,  which 
are  ternately  divided,  the  lateral  divisions  2-parted,  the  middle  one  stalked 
and  3-parted,  the  segments  deeply  once  or  twice  cleft  into  narrowly  linear 
and  acute  lobes:  sepals  5-7,  purplish  or  whitish.  Anemone  patens  Nuttalliana. 
• — From  the  mountains  eastward  to  Illinois  and  Wisconsin;  the  state  flower 
of  South  Dakota. 

9.  CLEMATIS  L.     VIRGIN'S  BOWER 

Perennial  herbs,  either  climbing  or  upright,  with  opposite  leaves,  enlarged 
nodes,  and  usually  showy  flowers  (large  and  solitary  or  smaller  and  clustered). 
Sepals  4  or  rarely  more,  valvate,  petal-like.  Petals  none,  sometimes  the 
outer  stamens  sterile,  with  the  filaments  broadened  and  petaloid.  Stamens 
many.  Pistils  numerous,  becoming  achenes  tailed  with  feathery  or  hairy  or 
rarely  naked  styles. 

Petals  none;  stamens  with  adnate  anthers. 
Stems  erect;  leaves  pinnate  or  pinnatifid. 

Leaves  pinnate;  the  leaflets  all  petiolulate    .         .         .         .         .     1.  C.  plattensis. 
Leaves  twice  or  thrice  pinnatifid. 

Petiolules  of  leaves  straight  (not  contorted). 

Low  and  white-villous  .         .         .         .         .         .         .  2.  C.  eriophora. 


Taller  and  sparsely  villous 

Petiolules  of  some  of  the  leaves  contorted  as  if  for  climbing 
Stems  climbing;  leaves  ternate  or  pinnately  5-foliolate  . 
Petals  none;  some  of  the  outer  stamens  petaloid  and  sterile;  stem 

climbing  or  sometimes  low. 

Leaves  ternate,  entire  or  merely  toothed          .... 
Leaves  biternate,  incisely  toothed  or  lobed     .... 


3.  C.  Douglasii. 

4.  C.  Scottii. 

5.  C.  ligusticifolia. 


6.  C.  occidentals. 

7.  C.  pseudoalpina. 


1.  Clematis  plattensis  A.  Nels.  Bot.  Gaz.  42:  52.  1906.    Stems  clustered 
on  the  crown  of  a  thick  woody  root,  12-18  cm.  high,  terminated  by  the  single 
stout  peduncle  of  nearly  equal  length  in  fruit,  sparsely  short- villous :  basal 
leaves  small,  scale-like  and  entire;  foliage  proper  of  about  3  pairs  of  nearly 
simple-pinnate  short-petioled  leaves;   pinnae  7-9,  the  lowest  pair  sometimes 
ternate,    all  distinctly  petiolulate   (petiolule   3-10  mm.   long)   and   oblong- 
lanceolate,  entire,  and   (in  age)   merely  ciliate-villous:   achenes  long-tailed, 
hairy-plumose:  flowers  not  known,  presumably  much  like  those  of  C.  Doug- 
lasii.— Eastern  Wyoming,  in  the  canon  of  the  Platte. 

2.  Clematis  eriophora  Rydb.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  29:  154.  1902.    Promi- 
nently white-villous:  stems  2-4  dm.  high,  simple:  leaves  5-10  cm.  long,  dis- 
tinctly petioled,  twice  pinnately  divided;  ultimate  segments  narrowly  linear: 
flowers  nodding:  calyx  villous,  campanulate,  about  3  cm.  long:  sepals  oblong, 
obtuse,  the  upper  third  spreading,  with  a  dilated  margin:  achenes  silky,  then* 
tails  long  and  plumose. — In  mountain  canons;  Colorado. 

3.  Clematis  Douglasii  Hook.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  1:  1.  pi.  1.  1829.    Stem  simple 
or  branching,  more  or  less  villous,  woolly  at  the  joints:  leaves  pinnate  to  2- 
or  3-pinnatifid;  the  leaflets  linear  or  linear-lanceolate:  sepals  thick,  deep  pur- 
ple within,  paler  externally,  woolly  at  the  apex,  and  spreading:  achenes  silky, 


198  RANUNCULACEAE    (BUTTERCUP   FAMILY) 

the  tails  3-4  cm.  in  length.     [C.  Bakeri  Greene,  Pitt.  4:  147.  1900;  C.  Jonesii 
(Kuntze)  Rydb.  1.  c.  153.] — Colorado,  northward  and  westward  to  Washington. 

4.  Clematis  Scottii  Porter,  Fl.  Col.   1.     1874.     Near  the  two  preceding: 
leaves  large,  with  some  or  all  the  divisions  3-5-parted  or  3-5-f oliolate ;  lobes 
or  leaflets  oblong  or  ovate-lanceolate;  some  upper  leaves  with  distinctly 
tortuous  petiolules,  as  if  for  clasping  a  support.— Southern  Colorado  and  New 
Mexico. 

5.  Clematis  ligusticifolia  Nutt.  T.  &  G.  Fl.  N.  A.  1:  9.  1838.    Nearly  gla- 
brous: stem  more  or  less  woody,  often  very  long,  climbing  by  the  tortuous 
grasping,  petiolules:  leaves  pinnate  and  ternate,  mostly  5-f oliolate;  the  leaflets 
oblong,  acute,  often  somewhat  lanceolate-cuneate,  incisely  toothed  and  trifid: 
flowerS  white,  in  paniculate  corymbs,  dioecious:  sepals  thin,  equaling  the  sta- 
mens.— From  New  Mexico  to  the  Saskatchewan  and  Oregon,  and  also  in  Cali- 
fornia; climbing  over  bushes  and  producing  a  great  abundance  of  white  flowers. 

6.  Clematis  occidentalis  Homem.*  Hort.  Hafn.  520.     1813.     Leaves  simply 
3-f oliolate,  slender-petioled ;  leaflets  slender-petiolulate,  ovate  mostly  acumi- 
nate, entire  or  sparingly  dentate:  sepals  violet,  3-5  cm.  long,  oblong,  acute 
or  acutish:  usually  some  of  the  outer  stamens  sterile,  with  enlarged  spatulate 
petaloid  filaments.     C.  verticillaris. — Colorado  to  California  and  north  into 
British  America. 

7.  Clematis  pseudoalpina  (Kuntze)  A.  Nels.     Stems  very  short,  trailing, 
hardly  if  at  all  climbing:  leaves  biternate;  the  divisions  lanceolate  or  ovate- 
lanceolate,  acute,  pinnately  3-7-toothed,  lobed  or  cleft:  sepals  lanceolate, 
acute,  thin,  purplish-blue  or  rarely  white:  petaloid  filaments  (staminodia)  all 
linear,   more  or  less  antheriferous,   scarcely  exceeding  the  other  stamens: 
achenes  pubescent  or  glabrous,  with  long  plumose  tails.     C.  alpina  occiden- 
talis.    (Atragene  repens.  Rydb.  1.  c.) — New  Mexico  to  Utah  and  Wyoming. 

7a.  Clematis  pseudoalpina  tenuiloba  (Gray)  A.  Nels.  Differs  from  the 
preceding  but  little:  stems  even  shorter:  leaflets  more  deeply  incised  and  the 
lobes  narrow,  often  lance-linear.  [Atragene  tenuiloba  (Gray)  Brit,  in  Bull. 
Herb.  Boiss.  3:  206.  1895.]— Colorado  and  Utah  to  Dakota  and  Montana. 

10.  MYOSURUS  L.     MOUSETAIL 

Very  small  annual  herbs,  with  a  tuft  of  linear  or  spatulate  entire  radical 
leaves,  and  solitary  flowers  on  simple  scapes.  Sepals  5,  spurred  at  base. 
Petals  5,  linear,  on  a  slender  claw  with  a  pit  at  its  summit.  Stamens  5-20. 
The  long  slender  spike  of  achenes  and  linear  radical  leaves  give  the  plant  the 
appearance  of  a  diminutive  plantain. 

1.  Myosurus  apetalus  Gay,  Hist.  Chil.  Bot.  1:31.  1845.  Scapes  3-5  cm. 
high,  usually  spreading,  but  little  surpassing  the  linear  leaves:  petals  often 
wanting:  spike  of  achenes  6-20  mm.  long,  ovoid-oblong  and  more  or  less 
squarrose,  or  cylindrical:  achenes  oblong,  thin- walled,  with  narrow,  promi- 
nently carinate  back' prolonged  into  a  spreading  or  ascending  beak:  achene  ob- 
long.— Wet  saline  places;  western  N.  America;  also  in  Chile. 

11.  BATRACHIUM  S.  F.  Gray.     WATER  CROWFOOT 

Aquatic  or  subaquatic  perennials  or  winter  annuals,  with  filiform-dissected 
submersed  leaves  and  sometimes  also  a  few  dilated  emersed  ones;  petioles 
with  dilated  stipular  base.  Peduncles  solitary,  opposite  the  leaves.  Petals 
white,  with  a  naked  nectariferous  pit  upon  the  yellow  base.  Achenes  margin- 
less  and  transversely  rugose. — Ranunculus  in  part. 

Achenes  short-beaked ,     1.  B.  longirostre. 

Achenes  beakless. 

*  See  discussion  of  this  and  the  following  species,  under  Atragene,  by  Dr.  P  A  Rvdberjr 
Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  29:  155-157.  1902.  gt 


RANUNCULACEAE    (BUTTERCUP    FAMILY)  199 

Flowers  large  (petals  5-8  mm.  long);  stamens  many. 

Leaves  short  and  scarcely  collapsing  when  withdrawn  from  the 

water  ..........     2.  B.  trichpphyllum. 

Leaves  longer  and  collapsing  when  withdrawn  from  the  water     .     3.  B.  flaccidum. 
Flowers  smaller;  stamens  5-12      .         .         .         .         .         .         .     4.  B.  confervoides. 

1.  Batrachium  longirostre  (Godr.)  F.  Schutz.  Arch.  Fl.  Fr.  et  Allem.  1:  70. 
1844.    Stem  leafy  (the  internodes  short):  leaves  nearly  sessile,  all  submersed; 
segments  numerous,  filiform,  12-15  mm.  long,  hardly  collapsing  when  with- 
drawn from  the  water;  the  stipules  broad  and  hairy:  peduncles  moderately 
stout,  2-3  cm.  long:  petals  ovate,  5-7  mm.  long:  achenes  in  a  globose  head, 
distinctly  beaked.  —  Ponds  and  streams;  infrequent  in  our  range,  but  common 
eastward. 

2.  Batrachium  trichophyllum   (Chaix)   Bossch.   Prod.  Fl.   Bat.  5.  1850. 
Wholly  submersed;  the  stems  long  (3  dm.  or  more),  with  rather  long  inter- 
nodes:  leaves  petioled;  their  segments  short  (10-16  mm.),  scarcely  collapsing 
when  withdrawn  from  the  water;  stipules  broad,  short,  hairy:  flowers  rather 
large,  on  stoutish  peduncles  bringing  them  just  above  the  surface:  achenes 
apiculate  but  not  beaked,  on  a  hairy  receptacle.  —  Ponds  and  streams,  fre- 
quent; across  the  continent  and  in  Europe. 

3.  Batrachium  flaccidum  (Pers.)  Rupe.  Fl.  Cauc.  15.     1869.     Scarcely  dif- 
fering from  the  preceding  except  in  the  shorter  internodes,  more  numerous 
longer-petioled  leaves,  which  have  longer  more  slender  segments  that  collapse 
on  being  withdrawn  from  the  water.  —  Occurring  not  only  in  N.  America  but 
in  Europe  and  Asia. 

4.  Batrachium  confervoides  Fries,  Bot.  Notiser  121.    1844.     Differing  from 
the  three  preceding  in  the  filiform  stem,  the  very  flaccid  leaves,  the  smaller 
flowers,  the  few  stamens,  and  the  conic  (not  -ovoid)  receptacles.  —  In  cold  wa- 
ters; northern  Wyoming  to  Alaska  and  Lake  Winnipeg. 

12.  RANUNCULUS  L.     BUTTERCUP.     CROWFOOT 

Mostly  low  perennial  herbs,  more  rarely  annual,  with  leaves  varying  from 
entire  to  divided,  parted  or  dissected;  those  of  the  stem  alternate.  Flowers 
solitary  or  several  in  a  subcorymbose  cluster.  Sepals  usually  5.  Petals  3-15, 
with  a  little  scale-covered  pit  at  the  base  inside,  yellow  (in  some  degree), 
often  broad  and  conspicuous.  Achenes  aggregated  in  a  globular  or  oblong 
head,  usually  compressed;  the  style  often  in  part  (more  rarely  as  a  whole) 
persisting  and  pointing  the  achene. 


AMPHIBIOUS  AQUATICS,     the     submersed     leaves,     if     any, 
capillary-multifid. 
Leaves  orbicular  in  outline,  multifid  or  many-toothed  or  lobed     . 
Leaves  reniform,  3-lobed     ........ 
MARSH   PLANTS,   perennial   by   creeping   stolons 
TERRESTRIAL  PERENNIALS,  often  growing  in  wet  places. 

1.  R.  Purshii. 
2.  R.  natans. 
3.  R.  reptans. 

Some  of  the  leaves  entire    

5.  R.  glaberrimus. 

None  of  the  leaves  entire. 

Some  or  all  of  the  radical  merely  crenate-dentate,  not  divided 

or  parted. 
Achenes  glabrous,  in  a  globose  head. 

Sepals  densely  villous  with  brown  hair     .         .         .         .       6.  R.  Macauleyi. 

Sepals  glabrate  or  ciliate-pubescent. 

Radical  leaves  reniform-cordate    .         .         .         .         .       7.  R.  abortivus. 

Radical  leaves  ovate  or  suborbicular     .         .         .  8.  R.  ovalis. 

Achenes  pubescent,  in  an  oblong  head 

Petals  small,  spatulate-oblong  .  ....       9.  R.  inamoenus. 

Petals  large,  obovate-suborbicular  .         .         .         .     10.  R.  cardiophyllus. 

Most  of  the  radical  cleft  to  the  middle  or  below. 
Head  of  carpels  elliptic  or  oblong. 

Achenes  pubescent  .         .         .  .         .         .         .     11.  R.  pedatifidus. 

Achenes  glabrous      .         .         .  .         .         .         .     12.  R.  alpeophilus. 

Head  of  achenes  globose      .         .  .         .         .         .     13.  R.  pygmaeus. 

All  of  the  leaves  deeply  cleft  or  parted. 

Plants  of  alpine  or  subalpine  stations,  3-14  cm.  high.   • 
Flowers  small. 

Sepals  glabrous     ........     14.  R.  Jovis. 

Sepals  villous        .,,,.,         ,         .     15.  R.  Grayi, 


200  RANUNCULACEAE    (BUTTERCUP   FAMILY) 

Flowers  very  large,  2-3  cm.  broad. 

Leaves  2-3-ternately  parted  into  linear  lobes      .         .     16.  R.  adoneus. 
Leaves  digitately  3-7 -divided  or  parted     .         .         .     17.  R.  eximius. 
Plants  of  middle  elevations  or  lower;  mostly  2-4  dm.  high. 

Wholly,  glabrous 18.  R.  eremogenes. 

More  or  less  pubescent. 

Achenes  with  short  hooked  beak. 

Stems  glabrous  or  nearly  so;  flowers  small      .         .     19.  R.  Douglasu. 
Stems  hirsute;  flowers  15-25  mm.  broad. 

Pubescence  mostly  appressed        .         .         .         .     20.  R.  acriformis. 
Pubescence  mostly  spreading         .         .         .         .     21.  R.  montanensis. 
Achenes  with  straight  stout  beak. 

Stems  stout,  very  rough  hirsute;  beak  much  shorter 

than  the  body  of  the  achene. 
Head  of  carpels  oblong;  petals  not  longer  than 

the  sepals 22.  R.  pennsylvanicus. 

Head  of  carpels  globose  or  ovoid;  petals  longer 

than  the  sepals     ......     23.  R.  Macounii. 

Stems  slenderer;  beak  as  long  as  the  body  of  the 

achene 24.  R.  maximus. 

1.  Ranunculus  Purshii  Rich,  in  Frank.  Journ.  751.    1823.    Stems  floating 
or  immersed,  with  the  divisions  of  the  leaves  long  and  filiform;  or  rooting  in 
the  mud  and  the  leaves  round-reniform  and  more  or  less  deeply  lobed  and 
toothed;  petioles  short,  broadly  stipulate-dilated  at  base:  flowers  large,  the 
petals  with  conspicuous  obovate  scales:  achenes  in  a  small  globose  head, 
beaked  by  a  short  straight  style.     R.  multifidus. — Colorado  and  northward, 
and  across  the  continent. 

2.  Ranunculus  natans  C.  A.  Meyer,  in  Ledeb.  Ic.  t.  114.    1829.    Stem 
filiform,  creeping:  leaves  glabrous,  petioled,  reniform,  3-cleft;  the  lobes  oval- 
oblong,  divaricate,  the  lateral  ones  sometimes  somewhat  2-cleft:  heads  of 
achenes  globose,  compact;  style  wanting. — In  swamps  at  middle  elevations; 
Colorado  and  northward. 

3.  Ranunculus  reptans  L.  Sp.  PI.  549.  1753.     Glabrous  throughout:  stems 
filiform,  creeping  and  rooting  at  the  joints:  leaves  mostly  lanceolate  and  acute 
at  each  end:  petals  half  longer  than  the  sepals:  achenes  few  in  a  small  globular 
head,  plump;  beak  very  short  and  curved. — Found  in  Colorado,  but  most  com- 
mon northward,  where  it  extends  across  the  continent. 

4.  Ranunculus  calthaeflorus  Greene,  Erythea  3:  45.   1895.     Nearly  or 
quite  glabrous  throughout:  roots  thickened-fibrous:  stems  usually  solitary, 
more  or  less  branched,  often  dichotomously  from  near  the  middle,  1-3  dm. 
high:  leaves  ovate  and  oblong-lanceolate,  3-10  cm.  long,  entire  or  nearly  so; 
the  cauline  somewhat  narrower  and  sessile:  inflorescence  more  or  less  corym- 
bose: petals  about  10,  oblong-obovate  or  narrower:  achenes  in  a  subglobose 
head;  the  beak  short,  subulate,  and  nearly  straight.     R.  alismaefolius.     (R. 
unguiculatus  Greene,  Pitt.  4:  142.  1900.) — Frequent  at  high  altitudes  in  the 
central  Rocky  Mountains. 

5.  Ranunculus  glaberrimus  Hook.  Fl.  Bar.  Am.  1:  13.  t.  5.    1829.    Gla- 
brous,   less  than    1  dm.   high:    roots  a   fascicle   of   thickened   fibers:  stems 
1-several-flowered:  radical  leaves  elliptic,   cuneate  at  base,   3-cleft  to  th.e 
middle  or  deeper:   flowers  18-25  mm.  broad:   petals  twice  as  long  as  the 
sepals,  bright  yellow,  glossy  and  shining:  achenes  with  a  short  beak.     (R. 
ellipticus   Greene,   Pitt.  2:   110.  1890.) — Colorado,   northward  and   west   to 
Washington. 

6.  Ranunculus  Macauleyi  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  15:  45.  1880.    Roots  a 
fascicle  of  fleshy  fibers:  stems  10-15  cm.  high:  leaves  petioled,  soft-pilose 
when  young,  soon  glabrate,  from  oblong  to  obovate-spatulate,  3-10  toothed: 
sepals  very  dark-villous:  petals  crenulate,  about  1  cm.  long:  carpels  glabrous, 
subglobose,    beaked   by   a   short    straight    style. — Alpine;   in   southwestern 
Colorado. 

7.  Ranunculus  abortivus  L.  Sp.  PI.  551.    1753.    Glabrous,  1-5  dm.  high: 
primary  root-leaves  round  heart-shaped  or  kidney-form,  barely  crenate,  the 
succeeding  ones  often  3-lobed  or  3-parted;  those  of  the  stem  and  branches 
3-5-parted  or  divided,  their  divisions  oblong  or  narrowly  wedge-form,  mostly 
toothed:  petals  shorter  than  the  reflexed  sepals:  achenes  with  a  minute 


RANTJNCULACEAE    (BUTTERCUP   FAMILY)  201 

curved  beak.    [R.  micropetalus  (Greene)  Rydb.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  29:  158. 
1902.] — From  the  mountains  eastward  across  the  continent. 

8.  Ranunculus  ovalis  Raf.  Proc.  Dec.  36.     1814.    Dwarf,  7-15  cm.  high, 
hairy:  basal  leaves  petioled,  oval  to  oblong,  crenate  or  slightly  lobed;  cauline 
mostly  sessile,  deeply  3-7-divided  into  obtuse  linear  lobes:  flowers  10-12  mm. 
broad;  the  petals  narrow  and  much  exceeding  the  sepals:  head  of  carpels 
sptarical;    achenes   ovoid,    minutely  beaked.     R.   rhomboideus. — From   the 
borofers  of  Wyoming  far  to  the  north  and  east. 

9.  Ranunculus  inamoenus  Greene,  Pitt.  3:  91.  1896.    Green  but  sparsely 
hairy,   1-3  dm.  high:  radical  leaves  short-petioled,  ovate-flabelliform,  cre- 
nately  toothed  or  3-lobed  at  summit;  cauline  sessile,  once  or  twice  ternately 
divided  into  oblanceolate  segments:  peduncles  short,   slender,   solitary,   or 
several  and  sub  umbellate :  corolla  6-10  mm.  broad;  the  5  petals  pbovate- 
oblong:  head  of  pubescent  achenes  oblong-cylindrical. — Frequent  in  moist 
soil  throughout  our  range. 

10.  Ranunculus  cardiophyllus  Hook.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  1:  14.  1829.    More  or 
less  pubescent,  rather  stout  and  succulent,  1-3  dm.  high:  some  or  all  of  the 
radical  leaves  ovate-cordate  and  coarsely  crenate;  cauline  3-7-cleft  or  parted, 
with  broadly  linear  or  oblanceolate  divisions:  flowers  few  to  several,  rather 
large;  the  petals  obovate-orbicular:  achenes  pubescent,  in  an  oblong-cylin- 
drical head;  the  style  short. — Occasional;  moist  valleys  in  the  mountains. 

11.  Ranunculus  pedatifidus  J.  E.  Smith,  in  Rees.  Cycl.  No.  72.  1813-16. 
Similar  but  smaller  and  not  succulent:  radical  leaves  nearly  all  more  or  less 
lobed  or  divided,  usually  pedately  multifid  with  broadly  linear  lobes:  petals 
pale  yellow,  6-8  mm.  long:  achenes  pubescent  or  glabrate,  with  short  recurved 
style. — Subalpine;  New  Mexico,  northward  to  arctic  America. 

12.  Ranunculus  alpeophilus  A.  Nels.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  26:  350.  1899. 
Bright  green  and  nearly  glabrous  throughout,  8-15  cm.  high:  radical  leaves 
orbicular-flab  elliform  to  nearly  reniform,  crenately  toothed  or  incisely  lobed, 
the  middle  lobe  Ungulate;  cauline  few,  near  the  top  and  somewhat  involucrate, 
divided  nearly  to  the  base:  flowers  few:  calyx  nearly  glabrous:  achenes  in  an 
oblong  head,  glabrous.     R.  nivalis  Eschscholtzii.     (R.  ocreatus  Greene,  Pitt. 
4:  15.  1899.)— Subalpine,  on  moist  slopes;  central  Rocky  Mountains. 

13.  Ranunculus  pygmaeus  Wahl.  Fl.  Lapp.  157.    1812.    Dwarf,  2-5  cm. 
high:  leaves  glabrous,  3-5-cleft;  the  radical  petioled:  stems  usually  1-flowered: 
sepals  glabrous:  petals  obtuse,  about  4  mm.  long,  not  longer  than  the  sepals: 
achenes  subglobpse,  tipped  with  a  short  hooked  style,  aggregated  in  an  ob- 
long head. — Alpine  and  rare  within  our  range;  extending  to  arctic  America. 

14.  Ranunculus  Jovis  A.  Nels.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  27:  261.  1900.    Di- 
minutive glabrous  perennial,  2-4  dm.  high:  roots  few,  fascicled,  tuberous, 
vertical  and  largest  below :  radical  leaves  entire  or  trifid,  long  petioled ;  cauline 
single,  trifid,  sessile:  stem  as  long  as  the  petioles,  mostly  1-flowered:  petals 
oblong-spat ulate,  barely  exceeding  the  broader  sepals:  achenes  in  a  sub- 
globose  head,  slender  beaked.    R.  digitatus  Hook.;  not  R.  digitatus  Willd. — 
Alpine;  Utah,  northern  Wyoming,  and  westward. 

15.  Ranunculus  Grayi  Brit.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  18:  265.  1891.    Low 
but  stouter  than  the  foregoing  two:  radical  leaves  biternately  or  pedately 
divided  and  parted;  the  primary  divisions  often  petiolulate  and  the  lobes 
linear-oblong  or  spatulate:   stems  1-2-flowered:   petals  about  5  mm.  long, 
surpassing  the  villous  sepals:  achenes  subglobose,  tipped  with  a  subulate 
beak  and  aggregated  in  a  subglobose  head. — Rare;  on  the  highest  peaks  in 
Colorado,  and  in  British  America. 

16.  Ranunculus  adoneus  Gray,  Proc.  Acad.Phila.  56:  1863.    Low,  sparsely 
villous,  becoming  glabrous:  stems  branching  from  the  base,  1-3-leaved  above, 
sometimes  sarmentose-decumbent  and  2-3-flowered  :*  leaves  twice  pedately 
parted,  segments  narrowly  linear:  petals  golden  yellow,  twice  exceeding  the 
sub  villous  sepals:  achenes  crowded  in  an  oval  head,  turgid,  with  the  rather 
long  ensiform  beak  scarious-winged  on  each  edge. — High  altitudes,  close  to 
the  snow;  Colorado. 

17.  Ranunculus  eximius  Greene,  Erythea  3:  19.  1894K    Radical  leaves 


202  RANUNCULACEAE    (BUTTERCUP   FAMILY) 

few,  often  only  1,  on  short  stout  petioles,  cuneate-obovate  to  flabelliform, 
deeply  about  7-lobed  or  divided;  upper  cauline  sessile,  cleft  to  the  middle  or 
below  into  broadly  linear  lobes:  corolla  25-30  mm.  broad,  circular  by  the 
overlapping  of  the  several  obovate  or  almost  obcordate  petals:  achenes  ovoid, 
in  an  ovoid  head. — Near  snow  banks;  in  the  mountains  of  Northern  Wyoming 
and  Montana;  probably  in  Idaho  also. 

18.  Ranunculus  eremogenes  Greene,  Erythea  4:  121.  1896.    Annual,  eroct, 
2-5  dm.  high,   stout  and  fistulous,   sparingly  leafy,   simple  below,   loosely 
corymbose-paniculate  above,  glabrous,  the  herbage  light   green:   leaves  of 
rounded  general  outline,  mostly  5-parted  and  the  segments  cleft  into  about 
3  lobes,  these  toothed:  flowers  8-10  mm.  broad;  light  yellow  petals  surpassing 
the  sepals:  head  of  numerous  achenes  obtusely  ovoid-oblong,  the  oblong- 
ovoid  receptacle  much  inflated;  achenes  nearly  beakless.     R.  sceleratus. — 
Margins  of  pools  and  springy  bogs;  plains  and  valleys  of  our  range,  and  west- 
ward. 

19.  Ranunculus  Douglasii  Howell,  Fl.  N.  W.  Am.  18.    1897.    More  or  less 
pubescent  or  hirsute,  3-6  dm.  high:  leaves  thin,  deeply  3-5-cleft;  the  segments 
oblanceolate  to  obovate-cuneate,  sharply  and  irregularly  few-toothed:  petals 
spatulate,  small,  only  2-4  mm.  long:  receptacle  glabrous:  achenes  glabrous, 
tipped  with  a  short  stout  hooked  beak. — From  Colorado  northward  (in  the 
mountains)  and  west  to  Oregon  and  Washington. 

20.  Ranunculus  acriformis  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  21:  374.  1886.     Pu- 
bescence hirsute,  more  or  less  appressed:  stems  strict  and  slender,  2-5  dm. 
high:  leaves  palmately  or  pedately  3-5-parted  into  narrow  segments  which 
are  again  2-3-cleft  into  lance-linear  lobes:  flowers  several  to  many:  petals 
orbicular-obovate,  6-8  mm.  long,  much  exceeding  the  sepals:  achenes  glabrous, 
with  a  curved  beak  half  as  long  as  the  body.     (R.  Earlei  Greene,  Pitt.  4:  15. 
1900.) — Abundant;  moist  bottom  lands,  on  the  high  plains;  Colorado  into 
British  America. 

21.  Ranunculus  montanensis  Rydb.  Mem.  N.  Y.  Bot.  Gard.  1:  166.  1900. 
In  habit  and  foliage  much  like  the  preceding,  but  stouter  and  silky  with  more 
spreading  hairs:  flowers  few,  large,  20-25  mm.  broad:  achenes  in,  a  globose 
head,  glabrous;  the  beak  long  and  strongly  hooked. — From  northern  Wyom- 
ing into  Idaho  and  Montana. 

22.  Ranunculus  pennsylvanicus  L.  f.  Suppl.  272.    1781.    Hirsute  with 
rough  spreading  bristly  hairs:  stem  stout,  erect:  divisions  of  the  leaves  stalked, 
somewhat  ovate,  unequally  3-cleft,  sharply  cut  and  toothed,  acute:  petals 
pale,  not  exceeding  the  sepals:  achenes  in  ovate  heads,  glabrous,  pointed  with 
a  sharp  beak  one  third  their  length.— Within  the  northeastern  part  of  our 
range  and  then  eastward  to  the  Atlantic. 

23.  Ranunculus  Macounii  Brit.  Trans.  N.  Y.  Acad.   Sci.    12:   3.  1892. 
Stout  and  often  diffusely  branching  from  the  base,   rather  rough-hirsute 
throughout:   leaves  large,   3-divided;  the  divisions  broadly  oblong,   acute, 
cuneate,  variously  cleft  and  lobed:  flowers  10-12  mm.  broad:  petals  surpass- 
ing the  spreading  or  reflexed  sepals:  achenes  with  a,  sharp  beak  one  fourth 
their  length. — Wet  soil  in  the  valleys;  from  the  Missouri  River  to  the  Pacific. 

24.  Ranunculus  maximus   Greene  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  14:  118.  1887. 
More  or  less  hirsute  with  spreading  hairs,  rather  stout,  3-6  dm.  high:  leaves 
large,  5-10  cm.  long,  about  5-cleft  or  divided  into  oblong  or  rhomboidal-ovate 
segments  which  are  laciniately  clef  t  and  incised:  petals  5-10  mm.  long:  achenes 
ovate,  strongly  margined,  tipped  with  a  rigid  straight  subulate  beak  as  long 
as  the  rather  large  body.     R.  orthorhynchus.     (R.  orthophillus  A.  Nels.  Bot. 
Gaz.  42:  52.  1906.) — In  wet  places;  northern  Wyoming  and  far  westward  and 
northward. 

13.  HALERPESTES  Greene.    TRAILING  BUTTERCUP 

Perennial  by  long  jointed  flagellifonn  stolons  which  ultimately  strike  root 
and  produce  a  new  plant  at  each  node.  Petals  yellow,  with  a  scale  at  the  base 
as  in  Ranunculus,  deciduous  with  the  sepals.  Stamens  and  carpels  numerous. 


RANUNCULACEAE    (BUTTERCUP   FAMILY)  203 

Head  of  fruit  oblong-cylindric.  Achenes  thin- walled  and  utricular,  compressed, 
the  sides  striate. — Ranunculus  in  part;  Oxygraphis  Prantl. 

1.  Halerpestes  cymbalaria  (Pursh)  Greene,  Pitt.  4:  208.  1900.  Low, 
glabrous  perennial  with  numerous  thick  fibrous  roots:  leaves  broadly  ovate 
or  ovate-cordate,  coarsely  crenate,  clustered  at  the  base  of  the  scapes  and  at 
the  nodes  of  the  stolons:  scapes  5-10  cm.  high,  1-7-flowered:  petals  narrowly 
oblong  or  spatulate,  exceeding  the  sepals:  achenes  apiculate,  small  and  very 
numerous.  Ranunculus  cymbalaria. — Moist  banks,  especially  in  saline  situa- 
tions; in  the  Rocky  Mountains  and  on  northern  seacoasts. 

14.  CYRTORHYNCHA  Nutt.     NUTTALL'S  BUTTERCUP 

Perennial,  with  thick  fibrous  roots  and  long-petioled  ternately  compound 
leaves.  Sepals  membranous,  deciduous  'with  the  pale  yellow  petals.  Sta- 
mens about  20.  Pistils  few,  becoming  somewhat  utricular  laterally  flattened 
nerved  achenes. — Ranunculus  in  part. 

1.  Cyrtorhyncha  ranunculina  Nutt.  T.  &  G.  Fl.  N.  A.  1:  26.  1838.    Smooth, 
.7-15  cm.  high:  radical  leaves  biternately  divided,  segments  3-5-parted,  lobes 

oblong  or  linear,  sometimes  2-3-cleft:  petals  spatulate,  a  little  longer  than 
the  broader  sepals  which  are  also  yellow:  achenes  rather  few,  in  a  globose 
head,  cylindrical-oblong,  grooved,  many-nerved,  tipped  with  a  long  slender, 
incurved  style. — Colorado  and  Wyoming,  along  the  eastern  foothills. 

2.  Cyrtorhyncha  neglecta  Greene,  Pitt.  4:  146.  1900.    Similar  but  taller: 
flowers  few;  petals  wanting:  stamens  about  10:  achenes  ovate. — Rare;  canons 
near  Golden,  Colorado. 

15.  THALICTRUM.     MEADOW  RUE 

Erect  perennial  herbs  with  radical  and  cauline  leaves  ternately  decompound. 
Flowers  perfect,  polygamous  or  dioecious,  generally  small,  greenish-white,  in 
panicles  or  racemes.  Sepals  4  or  5,  petals  none.  Pistils  few  or  several,  be- 
coming ribbed  or  nerved  achenes,  sessile  or  short-stipulate.  Stamens  indefi- 
nite, exserted. 

Flowers  hermaphrodite  (perfect). 

Stem  scapose;  achenes  oblong,  few       .         .         .         .         .         .     1.  T.  alpinum. 

Stem  leafy;  achenes  ventrally  giblwus,  half  rhombic,  numerous      .     2.  T.  sparsiflorum. 
Flowers  dioecious  or  polygamo-dioecious. 
Achenes  flattened,  2-edged. 

Ovate  or  ovate-oblong,  one  edge  more  gibbous  than  the  other      .     3.  T.  Fendleri. 

Lanceolate,  acuminate,  the  two  edges  nearly  alike     .         .         .     4.  T.  occidentale. 
Achenes  terete  or  but  slightly  flattened. 

Flowers  dioecious;  leaves  glabrous  and  glaucous  .         .         .         .     5.  T.  venulosum. 

Flowers  polygamous;  leaves  obscurely  glandular  or  waxy     .         .     6.  T.  dasycarpum. 

1.  Thalictrum  alpinum  L.  Sp.  PI.  545.    1753.    Stem  simple,   scape-like, 
5-20  cm.  high,  slightly  pubescent:  leaves  mostly  radical;  leaflets  roundish, 
8-12  mm.  long,  somewhat  lobed  and  crenately  toothed:  flowers  perfect,  in  a 
simple  raceme,  nodding:  stigma  thick  and  pubescent:  achenes  ovate,  sessile. — 
Infrequent,  in  the  mountains;  Colorado  and  far  northward;  also  in  Europe 
and  Asia. 

2.  Thalictrum   sparsiflorum  Turcz.  in  Fisch.  &  Mey.   Ind.  Sem.   Hort. 
Petrop.  1:  40.  1835.    Stems  striate  angled,  leafy,  3-8  dm.  high:  leaves  2  or 
3-ternate,   the  upper  sessile;  leaflets  rather  small,   sometimes  pulverulent- 
glandular  beneath:  flowers  perfect,  on  long  pedicels  in  a  loose  panicle:  fila- 
ments filiform  with  clavate  summit:  achenes  flat,  half  rhombic-obovate,  the 
dorsal  edge  straight,  short-stipitate,  and  tipped  with  the  subulate  style; — 
Colorado,  northward  and  west  to  California. 

3.  Thalictrum  Fendleri  Engelm.  in  Gray,  PL  Fendl.  5.    1848.    Stems  3-10 
dm.    high,    3-5-leaved:    leave's   2-4-ternately   compound;   the   leaflets   firm, 
10-12  mm.  long,  with  rounded  or  mucronate  lobes:  flowers  dioecious:  fila- 


204  BERBERIDACEAE    (BARBERRY   FAMILY) 

ments  capillary;  anthers  linear,  mucronate  or  apiculate:  achenes  usually 
several  in  the  head,  ovate  or  ovate-oblong,  flattened  and  2-edged,  somewhat 
oblique,  the  ventral  edge  more  gibbous,  3-nerved  on  each  face,  5-6  mm. 
long. — Southern  Colorado,  southward  and  westward. 

4.  Thalictrum  occidentale  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  8:  372.  1872.     Stem  5-10 
dm.  high,  rather  stout,  2-3-leaved:  leaves  2-4-ternate;  leaflets  thin,  glauces- 
cent,  15-20  mm.  long,  the  lobes  rounded:  flowers  as  in  the  last:  pistils  several, 
usually  only  a  few  maturing:  achenes  scarcely  oblique,  ovate-lanceolate  or 
narrower,  7-9  mm.  long,  strongly  3-nerved  on  the  faces.— Colorado,  far  north- 
ward and  west  to  the  coast. 

5.  Thalictrum  venulosum  Trelease,  Proc.  Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.  23:  302. 
1886.     Glabrous  aiid  glaucous:  stem  2-5  dm.  high,  often  purplish:  leaves 
3-4-ternate,  rather   long-petioled ;    leaflets  approximate,  but  primary  peti- 
olules  rather  long,  firm,  suborbicular  and  crenate,  whitened  and  veiny  be- 
low: inflorescence  rather  narrow:  achenes  6-8,  but  slightly  flattened,  narrowed 
to  a  nearly  straight  beak,  the  nerves  at  maturity  becoming  enlarged,  almost 
carinate-angled. — From  Colorado  to  British  America. 

6.  Thalictrum  dasycarpum  F.  &  L.  Ind.  Sem.  Hort.  Petrop.  8:  72.  1844. 
Glabrous  or  glandular-pubescent,  8-15  dm.  high,  often  purplish,  branching 
above:  leaves  3-4-ternate;  leaflets  thick,  oblong  or  obovate,  dark  green  above, ' 
often  waxy  beneath  and  with  revolute  margins,  coarsely  few-toothed  around 
the  summit:  flowers  in  lax  somewhat  pyramidal  panicles,  polygamo-dioecious: 
anthers  cuspidate:  achenes  ovoid,  glabrous  or  pubescent,  short-stipitate,  with 
6-8  salient  ribs.       T.  Cornuti. — Moist  open  woods;  from  the  Rocky  Mountains 
to  the  Atlantic  coast. 


46.  BERBERIDACEAE  T.  &  G.    BARBERRY  FAMILY 

Our  species  are  shrubs  with  alternate  simple  or  compound  leaves  and  no 
stipules.  The  flower  parts  are  distinct  and  free,  and  are  opposite  to  each  other 
instead  of  alternate;  the  anthers  open  by  uplifted  valves.  Sepals  and  petals 
imbricated  and  deciduous.  Pistil  one,  simple;  style  short  or  none.  Fruit  a 
berry. 

1.  BERBERIS  L.     BARBERRY 

Shrubs  with  yellow  wood,  simple  or  compound  often  spiny  leaves,  and 
yellow  racemose  flowers.  Sepals  6,  yellow,  with  3  or  6  closely  appressed 
bracts.  Petals  six,  imbricated  in  two  series,  each  with  2  basal  glands.  Sta- 
mens 6.  Stigma  circular  and  peltate.  Fruit  a  berry  with  1-3  seeds. 

Stems  unarmed. 

Prostrate  or  trailing .  .  .  1.  B.  aquifolium. 

Erect,  10-30  dm.  high „  .  2.  B.  Fremontii. 

Stems  spine-bearing        .  .         .         .         .         .         .         .  .  .  3.  B.  Fendleri. 

1.  Berberis  aquifolium  Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  219.    1814.    A  low  glabrous 
shrub,  trailing  or  sometimes  suberect;  the  stems  rarely  more  than  1-3  dm. 
long:  leaves  pinnately  compound;  leaflets  3-7,  ovate  to  oblong,  acute  or  with 
rounded  apex,  spinulose-dentate :  racemes  few,  terminating  the  stems:  berry 
globose,  blue  or  purple,  about  6  mm.  in  diameter.     B.  repens.     (Odostemon 
Rydb.  Fl.  Col.  148.)     Commonly  known  as  OREGON  GRAPE. — British  Colum- 
bia to  New  Mexico. 

2.  Berberis  Fremontii  Torr.  Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  30.    1859.    A  shrub  15-30 
dm.  high:  leaflets  2-3  pairs,  the  lowest  pair  close  to  the  base  of  the  petiole, 
repand-dentate  and  spiny:  berries  somewhat  ovate,  5-8  mm.  in  diameter, 
dark  blue.      (Odostemon   Rydb.    1.    c.) — Infrequent;    canons;   southwestern 
Colorado  to  Mexico. 

3.  Berberis  Fendleri  Gray,  PL  Fendl.  5.    1848.    Low  but  erect  shrubs,  5-10 
dm.  high;'  stems  smooth  and  shining  as  if  varnished:  leaves  entire  or  denticu- 


PAPAVERACEAE  (POPPY  FAMILY)  205 

late,  lucid,  seemingly  simple  and  fascicled  but  really  compound-unifoliate 
(the  lower  leaflets  being  transformed  into  rigid  spines) :  raceme  crowded,  few- 
flowered,  spreading  or  drooping:  berries  oval. — Southern  Colorado  and  south- 
ward. s 

47.  PAPAVERACEAE  B.  Juss.    POPPY  FAMILY 

Herbs  with  watery,  milky,  or  heavy  yellow  sap,  the  leaves  exstipulate, 
alternate  or  more  rarely  the  uppermost  opposite.  Flowers  perfect,  regular 
or  irregular.  Sepals  early  deciduous,  2  or  rarely  3-4.  .Petals  imbricated,  4 
or  more,  these  also  rather  early  deciduous.  Stamens  distinct,  hypogynous, 
with  filiform  filaments  and  longitudinally  dehiscent  anthers.  Ovary  usually 
1-celled,  with  many  ovules,  becoming  a  dehiscent  1-celled  capsule. — Papa- 
veraceae  and  Fumariaceae. 

Flowers  regular;  capsule  dehiscent  at  the  summit. 
Sap  milky. 

Stemless  alpine  perennial      ...  .  1.  Papaver. 


Stems  stout,  hispid,  leafy     . 
Sap  yellow;  stem  spinescent     . 
Flowers  irregular;  capsule  dehiscent  to  the  base 
The  two  outer  sepals  spurred  at  the  base 
Only  one  of  the  sepals  spurred  at  the  base 


watery. 


2.  Enomegra. 

3.  Argemone. 

4.  Dicentra. 

5.  Corydalis. 


I.  PAPAVER  L.     POPPY 


Ours  is  a  small  subcaespitose  perennial,  with  pinnately  parted  leaves  and 
solitary  scapose  flowers ;  sap  milky  and  narcotic.  Sepals  2.  Petals  4.  Ovary 
1-celled,  with  5-7-placentae  which  project  into  the  cell  partially  dividing  it; 
stigmatic  lobes  or  rays  as  .many.  Capsule  dehiscent  by  pores  which  open 
under  the  edge  of  the  stigma. 

1.  Papaver  alpinum  L.  Sp.  PI.  507.  1753.  More  or  less  hispid-hirsute: 
scapes  less  than  1  dm.  high:  leaves  ovate  in  outline,  deeply  lobed  or  parted; 
the  divisions  entire  or  nearly  so:  petals  yellow:  capsule  hispid.  P.  nudicaule. 
It  seems  very  probable  that  P.  pygmaeum  Rydb.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  29:  159. 
1902,  will  prove  to  be  the  same. — Rare;  alpine  in  our  highest  mountains. 

2.  ENOMEGRA  A.  Nels. 

Coarse  perennial  herbs  with  thick  milky  sap,  and  alternate  pinnate  or  bi- 
pinnate  leaves  which  are  green  and  sometimes  glaucescent  but  not  splotched 
with  white.  Pubescence  of  two  kinds:  hispid-spinescent  on  stem  and  cap- 
sules and  sparsely  so  on  the  toothed  lobes  of  the  leaves  and  on  their  veins; 
also  a  short  puberulence  which  on  the  stem  and  capsules  tends  to  become 
hispid.  Flowers  crowded  in  a  terminal  cluster  on  the  simple  stems.  Sepals  3. 
Petals  4-6.  Stamens  numerous.  Capsule  4-valved,  with  dilated  4-lobed 
stigma.  Seeds  numerous,  flattened,  scarcely  pitted. — Argemone  in  part. 

1.  Enomegra  hispida  (Gray)  A.  Nels.  Key  Ry.  Mt.  Fl.  27.  1902.  Stems 
usually  several  from  the  deep-set  root,  3-6  dm.  high:  flowers  large,  6-9  cm. 
broad:  sepals  hispid  near  the  cornuate  subcucullate  apex,  conspicuously 
reticulate-veiny,  and  inequilateral  by  the  wing-like  membranous  margin  on 
one  side:  petals  suborbicular  or  reniform:  filaments  and  anther  both  narrow, 
subequal.  Argemone  platyceras  in  part.  (Argemone  bipinnatifida  Greene, 
Pitt.  3:  346.  1898.) — Sandy  valleys  and  slopes;  southern  Wvoming  to  New 
Mexico. 

3.  ARGEMONE  L.     PRICKLY  POPPY 

Mostly  herbaceous  annuals  with  orange-yellow  thick  acrid  sap,  and  sinuate 
or  pinnatifid  spinulose-dentate  glaucous  leaves,  more  or  less  splotched  with 


206  PAPAVERACEAE  ( POPPY  FAMILY) 

white,  and  without  any  setulose  hispidity.  Sepals  usually  3  and  petals  6. 
Stamens  many.  Capsule  1-celled,  with  4-6  nerviform  placentae.  Seed 
pitted. 

1.  Argemone  intermedia  Sweet,  Hort.  Brit.  Ed.  2.  585.  1830.  Stout, 
very  glaucous,  moderately  prickly  with  stramineous  spines,  otherwise  smooth: 
leaves  repand-toothed  to  sinuate-pinnatifid :  petals  white  or  tinged  with  rose: 
sepals  sparsely  spiny,  the  horns  unarmed  and  not  even  hispid.  A.  platyceras 
in  part.— Southern  Wyoming  to  New  Mexico. 

,  4.  DICENTRA  Bernh. 

Glabrous  perennials  with  the  fleshy  root  surmounted  by  a  bulb-like  cluster 
of  fleshy  grains  and  ternately  or  pinnately  compound  leaves.  Sepals  2,  small 
and  scale-like.  Petals  4,  in  two  sets;  the  outer  pair  larger,  saccate  at  base, 
the  tips  spreading;  the  inner  much  narrower,  spoon-shaped,  the  hollowed 
tips  lightly  united  at  the  apex,  thus  forming  a  cavity  which  contains  the 
anthers  and  stigma.  Middle  anther  in  each  set  2-celle.d,  lateral  ones  1-celled. 
Stigma  2-lobed.  Pod  1-celled. — (Bicuculla  Adans.) 

1.  Dicentra  uniflora  Kellogg,  Proc.  Calif.  Acad.  Sci.  4:  141.  1870.  The 
3  to  7  divisions  of  the  leaves  pinnatifid  into  a  few  linear-oblong  or  spatulate 
lobes:  scape  2-3-bracted,  1-flowered:  flowers  flesh-colored,  10-12  mm.  long, 
the  divergent  or  reflexed  tips  of  the  outer  petals  equaling  or  exceeding  the 
erect  gibbous-saccate  base;  inner  ones  not  crested,  the  blade  broadly  hastate: 
capsule  abruptly  beaked  with  the  short  style. — Alpine;  mountains  of  Utah 
and  northwest  Wyoming  to  those  of  Washington. 

5.  CORYDALIS  Medik. 

Annual  or  perennial  herbs  with  watery  juice,  compound  or  dissected  leaves, 
and  racemose  flowers.  Sepals  2,  small.  Corolla  irregular;  petals  4,  one  of  the 
outer  pair  spurred  at  the  base.  Stamens  6,  in  2  sets,  opposite  the  outer  petals. 
Placentae  2.  Capsule  2-valved,  linear  or  oblong. — (Capnoides  Adans.) 

Flowers  golden-yellow. 

Capsule  incurved-ascending;  seeds  acute-margined. 

Capsule  terete  or  torulose      ...         .         .         .         .         .         .  1.  C.  montana. 

Capsule  thick  and  somewhat  4-angled     .         .         .         .         .         .  2.  C.  curvisiliqua. 

Capsule  spreading  or  pendulous;  seeds  obtuse-margined          .         .  3.  C.  aurea. 

Flowers  white  or  cream-color      ^ 4.  C.  Brandegei. 

1.  Corydalis  montana  Engelm.  in  Gray,   Man.  Ed.  5.  62.    1867.    Light 
green  and   glabrous:   stems  spreading,  branched,  1-3  cm.  long:  leaves  pin- 
nately dissected;  the  divisions  oblong  or  nearly  linear:  flowers  bright  yellow, 
12-16  mm.  long;  the  spur  nearly  as  long  as  the  body:  capsule  incurved- 
ascending  or  somewhat  spreading,  15-25  mm.  long:  seeds  lenticular,  black, 
shining,  sharp-margined,  and  obscurely  reticulated.     Corydalis  aurea  occiden- 
talis. — In  the  central  Rocky  Mountain  region,  eastward  to  the  plains. 

2.  Corydalis  curvisiliqua  Engelm.  1.  c.     Near  the  last  but  usually  taller, 
stouter,  and  more  erect:  flowers  nearly  sessile  in  a  spicate  raceme:  capsule 
oblong-linear,   more  or  less  4-angled,   incur ved-ascending:    seeds  distinctly 
finely  reticulated. — In  the  eastern  part  of  our  range. 

3.  Corydalis  aurea  Willd.  Enum.  740.    1809.    Green  and  glabrous,  usually 
low  and  decumbent;  the  stems  branched:  raceme  many-flowered:  tips  of  the 
outer  petals  blunt,  carinate  but  not  crested;  the  spur  half  as  long  as  the  body 
or  often  more:  capsule  usually  pendent,  more  or  less  constricted  and  torulose: 
seeds  shining,  obtuse-margined,  scarcely  reticulated. — From  Colorado  north- 
ward and  eastward. 

4.  Corydalis  Brandegei  Wats.  Bot.  Calif.   2:  430.   1880.     Glabrous  and 
somewhat  glaucous;  stems  stout,  mostly  erect,  3-10  dm.  high:  leaves  twice 
or  thrice  pinnately  divided;  the  leaflets  2-3  cm.  long,  from  lanceolate  to 


CRUCIFERAE  (MUSTARD  FAMILY)  207 

broadly  obovate,  usually  acute :  corolla  cream-color  or  white ;  the  spur  straight 
and  nearly  twice  as  long  as  the  body:  capsule  short-oval  to  oblong,  obtuse, 
reflexed  on  the  ascending  pedicels.  (C.  brachycarpum  Rydb.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot. 
Club  34:  426.  1907.)— Southwest  Colorado  to  Utah. 


48.  CRUCIFERAE  B.  Juss.    MUSTARD  FAMILY 

Annual,  biennial,  or  perennial  herbs,  sometimes  with  woody  base,  with 
watery  acrid  or  pungent  sap.  Leaves  alternate.  Flowers  perfect,  racemose 
or  corymbose.  Sepals  4,  deciduous.  Petals  4,  or  rarely  wanting,  alternating 
with  the  sepals.  Stamens  6,  tetradynamous,  rarely  only  2  or  4;  the  two  outer 
shorter,  opposite  the  inner  sepals.  Ovary  2-celled  by  a  septum  which  stretches 
across  from  the  placentae,  rarely  1-celled;  style  undivided  or  wanting; 
stigma  entire  or  2-lobed.  Fruit  a  capsule,  often  greatly  elongated,  techni- 
cally called  a  silique  *  or,  if  short,  a  silicle.  The  two  valves  (in  most  cases) 
fall  away,  from  the  partition  or  septum,  which  persists  and  is  often  known  as 
the  replum.  Seeds  attached  to  both  sides  of  the  septum. 

Silique  dehiscent,  i.  e.,  the  two  valves  separate  frorn  the  septum  at 
maturity. 

Silique  borne  on  a  long  stipe 1.  Stanleya. 

Silique  sessile  on  the  receptacle,  or  very  short-stipitate. 

Silique  linear  or  oblong,  at  least  three  times  longer  than  broad. 
Mature  silique  long-linear  (more  than  2  cm.). 
Silique  flattened  parallel  to  the  septum. 

Pubescence  branched  or  stellate 23.  Arabia. 

Pubescence  wanting  or  simple  .....       5.  Streptanthus. 

Silique  terete  or  4-angled,  slightly  flattened  if  at  all. 
Flowers  yellow,  large. 

Silique  4-angled;  plant  roughish-pubescent  .         .     24.  Erysimum. 

Silique  terete;  plant  glabrous       .         .         .         ..        .       2.  Schoenocrambe. 

Flowers  not  yellow;  silique  terete  or  nearly  so. 

Petals  with  crisped  margin;  stem  succulent    ...       4.  Caulanthus. 

Petals  flat;  stem  not  fleshy 3.  Thelypodium. 

Mature  silique  short-linear  or  oblong  (less  than  2  cm.). 
Flowers  white  or  purple. 

Plants  glabrous         ........     13.  Cardamine. 

Plants  pubescent. 

Leaves  entire  or  toothed      ......     22.  Stenophragma. 

Leaves  pinnatifid  .......     20.  Smelowskia. 

Flowers  yellow. 

Leaves  dissected       .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .21.  Sophia. 

Leaves  lyrately  broad-lobed. 

Silique  distinctly  beaked  by  the  persistent  style         .       9.  Brassica. 
Silique  beakless. 

Seeds  in  2  rows,  flat       .         .         .         .         .         .11.  Barbarea. 

Seeds  in  1  row,  globose  or  oblong     .         .         .         .12.  Roripa. 

Silique  short,  rarely  more  than  twice  as  long  as  it  is  broad. 

Silique  twin,  each  cell  much  inflated,  subglobose      .         .         .     14.  Physaria. 
Silique  globose  or  oblong,  not  twin. 

Scarcely  flattened,  nearly  circular  in  cross  section. 

Flowers  white;  silique  pear-shaped    .....     18.  Camelina. 

Flowers  yellow;  silique  globose  of  ellipsoid      .         .         .     15.  Lesquerella. 
Silique  flattened  parallel  to  the  septum      .         .         .         .19.  Draba. 

Silique  flattened  at  right  angles  to  the  narrow  septum. 
Silique  triangular-obovate  or  obcordate. 

Radical  leaves  pinnatifid;  silique  cuneate     .         .         .17.  Capsella. 
.  Radical  leaves  entire  or  merely  toothed      ...       8.  Thlaspi. 

Silique  elliptic  or  oval.  . 

Small  aquatic  annuals  .         .         .         .         .         .6.  Subularia. 

Terrestrial  plants. 

Seeds  several  in  each  cell 16.  Hutchinsia. 

Seeds  solitary  in  each  cell 7.  Lepidium. 

Silique  indehiscent,  i.  e.,  the  valves  not  separating  from  the  septum 

even  at  maturity 10.  Raphanus. 

*  For  convenience  the  term  silique  has  been  used  to  designate  the  fruit  in  this  family 
BO  matter  what  its  shape. 


208  CRUCIFERAE    (MUSTARD   FAMILY) 

1.  STANLEYA  Nutt. 

Stout  herbaceous  perennials  with  entire  or  pinnatifid  leaves,  and  rather 
large  flowers  in  greatly  elongated  spike-like  racemes.  Buds  crowded,  each 
elongated-clavate.  Calyx  narrow,  spreading,  yellow.  Petals  with  long  con- 
nivent  claws,  yellow.  Anthers  linear,  curved  or  spirally  coiled;  filaments 
elongated,  spreading.  Capsule  subterete,  long-stipitate. 

Leaves  variously  pinnatifid. 

Plant  tomentose  or  white- villous       .         .         .         .         .         .         .     1.  S.  tomentosa. 

Plant  glabrous  or  pubescent,  not  tomentose. 

Flowers  pale  or  cream-color    ..         .         .         .         .         .         .         .     2.  S.  albescens. 

Flowers  bright  yellow 

Leaves  twice-pinnate  or  dissected 3.  S.  bipinnata. 

Leaves  simply-pinnate  or  subentire     .         .         .         .         .         .     4.  S.  pinnata. 

Leaves  entire  or  nearly  so. 

Leaves  mostly  cauline,  normal 5.  S.  integrifolia. 

Leaves  mostly  basal;  stem  leaves  reduced 6.  S.  viridiflora. 

1.  Stanleya  tomentosa  Parry,  Am.  Nat.  8:  212.  1874.     White- villous  or 
hirsute  throughout,  stout,  8-15  dm.  high:  lower  leaves  lyrate-pinnatifid ;  the 
upper  entire  and  hastate:  raceme  dense,  thick,  cylindrical,  3-5  dm.  long: 
flowers  pale  or  cream-color:  pedicel  and  stipe  subequal. — Dry  gypsaceous  soil; 
Big  Horn  Basin,  Wyoming. 

2.  Stanleya  albescens   Jones,   Zoe   2:   17.    1891.     Erect   and   branching, 
3-10  dm.  high:  leaves  thick,  pale  and  glaucous,  lyrately  pinnatifid  or  some 
of  the  upper  entire,  more  or  less  petioled,  with  hastately  auricled  base:  sepals 
greenish-white :  petals  cream-color,  the  blade  broad,  the  narrow  claw  scarcely 
woolly-pubescent :  anthers  tightly  coiled :  silique  curved-ascending. — Western 
Colorado,  Utah,  and  southward. 

3.  Stanleya  bipinnata  Greene  Erythea  3:  173.  1896.    Closely  allied  to  the 
preceding  but  the  stems  several  from  the  same  crown,  spreading-assurgent, 
3-5  dm.  high:  leaves  sometimes  dissected,  at  least  more  or  less  twice-pinnate, 
usually  lightly  pubescent  above  but  often  glabrous:  inflorescence  slightly 
pubescent  or  glabrous:  siliques  very  slender,  torulose  and  tortuous;  the  stipe 
about  equaling  the  pedicel.      (S.  glauca  Rydb.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  31 :  409. 
1904.) — Dry  banks  and  slopes;  Wyoming,  Colorado,  Utah. 

4.  Stanley  apinnata  (Pursh)   Brit.  Trans.  N.  Y.  Acad.  Sci.  8:  62.  1888. 
Glabrous  or  nearly  so,  4-10  dm.  high:  leaves  mostly  cauline,  from  nearly  en- 
tire to  pinnately  divided;  the  lower  rather  long-petioled ;  the  upper  often 
entire,  short-petioled :  petals  15-20  mm.  long:  stamens  well  exserted:  siliques 
somewhat  torulose,  twice  as  long  as  the  stipes.    (S.  arcuata  Rydb.  Bull.  Torr. 
Bot.  Club  29:  232.  1902.) — Widely  distributed;  dry  plains;  Dakota  to  New 
Mexico  and  California. 

5.  Stanleya  integrifolia  James,  Cat.  185.     1825.    Closely  allied  to  S.  pin- 
nata, stems  less  stout  but  the  base  indurated-shrubby,  erect,  3-6  dm.  high: 
leaves  entire,  or  the  lower  rarely  few-toothed,  mostly  oblong,  all  short-petioled: 
buds  cylindric,  the  raceme  relatively  short:  pedicel  shorter  than  the  stipe 
which  is  somewhat  surpassed  by  the  slender  curved  spreading  silique. — Wyom- 
ing and  Colorado. 

6.  Stanleya  viridiflora  Nutt.  T.  &-G,  Fl.  N.  A.  1:  98.  1838.     Glabrous, 
4-12  dm.  high:  leaves  crowded  toward  the  base,  mostly  entire;  the  lower 
cuneate-obovate,  sometimes  with  a  few  teeth  toward  the  base;   becoming 
smaller  upward,  clasping,  lanceolate  and  passing  into  the  bracts  of  the  greatly 
elongated  spike-like  raceme:  sepals  and  petals  greenish-yellow. — From  the 
Mexican  border  to  the  upper  Missouri,  and  west  to  California. 

2.  SCHOENOCRAMBE  Greene.     PLAINS  MUSTARD 

Perennial  herbs  from  long  horizontal  rootstocks  which  give  rise  at  intervals 
to  slender  virgate  simple  or  branched  stems,  with  no  root  leaves,  linear,  en- 
tire, or  pinnate  stem  leaves,  and  racemose  slender-pediceled  rather  large 
yellow  flowers.  Buds  cylindric-oblong.  Sepals  erect.  Petals  twice  as  long 


CRUCIFERAE  (MUSTARD  FAMILY)  209 

as  the  sepals.    Stamens  not  exserted.    Ovary  sessile;  style  short.    Silique 
slender,  terete. — Sisymbrium  in  part. 

1.  Schoenocrambe  linifolia  (Nutt.)  Greene,  Pitt.  3:  127.  1896.  Glabrous 
and  green :  stems  from  running  rootstocks,  one  or  more  from  each  node,  erect, 
simple  or  at  length  somewhat  branched  above:  leaves  all  cauline,  linear,  en- 
tire, or  the  lower  sometimes  somewhat  incised  and  oblanceolate :  silique  3-6  cm. 
long,  linear,  suberect,  on  short  spreading  pedicels;  style  short;  seeds  oblong. 
Sisymbrium  linifolium.  (S.  decumbens  Rydb.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  31:  409. 
1904.) — Northern  Colorado  to  Montana  and  westward. 

la.  Schoenocrambe  linifolia  pinnata  (Greene)  A.  Nels.  Glabrous  and  glau- 
cous throughout :  stems  always  simple,  nearly  leafless  above :  the  lower  leaves 
rather  numerous,  pinnatifid  into  5-8  pairs  of  obovate-oblong  entire  segments. 
(S.  pinnata  Greene,  1.  c.) — Range  of  the  species. 

3.  THELYPODIUM  Endl.* 

Mostly  biennial  herbs  (rarely  perennial),  with  alternate  petioled  or  clasp- 
ing stem  leaves  and  white,  purple,  or  yellow  flowers.  Calyx  cylindric  or  clavate 
in  bud,  spreading  in  flower.  Petals  flat,  long  and  narrow  or  with  claw  and 
blade.  Filaments  long  and  slender;  anthers  linear,  sagittate  at  base,  curved 
or  coiled.  Stigma  small,  circular  in  outline,  or  very  slightly  2-lobed.  Silique 
slender,  terete,  or  4-angled,  often  torulose. 

Biennials. 

Flowers  white  or  purple. 
Stem  leaves  not  clasping. 

Sessile;  siliques  numerous,  short 1.  T.  integrifolium. 

Petioled;  siliques  few,  long. 

Siliques  erect,  on  spreading  pedicels     .         .         .         .         .     2.   T.  linearifolium. 

Siliques  widely  spreading,  on  divaricate  or  deflexed  pedicels     3.  T.  Wrightii. 
Stem  leaves  clasping  by  a  cordate  or  sagittate  base. 

Lanceolate  to  linear,  acute       .         .         .         .         .         .         .     4.  T.  torulosum. 

Ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  acute      .         .         .         .         .         .     5.  T.  elegans. 

Flowers  yellow;  leaves  ovate,  acute 6.  T.  aureum. 

Perennials. 

Glabrous  or  glabrate        .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .     7.  T.  paniculatum. 

More  or  less  stellate-pubescent 8.  T.  micranthum. 

1.  Thelypodium  integrifolium  Endl.  Walp.  Rep.  1:  172.  1842.    Glabrous, 
erect,  more  or  less  branched,  usually  simple  at  base,  4-12  dm.  high:  radical 
leaves  petioled,  oblong  or  elliptical;  cauline  lanceolate,  sessile,  the  uppermost 
nearly  linear :  inflorescence  usually  corymbosely  branched ;  flowers  pale  rose- 
color,  very  crowded-spicate,  on  divaricate  pedicels:   siliques  sharp-pointed, 
somewhat  nodulose,  suberect  or  upwardly  curved,  very  uniform,  2-3  cm. 
long. — From  Colorado  and  Nebraska  to  the  Pacific. 

la.  Thelypodium  integrifolium  gracilipes  Robinson  Syn.  Fl.  1:  176.  1895. 
Racemes  more  elongated,  becoming  1  dm.  or  more  in  length:  siliques  borne 
upon  a  slender  stipe  2-3  mm.  long.  (T.  lilacinum  Greene,  PI.  Baker.  3:  9. 
1901.) — Southwestern  Colorado. 

2.  Thelypodium  linearifolium  Wats.  Bot.  King's  Rep.  5:  25. 1871.    Glabrous 
biennial  (rarely  perennial),  more  or  less  branched,  sometimes  from  the  base: 
basal  leaves  incisely  serrate,  obovate,  early  deciduous;  cauline  leaves  linear 
to  linear-oblong,  narrowed  to  the  short  petiole-like  base:  flowers  somewhat 
scattering:  petals  with  obovate  blade  and  slender  claw,  rose-purple:  silique 
suberect,  4-7  cm.  long,  on  very  slender  spreading  pedicels. — Colorado  and 
southward. 

3.  Thelypodium  Wrightii  Gray,  PL  Wright.  1:  7.  1852.    Glabrous  annual 
or  biennial,  5-8  dm.  high,  more  or  less  paniculately  branched  above:  leaves 
broadly  lanceolate  or  lanceolate-oblong,  5-10  cm.  long,  all  repand  toothed  or 

*  This  genus  has  recently  been  the  subject  of  some  discussion,  and  Rydberg  has  pro- 
posed the  following  doubtfully  distinct  segregates:  Thellypodiopsis,  Pleurophragma,  Hes- 
peridanthus,  Stanleyella,  and  Heterothrir.  For  species  included  under  each,  see  Bull.  Torr. 
Bot.  Club  34:  432.  1904. 

ROCKY  MT.  BOT. 14 


210  CRUCIFERAE  (MUSTARD  FAMILY) 

denticulate:  flowering  raceme  short  and  dense,  more  open  in  fruit:  siliques 
very  slender,  4-8  cm.  long,  widely  spreading  or  recurved,  on  filiform  pedicels 
half  as  long. — Colorado  and  Utah  and  southward. 

4.  Thelypodium  torulosum  Heller,  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  25:  265.  1898. 
Glabrous  and  somewhat  glaucous:  stems  erect,  rather  weak,  branching  above, 
4-7  dm.  high:  leaves  from  lanceolate  below  to  linear  above,  auricled-sagittate, 
clasping:  flowers  lilac-colored:  petals  12-15  mm.  long:  silique  slender,  nar- 
rowed to  a  substipitate  base,  ascending-torulose,  4-7  cm.  long:  pedicel  di- 
varicate, 8-12  mm.  long.    T.  sagittatum. — Western  Wyoming,  westward  and 
northward. 

5.  Thelypodium  elegans  Jones,  Zoe  4:  265.  1894.    Smooth  and  glaucous: 
stems  simple  or  branched  from  the  base,  rather  closely  leafy  below:  radical 
leaves  early  deciduous;   cauline   leaves   cordate-clasping,    ovate,    or   ovate- 
lanceolate,  acute,  15-35  mm.  long:  flowers  opening  at  the  summit  of  the 
raceme  which  becomes  greatly  elongated  in  fruit:  petals  pale  purple:  siliques 
sessile,  on  pedicels  less  than  1  cm.  long,  straight  or  curved,  ascending,  rather 
thick-linear,  5-7  cm.  long. — Western  Colorado  and  adjacent  Utah. 

6.  Thelypodium  ajireum  Eastw.  Zoe  2:  227.  1891.    Glaucous  but  sparsoly 
retrorsely  hairy  on  the  lower  part  of  the  stem,  branched  from  the  base,  3-4  drn. 
high:   radical  leaves  oblanceolate,   dentate,   on  margined  petioles;  caulino 
ovate,  auriculate-clasping,  acuminate:  sepals  and  petals  bright  yellow:  siliqucs 
very  slender,  4-6  cm.  long,  short-stipitate,  nearly  erect,  on  short  spreading 
pedicels. — Mancos,  Colorado. 

7.  Thelypodium   paniculatum  A.   Nels.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.   Club   26:  123. 
1899.     Glabrous  and  glaucous  perennial:  stems  simple  below,  paniculately 
branched  above:  radical  leaves  oblong,  short-petioled ;  cauline  sagittate  clasp- 
ing, subacute  or  obtuse,  from  oblong  below  to  lanceolate  above :  petals  white 
or  purplish,  twice  as  long  as  the  oblong-spatulate  sepals,  the  limb  obovate: 
silique  substipitate,  pointed  at  apex,  20-30  mm.  long,  nearly  erect,  on  short 
spreading  pedicels.     T.  Nuttallii. — Wyoming  and  northwestward. 

8.  Thelypodium  micranthum  (Gray)  Wats.  Bot.  King's  Rep.  5:  25.    1871. 
More  or  less  stellate-pubescent  (or  even  quite  glabrous),  3-9  dm.  high:  lower 
and  stem  leaves  oblanceolate,  sinuately  pinnatifid,  stellate-pubescent;  the 
upper  linear,  entire,  usually  glabrous:  flowers  small,  2-3  mm.  long:  calyx 
glabrous  or  pubescent:  pod  slender,  subpendulous,  about  2.5  cm.  long,  sessile, 
with  a  very  short  thick  style.    (T.  longifolium  of  most  authors.) — Colorado  to 
Texas  and  Mexico. 

4.  CAULANTHUS  Wats.     WILD  CABBAGE 

Coarse  and  more  or  less  succulent  herbs,  with  the  leaves  largely  basal, 
and  greenish-yellow  flowers  in  racemes.  Sepals  large,  somewhat  saccate  at 
base,  usually  purplish.  Petals  undulate-crisped,  with  a  broad  claw  and  nar- 
row or  obsolete  blade.  Anthers  linear,  sagittate.  Silique  subterete,  sessile; 
the  style  nearly  wanting;  the  valves  1-nerved  and  often  reticulate. 

Stem  fleshy,  hollow;  flowers  ascending    .         .         .         .         .         .         .1.  C.  crassicaulis. 

Stem  not  hollow;  flowers  horizontal  or  deflexed     .         .         .         .         .     2.  C.  hastatus. 

1.  Caulanthus  crassicaulis  (Torr.)  Wats.  Bot.  King's  Rep.  5:  27.  1871. 
Glabrous  or  nearly  so,  except  the  pubescent  sepals:  stems  simple,  erect,  thick- 
fleshy,  hollow,  3-5  dm.  high:  leaves  mostly  basal,  lyrately  toothed  or  pin- 
natifid ;  cauline  much  reduced,  linear  or  somewhat  hastate :  flowers  subsessile, 
rather  large:  silique  ascending,  slender,  7-12  cm.  long. — Western  Wyoming 
to  Idaho  and  southern  California. 

2.  Caulanthus  hastatus  Wats.  Bot.  King's  Rep.  5:  28.  pi.  3. 1871.    Glabrous, 
simple  or  somewhat  branched.  4-8  dm.  high:  leaves  petioled,  very  variable; 
radical  lyrate  or  entire,  the  terminal  leaflet  ovate,  hastate,  or  truncate  at 
base,  the  lateral  leaflets  very  small;   cauline  ovate-oblong,  entire,  hastate, 
rounded  or  cuneate  at  base :  flowers  in  a  loose  virgate  raceme,  reflexed :  sepals 
narrow,   distant:  petals   (sometimes  nearly  wanting)   equaling  the  sepals, 


CRUCIFERAE  (MUSTARD  FAMILY)  211 

toothed  on  the  sides:  siliques  spreading,  somewhat  knotted.  (Chlorocrambc 
hastatus  Rydb.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  34:  435.  1904.) — Eastern  Utah  (probably 
adjacent  Colorado  and  Wyoming)  to  Oregon. 

5.  STREPTANTHUS  Nutt. 

More  or  less  branching  usually  glaucous  annuals,  biennials,  or  perennials, 
with  leaves  generally  sagittate  and  clasping,  and  racemed  white,  purple,  or  yel- 
low flowers.  Calyx  ovoid  or  by  the  spreading  of  the  tips  of  the  sepals  flask- 
shaped.  Petals  usually  narrow,  linear,  or  with  a  well-developed  blade  and  a 
channeled  claw.  Anthers  long,  sagittate.  Silique  oblong  to  linear,  flattened. 
Pubescence,  if  any,  simple. 

Annual;  leaves  not  clasping 1.  S.  longirostris. 

Perennials;  leaves  clasping. 

Leaves  very  obtuse;  siliques  broadly  linear     .         .         .         .         .  2.  S.  cordatus. 

Leaves  acute;  siliques  subterete. 

Siliques  stipitate          .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .  3.  S.  coloradensis. 

Siliques  not  stipitate  .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .  4.  S.  wyomingensis. 

1.  Streptanthus  longirostris  Wats.  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  25:  127.  1889.    Gla- 
brous and  glaucous  annual,  branching  above,  2-5  dm.  high:  radical  leaves 
ovate-spatulate,   soon  deciduous;   cauline   linear  to  narrowly  oblanceolate, 
entire  or  sparingly  toothed :  flowers  spreading  or  reflexed :  petals  white,  about 
5  mm.  long:  silique  linear,  attenuate  to  the  slender  style  that  points  it,  re- 
flexed  on  short  pedicels:  seeds  elliptical,  winged. — Colorado  and  Wyoming 
to  Washington. 

2.  Streptanthus  cordatus  Nutt.  T.  &  G.  Fl.  N.  A.  1:  77.  1838.    Glabrous 
or  glaucous:  stem  simple,  2-5  dm.  high,  rather  stout:  leaves  thick,  usually 
repandly  toothed  toward  the  apex,  the  teeth  often  setosely  tipped;  lower 
leaves  spatulate-ovate  or  obovate,  cauline  cordate  to  oblong  or  ovate-lanceo- 
late: petals  about  half  longer  than  the  sepals,  greenish-yellow  to  purple: 
siliques  broadly  linear,  5-10  cm;  long,  spreading. — Colorado  and  Wyoming 
to  the  Sierra  Nevada. 

3.  Streptanthus  coloradensis  A.  Nels.     Sparsely  ciliate-hirsute,  especially 
below:  stems  several  from  the  crown  of  a  biennial  or   perennial  root,  ascend- 
ing, 1-3  dm.  long:   radical  leaves  obovate-spatulate,  sharply  serrate  around 
the  summit,  short-petioled,  ovate-lanceolate,  clasping-auricled,  1-3  cm.  long: 
flowers  white,  crowded  at  first,  the  raceme  much  lengthened  in  fruit:  sepals 
linear,  acute,  half  as  long  as  the  obovate-spatulate  petals:  silique  linear,  6-9 
cm.  long,  ascending,  somewhat  torulose,  attenuate  to  a  beak  3-5  mm.  long; 
the  stipe  slender,  about  5  mm.  long,  half  as  long  as  the  slender  pedicel.     (Euk- 
lisia  crassifolia  Rydb.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club.  33:  142.  1906;  not  S.  crassifolius 
Greene,  Pitt.  3:  227.  1897.) — Western  Colorado. 

4.  Streptanthus  wyomingensis  A.  Nels.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  26:  126.  1899. 
Glabrous  or  nearly  so,  branched  from  the  base:  stems  simple  or  branched, 
3-4  dm.  high:  radical  leaves  laciniate-toothed,  obovate,  short-petioled;  cau- 
line clasping-auriculate,  from  coarsely  dentate  to  entire  above:  flowers  large, 
numerous:  sepals  oblong,  half  as  long  as  the  white  or  pinkish  petals;  claw  of 
petal  long  and  narrow,  the  blade  oval:  silique  linear,  sessile,  not  beaked, 
ascending,  6-10  cm.  long,  on  stout  pedicels. — Western  Wyoming  to  Utah. 

,  6.  SUBULARIA  L.     AWLWORT 

A  dwarf  stemless  aquatic,  with  tufted  subulate  leaves  and  few  minute 
white  flowers  in  a  loose  scapose  raceme.  Sepals  ovate,  obtuse.  Petals  oblong 
or  spatulate.  Stigma  sessile.  Silique  slightly  flattened,  elliptic  or  oval;  the 
seeds  in  2  rows. 

1.  Subularia  aquatica  L.  Sp.  PI.  642.  1753.  Growing  in  tufts  in  shallow 
water  of  cold  lakes  or  on  the  muddy  shores:  leaves  glabrous,  terete,  shorter 
than  the  scapes:  floVers  scattered:  sepals  and  petals  subequal:  silique  some- 


212  CRUCIFERAE  (MUSTARD  FAMILY) 

what  truncately  obtuse. — "  In  great  abundance  at  the  head  of  the  Yellowstone 
Lake,"  Parry;  infrequent  but  very  widely  distributed. 

7.  LEPIDIUM  L.     PEPPERGRASS 

Annual,  biennial,  or  perennial  herbs,  with  entire,  toothed,  or  pinnatifid 
leaves  tapering  at  base,  and  with  small  white  or  greenish  flowers  (which  are 
sometimes  apetalous)  in  dense  racemes.  Stamens  often  fewer  than  6.  Silique 
strongly  flattened  at  right  angles  to  the  septum,  oblong  to  orbicular,  fre- 
quently wing-margined  especially  toward  the  summit  which  thus  becomes 
more  or  less  notched.  Seeds  flattened,  solitary  in  each  of  the  flattened  keeled 
valves.  Cotyledons  (in  ours)  incumbent. 

Style  short  but  evident;  biennials  or  perennials. 

Silique  not  notched  at  apex 1.  L.  Draba. 

Silique  with  shallow  notch  and  short  style. 

Leaves  entire  or  merely  toothed  at  apex    ....  2.  L.  spatulatum. 

Leaves,  in  part  at  least,  pinnately  toothed,  pinnatifid,  or  parted. 
Linear-entire  and  linear-parted;  perennials. 


Silique  rhombic-ovate 

Silique  orbicular 

Pinnatifid,  or  the  upper  entire;  biennials.  r 
Branched  from  the  crown  of  the  thick  root 
Branched  above,  the  base  usually  simple 


3.  L.  alyssoides. 

4.  L.  Fremontii. 

5.  L.  montanum. 

6.  L.  Jonesii. 


Style  wanting;  the  stigma  sessile  in  the  notch  of  the  silique. 
Siliques  glabrous. 

Petals  wanting;  root  leaves  incisely  toothed  or  pinnatifid. 

Stem  simple  at  base  ........_        .         .         .  7.  L.  apetalum. 


Stem  divergently  branched  from  the  base 
Petals  evident;  root  leaves  entire  or  merely  toothed 


Biennials. 

Stems  several  from  the  crown,  widely  spreading  .         .  10.  L.  ramosissimum. 

Stems  single  from  the  crown,  branching  from  the  base  up  11.  L.  ramosum. 


Siliques  pubescent. 

Stem  hirsute  with  white  hairs 
Stem  finely  puberiilent     . 


8.  L.  divergens. 
L.  medium. 


12.  L.  lasiocarpum. 

13.  L.  pubecarpum. 


1.  Lepidium  Draba  L.  Sp.  PI.  645.    1753.    Pubescent  perennial,  2-4  dm. 
high:  leaves  elliptic  to  elliptic-lanceolate,  obtuse,  denticulate,  clasping  by  a 
somewhat  narrowed  auricled  base,  3-6  cm.  long:   petals  white,  conspicuous: 
silique  broadly  ovate,  subcordate  at  base,  acutish  at  apex  and  tipped  with 
the  short  slender  style. — Adventive;  infrequent;  waste  grounds. 

2.  Lepidium  spatulatum  Vasey,  Robins.  Syn.  Fl.  1:  125.  1895.     Glabrous 
perennial,  2-5  dm.  high:  stems  usually  several  from  the  woody  caudex,  each 
simple  below,  paniculately  branching  upward:  leaves  green,  rather  thick; 
the  lower  oblanceolate,  tapering  gradually  to  the  slender  petiole,  3-toothed  at 
the  apex,  as  are  also  some  of  the  oblong  shorter  stem  leaves :  racemes  numerous, 
dense:  petals  white,  exceeding  the  sepals:  silique  glabrous,  ovate,  minutely 
notched  at  apex;  style  short.     (L.  crenatum  Rydb.;  Thely podium  crenatum 
Greene.) — Western  Colorado  and  in  Utah. 

3.  Lepidium  alyssoides   Gray,  PL  Fendl.  10.    1848.    Probably  perennial, 
usually  a  few  stems  from  the  base  which  are  corymbosely  branched  above, 
glabrous  or  puberulent,  about  2  dm.  high:  leaves  glabrous,  linear,  4-8  cm. 
long;  the  lower  pinnate  with  2-3  pairs  of  linear  lobes:  racemes  dense:  petals 
white,  conspicuous:  silique  rhombic-ovate,  the  shallow  notch  occupied  by 
the  short  style.     (L.  Eastwoodiae  Wooton,  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  25:  258. 
1898,  as  to  Colorado  specimens;   L.  Crandallii  Rydb.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club 
34:  427.  1897.) — Arid  places;  western  Colorado,  Utah,  and  southward. 

4.  Lepidium  Fremontii  Wats.  Bot.  King's  Rep.  5:  30.  1871.     Glabrous  and 
glaucous:  stems  several  from  the  woody  caudex,  paniculately  branched  above, 
3-^4  dm.  high:  leaves  linear,  acute,  4-8  cm.  long;  some  of  the  lower  pinnate 
with  1-3  pairs  of  linear  teeth  or  lobes:  flowers  white:  silique  large,  suborbic- 
ular,  very  thin,  acutish  at  base,  cordately  notched  above;  style  very  short. — 
Arid  areas;  Colorado  and  New  Mexico  to  California. 

5.  Lepidium  montanum  Nutt.  T.  &  G.  Fl.  1:  116.  183&.    Nearly  glabrous: 


CRUCIFERAE  (MUSTARD  FAMILY)  213 

stems  usually  many  from  the  enlarged  crown  of  the  biennial  (possibly  peren- 
nial) root,  decumbent-spreading,  1-2  dm.  long:  leaves  pinnatifid,  sometimes 
bipinnatifid,  with  short  acute  segments;  the  upper  tending  to  become  entire: 
flowers  in  dense  racemes:  sepals  oblong-oval,  half  as  long  as  the  white  petals: 
silique  elliptic  to  suborbicular. — Dry  saline  soils;  Montana  to  New  Mexico 
and  far  westward. 

6.  Lepidium  Jonesii  Rydb.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  29:  233.  1902.     Glabrous 
biennial  or  sometimes  perennial:  stem  simple  below,  branching  freely  from 
the  base  upward,  2-3  dm.  high:  basal  leaves  pinnatifid  with  linear  acute  di- 
visions; stem  leaves  similar  but  becoming  linear  and  entire  above:  sepals 
oblanceolate,   obtuse,   much   shorter  than  the  white   petals:   silique  ovate, 
emarginate;  style  short,  enlarged  upward  toward  the  rather  large  circular 
stigma.     (L.  brachybotryum  Rydb.  1.  c.) — Western  Colorado  and  in  Utah. 

7.  Lepidium  apetalum  Willd.  Sp.  PL  3:  439.  1801.    Glabrous  annual,  with 
erect  stem,  generally  simple  below  and  more  or  less  paniculately  branched 
above  but  sometimes  very  freely  branched  throughout,  1-2  dm.  high:  leaves 
usually  pale  green;  the  lower  more  or  less  incisely  toothed  or  pinnatifid: 
flowers  apetalous:  stamens  only  2:  raceme  appearing  contracted  just  below 
its  summit:   silique  orbicular,   glabrous,   the  stigma  sessile  in  the  evident 
notch. — Very  widely   distributed;   across   the    continent   northward;   south 
through  the  Rocky  Mountains  to  New  Mexico. 

8.  Lepidium  divergens  Osterh.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  30:  237.  1903.     Bien- 
nial, minutely  pubescent,  divergently  branched  from  the  base :  radical  leaves 
broadly  spatulate,  more  or  less  dentate,  short-petioled ;  cauline  smaller  and 
mostly  entire:  racemes  long,  with  horizontal  pedicels:  petals  wanting:  capsule 
elliptic,  glabrous,  emarginate,  3  mm.  long. — In  the  mountains;  northwestern 
Colorado. 

9.  Lepidium  medium  Greene,  Erythea  3:  36.  1895.    Glabrous  annual,  the 
stem  simple  below,  usually  sparingly  branched  upward,  2-4  dm.  high:  leaves 
narrowly  lanceolate,  more  or  less  toothed  but  scarcely  pinnatifid;  the  upper 
linear  and  entire:  pedicels  slender,  early  divaricate:  petals  small  but  evident: 
stamens  2  or  4:  silique  orbicular,  retuse,  the  stigma  sessile.    L.  intermedium, — 
From  Texas  to  Idaho  and  California. 

10.  Lepidium  ramosissimum  A.  Nels.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  26:  124.  1899. 
Obscurely  pruinose-pubescent   biennial,    profusely   branched;   the  branches 
either  divaricate  and  crowded  the  whole  length  of  an  excurrent  axis,  or  dif- 
fusely spreading  from  the  base,  or  both:  first  year's  leaves  oblanceolate, 
coarsely  toothed;  the  second  year's  leaves  cauline,   oblanceolate,   sparsely 
toothed;  the  upper  entire,  linear  or  oblong:  racemes  very  numerous;  the 
flowers  crowded:  petals  minute:  stamens  2  (to  4) :  silique  broadly  ovate,  nearly 
smooth,  the  notch  relatively  broad  and  deep.    L.  virginicum. — Plains  of  south- 
western Wyoming  and  northern  Colorado. 

11.  Lepidium  ramosum  A.  Nels.  1.  c.  125.    Obscurely  granular-puberulent : 
a  simple  erect  stem  from  the  rosette  of  the  first  year's  leaves,  corymbosely 
branched  from  the  base  up,  1-2  dm.  high:  leaves  much  as  in  the  preceding, 
some  of  the  lower  cauline  often  pinnately  lobed  and  rather  large:  racemes 
contracted  just  below  the  summit,  the  pedicels  spreading  after  flowering: 
sepals  subacute,  about  as  long  as  the  narrow  spatulate  petals:  stamens  2 
(to  4) :  silique  orbicular  narrowly  winged  around  the  summit,  the  sinus  deep 
and  narrow. — Western  Wyoming  and  northward  and  westward. 

12.  Lepidium  lasiocarpum  Nutt.  T.  &  G.  Fl.  N.  A.  1:  115.  1838.    Hirsutely 
white-pubescent:  the  stem  branching  from  the  near  base:  lower  leaves  pin- 
nately parted,  the  lobes  rather  broad  and  obtuse;  the  cauline  spatulate,  more 
or  less  dentate:  pedicels  flattened  horizontally:  petals  minute  or  none:  sta- 
mens 2:   siliques  orbicular,   hispidulous,   emarginate,   with  a  narrow  sinus. 
— Sandy  soils;  from  southwestern  Colorado  to  Texas  and  California. 

13.  Lepidium  pubecarpum  A.  Nels.  Bot.  Gaz.  30:  189.   1900.     Annual, 
freely  branched  from  the  base  and  paniculately  upward,  not  much  more  than 
1  dm.  high,  obscurely  puberulent:  leaves  small,  glabrous,  linear  or  some- 
what spatulate,  acute,  sometimes  remotely  toothed :  petals  wanting :  the  sepals 


214  CRUCIFERAE    (MUSTARD   FAMILY) 

t,  oval  or  ( 

to  Utah  and  Nevada. 


purplish:  silique  permanently  finely  pubescent,  oval  or  orbicular,  the  sinus 
narrow  and  shallow. — From  Yellowstone  Park  t< 


8.  THLASPI  L.    WILD  CANDYTUFT 

Annual  or  perennial  herbs,  with  entire  leaves,  the  radical  rosulate  (entire 
or  toothed),  the  cauline  auric ulate-clasping.  Stems  usually  simple,  termi- 
nating in  a  more  or  less  elongate  raceme.  Sepals  short,  equal  at  base.  Petals 
obovate  or  oblanceolate,  entire.  Style  slender,  or  rarely  none.  Silique  or- 
bicular, elliptic-oblong  or  oblanceolate;  the  valves  very  strongly  and  usually 
sharply  keeled,  often  winged,  especially  toward  the  apex. 

Capsules  orbicular,  large 1.  T.  arvense. 

Capsules  obovate  or  oblong-cuneate. 

Basal  leaves  closely  rosulate,  thick,  dark  or  purplish-green. 

Oval  or  orbicular,  abruptly  contracted  to  the  petiole     .         .         .     2.  T.  Fendleri. 
Broadly  spatulate  .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .     3.  T.  coloradense. 

Basal  leaves  openly  rosulate,  thin,  pale  green. 

Petals  5-6  mm.  long;  style  1.5  mm.  long 4.  T.  glaucum. 

Petals  2-3  mm.  long;  style  0.5  mm.  long       .         .         .         .         .     5.  T.  parviflorum. 

1.  Thlaspi  arvense  L.  Sp.  PI.  646.    1753.   Glabrous  annual,  2-3  dm.  high: 
stems  simple  or  branched  above:  leaves  spatulate  below,  oblong  upwards, 
obtuse,  remotely  and  irregularly  dentate:  flowers  small,  the  greenish  sepals 
somewhat  exceeded  by  the  white  3  mm.  long  petals:  silique  very  flat,  or- 
bicular, broadly  winged,  deeply  notched  at  apex. — Adventive  and  occurring 
as  a  weed  in  waste  ground,  increasingly  so  in  our  range;  often  called  FEENCH 
WEED. 

2.  Thlaspi  Fendleri  Gray,  PI.  Wright.  2:  14.  1853.     Glabrous  perennial, 
8-15  cm.  high:  branches  of  caudex  several,  short,  slender,  covered  with  the 
somewhat  rosulate  leaves:  basal  leaves  small,  oval  or  orbicular,  mostly  less 
than  1  cm.  long,  abruptly  contracted  to  the  short  slender  petiole;  stem  leaves 
auriculate-clasping,  ovate  or  oblong,  acute  or  obtuse,  5-15  mm.  long:  petals 
spatulate,  5  mm.  long:  sepals  elliptic,  with  petaloid  margin  and  a  purplish 
spot,  half  as  long  as  the  petals:  silique  obovate-cuneate,  truncate  or  slightly 
depressed  at  summit,  6-7  mm.  long;  the  slender  style  nearly  one  half  as  long. 
— Subalpine,  flowering  in  summer;  southern  Colorado  and  New  Mexico. 

3.  Thlaspi  coloradense  Rydb.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  28:  280.  1901.     Quite 
similar;  the  caudex  denser  and  the  stems  as  well  as  the  leaves  inclined  to  be 
rosulate-spreading:  the  early  leaves  murky  green  or  purplish;  the  basal  broadly 
spatulate;  otherwise  like  the  preceding.    T.  alpestre.     (T.purpurascensHydb. 
1.  c.,  at  least  as  to  Colorado  specimens.) — One  of  the  earliest  flowers  at  middle 
elevations;  Wyoming  and  Colorado. 

4.  Thlaspi  glaucum  A.  Nels.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  25:  275.  1898.    Gla- 
brous and  glaucous,  1-3  dm.  high:  caudex  open  and  slender-branched:  stems 
few,  erect:  leaves  all  large,  thin  and  pale  or  glaucous;  the  basal  oblong  or  ob- 
ovate, obscurely  repand-denticulate,  petioled;  the  cauline  elliptic  or  deltoid- 
ovate:  petals  spatulate.  6  mm.  long,  much  exceeding  the  thin  greenish  sepals: 
silique  obovate,  obtuse  or  emarginate,  twice  as  long  as  the  style  but  exceeded 
by  the  divaricate  pedicels. — Late  summer  in  the  highest  mountains;  Colorado 
to  Idaho. 

5.  Thlaspi  parviflorum  A.   Nels.   Bull.   Torr.   Bot.  Club   27:   264.   1900. 
Similar  but  smaller  in  every  way,  less  glaucous:  the  floral  parts  half  as  large: 
silique  spatulate,  with  a  thick  style  only  0.5  mm.  in  length.    (T.  Nuttallii  Rydb. 
1.  c.  29:  235.) — Open  slopes,  middle  elevations;  Yellowstone  Park. 


9.  BRASSICA  L.     MUSTARD 

Coarse  annual,  biennial,  or  perennial  herbs  with  rather  large  more  or  less 
pinnatifid  leaves  and  large  yellow1  flowers  in  elongated  racemes.  Siliques 
elongated,  subterete,  beaked  with  an  indehiscent  prolongation  of  the  convex 


CRUCIFERAE  (MUSTARD  FAMILY)  215 

nerved  valves.    Seeds  oblong,  in  1  row.    An  important  genus,  giving  us  the 
cabbage,  turnip,  mustard,  etc.;  when  running  wild  becoming  unsightly  weeds. 

Siliques  spreading,   gradually  beaked 1.  B.  arvensis. 

Siliques  appressed,  abruptly  beaked    ........     2.  B.  nigra. 

1.  Brassica  arvensis  (L.)  B.  S.  P.  Prel.  Cat.  N.  Y.  1888.    Rough  with  scat- 
tered hairs,  3-5  dm.  high:  lower  leaves  pinnatifid,  long-petioled,  the  terminal 
lobe  large  and  toothed;  upper  smaller  and  sometimes  nearly  entire:  ped- 
icels stout,  short:  silique  sessile,  spreading,  tapering  to  the  flattened  beak 
which  is  often  1-seeded.     CHARLOCK,  WILD  MUSTARD. — Introduced,  and  more 
or  less  common  as  a  weed. 

2.  Brassica  nigra  (L.)  Koch,  in  Roehl,  Deutsche  Fl.  Ed.  3.  4:  713.  1833. 
Very  similar  but  usually  larger:  the  leaves  more  pinnatifid,  the  uppermost 
reduced  to  oblong-lan~?olate  entire  sessile  blades:  silique  cylindric  or  4-sided, 
abruptly  contracted  to  .ae  short  beak,  closely  appressed  to  the  rachis.    BLACK 
MUSTARD. — Infrequent;  in  waste  places. 

10.  RAPHANUS  L.     WILD  RADISH 

Erect  biennial  herbs  with  pinnate  or  lyrate  leaves  and  large  showy  flowers 
in  panicled  racemes.  Sepals  oblong,  the  lateral  somewhat  saccate.  Petals 
large,  long-clawed,  yellow  or  fading  to  white.  Siliques  linear-conical,  cori- 
aceous, indehiscent,  constricted  between  the  seeds  or  continuous  or  spongy 
within,  tipped  by  the  slender  style.  Seeds  sub  globose. 

1.  Raphanus  raphanistrum  L.  Sp.  PI.  669.  1753.  Stem  erect  and  freely 
branching,  4-7  dm.  high,  hispid  pubescent  below:  the  lower  leaves  lyrate- 
pinnatifid;  the  upper  reduced,  becoming  oblong  and  entire:  siliques  3^4  cm. 
long.  WILD  RADISH. — An  occasional  weed  in  waste  places. 

11.  BARBAREA  R.  Br.     WINTER  CRESS 

An  erect  branching  biennial,  with  angled  stem,  lyrately  pinnatifid  leaves, 
and  yellowish  racemose  flowers.  Silique  linear,  somewhat  4-angled,  pointed. 
Seeds  in  1  row  in  each  cell. 

1.  Barbarea  americana  Rydb.  Mem.  N.  Y.  Bot.  Card.  1:  174.  1900.  Gla- 
brous erect  biennial  2-4  dm.  high:  basal  leaves  broadly  elliptic,  wavy,  simple, 
or  with  1  or  2  pairs  of  small  lobes  on  the  petiole;  lower  stem  leaves  similar 
but  with  the  petiole  clasping  at  base;  upper  stem  leaves  sinuately  toothed  or 
lobed:  petals  spatulate,  about  3  mm.  long:  silique  somewhat  4-angled,  2-3  cm. 
long,  pointed  with  the  short  style,  suberect,  on  short  spreading  pedicels. 
— This  native  species  was  long  mistaken  for  the  European  B.  vulgaris,  natural- 
ized in  many  parts  of  the  United  States. 

12.  RORIPA  Scop.     CRESS 

Mostly  glabrous  biennials  or  perennials,  with  simple  or  pinriately  lobed  or 
lyrate  leaves  and  yellow  or  white  flowers.  Sepals  flat,  nearly  equal  at  base. 
Petals  short-clawed.  Silique  sessile,  usually  short,  sub  terete;  style  short  and 
rather  thick;  valves  1-nerved.  Seeds  in  2  rows,  turgid.  Plants  growing 
mostly  in  wet  places,  or  rarely  in  the  water. — Nasturtium, 

Flowers  white;  aquatic  perennial  .......     1.  R.  Nasturtium. 

Flowers  yellow. 

Perennial  by  running  rootstocks      .         .         .         .         .         .         .     2.  R.  sinuata. 

Annual  or  biennial. 

Sterns  erect,  simple  below,  2-10  dm.  high. 

Hispidly  hirsute  on  stems  .         .         .         .         .         .         .     3.  R.  hispida. 

Glabrous  throughout  (or  nearly  so)     .         .         .         .         .         .     4.  R.  palustris. 

Sterns  branched  from  the  base,  low  and  spreading. 
Fruiting  raceme  normal. 

Silique  slender,  curved,  8-15  mm.  long    .         .         .         .         .5.  R.  curvisiliqua, 

Silique  short,  straight,  5-7  mm.  long 6.  R.  lyrata. 

Fruiting  raceme  unilateral          .        .        .        •        .        .        .     7.  R.  curvipes, 


216  CRUCIFERAE  (MUSTARD  FAMILY) 

1.  Roripa  Nasturtium  (L.)  Rusby,  Mem.  Torr.  Club  3:  5.  1893.   A  glabrous 
aquatic  with  decumbent  stems  rooting  at  the  nodes,  often  4-5  dm.  high: 
leaves  pinnate  or  pinnately  lobed;  the  leaflets  or  lobes  sinuate,  the  terminal 
one  larger:  racemes  crowded,  elongating  in  fruit:  petals  white,  twice  as  long 
as  the  sepals:  silique  linear,  as  long  as  the  divaricate  pedicels;  style  very 
short.     Nasturtium  officinale.     WATER  CRESS. — Naturalized  in  many  ponds 
and  streams. 

2.  Roripa  sinuata  (Nutt.)  A.  S.  Hitch.  Spring  Fl.  Manhattan  18.    1894. 
Glabrous  perennial,  spreading  by  horizontal  slender  rootstocks:  stems  nu- 
merous, diffuse,  branched,  2-3  dm.  long:  leaves  oblong  or  lanceolate,  sinuately 
pinnatifid;  the  lobes  obtuse  or  acute,  entire  or  toothed:  flowers  yellow:  siliques 
linear,  tipped  with  the  long  style,  becoming  curved,  as  also  the  slender  ped- 
icel.— From  New  Mexico  to  Montana  and  west  to  the  Sierras. 

3.  Roripa  hispida  (Desv.)  Brit.  Mem.  Torr.  Club  5:  169.  1894.     Hispidly 
hirsute  with  spreading  hairs  on  the  stem  and  on  the  veins  of  the  leaves  below : 
stem  usually  simple  below,  more  or  less  branched  above,  3-10  dm.  high: 
leaves  lyrate-pinnatifid,  the  lower  petioled:    flowers  yellow,  on  slender  pedi- 
cels: silique  globose  to  narrowly  ovate,  rarely  more  than  twice  as  long  as  broad, 
and  shorter  than  the  spreading  pedicel. — In  wet  places;  not  infrequent  in  our 
range,  and  widely  distributed  throughout  the  United  States. 

4.  Roripa  palustris  (L.)  Bess.  Enum.  27.    1821.   Very  similar  but  usually 
lower,  sometimes  branched  from  the  base,  glabrous  or  obscurely  pubescent, 
never  hirsute  or  hispid:  silique  narrowly  ovate  to  nearly  linear,  2-4  times  as 
long  as  broad,  about  equaling  the  pedicels.     (R.   Underwoodii  Rydb.  Bull. 
Torr.  Bot.  Club  29:  235.  1902.) — Approximately  the  same  range  as  the  pre- 
ceding. 

5.  Roripa  curvisiliqua   (Hook.)    Bessey,  Mem.  Torr.  Club    5:  169.  1894. 
More  or  less  minutely  pubescent,  usually  branched  from  the  base  but  erect, 
1-2  dm.  high:  leaves  narrowly  oblong  or  oblanceolate,  pinnatifid  with  oblong 
usually  toothed  lobes,  rarely  only  sinuate-toothed :  petals  pale  yellow,  surpas- 
sing the  sepals:  silique  linear,  curved  upwardly,  about  1  cm.  long,  on  spread- 
ing pedicels  half  as  long;  stigma  sessile  or  subsessile. — From  Colorado  and 
Wyoming  to  British  Columbia. 

6.  Roripa  lyrata   (Nutt.)  Rydb.   Mem.  N.  Y.  Bot.   Card.   1:  176.   1900. 
Glabrous,  branched  from  the  base  and  spreading:  leaves  lyrately  deeply 
divided;  the  lobes  broad  but  variously  toothed  and  incised:  flowers  small: 
silique  nearly  straight,  tapering  slightly  toward  the  apex  which  terminates 
abruptly  in  the  short  style,  8-12  mm.  long,  twice  as  long  as  the  pedicels. 
Includes  R.  obtusum  alpinum  and  R.  sphaerocarpa. — In  the  mountain  dis- 
tricts of  our  range  and  northwestward. 

7.  Roripa  curvipes   Greene,   Pitt.   3:  97.    1896.     Low,   slender,   diffusely 
branched,  the  branches  in  maturity  ending  in  several  elongated  racemes  which 
are  unilateral  by  the  decurved  pedicels  of  the  very  small  pods:  herbage  nearly 

tlabrous:  leaves  from  lyrate-pinnatifid  to  ovate-lanceolate  and  merely  dentate: 
owers  minute,  yellow  in  all  parts,  the  petals  slightly  surpassing  the  sepals: 
stamens  not  exserted:  pods  ovate-acuminate  or  ovate-falcate,  scarcely  4  mm. 
long,  tipped  by  a  short  style,  few-seeded,  often  torulose  by  one  or  more  man- 
ifest constrictions. — "  Rather  frequent  in  the  mountains  of  southern  Colorado, 
at  middle  elevations,  along  streamlets  chiefly." 

13.  CARDAMINE  L.     BITTER  CRESS 

Mostly  glabrous  herbaceous  perennials,  growing  in  wet  places,  with  running 
rootstocks  or  small  tubers,  petioled,  simple  or  pinnate  leaves,  and  white  or 
purple  racemed  flowers.  Sepals  equal  at  base.  Petals  obovate  to  spatulate. 
Siliques  linear,  straight,  with  stout  replum  and  nerveless  valves.  Seeds  in 
1  row. 

Leaves  entire,  broad,  and  somewhat  cordate. 

Stem  glabrous       .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .     1.  C.  cordifolia. 

Stem  hirsute          .  2.  C.  infausta. 


CRUCIFERAE    (MUSTARD   FAMILY)  217 

Leaves  pinnate. 

Leaves  and  plant  small,  1-2  dm.  high 3.  C.  unijuga. 

Leaves  and  plant  larger,  2-4  dm.  high. 

Leaflets  ovate  to  rotund    .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .     4.  C.  Breweri. 

Leaflets  linear  to  elliptic     .         ...         .         .         .         .         .     5.  C.  pennsylvanica. 

1.  Cardamine  cordifolia  Gray,  PL  Fendl.  8.   1848.    Glabrous  throughout, 
3-8  dm.  high,  leafy  to  the  top:  leaves  cordate,  sparingly  repand-dentate  or 
angular-toothed,  5-8  cm.  long;  the  lowest  often  orbicular  and  the  uppermost 
triangular-cordate:  flowers  white,  rather  large:  siliques  3-4  cm.  long  erect  on 
ascending  pedicels. — Along  streamlets  in  the  mountains;   New  Mexico  to 
Idaho. 

2.  Cardamine  infausta  Greene,  Pitt.  4:  307.  1901.     Quite  similar  to  the 
preceding  but  the  stem,  petioles,  and  pedicels,  and  to  a  less  degree  the  leaves, 
more  or  less  whitened  with  a  shaggy  hirsute  pubescence:  flowers  smaller;  the 
petals  spatulate.    (C.  cardiophylla  Rydb.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  28:  280.  1901.) 
— Utah  and  southwestern  Colorado  to  Arizona. 

3.  Cardamine  unijuga  Rydb.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  24:  246.  1897.     Gla- 
brous: stems  from  very  slender  rootstocks,  simple  or  branching,  1-2  dm.  high: 
basal  leaves  simple,  cordate,  or  reniform;  lower  stem  leaves  with  1  or  2  pairs 
of  small  oblong  leaflets;  the  upper  similar  or  reduced  and  entire:  raceme  slen- 
der: sepals  obtuse,  half  as  long  as  the  white  2  mm.  long  petals:  siliques  linear, 
15-20  mm.  long,  erect,  on  erect  pedicels  and  with  short  style. — Wyoming  and 
Montana. 

4.  Cardamine  Breweri  Wats.  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  10:  339.  1875.     Glabrous, 
2-4  dm.  high:  stems  simple  or  branched  from  the  base:  radical  leaves  simple 
or  with  a  pair  of  rounded  lateral  leaflets,  round-cordate,  entire  or  sinuate; 
cauline  pinnate,  with  5-7  leaflets;  leaflets  from  oblong  or  ovate  to  orbicular, 
the  terminal  one  much  the  largest,  crenately  toothed  or  lobed:  flowers  white, 
20-25  mm.  long,  ascending,  on  ascending  pedicels  half  as  long:  style  short 
or  wanting.     (C.  vallicola  Greene,  Pitt.  3:  116.  1896.) — Colorado,  southward 
and  westward  to  Oregon. 

5.  Cardamine  pennsylvanica  Muhl.  in  Willd.  Spec.  3:  486.  1800.     Glabrous, 
erect,  simple,  or  branched  from  the  base,  leafy  up  to  the  racemes  of  small 
white  flowers:  basal  leaves  pinnate,  with  9-17    small  oblong-oval  entire  or 
toothed  leaflets;  the  leaflets  of  the  upper  leaves  usually  oblong  with  some- 
what narrowed  base  decurrent  upon  the  rachis:  siliques  linear,  20-30  mm. 
long,  erect  when  mature,  on  somewhat  divergent  pedicels.     C.  hirsuta. — 
Colorado  to  Montana  and  across  the  continent. 

14.  PH YSARIA  Gray.     DOUBLE  BLADDER  POD 

Low  and  stellately  canescent  perennials  with  stems  simple  or  branched 
from  the  base,  simple  leaves,  and  yellow,  racemose  flowers.  Siliques  membra- 
nous, the  two  cells  inflated-globose  and  joined  by  the  narrow  septum. 

Constriction  separating  the  cells  equally  deep  above  and  below,  cells 

globose         .         .         .         .         ...         .         .         .         .         .     1.  P.  didymocarpa. 

Constriction  separating  the  cells  much  deeper  above. 

Leaves  lyrate  or  panduriform          .         .         .         .         .         .         .     2.  P.  vitulifera. 

Leaves  oblanceolate,  sinuately  toothed. 

Cells  of  silique  spherical,  small     .         .         .         .         .         .         .     3.  P.  floribunda. 

Cells  of  silique  flattened  laterally,  large 4.  P.  Newberryi. 

1.  Physaria  didymocarpa  Gray,  Wats.  Bot.  King's  Exp.  20.  1871.  Densely 
stellate-canescent :  leaves  and  stems  rosulately  crowded  on  the  crown  of  the 
thick  root,  10-20  cm.  high:  radical  leaves  ovate  to  broadly  spatulate,  entire 
or  sinuately  toothed,  obtuse  or  acute,  petioled;  cauline  oblanceolate  to  linear: 
sepals  lanceolate,  surpassed  by  the  large  showy  pale  yellow  petals:  style 
slender,  persistent,  5-6  mm.  long:  silique  deeply  and  equally  notched  above 
and  below;  the  cells  8-10  mm.  in  diameter,  walls  papery. — Colorado  to  Brit- 
ish America  and  far  westward. 

la.  Physaria  didymocarpa  lanata  A.  Nels.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  31:  241. 
1904.  Much  like  the  species  but  white-tomentose  with  a  copious  simple 


218  CRUCIFERAE  (MUSTARD  FAMILY) 

pubescence  intermingled  with  the  long-rayed  stellate  canescence:  fruits  very 
large,  thin,  and  papery. — Powder  river,  Wyoming. 

2.  Physaria  vitulifera  Rydb.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  28:  278.  1891.      Re- 
sembling the  foregoing,  but  leaves  less  whitened,  fiddle-form  in  outline:  peti- 
oles somewhat  margined  and  bearing  a  very  few  large  teeth;  stem  leaves  en- 
tire, oblanceolate:  silique  deeply  divided  above  only,  the  cells  round-obovate, 
divergent;  pedicels  more  or  less  curved  in  fruit. — Dry  ravines  and  canons; 
Colorado. 

3.  Physaria  floribunda  Rydb.  1.  c.     Densely  tufted,  the  numerous  stems 
and  leaves  suberect,  15-25  cm.  high:  radical  leaves  oblanceolate  or  spatulate, 
sinuately  toothed,  usually  acute,  5-10  cm.  long;  cauline  oblanceolate,  entire: 
petals  bright  yellow,  oblanceolate,  with  a  broad  claw,  8-9  mm.  long,  twice 
as  long  as  the  lanceolate  sepals :  silique  deeply  divided  above  only,  the  cells 
globose,  6-8  mm.  in  diameter.     (P.  acutifolia  Rydb.  1.  c.) — Colorado  and 
Utah. 

4.  Physaria  Newberryi  Gray,  Bot.  Ives  Rep.  6.    1860.    White,  with  the 
dense  fine  stellate  pubescence:  leaves  and  stems  rosulate  spreading:  leaves 
mostly  entire,  petioled;  radical  orbicular  to  spatulate;  cauline  spatulate  to 
nearly  linear:  flowers  large;  petals  12-15  mm.  long:  silique  deeply  notched 
above,  scarcely  notched  at  all  below ;  the  cells  laterally  flattened  and  provided 
with  two  keels  or  ridges  separating  the  convex  dorsal  surface  from  the  nearly 
flat  sides,  the  walls  folding  along  the  keels  in  drying. — Colorado  and  New 
Mexico  to  Utah  and  Arizona. 

15.  LESQUERELLA  Wats.     BLADDER  POD 

Low  densely  stellate-canescent  herbaceous  annuals,  biennials,  or  perennials 
(sometimes  with  frutescent  base),  with  more  or  less  rosulate  radical  leaves, 
and  yellow  flowers  in  elongated  or  corymbose  racemes.  Sepals  equal  at 
base,  oblong.  Petals  spatulate  or  oblong-ovate.  Siliques  turgid,  oblong- 
ovate,  or  globose;  style  slender,  rather  long,  persistent.  Seeds  flattened. 
— Vesicaria. 

Siliques  stellate-pubescent. 

Globose  or  nearly  so,  not  compressed  at  apex. 

All  the  leaves  narrow  (linear  or  oblanceolate)     .         .         .         .1.  L.  argentea. 

Some  of  the  radical  leaves  broad  (oval  or  obovate). 

Silique  and  pedicel  subequal;  the  style  shorter       .         .  2.  L.  macrocarpa. 

Silique  and  style  subequal;  the  pedicel  longer .         ...       3.  L.  prostrata. 

Ovate  or  oblong,  often  compressed  at  apex. 
All  the  leaves  narrow  (linear  or  oblanceolate). 
Plants  low,  caespitose  (less  than  1  dm.  high). 

Raceme'  and  leaves  subequal     .         .         .         .         .  4.  L.  condensata. 

Raceme  surpassing  the  leaves     .         .         .         .         .  5.  L.  alpina. 

Plants  taller,  not  caespitose,  branched  from  the  base  (more 

than  1  dm.  high)    .         .         .  .         .         .  6.  L.  curvipes. 

Some  of  the  radical  leaves  broad  (orbicular  to  obovate). 

Raceme  elongated,  narrow     .         .         .         .  .  7.  L.  montana. 

Raceme  short,  subcorymbose  .         .         .         .         .         .       8.  L.  valida. 

Siliques  glabrous. 

All  leaves  narrow  (linear  or  oblanceolate)    .         .         .         .  9.  L.  Fendleri. 

Some  leaves  broad  (orbicular  to  obovate). 

Stem  leaves  linear  to  oblanceolate     ......     10.  L.  Engelmannii. 

Stem  leaves  large,  thin,  elliptic 11.  L.  aurea. 

1.  Lesquerella  argentea   (Pursh)  MacM.  Met.  Minn.  263.    1892.    Stellate- 
pubescent  throughout  but  greenish  rather  than  white:  stems  several  from  the 
crown,  decumbent  spreading,  simple  or  branched:  leaves  all  linear  or  linear- 
oblanceolate ;  the  basal  crowded-rosulate,  3-8  cm.  long,  entire  or  remotely 
toothed:  raceme  in  fruit  10-25  cm.  long:  silique  globose  or  nearly  so,  about 
5  mm.  long,  equaling  the  slender  style:  pedicel  spreading  or  recurved,  1-2  cm. 
long.     Vesicaria  ludoviciana. — Colorado  to  Montana  and  Minnesota. 

2.  Lesquerella  macrocarpa  A.  Nels.  Bot.  Gaz.  34:  366.  1902.    Light  green 
but  stellate-pubescent  throughout,  freely  branched  from  the  crown ;  branches 
decumbent-prostrate  with  assurgent  tips,  mostly  simple:  radical  leaves  or- 
bicular to  obovate,   short-petioled;  cauline  oblong  or  oblanceolate,   short- 


CRUCIFERAE  (MUSTARD  FAMILY)  219 

petioled,  15-30  mm.  long:  raceme  crowded  even  in  fruit:  petals  obovate, 
emarginate,  5-7  mm.  long:  silique  subglobose,  6-8  mm.  in  diameter,  twice 
as  long  as  the  style;  pedicels  stout,  recurved,  5-10  mm.  long. — Naked  clay 
ridges  and  flats ;  Red  Desert,  Wyoming. 

3.  Lesquerella   prostrata  A.  Nels.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club   26:    124.  1899. 
The  stellate-pubescence  dense  and  silvery:  stems  several  to  many,  rosulately 
spreading,  sometimes  branched:  crown-leaves  densely  rosulate,  rhomboidal, 
orbicular,  oval  or  oblong,  5-15  mm.  long,  the  petioles  often  longer;  cauline 
few,  oblanceolate  to  linear:  raceme  in  fruit  6-12  cm.  long:  silique  subglobose 
or  broadly  ovate,  as  long  as  the  style  but  somewhat  surpassed  by  the  curved, 
spreading  or  recurved  pedicel.     [L.  utahensis  Rydb.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club 
30:  252.  1903;  L.  Macounii  Greene,  Pitt.  4:  310.  1901  (?).] — Wyoming,  Utah, 
and  probably  Colorado. 

4.  Lesquerella  condensata  A.  Nels.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  26:  228.  1899. 
Depressed-caespitose,  the  caudex  multicipital,  not  rising  above  the  ground, 
acaulescent,  the  linear  leaves  and  small  crowded  racemes  on  the  crowns  and 
subequal:  petals  spatulate,  about  6  mm.  long:  silique  ovate,  compressed  at 
summit,  5  mm.  long,  two-ovuled  in  each  cell  (usually  only  one  maturing). 
(L.  parvula  Greene,  Pitt.  4:  308.  1901.) — Barren  and  rocky  slopes;  one  of  the 
earliest  plants  to  bloom;  southern  Wyoming  and  in  Colorado. 

5.  Lesquerella  alpina  (Nutt.)  Wats.  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  23:  251.  1888.    Cau- 
dex few-branched;  the  branches  usually  rising  a  few  cm.  above  the  ground, 
thickly  covered  with  the  persistent  leaf-bases :  leaves  all  linear,  tufted  on  the 
several  crowns  and  on  the  base  of  the  very  short  stems:  raceme  slender- 
pedunculate,  often  few-flowered ;  the  pedicels  slender,  erect  or  recurved,  much 
longer  than  the  silique:  silique  ovate,  somewhat  angled  but  scarcely  com- 
pressed, 3-4  mm.  long,  nearly  equaled  by  the  slender  style.     (L.  spathulata 
Rydb.  Cont.  U.  S.  Nat.  Herb.  3:  486.  1896.)— The  upper  Missouri  region. 

6.  Lesquerella  curvipes  A.   Nels.  Bull.  Torr.   Bot.   Club  25:  205.   1898. 
Stems  numerous  on  the  expandqd  crown  of  the  woody  root,  in  fruit  1.5-3  dm. 
long:  radical  leaves  oblanceolate,  on  margined  petioles;  cauline  oblanceolate 
to  linear,  with  a  narrowed  petiole-like  base,  3-6  cm.  long:  siliques  ovate,  com- 
pressed at  summit,  gibbously  convex  toward  the  base,  about  8  mm.  long; 
the  slender  style  somewhat  shorter;  pedicels  1-2  cm.  long,  "s  "-shaped   (the 
proximal  part  curved  upward,  the  distal   downward,  with  ascending  tip): 
seeds  2  in  each  cell,  rarely  1  or  3. — Wyoming. 

7.  Lesquerella  montana  (Gray)  Wats.  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  23:  251.   1888. 
Caudex  usually  simple,  the  leaves  and  stems  rosulate-spreading:  stems  mostly 
simple,  short :  crown-leaves  crowded,  some  of  them  broad  (orbicular,  obovate, 
or  rhomboid),  passing  into  the  oblanceolate  ones  of  the  stems,  1-2  cm.  long: 
siliques  oblong,   not  compressed  at  summit  but  sometimes  slightly  quad- 
rangular, about  6  mm.  long,  somewhat  exceeding  the  style,  usually  erect  on 
the  upwardly  turned  tip  of  the  widely  divaricate  subequal  pedicel.     (L. 
Shearis  Rydb.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  29:  237.  1902;  L.  rosulata  A.  Nels.  Bull. 
Torr.  Bot.  Club  25:  205.  1898.) — Colorado  and  southern  Wyoming. 

8.  Lesquerella  valida  Greene,  Pitt.  4-  68.  1899.     Silvery  lepidote-stellate, 
the  leaves  and  stems  crowning  a  taproot:  stems  decumbent,  1-2  dm.  high: 
basal  leaves  entire  or  toothed,  obovate  or  spatulate,  petioled;  cauline  ob- 
lanceolate: raceme  short  and  dense,  hardly  more  than  corymbose  even  in 
fruit:  siliques  ovate,  somewhat  compressed,  tipped  with  a  style  of  half  their 
own  length;  the  cells  about  6-ovuled. — Southern  Colorado  and  New  Mexico. 

9.  Lesquerella  Fendleri  (Gray)  Wats.  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  23:  251. 1888.    White- 
canescent:  caudex  multicipital;  stems  several,  slender,  erect,  1-2  dm.  high: 
leaves  all   linear  or  narrowly  oblanceolate:   raceme   short,    dense:   siliques 
glabrous,  subglobose,  4-6  mm.  in  diameter,  on  slender  much  longer  erect 
pedicels;  the  style  about  equal  in  length;  the  cells  10-16-ovuled. — Southern 
Colorado  to  Texas. 

10.  Lesquerella  Engelmannii  Wats.  1.  c.  254.     Silvery  canescent:  stems 
low  and  simple  or  taller  and  branched,  1-3  dm.  long:  some  of  the  radical 
leaves  broad  (orbicular  to  oblanceolate),  petioled;  cauline  oblong  or  oblanceo- 


220  CRUCIFERAE  (MUSTARD  FAMILY) 

late:  petals  broadly  spatulate,  8-12  mm.  long:  siliques  in  a  short  raceme, 
subglobose  or  oval,  substipitate,  glabrous,  6-8  mm.  long,  on  ascending  ped- 
icels of  about  the  same  length;  style  a  little  shorter  than  the  silique.  [L. 
pruinosa  Greene,  Pitt.  4:  307.  1901  (?);  L.  ovata  Greene,  1.  c.;  L.  ovalifolia 
Rydb.  in  Brit.  111.  Fl.  2:  137.  1897.)— Southern  Colorado  to  Texas. 

11.  Lesquerella  aurea  Wooton,  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  25:  260.  1898.  An- 
nual, branching  from  the  base,  2-3  dm.  high,  leafy  up  to  the  short  racemes  of 
bright  yellow  flowers:  leaves  pale  green,  thin,  rather  thinly  covered  with  the 
fine  branched  pubescence,  oblong  to  broadly  oblanceolate-cuneate,  1-3  cm. 
long:  siliques  glabrous,  subglobose,  somewhat  longer  than  the  slender  style 
but  much  exceeded  by  the  finally  recurved  pedicel. — New  Mexico  and  prob- 
ably extending  into  southern  Colorado. 

16.  HUTCHINSIA  R.  Br. 

Low  spreading  annual,  only  a  few  cm.  high,  with  entire  or  pinnately  lobed 
leaves  and  minute  white  flowers  in  crowded  racemes  which  become  greatly 
elongated  in  fruit.  Stigma  sessile  or  nearly  so.  Silique  oval,  compressed  at 
right  angles  to  the  septum;  each  valve  with  a  conspicuous  mid-nerve. — Cap- 
sella  in  part. 

1.  Hutchinsia  procumbens  (L.)  Desv.  Journ.  Bot.  3:  168.  1814.  Glabrous 
or  pubescent  with  forked  hairs,  very  slender  and  diffusely  branched:  radical 
leaves  pinnate  or  pinnatifid  with  few  lobes;  the  upper  oblanceolate  to  linear, 
entire:  siliques  elliptic-oblong,  on  very  slender  spreading  pedicels.  Capsella 
divaricata. — Colorado,  Wyoming,  and  westward. 

17.  CAPSELLA  Medik.     SHEPHERD'S  PURSE  • 

An  annual  herb  but  often  enduring  a  second  year,  the  leaves  mostly  rosulate 
and  the  minute  white  flowers  in  elongated  racemes.  Silique  obcordate  or 
triangular-cuneate,  flattened  at  right  angles  to  the  septum;  style  short  but 
evident.  Seeds  numerous. — (Bursa  Weber.) 

1.  Capsella  bursa-pastoris  Medik.  Pflanzengat.  1:  85.  1792.  More  or  less" 
hirsute  with  branched  hairs:  radical  leaves  mostly  runcinate-pinnatifid;  cau- 
line  lanceolate  and  auricled  at  the  base:  flowers  white  in  a  congested  raceme, 
which  becomes  greatly  elongated  in  fruit:  siliques  cuneate-obcordate,  6-8 
mm.  long. — Naturalized  from  Europe,  but  now  one  of  the  commonest  weeds 
everywhere. 

18.  CAMELINA  Crantz.     FALSE  FLAX 

Erect  annuals  with  sagittate-clasping  mostly  entire  leaves  and  yellow  or 
white  flowers.  Sepals  short-oblong.  Petals  unguiculate.  Silique  obovoid, 
with  a  broad,  thin,  persistent  septum;  the  valves  firm  and  strongly  convex. 
Seeds  numerous,  wingless. 

1.  Camelina  sativa  Crantz,  Stirp.  Austr.  1:  18.  1762.  Pubescent  or  some- 
times nearly  glabrous  annual,  simple  or  branched,  3-6  dm.  high:  lower  leaves 
lanceolate,  entire  or  toothed;  cauline  sessile,  sagittate-clasping:  flowers 
numerous,  yellowish:  silique  pear-shaped,  6-9  mm.  long,  on  slender  ascending 
pedicels  1-2  cm.  long;  style  slender,  short. — Naturalized  from  Europe;  com- 
mon, especially  where  flax  has  been  grown;  not  infrequent  in  our  range. 

19.  DRABA  Dill 

Annual,  biennial,  or  perennial  herbs,  mostly  low,  the  leaves  entire  or  toothed 
and  the  white  or  yellow  flowers  in  crowded  racemes  which  become  more  or 
less  elongated  in  fruit.  Sepals  short,  broad,  and  obtuse.  Petals  obovate  or 
spatulate,  entire  or  somewhat  notched  at  apex.  Style  mostly  short,  or  want- 


CRUCIFERAE  (MUSTARD  FAMILY)  221 

ing;  silique  ovate  to  lanceolate  or  linear.     Seeds  in  2  rows,  not  winged  or 
margined.    Pubescence  simple  or  branched. 

Annuals  or  winter  annuals. 

Silique  glabrous;  flowers  yellow,  sometimes  turning  white  in 

drying. 
Style  wanting. 

Stems  scapose,  glabrous     .         .         .         .         .         .         .       1.  D.  crassifolia. 

Stems  scapose,  ciliate-hirsute  below    .         .         .         .  2.  D.  nitida. 

Style  evident          .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .  3.  D.  mongollonica. 

Silique  pubescent;  stigma  sessile. 
Flowers  white. 

Leaves  entire;  siliques  in  a  terminal  cluster      .         .  4.  D.  caroliniana. 

Leaves  toothed  or  entire;  siliques  in  a  somewhat  elongated 
raceme. 

Pedicels  ascending  or  erect 5.  D.  cuneifolia. 

Pedicels  reflexed •  .  6.  D.  reflexa. 

Flowers  yellow. 

Pedicels  longer  than  the  silique 7.  D.  nemorosa. 

Pedicels  shorten  than  the  silique 8.  D.  lapilutea. 

Perennials. 

Low,  caespitose,  and  scapose;  leaves  imbricated. 

Scape  pubescent    .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .       9.  D.  densifolia. 

Scape  glabrate;  silique  ovate. 

Flowers  white 10.  D.  oligosperma. 

Flowers  yellow. 

Silique  broadly  ovate      .         .         .         .         .         .         .11.  D.  andina. 

Silique  ovate-oblong 12.  D.  saximontana. 

Taller;  stems  more  or  less  leafy. 

Siliques  glabrous  or  nearly  so,  not  twisted. 
Flowers  yellow. 

Pubescence  branched;  flowers  large        ....     13.  D.  spectabilis. 

Pubescence  simple;  flowers  small     .....     14.  D.  chrysantha. 

Flowers  white,  small  .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .     15.  D.  cana. 

Siliques  pubescent,  more  or  less  twisted. 

Pubescence  of  herbage  long  and  villous     ....     16.  D.  streptocarpa. 

Pubescence  of  herbage  short  and  stellate. 

Leaves  large  and  thin     .         .         .         .         .         .         .     17.  D.  surculifera. 

Leaves  rather  small  and  firm. 

Silique  with  flat  valves,  glabrate  on  the  face      .         .     18.  D.  Helleriana. 
Silique  with  convex  valves,  pubescent       .         .         .19.  D.  luteola. 

1.  Draba  crassifolia  Graham,  Edinb.  New  Phil.  Journ.  182.    1829.    Gla- 
brous throughout  or  with  the  leaves  sparsely  ciliate,  annual  or  biennial:  scape 
naked  or  with  a  single  leaf,  5-10  cm.  high:  leaves  lanceolate-linear,  entire  or 
somewhat  serrulate,  ciliate  with  simple  hairs:  flowers  small,  white  or  yel- 
lowish; petals  a  little  exceeding  the  sepals,  retuse:  siliques  oblong-lanceolate, 
acute,  5-9  mm.  long,  on  spreading  pedicels  of  about  the  same  length.     (D. 
Parryi  Rydb.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  29:  241.  1902.) — High  mountains;  Colo- 
rado to  British  America. 

2.  Draba  nitida  Greene,  PL  Baker.  3:  7.  1901.    Erect  annual  1-3  dm.  high, 
glabrous  and  somewhat  shining:  stems  1  or  more  from  the  base,  ciliate-pubescent 
below  only:  leaves  mostly  in  a  rosulate  tuft  at  the  base,  sparsely  substel- 
late,  the  margins  loosely  bristly-ciliate :   raceme  long  in  fruit:  petals  yellow, 
longer  than  the  green  somewhat  pilose  sepals:  silique  oblong-linear,  acutish, 
10-15  mm.  long,  on  ascending  pedicels  of  about  the  same  length.    D.  stenoloba. 
— At  middle  or  higher  elevations;  Colorado  to  Montana. 

3.  Draba  mongollonica  Greene,  Bot.  Gaz.  6:  157.  1882.    Somewhat  scapose 
annual,  2-4  dm.  high,  villous  or  loosely  stellate-pubescent  below:  stem  simple 
or  branching  from  the  base:  leaves  oblanceolate,  stellate-pubescent,  3-6  cm. 
long:  flowers  large,  in  broad  racemes  which  are  elongated  in  fruit:  sepals 
glabrous:  siliques  linear  or  oblong,  glabrous,  8-15  mm.  long,  with  a  slender 
style  2-3  mm.  long;  pedicels  slender,  variable,  longer  or  shorter  than  the 
silique. — Infrequent;  New  Mexico  and  probably  southern  Colorado. 

4.  Draba  caroliniana  micrantha  Gray,  Man.  Ed.  5.  72.    1867.     Low,  usually 
less  than  1  dm.  high:  leaves  obovate  or  oblanceolate,  entire,  rosulate  or 
crowded  near  the  base,  loosely  stellate-pubescent,  10-12  mm.  long:  scapose 
stems  few  or  several  from  the  crown,  glabrous  or  pubescent:  flowers  small, 
white,  the  pedicels  closely  approximate  even  in  fruit:  siliques  minutely  hispid, 
10-15  mm.  long,  much  exceeding  the  divergent  pedicels.    This  variety  does 


222  CRUC1FERAE  (MUSTARD  FAMILY) 

not  differ  from  the  species  D,  caroliniana  Walt,  except  in  the  hispid  silique. — 
Throughout  our  range  and  eastward  to  the  Missouri. 

5.  Draba  cuneifolia  Nutt.  T.  &  G.  Fl.  1:  108.     1838.  Low,  usually  less 
than  1  dm.  high:  leaves  clustered  near  the  base,  obovate  to  oblanceolate, 
entire   or   few-toothed,    loosely   stellate -pubescent,    acutish,    1-3    cm.   long: 
scapose   stems   solitary   or  few,    usually  loosely  stellate-pubescent:   flowers 
small,  white:  silique  linear-oblong,  mostly  subacute,  minutely  hispid,  8-10 
mm.  long,  on  divaricate  pedicels  much  shorter.     (D.  coloradensis  Rydb.  Bull. 
Torr.  Bot.  Club  31:  555.   1904.) — Infrequent;  from  Missouri  to  California. 

6.  Draba  reflexa  Greene,  Pitt.  4:  20.  1899.    Stem  stout,  erect,  about  1  dm. 
high,  racemose  almost  from  the  base:  leaves  mostly  in  a  dense  rosulate  basal 
tuft,  oblong-lanceolate,  entire  or  sparingly  toothed,  nearly  glabrous  super- 
ficially, but  the  margin  hirsute-ciliate :  calyx  glabrous,  the  thin  sepals  tinged 
with  purple:  petals  white,   showy:  pedicels  widely  spreading,  in  fruit  de- 
flected, much  exceeding  the  pods  in  length,  these  elliptic-oblong,  6-8  mm. 
long,  glabrous,  the  stigma  small  and  sessile.— Camp  Stambaugh,  Wyoming. 

7.  Draba  nemorosa  L.  Sp.  PL  643.     1753.     Low  slender  loosely  stellate- 
pubescent  annual,  5-30  cm.  high:  stems  simple  or  with  a  few  short  slender 
branches  from  near  the  base:  leaves  mostly  toward  the  base  but  hardly  ros- 
ulate, ovate  to  oblong-lanceolate,  entire  or  toothed,  1-3  cm.  long:  flowers 
crowded,  but  the  fruiting  raceme  long  and  open:  sepals  villous:  petals  yellow, 
small:  siliques  narrowly  oblong,  minutely  pubescent,  8-12  mm.  long,  much 
shorter  than  the  slender  spreading  pedicels.     D.  nemorosa  and  varieties. — 
Colorado,  north  to  Montana  and  thence  both  eastward  and  westward. 

8.  Draba  lapilutea   A.    Nels.   Stellate-pubescent  throughout   and  villous 
below,  1-3  dm.  high :  stems  erect,  rather  stout,  simple  or  with  some  slenderer 
branches  from  near  the  base:  leaves  oblanceolate  or  oblong  to  nearly  linear, 
mostly  radical  and  on  the  lower  part  of  the  stem,  1-2  cm.  long:  petals  small, 
spatulate,  yellowish  or  turning  white  in  drying,  longer  than  the  elliptic  sepals: 
silique  linear-oblong  8-12   mm.  long,  suberect,  on  much  shorter  spreading 
pedicels;  the  style   wanting  or  barely  discernible.     D.  montana  (name  un- 
tenable.   (D  yellowstonensis  A.  Nels.  Bot.  Gaz.  30:  189.  1900,  a  name  to  be  dis- 
carded.)— In  the  mountains;  Colorado  to  Montana. 

9.  Draba  densifolia  Nutt.  T.  &  G.  Fl.  N.  A.  1:  104.  1838.    Densely  caespi- 
tose in  somewhat  close  tufts:  scapes  only  3-6  cm.  high,  more  or  less  woolly- 
hirsute:  leaves  greatly  crowded  on  the  crowns  of  the  caudex,  oblong-linear, 
strongly  ciliate  and  woolly-hirsute  with  nearly  simple  hairs:  flowers  small, 
yellow  or  turning  white:  siliques  crowded  at  summit  of  scape,  broadly  ovate, 
pubescent,  about  5  mm.  long;  the  style  about  one  fourth  as  long.    D.  ventosa.(1) 
— Wyoming,  Idaho,  and  Montana. 

10.  Draba  oligosperma  Hook.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  1:  51.  1830.    Subcaespitose,  the 
leaves  mostly  rosulate  at  the  base  of  the  few  short  (4-8  cm.  high)  slightly 
pubescent  scapes:  leaves  suberect,  linear  or  oblong,  rigid,  ciliate,  stellately 
pubescent  on  both  sides,  especially  toward  the  apex:  petals  white,  twice  as 
long  as  the  slightly  hairy  calyx:  siliques  quite  pubescent,  suborbicular;  the 
style  one  fourth  as  long. — Northern  Wyoming  (probably),  Montana,  and  to 
the  north  and  west. 

11.  Draba  andina   (Nutt.)  A.  Nels.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  26:  352.  1899. 
Very  densely  caespitose,  the  numerous  branches  of  the  caudex  closely  covered 
with  the  persistent  imbricated  leaf-bases:  leaves  mostly  oblong,  rather  rigid, 
ciliate  and  stellate-pubescent:  scapes  glabrous,  3-8  cm.  high:  flowers  numerous, 
yellow  or  turning  white:  silique  broadly  ovate  to  orbicular,  3-4  mm.  long; 
the  cells  about  2-seeded;  style  short,  about  one  fourth  as  long  as  the  silique. 
Possibly  D.  stellata  and  some  of  its  varieties. — Barren  soils,  mostly  at  high 
elevations;  Wyoming  and  northward. 

12.  Draba  saximontana  A.  Nels.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club   27:   264.    1900. 
Much  like  the  last,   equally  caespitose:  leaves  linear,   ciliate  and  stellate- 
pubescent:    scapes    numerous,    glabrous,    many-flowered:    petals    spatulate, 
twice  as  long  as  the  elliptic  glabrate  sepals:  siliques  ovate-oblong,  subacute, 
obscurely  pubescent  with  simple  hairs,  4-5  mm.  long,  6-8  times  as  long  as 


CRUCIFERAE    (MUSTARD   FAMILY)  223 

the  style:  pedicels  usually  much  longer  than  the  silique.  D.  cdpina  possibly 
or  D.  glacialis. — Stony  slopes,  middle  elevations;  northern  Colorado  to  Mon- 
tana. 

13.  Draba  spectabilis  Greene,  Pitt.  4:  19.  1899.     Green  but  more  or  less 
pubescent  with  short  branched  hairs:  stems  few  to  many  from  the  short 
woody  caudex,  2-4  dm.  high,  equally  leafy  to  the  middle:  radical  leaves  ob- 
ovate  to  oblanceolate,  short-petiolate ;  the  cauline  ovate,  oblong,  or  lanceolate, 
acute,  entire  or  toothed,  1-3  cm.  long:  sepals  subglabrous  or  hirsute:  petals 
large,  yellow:  siliques  8-12  mm.  long,  oblong,  glabrous  or  nearly  so,  on  spread- 
ing pedicels  of  about  equal  length;  the  style  prominent.    (D.  oxyloba  Greene, 
PI.  Baker.  3:  6.  1901,  seems  to  be  a  smaller  form  of  this.) — Southern  Colorado 
and  New  Mexico. 

14.  Draba  chrysantha  Wats.  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  17:  364.  1882.    Perennial, 
with  leafy,  decumbent  or  erect  stems,  5-15  cm.  high,  from  a  branching  root- 
stock,  sparingly  pubescent  with  simple  hairs:  basal  leaves  narrowly  oblanceo- 
late, 3-4  cm.  long,  entire  or  few-toothed,  subciliate;  cauline  oblanceolate  to 
lanceolate:  raceme  open;  flowets  yellow,  on  pedicels  4-12  mm.  long:  silique 
glabrous,  oblong,  acute  at  each  end,  8-10  mm.  long,  beaked  by  a  short  slender 
style.      [(?)  D.  graminea  Greene,  PI.  Baker.  3:  5.  1901.] — Mostly  alpine;  New 
Mexico  to  Montana. 

15.  Draba  cana  Rydb.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  29:  241.  1902.     Perennial 
with  a  taproot  and  short  caespitose  caudex,  whole  plant  densely  grayish  stel- 
late: stem  1-2  dm.  high,  often  branched:  basal  leaves  numerous,  oblanceolate 
or  spatulate,  1-1.5  cm.  long,  entire  or  minutely  but  sharply  toothed,  densely 
stellate;  stem  leaves  lanceolate  to  ovate,  about  1  cm.  long:  racemes  many- 
flowered;  pedicels  short,  nearly  erect,  in  fruit  2-3  mm.  long;  flowers  small: 
petals  white,  about  3  mm.  long:  silique  linear-oblong,  6-8  mm.  long,  densely 
pubescent;  style  about  5  mm.  long.     D.  incana. — Mountains  of  Colorado,  far 
north  into  British  America. 

16.  Draba  streptocarpa  Gray,  Am.  Journ.  Sci.  II.  33:  242.  1862.     More  or 
less  villous  with  long  spreading  mostly  simple  hairs:  stems  erect,  1  or  more 
from  the  base,  3-15  cm.  high:  leaves  oblanceolate  to  lanceolate,  mostly  acute, 
somewhat  villous,  6-15  mm.  long:  calyx  glabrous  or  villous:  siliques  lanceo- 
late, acute,  flattened,  more  or  less  twisted,  nearly  glabrous  except  on  the 
margins,  6-12  mm.  long,  on  pedicels  half  as  long;  the  short  style  slender. 
(D.  Bakeri  Greene,  PI.  Baker.  3:  6.  1901.) — Alpine  or  subalpine;  from  New 
Mexico  far  into  British  America. 

17.  Draba  surculifera  A.  Nels.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  26:  237.  1899.    Per- 
ennial: stems  few  to  several,  usually  with  some  short   leafy  stolons  at  the 
base,  2-4  dm.  high,  pubescent  with  some  simple  hairs  and  a  closer  branched 
puberulence:  basal  leaves  crowded,  oblanceolate,  subpetioled,  3-5  cm.  long, 
thin,  glabrate  or  stellate-pubescent;  cauline  similar  but  ovate  or  lanceolate, 
sessile  by  a  broad  base,  sometimes  toothed:  petals  obovate,  narrowed  to  a 
claw,  twice  as  long  as  the  sepals:  silique  lanceolate,  finely  pubescent,  8-12  mm. 
long,  flat,  or  sometimes  twisted;  the  style  1  mm.  long. — Cliff  sides  in  the  moun- 
tains; Wyoming. 

18.  Draba   Helleriana   Greene,    Pitt.   4:  17.  1899.     Rather  stout,   erect, 
branching,  especially  above,  2-4  dm.  high:  pubescence  scanty,  the  hairs  sub- 
appressed  and   2-4-rayed:   leaves   ovate-oblong,   entire   or  toothed,   sessile: 
racemes  few  to  many,  short:  sepals  yellow,  hirsutulous:  petals  golden-yellow: 
siliques  much  longer  than  the  pedicels,  flattened,  acute,  nearly  glabrous  ex- 
cept on  the  ciliolate  margins.    D.  aurea  and  var.  stylosa.     (D.  neo-mexicana 
Greene,  1.  c.  20.) — Middle   elevations;   extending  into  Colorado   from   New 
Mexico. 

19.  Draba  luteola  Greene,  1.  c.  19.     Perennial,  1-3  dm.  high,  cinereously 
stellate-pubescent  with  some  villous  simple  hairs:  leaves  ovate-lanceolate, 
subacute,  entire  or  serrulate:  racemes  few  or  several,  often  long:  sepals  thin, 
yellowish-green,    hirsute:    petals    yellow,    obtuse:    silique    rough-puberulent, 
tipped  with  a  short  slender  style;  pedicels  shorter  than  the  silique  and  dis- 
tinctly villous.     D.  lutea.     (D.  uber  A.  Nels.  Bot.  Gaz.  34:  366.  1902;  D. 


224  CRUCIFERAE    (MUSTARD   FAMILY) 

aureiformis  Rydb.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  28:  278.  1901;  D.  decumbens  Rydb. 
1.  c.  29:  240.)— Subalpine;  New  Mexico  to  British  America. 

20.  SMELOWSKIA  C.  A.  Mey. 

Low  caespitose  perennials  with  pinnatifid  leaves  and  small  flowers  in  ter- 
minal racemes;  pubescence  simple  or  stellate.  Sepals  oblong,  nearly  equal 
at  base.  Petals  entire,  obovate,  or  spatulate.  Siliques  lance-oblong,  flattened 
at  right  angles  to  the  septum;  the  valves  sharply  keeled  so  that  the  silique 
presents  a  4-angled  aspect ;  stigma  sessile,  or  with  short  style.  Seeds  few. 

1.  Smelowskia  americana  Rydb.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  29:  239.  1902. 
Densely  caespitose;  caudex  closely  covered  by  the  bases  of  the  dead  leaves: 
leaves  2-5  cm.  long,  pinnately  divided  to  the  midrib  into  linear  acute  divi- 
sions, finely  stellate  and  the  petioles  ciliate:  stems  about  1  cm.  high,  few- 
leaved:  inflorescence  at  first  short  and  corymbiform,  in  fruit  elongated:  sepals 
oblong,  pubescent,  about  3  mm.  long:  petals  clawed,  5-6  mm.  long,  white 
or  pink,  blades  broadly  spatulate:  silique  11-12  mm.  long  and  about  1  mm. 
wide,  tapering  at  both  ends.  S.  calycina.  (S.  Unearifolia  Rydb.  1.  c.  31:  555.) 
— In  the  high  mountains  of  our  range. 

21.  SOPHIA  Adans.    TANSY  MUSTARD 

Annual  or  perennial  herbs,  with  pinnatifid  or  dissected  pubescent  or  canes- 
cent  leaves,  and  small  yellow  flowers  in  crowded  racemes  which  become 
greatly  elongated  in  fruit.  Siliques  linear  or  linear-oblong,  on  slender  pedicels; 
the  valves  1-nerved.  Seeds  minute,  in  1  or  2  rows  in  each  cell. — Sisymbrium 
in  part. 

Herbage  more  or  less  pubescent  but  not  cinereous-tomentulose. 

Silique  and  pedicel  erect  or  appressed,  ea«h  less  than  1  cm.  long     .     1.  S.  Hartwegiana. 
Silique  and  pedicel  divergent  or  divaricate;  silique  usually  1  cm.  or 

more  long. 
Siliques  ascending. 

Seeds  in  1  row  in  each  cell. 

Pedicels  10-20  mm.  long,  equaling  or  longer  than  the  silique     2.  S.  filipes. 
Pedicels  4-8  mm.  long,  shorter  than  the  silique     .         .         .     3.  S.  incisa. 

Seeds  in  2  rows  . 4.  S.  pinnata. 

Silique  and  pedicel  widely  divaricate    .         .         .         .         .         .     5.  S.  leptophylla. 

Herbage  densely  cinereous-tomentulose        .         .         .         .         .         .     6.  S.  ochroleuca. 

1.  Sophia  Hartwegiana  (Fourn.)   Greene,  Pitt.  3:  95.  1896.     Slender  or 
often  quite  stout,  erect,  2-5  dm.  high,  often  somewhat  branched,  glabrate, 
granular-glandular,  or  glandular-pubescent:  leaves  pinnate;  the  leaflets  nar- 
rowly oblong  or  lanceolate,  obtuse  and  obtusely  or  acutely  toothed:  siliques 
short,  5-7  mm.  long,  crowded,  erect;  pedicels  about  as  long  as  the  silique, 
suberect  or  more  usually  appressed :  seeds  uniseriate  or  more  rarely  irregularly 
b'iseriate.     (S.   glandulifera  Rydb.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club   28:  281.  1901.)— 
From  New  Mexico  to  Montana  and  westward. 

2.  Sophia   filipes    (Gray)    Heller,    Bull.   Torr.    Bot.    Club    24:    311.   1897. 
Erect,  slender  or  slenderly  branched,  2-4  dm.  high,  usually  finely  pubescent 
or  glandular-puberulent,   light  green   (not  canescent   or   tomentose):  leaves 
thin,  pinnatifid  or  dissected;  the  upper  less  so,  with  segments  nearly  entire- and 
becoming  elongated-linear:    fruiting  raceme  open:   siliques  glabrous,  linear, 
acute,  ascending,  8-14  mm.  long;  pedicel  filiform,  glabrous,  widely  spreading, 
usually  longer  than  the  silique:  seeds  in  one  row. — Colorado  to  Oregon. 

3.  Sophia  incisa  (Engelm.)  Greene,  Pitt.  3:  95.  1896.     Much  like  the  preced- 
ing, green  but  often  quite  densely  pubescent  and  more  or  less  glandular:  leaves 
bipinnatifid  or  dissected;  the  segments  oblong  and  incisely  toothed  or  entire 
and  linear:  the  small  flowers  corymbose;  the  fruiting  raceme  long:  siliques 
acute,  5-10  mm.  long,  slightly  curved,  ascending;  pedicels  slender,  widely 
spreading,  either  longer  or  shorter  than  the  silique.     Exceedingly  variable. 
The  following  have  recently  been  proposed  as  species,  but  they  seem  impossible 


CRUCIFERAE  (MUSTARD  FAMILY)  225 

of  segregation  as  they  run  hopelessly  into  each  other:  S.  intermedia  Rydb. 
Mem.  N.  Y.  Bot.  Card.  1:  184.  1900;  S.  purpurascens  Rydb.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot. 
Club  31:  556.  1904;  S.  ramosa  Rydb.  1.  c.;  S.  viscosa  Rydb.  1.  c.  29:  238. 
1 902. — Throughout  the  western  half  of  the  United  States. 

4.  Sophia   pinnate  (Walt.)  Brit.  Mem.  Torr.  Club  5:  173.  1894.    Canes- 
cent  with  short  branching  hairs:  stems  2-8  dm.  high,  more  or  less  branched: 
leaves  once  or  twice  pinnate;  the  segments  more  or  less  deeply  pinnatifid  or 
toothed:  siliques  acute  at  each  end,  and  pointed  with  the  very  short  style, 
usually  shorter  than  the  slender  spreading  pedicels:  seeds  in  2  rows.     S. 
canescens. — Common  throughout  our  range;    nearly  across    the   continent; 
quite  variable. 

5.  Sophia  leptophylla  Rydb.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  29:  239.  1902.    Spar- 
ingly glandular,  4-7  dm.  high:  leaves  very  thin,  green,  only  once  pinnate; 
segments  of  the  lowest  leaves  rounded;  those  of  the  middle  lanceolate  and 
somewhat  incised;  the  upper  segments  entire:  pedicels  slender,  in  fruit  5-8  mm. 
long,  spreading;  silique  linear,  8-10  mm.  long,  much  less  than  1  mm.  wide, 
torulose,  spreading,  upwardly  curved:  seeds  uniseriate. — From  eastern  Wy- 
oming to  Montana. 

6.  Sophia  ochroleuca  Wooton,  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  25:  455.  1898.    Cin- 
ereous-tomentulose,  with  close  branching  hairs,  5-7  dm.  high:  leaves  pinnatifid 
or  dissected;  the  segments  small,  oblong  to  linear:  petals  cream- white  or  pur- 
plish: silique  terete,  8-10  mm.  long,  ascending,  as  is  also  the  subequal  pedi- 
cel :  seeds  in  2  rows.     (The  following  seem  too  near  to  be  clearly  distinguished : 
S.  halictorum  Ckll.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  25:  460.  1898;  S.  andrenarum  Ckll. 
1.  c.  28:  48.  1901.) — Southern  Colorado  and  New  Mexico. 

22.  STENOPHRAGMA  Celak. 

Annual  or  biennial  herbs  with  the  aspect  of  some  species  of  Arabis;  pu- 
bescence branched.  Stems  simple  or  branched,  with  entire  or  dentate  leaves. 
Flowers  small,  white,  in  terminal  racemes.  Silique  linear;  valves  convex, 
nerveless;  style  short;  stigma  entire,  2-lobed.  Seeds  in  one  or  two  rows. — 
Sisymbrium  in  part. 

1.  Stenophragma  virgata  (Nutt.)  Greene,  Pitt.  3:  138.  1896.  Cinereous  or 
tomentose  with  branched  hairs,  biennial,  1-4  dm.  high:  stem  simple  or  freely 
branched  from  the  base:  radical  leaves  rosulate,  oblong,  entire,  or  toothed, 
petioled,  3-6  cm.  long;  cauline  entire,  sagittate-clasping:  siliques  20-30  mm. 
long,  erect,  on  spreading  pedicels  about  one  third  as  long.  Sisymbrium  vir- 
gatum.  (Arabis  Brebneriana  A.  Nels.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  25:  373.  1898.) — 
Frequent,  moist  banks  and  slopes;  southern  Wyoming. 

23.  ARABIS    L. 

Annual,  biennial,  or  perennial  herbs,  glabrous  or  pubescent,  with  entire, 
toothed,  or  pinnatifid  leaves,  and  white,  rose-colored,  or  purple  flowers.  Siliques 
long-linear,  compressed,  with  1-nerved  valves,  dehiscent  at  maturity;  'stigma 
nearly  entire  or  2-lobed.  Seeds  in  1  or  2  rows  in  each  cell,  flattened,  winged, 
or  wingless;  cotyledons  accumbent. 

Cauline  leaves  wholly  glabrous,  at  least  the  uppermost;  basal  leaves 

more  or  less  pubescent. 
Mature  siliques  erect  or  nearly  so. 

Stems  hirsute  at  base 1.  A.  glabra. 

Stems  glabrate  at  base. 

Seeds  broadly  winged,  in  2  rows     .         .         .         .         .         .       2.  A.  Drummondii. 

Seeds  narrowly  winged,  in  1  row 3.  A.  Lyallii. 

Mature  siliques  widely  spreading. 

Straight  and  long  (4-6  cm.)      .         .         .         .         .         .  4.  A.  divaricarpa. 

Curved  or  else  short  (2-3  cm.). 

Leaves  all  entire,  linear  or  nearly  so. 

Plants  low  (5-20  cm.);  silique  short  (less  than  3  cm.). 
Sepals  pubescent. 

Basal  leaves  dentate,  thin    .         .         .        .        .         .       5.  A.  recondita. 

Basal  leaves  entire,  thick     .         .         ,        ,        ,         .       6.  A.  Lemmonii. 

ROCKY  MT.  BOT. — 15 


22()  CRUCIFERAE    (MUSTARD    FAMILY) 

Sepals  glabrous  or  nearly  so. 

Silique  strongly  nerved,  obtusish .          .         .         .  7.  A.  rugocarpa. 

Silique  lightly  nerved,  cuneately  pointed     .         .  8.  A.  oxylobula. 

Plants  taller  (more  than  2  dm.);  silique  long  (more  than  4 

cm.) 9.  A.  microphylla. 

Leaves  more  or  less  dentate;  oblong  to  ovate    ....     10.  A.  fructicosa. 

Cauline  leaves  more  or  less  pubescent  as  well  as  the  basal. 
Biennials  or  perennials,  but  without  woody  caudex. 
Siliques  erect  or  nearly  so. 

Leaves  more  or  less  hirsute,  spatulate  or  broader. 

Mature  silique  short  (less  than  3  cm.)  ....     11.  A.  Nuttallii. 

Mature  silique  long  (more  than  4  cm.)  .         .         .         .     12.  A.  hirsuta. 

Leaves  densely  stellate-pubescent,  oblanceolate. 

Seeds  in  1  row  in  each  cell    .         .         .         .         .         .         .13.  A.  Crandallii. 

Seeds  in  2  rows  in  each  cell       .         .         .         .         .         .     14.  A.  oblanceolata. 

Siliques  widely  spreading  or  deflexed. 
Pubescence  wholly  stellate-canescent. 
Flowers  large  (9-12  mm.  long). 

Leaves  linear;  flowers  pale  flesh-color     .         .         .  15.  A.  formosa. 

Leaves  oblanceolate;  flowers  deep  purple       .         .         .16.  A.  perelegans. 
Flowers  small  (4-6  mm.  long). 

Leaves  narrowly  linear,  crowded  at  the  base    .         .         .     17.  A.  canescens. 
Leaves  lanceolate  or  oblanceolate,  equably  distributed. 

Seeds  in  2  rows     ........     18.  A.  exilis. 

Seeds  in  1  row      ........     19.  A.  rhodantha. 

Pubescence  in  part  ciliate  or  branched-hirsute. 
Siliques  pendent,  on  divaricate  pedicels. 

Leaves  fascicled  on  the  crown       ...*..     20.  A.  aprica. 

Leaves  equably  distributed 21.  A.  Fendleri. 

Siliques  pendent  on  refracted  pedicels       .         .         .         .     22.  A.  caduca. 
Perennials,  with  woody  caudex. 

Stems  solitary  from  the  simple  crown 23.  A.  lignipes. 

Stems  several. 

Caudex  branched,  lignescent. 

Leaves  entire,  seeds  in  1  row      ......     24.  A.  lignifera. 

Leaves  toothed ;  seeds  in  2  rows    ......     25.  A.  Selbyi. 

Caudex  simple,  but  stems  several  from  the  base    .         .         .     26.  A.  eremophila. 

1.  Arabis  glabra   (L.)   Bernh.  Verz.  Syst.  Erf.   195.    1800.    Tall,  mostly 
simple-stemmed  biennial,  4-8  dm.  high:  glabrous  and  glaucous  above,  hirsute 
on  stem  and  leaves  below:  basal  leaves  oblanceolate  or  oblong,   petiole'd, 
5-30  cm.  long,  dentate,  or  even  lyrate;  cauline  lanceolate,   sessile,   entire, 
auriculate:   flowers  yellowish-white;  the  petals  barely  exceeding  the  sepals: 
siliques  linear,  erect,  and  appressed,  5-8  cm.  long:  seeds  in  2  rows.    A.  per- 
foliata. — Across  the  continent. 

2.  Arabis  Drummondii  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  6:  187.  1866.     Biennial  or 
more  often  perennial,  sparingly  pubescent  below  (or  glabrous),  the  hairs  hor- 
izontal and  attached  by  the  middle:  stems  mostly  simple,  erect,  3-8  dm.  high: 
basal  leaves  narrowly  oblanceolate,  short-petioled ;  cauline  auriculate,  oblong 
to  linear-lanceolate,  3-5  cm.  long,  glaucous:  petals  white  or  pinkish,  twice 
as  long  as  the  narrow . sepals:  silique  erect,  rather  broadly  linear,  obtuse, 
5-8  cm.  long;  the  valves  faintly  veined  and  with  a  conspicuous  mid-nerve: 
seeds  in  2  rows,  membranously  broad-winged.     (A.  oxyphylla  Greene,  Pitt. 
4:  196.  1900;   A.   connexa  Greene,    1.   c.    197.) — Frequent;   throughout   the 
Rocky  Mountains. 

3.  Arabis  Lyallii  Wats.  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  11:  122.  1876.     Near  the  pre- 
ceding but  smaller,  usually  less  than  3  dm.  high,  bright  green  or  glaucous, 
sometimes  a  little  pubescent  below,  leaves  similar:  flowers  rose-color:  siliques 
erect  or  ascending,  straight,  only  3-4  cm.  long:  seeds  narrowly  winged,  usually 
in  1  row  in  each  cell. — In  the  highest  mountains;  in  northwestern  Wyoming 
and  far  to  the  northwestward. 

4.  Arabis  divaricarpa  A.  Nels.  Bqt.  Gaz.  30:  193.  1900.    Biennial  or  some- 
times more  enduring,  glabrous  above,  somewhat  glaucous  and  tinged  with 
purple,  4-6  dm.  high:  stems  simple,  rarely  more  than  one  from  the  base: 
basal  leaves  narrowly  oblanceolate,  petioled,  with  a  minute  branched  pu- 
bescence; cauline  sagittate-clasping,  linear-oblong,  1-4  cm.  long:  flowers  pale 
or  purple:  siliques  straight,  linear,  uniformly  divaricate-ascending,  1-neryed, 
4-6  cm.  long,  on  pedicels  4-8  mm.  long:  seeds  in  1  irregular  row,  margined 
but  not  winged. — In  the  mountains;  northern  Wyoming  and  probably  Mon- 
tana and  Idaho. 


CRUCIFERAE  (MUSTARD  FAMILY)  227 

5.  Arabis  recondite   Greene,    Pitt.   4:  195.  1900.     Perennial,    green   and 
glabrous  above,  minutely  stellate-pubescent  below:  stems  few  to  many,  only 
1-2  dm.  high:  basal  leaves  obpvate  to  oblanceolate,  dentate,  narrowed  to  a 
petiole  which  is  ciliate  with  simple  hairs  or  hairs  forked  at  summit:  calyx 
stellate-pubescent:  petals  rose-purple:  siliques  glabrous,  3-4  cm.  long,  spread- 
ing, slightly  curved:  seeds  imperfectly  biserial. — Western  Colorado  to  Arizona. 

6.  Arabis  Lemmonii  Wats.   Proc.  Am.  Acad.   22:  467.  1887.     Perennial, 
glabrous  and  glaucous  above,  finely  hoary  stellate-pubescent  below:   stems 
few  to  several  from  the  caudex,  1-2  dm.  high:  basal  leaves  obovate  or  oblong- 
spatulate,  entire,  rather  thick,  short-petioled;  cauline  oblong-lanceolate:  se- 
pals pubescent:  petals  rose-color:  siliques  ascending  or  spreading,  broadly 
linear,  2-3  cm.  long;  the  valves  faintly  nerved  to  the  middle:  seeds  in  1  row, 
narrowly  winged. — From  northwestern  Wyoming  to  far  northwest. 

7.  Arabis  rugocarpa  Osterh.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  31:  357.  1904.     Per- 
ennial, more  or  less  purple-tinged  throughout,  hispid-ciliate  and  obscurely 
pubescent  with  branched  hairs:  stems  few  to  several,  spreading,  only  1-2  dm. 
high:  basal  leaves  oblanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate,  2-3  cm.  long;  cauline 
auriculate,  small,  oblong:  petals  purple,  fully  twice  as  long  as  the  spatulate 
scarious-margined  sepals:  siliques  rugose,  1-nerved,  2-3  cm.  long,  reflexed, 
on  pedicels  about  5  mm.  long:  seeds  in  1  row,  margined  but  not  winged. — 
Western  Colorado. 

8.  Arabis  oxylobula  Greene,  Pitt.  4:  195.  1900.    Much  like  the  preceding, 
nearly  glabrous:  stems  few  from  the  short  branched  caudex,  1-2  dm.  high: 
basal  leaves  narrowly  oblanceolate,  sparingly  hispid-ciliate  at  base;  cauline 
oblong,  sessile,  not  auricled,  about  1  cm.  long:  siliques  linear,  straight,  about 
2  cm.  long,  spreading  or  a  little  deflexed  on  short  filiform  pedicels;  the  valves 
1-nerved:  seeds  imperfectly  biserial.     (A.  demissa  Greene,  PL  Baker.  3:  8. 
1901.) — Western  Colorado. 

9.  Arabis  microphylla  Nutt.  T.  <&  G.  Fl.  N.  A.  1:  82.  1838.     Perennial, 
softly  stellate-pubescent,  especially  below:  stems  several  to  many  from  the 
freely  and  slender-branched  caudex,   2-4  dm.  high:  basal  leaves  crowded, 
linear  or  nearly  so,  with  petioles  often  ciliate;  cauline  few,  similar:  sepals 
generally  glabrous:  petals  pale  rose-color:  siliques  narrowly  linear,  somewhat 
curved  and  spreading,  4-6  cm.  long,  on  filiform  pedicels  about  1  cm.  long: 
seeds  small,  in  1  row.     (A.  densicaulis  A.  Nels.  Bot.  Gaz.  30:  190.  1900.) — 
Utah,  northwestern  Wyoming  to  Oregon. 

10.  Arabis  fructicosa  A.  Nels.  Bot.  Gaz.  30:  190.  1900.    Biennial,  glabrous 
and  glaucous,  except  for  a  little  fine  stellate  pubescence  at  base:  stems  sev- 
eral from  the  enlarged  crown  of  the  taproot,  each  simple  or  somewhat  branched 
above,  very  leafy  below,  4-8  dm.  high:  radical  leaves  not  persisting  the  second 
year;   cauline  short,  1-2.5  cm.  long,  elliptic-oblong  to  ovate,  more  or  less 
toothed,  subauricled:   petals  white   or  purplish:   siliques   linear,  divaricate, 
ascending,  4Hkcm.  long,  on  slender  pedicels  6-8  mm.  long:  seeds  in  1  row, 
not  margined.— Yellowstone  Park. 

11.  Arabis  Nuttallii  Robinson,  Syn.  Fl.  1:  160.  1895.    Perennial,  with  short 
branching  caudex,  more  or  less  hirsute,  with  simple  or  forked  hairs:  basal 
leaves  spatulate-oblanceolate,  acute  or  obtuse,  petipled,  2-3  cm.  long;  cauline 
mostly  oblong,  sessile  (not  auricled):  flowers  white:  siliques  1-nerved,  ob- 
scurely veined,  erect,  less  than  2  cm.  long,  on  ascending  pedicels  often  as  long 
as  the  silique.    A.  spathulata. — Wyoming  and  Montana  and  far  westward. 

12.  Arabis  hirsute  Scop.  Fl.  Cam.  Ed.  2.  2:  30.  1772.    Biennial,  more  or 
less  hispidly  hirsute  or  ciliate :  stem  erect,  solitary  or  several  from  the  base, 
leafy,  2-5  dm.  high:  basal  leaves  obovate*  to  spatulate,  dentate  or  repand,  on 
margined  petioles,  3-5  cm.  long;  cauline  sessile,  auriculate,  from  oblong  to 
linear,   suberect,   coarsely  toothed   or  entire:  flowers  white:   siliques  erect, 
usually  very  numerous  and  fascicled,  linear,  3-5  cm.  long:  seeds  narrowly 
margined,  imperfectly  biseriate. — Frequent  in  our  range;  across  the  continent; 
also  in  Europe  and  Asia. 

13.  Arabis    Crandallii    Robinson,    Bot.    Gaz.    28:  135.  1899.     Caespitose 
perennial,  hoary  puberulent  throughout,  with  minute  stellate  hairs:  stems  nu- 


228  CRUCIFERAE  (MUSTARD  FAMILY) 

merous  from  the  multicipital  caudex,  2-3  dm.  high:  radical  leaves  oblanceolate 
spatulate,  15-20  mm.  long;  the  cauline  similar  but  shorter,  sessile:  petals 
obovate-cuneate,  twice  as  long  as  the  obtuse  stellate-pubescent  sepals,  white 
or  rose-tinged:  siliques  linear,  2.5-4  cm.  long,  erect  on  ascending  or  erect  pedi- 
cels: seeds  uniseriate  in  each  cell. — Western  Colorado. 

14.  Arabis  oblanceolata  Rydb.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  31:  557.  1904.    Re- 
sembling the  preceding,  but  less  densely  stellate  and  larger:  stems  several 
from  the  base,  3  dm.  high:  basal  leaves  oblanceolate,  3  cm.  or  more  in  length, 
sagittate-auricled ;  cauline  sessile,  lanceolate:  petals  reddish-purple,  twice  as 
long  as  the  acute  pubescent  sepals:  siliques  broadly  linear,  glabrous,  about 
5  cm.  long,  ascending  on  ascending  pedicels  1  cm.  long:  seeds  in  2  rows. — 
Southwestern  Colorado. 

15.  Arabis  formosa  Greene,  Pitt.  4:  198.  1900.    Perennial,  canescent  with 
a  fine  stellate  indument  throughout:  stems  virgate,  one  or  more  from  the 
crown,  erect,  2-4  dm.  high:  basal  leaves  oblanceolate,  entire,  3-4  cm.  long 
(including  the  rigid  petiole);  cauline  as  long,  sessile  by  a  truncate  but  not 
auricled  base:  raceme  long  and  loose:  petals  flesh-color,  10-14  mm.  long,  with 
oblong-spatulate  limb,   2-3  times  as  long  as  the  stellate-canescent  sepals: 
silique  pendulous,    somewhat   stellate-pubescent. — New  Mexico,   and   prob- 
ably in  southern  Colorado. 

16.  Arabis  perelegans  A.  Nels.    Tall  biennial,  more  or  less  pubescent  with 
branched  hairs  below,  glabrate  upward:  stems  solitary,  strict,  6-10  dm.  high, 
very  leafy  up  to  the  raceme:  basal  leaves  few  and  early  deciduous  the  second 
season;  cauline  entire  or  remotely  denticulate,  oblanceolate,  and  petioled  be- 
low, passing  into  lanceolate-linear  auriculate  forms  above:  flowers  large,  from 
deep  purple  to  almost  white:  petals  twice  as  long  as  the  pubescent  sepals; 
the  buds  erect  but  drooping  in  anthesis:  siliques  linear,  5-8  cm.  long,  divar- 
icate, drooping,  or  variously  twisted,  on  long  ciliate  pedicels.     (A.  elegans  A. 
Nels.  Bot.  Gaz.  30:  192.  1900.) — Yellowstone  Park. 

17.  Arabis  canescens  Nutt.  T.  &  G.  Fl.  N.  A.  1:  83.  1838.    Perennial  from 
a  multicipital  caudex,  finely  and  canescently  stellate-pubescent  throughout: 
stems  numerous,  erect,  slender,  2-4  dm.  high:  leaves  all  linear,  crowded  on 
the  crowns  and  the  lower  part  of  the  stems,  2-4  cm.  long:  flowers  small,  pale: 
siliques  linear,  glabrous,   3-5  cm.  long,  pendent  on  reflexed  or  sometimes 
refracted  pedicels:  seeds  small,  winged,  in  2  rows. — Western  Wyoming  and 
Utah  to  Oregon. 

18.  Arabis  exilis  A.  Nels.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  26:  123.  1899.     Biennial 
or  sometimes  perennial,  minutely  stellate-pubescent,  more  glabrate  upwards: 
stems  solitary  or  2  or  3  from  the  caudex,  2-5  dm.  high:  basal  leaves  rosulate, 
entire  or  toothed,  oblong,  acute  at  both  ends,  on  short  petioles;  cauline  lan- 
ceolate or  linear,  becoming  sessile  above  but  not  auriculate-clasping:  petals 
linear-spatulate,  white  or  purplish,  exceeding  the  pubescent  narrow  sepals: 
silique  linear,  4-6  cm.  long,  pendent  on  abruptly  deflexed  somewhat  pubescent 
pedicels:  seeds  in  2  rows.    A.  Holboellii  in  part.     (A.  consanguinea  Greene, 
Pitt.  4:  190.  1900;  A.  pendulocarpa  A.  Nels.  Bot.   Gaz.  30:   192.  1900.)— 
Southern  Colorado  to  Montana. 

19.  Arabis   rhodantha    Greene,    Pitt.    3:   155.  1897.      Biennial,    stellate- 
tomentulose   throughout:    stem   simple,    stout,   erect,   3-5  dm.  high:   basal 
leaves  cuneate-oblanceolate,  entire  or  toothed;  cauline  linear,  acutish,  sessile 
by  an  abruptly  dilated  auriculate  base :  raceme  elongated,  glabrous,  subse- 
cund:   flowers  small,  pendulous:   petals  rose-red,  barely  longer  than  the  pu- 
bescent sepals:  siliques  linear,  straight,  long,  deflexed:  seeds  in  1  row,  narrowly 
wing-margined.    A.  Holboellii  in  part. — Subalpine;  Colorado. 

20.  Arabis  aprica  Osterh.     Biennial,  glabrous  above,  cinereous  below  with 
a  subhispid  branched  (not  stellate)  pubescence:  stems  1-4  from  the  single 
crown,  ascending,  1.5-2  cm.  high:  basal  leaves  a  crowded  fascicle  on  the  sum- 
mit of  the  crown  (the  few  stems  arising  just  below  or  outside  of  the  clustered 
leaves),  hispid-ciliate,  narrowly  oblanceolate,  tapering  to  a  slender  petiole, 
about  3  cm.  long;  cauline  leaves  few,  glabrous,  merely  foliar  lanceolate  auric- 
ulate bracts:  flowers  few,  small:  petals  light  rose,  twice  as  long  as  the  sepals: 


CRUCIFERAE  (MUSTARD  FAMILY)  229 

siliques  glabrous,  linear,  somewhat  curved,  reflexed  or  pendent,  on  short 
widely  spreading  pedicels:  seeds  in  1  irregular  row. — On  naked  limestone 
slopes;  southeastern  Wyoming  to  Colorado. 

21.  Arabis  Fendleri  (Gray)  Greene,  Pitt.  3:  156.  1897.     Related  to  the 
foregoing,  with  similar  pubescence:  stem  mostly  solitary,  erect,  3-5  dm.  high, 
glabrous  above:   basal  leaves  few,  oblanceolate,  similar  to  the  lower  cauline 
which  are  equably  distributed,  with  hirsute-ciliate  and  scattered  trifurcate 
hairs,  tapering  to  a  slender  petiole,  rarely  3  cm.  long;  the  upper  cauline  re- 
duced, glabrous,  auriculate-clasping:  siliques  as  in  the  preceding  but  longer: 
seeds  in  2  rows. — Colorado  to  New  Mexico. 

22.  Arabis  caduca  A.  Nels.     Biennial,  maturing  early  the  second  season  and 
then  quickly  disintegrating:  stems  solitary  from  a  taproot,  erect,  thick  but 
brittle,  branched  above,  hirsute  with  branched  hairs  at  base  only:  basal  leaves 
rosulate,  early  caducous,  oblanceolate,  petioled,  2-3  cm.  long,  rough  with  a 
branched  hirsute  pubescence ;  cauline  oblong  or  broadly  linear,  sessile  by  an 
auricled  base,  glabrous:  flowers  small;  racemes  becoming  very  long,  rather 
crowded :  siliques  1-nerved  to  the  middle,  broadly  linear,  straight,  acute,  gla- 
brous, 5-7  cm.  long,  pendent  on  reflexed  pedicels,  or  more  usually  on  pedicels 
sharply  refracted  at  their  base:  seeds  in  2  rows.    A.  Holboellii  in  part.— Sandy 
slopes  and  plains;  southern  Wyoming,  south  and  west  to  Utah. 

23.  Arabis  lignipes  A.  Nels.  Bot.  Gaz.  30:  191.  1900.     Short  lived  peren- 
nial: stem  usually  solitary,  virgate,  and  simple  (rarely  2  or  3  from  the  crown), 
3-5  dm.  high,  cinereously  stellate-pubescent  below  (often  only  the  raceme 
glabrous),  lignescent  at  base,  a  short  portion  persisting  each  year  (for  2  or 
3  years)  and  this  part  crowned  with  a  rosulate  cluster  of  leaves,  from  among 
which  rises,  proliferous,  the  next  year's  stem :  lower  leaves  oblanceolate-linear, 
cinereous-stellate,  subpetioled,  2-4  cm.  long;  upper  cauline  sessile,  auric  ulate, 
lanceolate,  often  glabrous:  raceme  long  and  narrow:  sepals  purplish,  scarious- 
margined,  exceeded  by  the  white  or  pale  petals:  siliques  very  slender,  curved, 
becoming  6  cm.   or  more  in  length,  pendent  on    slender  pedicels,  usually 
sharply  refracted:  seeds  in  1  row. — From  northern  Wyoming  to  Utah. 

24.  Arabis  lignifera  A.  Nels.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  26:  123.  1899.    Branched 
from  the  base  and  decidedly  woody-persistent,  3-5  dm.  high:  annual  stems 
several,  assurgent  or  erect,  simple  or  branched,  substellate  below,  glabrous 
above :  leaves  finely  stellate,  mostly  basal,  on  short  sterile  branchlets,  oblong- 
oblanceolate,  petioled,  3-5  cm.  long;  cauline  from  oblong  to  lanceolate,  short- 
auriculate:  raceme  simple  or  branched,  nearly  or  quite  glabrous:  petals  white 
or  pinkish,   twice  as  long  as  the  obtuse  scarious-margined  sepals:  siliques 
linear,  3-4  cm.  long,  from  widely  divaricate  to  pendulous;  the  valves  1-neryed: 
seeds  uniseriate,  as  broad  as  the  valves,  narrowly  winged. — Arid  canon-sides; 
southwestern  Wyoming  to  Colorado  and  Utah. 

25.  Arabis  Selbyi  Rydb.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club    31:  257.  1904.    Perennial 
with  a  basal  rosette  of  oblanceolate,  acute,  sinuate-denticulate,  short  petioled 
leaves,  5-10  cm.  long  and  green  but  stellate  on  both  sides:  stems  branched, 
4-5  dm.  high:  cauline  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  sagittate  at  the  base:  raceme 
long  and  lax:  sepals  linear,  sparingly  stellate:  petals  red-purple,  long-clawed: 
silique  divergent,  broadly  linear,  3  cm.  long,  on  short  divergent  pedicels: 
seeds  in  2  rows. — Southwestern  Colorado. 

26.  Arabis  eremophila  Greene,  Pitt.  4:  194.  1900.    Perennial,  the  herbage 
cinereous  with  a  rather  dense  branched  pubescence :  stems  several  from  the 
base,  ascending,  1-3   dm.  long:   leaves  mostly  basal,  oblong-lanceolate,  sa- 
liently  denticulate,  petioled;  cauline  few,  linear,  with  short  and  inconspicuous 
auricles:  petals  rose-red,  small:  siliques  narrowly  linear,  3-4  cm.  long,  spread- 
ing, on  slender  pedicels  nearly  half  as  long:  seeds  in  1  row. — Southern  Col- 
orado to  New  Mexico  and  Arizona. 

24.  ERYSIMUM  L.     WESTERN  WALLFLOWER 

Biennials  or  perennials,  with  short  harsh  pubescence  of  branched  hairs, 
alternate,  entire  or  toothed  leaves  (not  clasping  at  base),  and  flowers  generally 


230  CRUCIFERAE  (MUSTARD  FAMILY) 

large  and  yellow  (sometimes  orange-red,  brownish,  or  rose-purple).  Sepals 
erect,  one  pair  strongly  gibbous  at  base.  Petals  long-clawed,  with  a  flat 
blade.  Silique  more  or  less  4-angled,  sessile;  stigma  2-lobed.  Seeds  nu- 
merous.— Cheiranthus  of  some  Am.  authors. 

Biennials. 

Stems  simple  or  branched  from  the  base  only. 

Mat uresiiique  short  (2cm.  or  less)     ......     1.  E.  cheiranthoides. 

Mature  silique  long  (3  cm.  or  more). 

Flowers  small;  petals  6-10  mm.  long    .         .         .         .         .     2.  E.  inconspicuum. 

Flowers  large;  petals  12-20  mm.  long. 

Silique  obtusely  angled,  with  convex  sides  .         .         .         .     3.  E.  asperum. 

Silique  sharply  angled,  with  flat  sides 4.  E.  asperrimum. 

Stems  usually  paniculately  branched  from  the  base  upward         .     5.  E.  aridum. 
Perennials. 

Low  and  somewhat  caespitose;  flowers  yellow      .         .         .         .     6.  E.  nivale. 
Taller,  the  caudex  subsimple;  flowers  orange,  reddish,  or  rose- 
purple     7.  E.  Wheeled. 

1.  Erysimum   cheiranthoides   L.   Sp.    PI.    661.  1753.     Minutely  rough- 
pubescent,  rather  slender  and  erect,  3-8  dm.  high:  stems  more  or  less  branched: 
leaves  lanceolate,  entire  or  nearly  so:  flowers  only  5  or  6  mm.  long,  yellow: 
silique  linear,  obtusely  4-angled,  15-25  mm.  long,  nearly  erect  on  short  di- 
vergent pedicels;  style  short  (1  mm.).    TREACLE  MUSTARD. — Frequent,  on 
stream  banks;  across  the  continent. 

2.  Erysimum  inconspicuum  (Wats.)  MacM.  Met.  Minn.  268.  1892.   Scabro- 
canescent,  the  hairs  2-rayed  and  appressed  (appearing  as  if  affixed  by  the  mid- 
dle): stems  simple  or  slightly  branched,  one  or  more  from  the  crown:  leaves 
linear  or  lanceolate,  usually  entire,  crowded  on  the  crown  and  the  lower  part 
of  the  stem:  flowers  small,  the  petals  about  8  mm.  long:  silique  erect,  3-5  cm. 
long;   the   valves   convex,    strongly  nerved;   pedicels   somewhat   spreading. 
Erysimum  parviflorum. — Kansas  and  Colorado,  and  far  to  the  north  and  west. 

3.  Erysimum  asperum  DC.  Syst.  2:  505.  1821.     Greenish-canescent  with 
appressed  hairs  (2-rayed  as  in  the  preceding):   stems  single  and  simple  or 
nearly  so,  2-5  dm.  high:  leaves  oblanceolate  or  narrowly  spatulate,  entire  or 
repandly  toothed;  the  cauline  mostly  entire  and  upwardly  becoming  linear- 
lanceolate:  flowers  large  and  very  typically  cruciform,  in  a  compact  raceme, 
which  is  short  even  in  fruit:  petals  yellow  or  often  changing  to  orange, 
brownish-red,  or  rose-purple,  12-20  mm.  long:   siliques  obtusely  4-angled, 
widely  and  regularly  divaricate,  5-8  cm.  long.      (Cheiranihvs  Bakeri  Greene, 
Pitt.  4:  235.  1901;   Erysimum  oblanceolatum  Rydb.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.   Club 
31:  557.  1904.) — From  beyond  the  Mississippi  to  California. 

4.  Erysimum  asperrimum  (Greene)  Rydb.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  33:  141. 
1906.     Much  like  the  preceding  but  more  roughly  and  densely  canescent, 
usually  low,   1-3  dm.  high:  flowers  smaller,   10-14  mm.  high:  silique  long, 
sharply  4-angled,  the  sides  very  flat.     (Erysimum  pumilum  Rydb.;  not  E.  pu- 
milum  Nutt.) — On  the  high  plains  of  northern  Colorado  and  Wyoming. 

5.  Erysimum   aridum   A.    Nels.      Green   but    appressed-pubescent   with 
minute  2-parted  hairs:  stem  single  from  the  enlarged  crown  of  the  taproot, 
more  or  less  paniculately  branched  from  the  base  up,  2-3  dm.  high:  the  crown 
leaves  early  deciduous;  the  cauline  oblanceolate  to  lance-linear,  entire  or 
nearly  so:  racemes  many,  elongated  in  fruit:  petals  yellow,  16-20  mm.  long: 
siliques  8-12  cm.  long,  subterete,  but  the  valves  distinctly  1-nerved,  curved- 
ascending.      (Cheiranthus   aridus  A.   Nels.   Bull.  Torr.   Bot.  Club    26:   351. 
1899.) — Desert  regions  of  south-central  Wyoming  and  extending  southward 
into  Colorado. 

6.  Erysimum  nivale  (Greene)  Rydb.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  31:  558.  1904. 
Low  multicipital  perennial,  bearing  separate  tufts  of  leaves  and  as  many 
short  flowering  stems,  5-15  cm.  high:  leaves  green  but  somewhat  pubescent 
with  appressed  2-parted  hairs,  linear  to  lanceolate,  entire  or  nearly  so:  petals 
large,  14-18  mm.  long,  the  blade  relatively  small:  siliques  suberect,  nearly 
terete,  taper-pointed.     (E.  radicatum  Rydb.  1.  c.) — Subalpine  heights  of  the 
Colorado  mountains. 

7.  Erysimum  Wheeleri  Wats.  Wheeler  Rep.  6:  64.  1878.    Perennial,  w;th 


CAPPARIDACEAE  (CAPER  FAMILY)  231 

a  low  simple  or  branched  caudex:  stems  one  from  each  crown,  simple,  1-3  dm. 
high:  herbage  grayish-strigose ;  basal  leaves  narrowly  oblanceolate,  entire  or 
denticulate;  cauline  linear:  petals  with  slender  claws  and  obovate-cuneate 
blade,  12-16  mm.  long,  varying  in  color  from  orange  or  brown  to  rose-purple 
or  the  older  to  pale  yellow:  siliques  4-angled,  slender,  erect,  5-8  cm.  long. 
[E.  amoenum  Rydb.  1.  c.  33:  142.  E.  cdpestre  (Ckll.)'  Rydb.  1.  c.  28:  277. 
1901.] — In  the  Colorado  mountains  at  lower  elevations  than  the  preceding, 
with  E.  amoenum  as  an  alpine  state. 


49.  CAPPARIDACEAE  LINDL.    CAPER  FAMILY 

Ours  are  erect  annual  herbs  with  alternate  leaves  and  regular  or  irregular 
perfect  hypogynous  flowers.  Sepals  4.  Petals  4.  Stamens  6  or  more,  nearly 
equal  in  length.  Receptacle  usually  elongated,  often  forming  a  stipe  under 
the  fruit  which  is  a  1-celled  capsule,  with  2  parietal  placentae.  Seeds  reni- 
form,  the  embryo  incurved,  rather  than  infolded. 

Stamens  6;  capsule  stipitate. 

Capsule  short,  rhomboidal,  2-horned,  or  subspherical      .         .         .         .  1.  Cleomella. 

Capsule  long,  oblong  or  linear 2.  Cleome. 

Stamens  8-22;  capsule  sessile         .........  3.  Polanisia. 

1.  CLEOMELLA  DC. 

Erect  branching  annuals  with  alternate  3-foliolate  leaves  and  yellow  racemose 
flowers.  Sepals  distinct.  Petals  4,  not  clawed.  Stamens  6,  on  the  receptacle. 
Ovary  and  capsule  filiform-stipitate.  Capsule  short,  rhomboidal,  2-horned, 
or  subspherical,  of  two  deltoid  or  boat-shaped  saccate  valves.  Seeds  few, 
ovoid  or  rhomboidal,  smooth  or  variously  marked. 

Stipe  not  more  than  twice  as  long  as  the  capsule    .         .         .         .         .     1.  C.  angustifolia. 
Stipe  3  or  more  times  as  long  as  the  capsule    .         .  .         .         .     2.  C.  cornuta. 

1.  Cleomella  angustifolia  Torr.  in  Gray,  PI.  Wright.  1:  12.  1852.    Glabrous, 
branching  above:  leaflets  oblong-linear:  capsule  broader  than  long,  several 
times  longer  than  the  style,  flattened  rhomboid,  the  valves  nearly  conical: 
stipe  and  pedicels  subequal:  seeds  about  6,  transversely  rugulose. — Colorado 
and  southeastward. 

2.  Cleomella  cornuta  Rydb.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  30:  249.  1903.     Gla- 
brous, branched  from  the  base:  leaflets  oblong  or  narrowly  oblanceolate: 
capsule  broadly  rhombic,  broader  than  long,  the  corners  somewhat  produced 
into  horn-like  processes,  2-3  times  longer  than  the  beak-like  style:  stipe  3  or 
more  times  as  long  as  the  capsule:  seeds  smooth  (?).    C.  oocarpa. — Utah  and 
probably  in  southwestern  Colorado. 

2.  CLEOME  L. 

Erect  branching  annuals  with  digitate  or  simple  leaves  and  yellow  or  pink- 
purple  regular  or  irregular  flowers,  solitary  or  in  racemes.  Sepals  distinct 
or  slightly  united  at  base.  Petals  entire,  distinct,  more  or  less  clawed.  Sta- 
mens 6,  inserted  on  the  narrow  receptacle  above  the  petals.  Capsule  oblong 
or  linear,  many-seeded,  stipitate,  pendent  on  spreading  pedicels. — Peritoma 
in  Lit.) 

Flowers  pink-purple  or  nearly  white. 

Leaflets  lanceolate;  capsule  10-30-seeded 1.  C.  serrulata. 

Leaflets  linear;  capsule  6-8-seeded 2.  C.  sonorae. 

Flowers  yellow 3.  C.  lutea. 

1.  Cleome  serrulata  Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  441.  1814.  Glabrous  and  some- 
what glaucous:  stems  erect,  at  length  freely  branching,  3-10  dm.  high:  leaflets 


232  CRASSULACEAE    (ORPINE   FAMILY) 

3,  lanceolate  or  oblong,  entire  or  distantly  serrulate,  4-8  cm.  long:  flowers  nu- 
merous, reddish-purple,  sometimes  pinkish  or  white;  the  fruiting  raceme  be- 
coming very  long:  capsule  oblong  or  narrower,  acute,  3-5  cm.  long,  longer  than 
the  stipe  which  about  equals  the  spreading  pedicel.  C.  integrifolia.  [C.  inor- 
nata  Greene,  Pitt.  4:  16.  1899  (?).]  ROCKY  MOUNTAIN  BEE-PLANT. — From  New 
Mexico  to  Montana;  also  eastward  to  Missouri. 

2.  Cleome  sonorae  Gray,  PL  Wright.  2:  16.  1853.    Glabrous,  erect,  3-6  dm. 
high :  leaves  short-petioled  and  the  upper  almost  sessile :  leaflets  3,  very  narrowly 
linear  as  also  the  simple  similar  bracts:  raceme  loose:  petals  white  and  rose- 
color,  spatulate,  4  mm.  long:   capsule   cylindraceous,  torulose,   6-8-seeded, 
pendulous  on  a  usually    shorter  stipe  from  the  much  longer  and  spreading 
filiform  pedicel:  seeds  smooth. — Colorado,  New  Mexico,  and  Arizona. 

3.  Cleome  lutea  Hook.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  1:  70.  1830.     Glabrous  and  more  or 
less  branched,  2-5  dm.  high:  leaflets  digitately  5-foliolate,  petioled,  or  the  upper 
subsessile  and  3-foliolate,  linear-oblong,  entire:  flowers  bright  yellow,  in  a 
corymbose  raceme  which  elongates  in  fruit:  stamens  much  exserted:  capsule 
linear,  on  a  stipe  which  becomes  longer  than  the  slender  pedicel. — From  Ne- 
braska to  the  far  west. 

3.  POLANISIA.     CLAMMY-WEED 

More  or  less  branching  annual  herbs,  ill-scented  and  mostly  glandular- 
pubescent  (clammy),  with  trifoliolate  petioled  leaves.  Flowers  whitish  or 
purple,  in  leafy-bracted  racemes.  Sepals  sometimes  united  at  base.  Petals 
somewhat  clawed  and  emarginate.  Stamens  8  or  more,  somewhat  unequal. 
Capsule  sessile,  elongated,  flattened  or  cylindrical,  many-seeded. 

Stamens  long-exserted ;  flowers  large        .         .         .         .         .         .1.  P.  trachysperma. 

Stamens  barely  longer  than  the  petals      .         .         .         .         .         .     2.  P.  graveolens. 

1.  Polanisia  trachysperma  T.  &  G.  Fl.  N.  A.  1:  669.  1840.    Very  clammy 
glandular-pubescent,  2-5  dm.  high,  somewhat  branched:  leaflets  lanceolate 
or  narrowly  oblong-ovate:  floral  bracts  foliar,  mostly  simple:  petals  10-12  mm. 
long,  with  slender  claws  as  long  as  the  sepals :  stamens  slender,  much  exserted ; 
the  filaments  purple:  capsule  sessile  or  nearly  so,  3-4  cm.  long:  seeds  pitted 
and  roughened. — From  Texas  to  the  Columbia  river. 

2.  Polanisia  graveolens  Raf.  Am.  Journ.  Sci.  1:  378.  1819.     Similar  but 
less  glandular-pubescent,  equally  heavy  scented:  leaflets  oblong:  flowers  only 
half  so  large:  stamens  scarcely  longer  than  the  petals:  capsule  lanceolate- 
oblong,  somewhat  compressed,  substipitate. — Southern  Colorado  and  east- 
ward across  the  continent. 


50.  CRASSULACEAE  DC.     ORPINE  FAMILY 

Usually  succulent  or  fleshy  plants,  ours  all-  herbaceous .  with  exstipulate 
leaves  and  usually  cymose  flowers.  Calyx  free  and  4-5-parted  or  cleft.  Petals 
of  the  same  number,  distinct  or  slightly  united  at  base.  Stamens  as  many  or 
twice  as  many.  Carpels  4-5,  forming  as  many  follicles  which  are  dehiscent 
along  the  ventral  suture.  Seeds  numerous.  Receptacle  often  with  a  scale 
at  the  base  of  each  carpel. 

Stamens  as  many  as  the  calyx-lobes      .         .         .         .         .         .         .     1.  Tillaeastrum. 

Stamens  twice  as  many  as  the  calyx-lobes 2.  Sedum. 

1.  TILLAEASTRUM  Brit.     PIGMY  WEED 

Small  glabrous  aquatic  annuals,  with  opposite  entire  leaves  and  minute 
solitary  axillary  flowers.  Sepals  4.  Petals  4,  distinct  or  slightly  united. 
Stamens,  styles,  and  carpels  of  the  same  number.  Seeds  few. 

1.  Tillaeastrum  aquaticum  (L.)  Brit.  Bull.  N.  Y.  Bot.  Card.  3:  1.  1903. 


SAXIFRAGACEAE    (SAXIFRAGE   FAMILY}  233 

Stems  decumbent,  rooting  at  base,  3-5  mm.  long:  flowers  sessile  or  nearly  so: 
petals  greenish,  twice  as  long  as  the  sepals:  follicles  ovoid,  8-10-seeded. 
Tillaea  angustifolia. — Wet  muddy  banks;  across  the  continent;  reported  from 
Colorado. 

2.  SEDUM  L.     STONECBOP 

Herbs,  mostly  perennial  and  glabrous.  Leaves  fleshy.  Flowers  rarely 
dioecious,  in  cymes,  often  secund.  Sepals  4-5,  united  at  base.  Petals  as  many, 
distinct  or  somewhat  united  at  base.  Stamens  twice  as  many.  Carpels  dis- 
tinct or  rarely  connate  below,  few  to  many-seeded. 

Flowers  terminal,  in  unilateral  racemes  or  cymes. 

Petals  somewhat  united  below 1.  S.  debile. 

Petals  distinct. 

Carpels  spreading;  flowers  yellow. 

Branched  from  the  base,  10-30  cm.  high 2.  S.  Douglasii. 

Caespitose,  5-15  cm.  high        .         .         .         .         .         .         .     3.  S.  stenopetalum. 

Carpels  erect;  flowers  purple  or  purplish     .         .         .         .         .     4.  S.  integrifolium. 

Flowers  axillary,  in  equilateral  racemes  or  cymes      .         .         .         .     5.  S.  rhodanthum. 

1.  Sedum  debile  Wats.  Bot.  King's  Exp.  102.    1871.   Stems  weak,  5-12  cm. 
high:  leaves  elliptic  to  obovate,  obtuse,  sessile:  flowers  perfect,  secund  upon 
the   branches   of   a   forked   cyme:   calyx-segments   ovate-lanceolate:    petals" 
yellow,  lanceolate-acuminate,  about  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx-lobes:  follicles 
erect,  tipped  by  the  subulate  style.    (Gormania  debilis  Brit.  Bull.  N.  Y.  Bot. 
Card.  3:  30.  1903.) — Utah  and  northwestward. 

2.  Sedum  Douglasii  Hook.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  1:  228.  1839.     Much  like  the 
following  but  scarcely  caespitose:  stems  few  to  several  from  the  base,  1-3  dm. 
high:  leaves  flat  above,  carinate  beneath:  cyme  more  open,  several  forked 
or  sometimes  much  reduced:  petals  lanceolate-acuminate,  shorter  than  the 
stamens  but  surpassing  the  ovate-acuminate  sepals:  follicles  widely  divergent 
from  the  slightly  united  bases. — Western  Wyoming  to  Oregon  and  California. 

3.  Sedum  stenopetalum  Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  324.    1814.    Glabrous  tufted 
perennial,  usually  less  than  1  dm.  high:  leaves  crowded,  and  on  sterile  shoots 
imbricated,  thick-linear,  8-14  mm.  long:  cyme  compact;  flowers  short-pedi- 
celed :  petals  lanceolate,  acute,  nearly  as  long  as  the  stamens  and  twice  as  long 
as  the  ovate  calyx-lobes:  follicles  erect,  tipped  by  the  long  divergent  styles. — 
Very  common  on  stony  slopes  and  ridges;  from  Colorado  to  Oregon  and 
Washington. 

4.  Sedum  integrifolium  (Raf.)  A.  Nels.    Rootstock  fleshy:  stems  5-20  cm. 
high:  leaves  obovate  to  oblong-obovate,  sessile,  1-2  cm.  long,  dentate  or  en- 
tire: flowers  dioecious,  dark  purple,  in  a  dense  cyme:  petals  oblanceolate  or 
oblong,  acute,  nearly  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx-lobes,  exceeded  by  the  purple 
filaments:  follicles  more  or  less  divergent.    S.  Rhodiola.     (S.frigidum  Rydb. 
Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club   28:  282.  1901;    S.  polygamum  Rydb.  1.  c.;  Rhodiola 
integrifolia  Raf.  Atl.  Journ.  1:  146.  1832.) — Alpine;  in  the  Rocky  Mountains 
and  westward. 

5.  Sedum  rhodanthum  Gray,  Am.  Journ.  Sci.  II.  33:  405.  1862.    Glabrous: 
stems  usually  many,  1-3  dm.  high,  very  leafy:  leaves  linear-oblong  to  oblanceo- 
late, entire  or  toothed,  15-25  mm.  long:  petals  rose-color  to  white,  linear- 
lanceolate,  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx:  follicles  erect,  with  spreading  tips. 
(Clementsia  rkodantha  Rose,   Bull.    N.  Y.   Bot.    Gard.   3:  3.  1903.) — Along 
streams  in  the  mountains;  throughout  our  range. 

51.  SAXIFRAGACEAE  DUMORT.     SAXIFRAGE  FAMILY 

Herbs  with  alternate  or  opposite  leaves  without  true  stipules  and  mostly 
perfect  flowers,  solitary  or  in  paniculate  or  capitate  racemes  or  cymes.  Se- 
pals 4-5,  united  or  nearly  distinct.  Petals  as  many,  alternate  with  them,  or 
wanting.  Stamens  as  many  or  twice  as  many,  inserted  on  the  throat  of  the 
palyx.  Ovary  either  free  from  the  calyx  or  coherent  with  its  tube,  1-3-celled, 


234  SAXIFRAGACEAE    (SAXIFRAGE   FAMILY) 

with  either  axile  or  parietal  placentae;  ovules  mostly  numerous;  styles  dis- 
tinct or  more  or  less  united.  Fruit  capsular;  the  carpels  either  distinct  or 
united  but  their  upper  portion  free,  opening  along  the  inner  suture  of  each. 

Ovary  1 -celled,  with  2-4  parietal  placentae. 

Stamens  5,  alternating  with  5  clusters  of  sterile  filaments      .         .1.  Parnassia. 
Stamens  all  anther-bearing. 

Stamens  5;  petals  sometimes  wanting. 

Filaments  and  styles  exserted;  petals  entire       .         .         .     .     2.  Heuchera. 
Filaments  and  styles  very  short;  petals  pinnatifid  or  3-cleft     .     3.  Mitella. 
Stamens  8-10. 

Petals  wholly  wanting;  capsule  obcordate,  flattened          .         .     4.  Chrysosplenium. 
Petals  present,  conspicuous,  3-7-parted    .         .         .         .         .5.  Tellima. 
Ovary  2-celled,  and  placentae  in  the  axis  or  the  carpels  distinct. 
Ovary  more  or  less  adnate  to  the  calyx-tube. 

Stamens  5,  inserted  below  the  throat  of  the  calyx,  next  to  the 

ovary 6.  Sullivantia. 

Stamens  10,  inserted  in  the  throat  of  the  calyx    ....     7.  Boykinia. 
Ovary  free  from  the  calyx;  stamens  10    .         .         .         .         .         .8.  Saxifraga. 

1.  PARNASSIA  L.    GRASS  OF  PARNASSUS 

Smooth  perennial  herbs  with  entire  and  chiefly  radical  leaves  and  large 
solitary  flowers  terminating  the  long  naked  stems.  Calyx  5-parted.  Petals  5, 
white,  with  greenish  or  yellowish  veins.  Stamens  5,  alternating  with  5  clus- 
ters of  sterile  filaments  (staminodia) .  Ovary  1 -celled,  with  3  or  4  parietal 
placentae  directly  under  as  many  sessile  stigmas.  Seeds  numerous. 

Petals  sessile,  entire;  leaves  ovate  or  cordate. 
Scape  (stem)  with  a  single  leaf. 

Staminodia  5-7;  leaf  near  the  middle  of  the  scape    .         .         .         .1.  P.  parviflqra. 

Staminodia  7-15;  leaf  usually  below  the  middle     .         .         .         .     2.  P.  palustris. 

Scape  naked,  or  with  1  leaf  near  the  base 3.  P.  kotzebuei. 

Petals  with  a  short  claw,  fringed     .  .         .         .         .         .         .     4.  P.  fimbriata. 

1.  Parnassia  parviflora  DC.  Prodr.  1:  320.  1824.    Scape  1-2  dm.  high,  slen- 
der, bearing  a  small  ovate  or  oval  leaf  near  the  middle  (sometimes  lower): 
leaves  ovate  or  oblong,  tapering  to  the  petioles:  petals  sessile,  entire,  elliptic, 
scarcely  longer  than  the  oblong  or  elliptic  sepals:  sterile  filaments  (stami- 
nodia) about  5. — Lake  and  stream  banks  at  middle  elevations;  Colorado, 
Wyoming,  northward  and  eastward. 

2.  Parnassia  palustris  L.  Sp.  PI.  273.  1753.     Scape  1-2  dm.  high,  the 
single  ovate  clasping  leaf  usually  below  the  middle:  leaves  broadly  ovate, 
more  or  less  cordate,  rather  long  slender-petioled:  petals  sessile,  broadly  el- 
liptic,  somewhat  longer  than  the  ovate  subacute  sepals:  sterile  filaments 
slender,  9-15  at  the  base  of  each  petal. — Extending  into  the  mountains  of 
Wyoming  from  the  north  and  east. 

3.  Parnassia  kotzebuei  C.  &  S.  Linnaea  1 :  549.  1826.    Scape  usually  less 
than  1  dm.  high,  leafless,  or  rarely  with  a  single  oval  leaf  near  the  base:  leaves 
thin,  ovate  or  oval,  often  subcordate  at  base,  short-petioled :  petals  sessile, 
about  equaling  the  oblong  calyx-lobes:  sterile  filaments  slender,  only  3-5  at 
the  base  of  each  petal. — Arctic,  but  extending  south  along  the  mountains  to 
northern  Wyoming. 

4.  Parnassia   fimbriata   Banks,   Kon.   &  Sims.   Ann.   Bot.    1:  391.  1805. 
Scape  1-2  dm.  high,  the  single  clasping  ovate-cordate  leaf  at  the  middle  or  a 
a  little  above:   leaves  broadly  reniform  to  ovate-cordate,  slender-petioled: 
petals  with  a  short  claw,  fringed  below  the  middle  or  toward  the  base :  sterile 
filaments  5-9  in  each  set,  united  below  into  a  fleshy  carinate  scale,  or  some- 
times a  dilated  scale  destitute  of  bristle-like  filaments.     (P.  rivularis  Osterh. 
N.  A.  Fl.  22:  78.  1905.) — Subalpine,  wet  shady  banks;  Colorado  to  California 
and  northward  to  British  America. 

2.  HEUCHERA  L.     ALUMROOT 

Caespitose  perennials,  with  mostly  basal  leaves,  those  on  the  scape  (if  any) 
alternate.  Petioles  with  dilated  margins  or  adherent  stipules  at  their  base. 


SAXIFRAGACEAE    (SAXIFRAGE   FAMILY)  235 

Flowers  in  small  clusters  disposed  in  a  prolonged  and  narrow  panicle,  greenish 
or  purplish.  Calyx  5-cleft,  bell-shaped.  Petals  entire,  small  or  minute  (some- 
times wanting).  Stamens  5,  commonly  slender  as  are  also  the  2  styles.  Ovary 
1-celled;  the  capsule  2-beaked,  fully  half  adnate  to  the  calyx,  with  2  parietal 
placentae  alternate  with  its  2  beaks. 

Inflorescence  open-paniculate;  stamens  well  exserted. 

Peduncles  glabrate;  petioles  somewhat  hirsute     .         .         .         .     1.  H.  rubescens. 

Peduncles  and  petioles  both  very  hirsute-hispid    .         .         .         .     2.  H.  hispida. 

Inflorescence  spicate;  stamens  included  or  nearly  so. 

Plants  more  or  less  glandular-hirsute    .         .         .         .         .         .     3.  H.  ovalifolia. 

Plants  glabrate  or  glandular-puberulent  on  scape  and  inflorescence. 

Stamens  at  length  exserted;  petals  filiform    .         .         .         .     4.  H.  bracteata. 

Stamens  never  exserted;  petals  spatulate. 

Flowers  in  a  narrow  unilateral  raceme      .  ,       .         .         .     5.  H.  Hallii. 
Flowers  not  unilateral. 

Scapes  glabrous;  inflorescence  spicate     .         .         .         .     6.  H.  grossulariifolia. 

Scapes  glandular-puberulent. 

Inflorescence  paniculate      .         .         .         .         .         .     7.  H.  parvifolia. 

Inflorescence  a  simple  raceme     .         .         .         .         .     8.  H.  Williamsii. 

1.  Heuchera  rubescens  Torr.  Sitgr.  Rep.   160.  1854.     Scapes  glabrous, 
naked  or  with  1  or  2  foliar  bracts,  3-5  dm.  high:  petioles  more  or  Jess  villous: 
root  leaves  round-cordate  or  truncate,  crenate-dentate,  3-5  cm.  broad:  in- 
florescence an  open  panicle,  minutely  glandular;  the  pedicels  long  and  very 

.slender:  calyx  narrowly  campanulate:  petals  linear-spatulate,  about  twice  as 
long  as  the  calyx-lobes:  stamens  early  conspicuously  exserted.  (H.  Sitgrea- 
vesii  Rydb.  N.  A.  Fl.  22:  110.  1905.)— Throughout  our  range  and  westward. 

2.  Heuchera  hispida  Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  187.  1814.    Scapes  and  peti- 
oles densely  hirsute  or  ciliate-glandular  below,  glandular-pubescent  above; 
scapes  2-4  dm.  high:  leaves  round-re niform,  somewhat  5-7-lobed  and  cre- 
nate,  glabrous  above,  pubescent  beneath :  inflorescence  a  narrow  panicle,  very 
glandular,  the  pedicels  short  and  rather  stout:  calyx  broadly  campanulate, 
gibbous   at  base  and  very  oblique  at  summit:   petals   spatulate,   slightly 
glandular,  barely  longer  than  the  oblong  calyx-lobes:  stamens  finally  well 
exserted.      (H.  ciliata  Rydb.  Mem.  N.  Y.  Bot.  Card.  1:  196.  1900.)— Sides  of 
rocky  cliffs;  from  the  Mississippi  valley  (Illinois)  west  to  northern  Wyoming 
and  Montana  and  northward. 

3.  Heuchera  ovalifolia  Nutt.  T.  &  G.  Fl.  N.  A.  1:  581.  1840.    Villous  and 
viscid-glandular  throughout,  the  leaves  sparsely  so:  scapes  stout,  2-3  dm. 
high,  foliar  bracted  near  top:  leaves  2-4  cm.  long,  oval  to  rotund,  truncate  or 
subcordate  at  base,  doubly  and  incisely  crenate,  with  obtusish  teeth:  inflo- 
rescence spicate,  sometimes  interrupted:  calyx  campanulate,  the  lobes  as  long 
as  the  tube,  ovate  or  oval,  white  or  petaloid :  petals  wanting:  stamens  included, 
the  filaments  only  1  mm.  long.    H.  cylindrica.     (H.  saxicola  E.  Nels.  Bot.  Gaz. 
30:  117.  1900.)— Northern  Wyoming  to  Montana  and  Idaho. 

4.  Heuchera  bracteata  (Torr.)  Ser.  in  DC.  Prodr.  4:  52.  1830.     Glabrous  but 
for  the  minute  glandular-puberulence  above:  scapes  short,  usually  several  from 
the  very  leafy  crowns  of  the  woody  caudex,  naked  or  foliar-bracteate,  1-2  dm. 
high:  leaves  roundish,   subcordate,   incisely  lobed  and  toothed,  the  teeth 
usually  spinulose:  inflorescence  short-spicate :  calyx  campanulate:  petals  fili- 
form, a  little  longer  than  the  calyx-lobes:  stamens  at  last  a  little  exserted. — 
Rocky  cliffs;  southern  Wyoming,  south  through  Colorado. 

5.  Heuchera  Hallii  Gray,  Proc.  Acad.  Phila.  62.  1863.    Herbage  glabrate, 
inflorescence  minutely  glandular-puberulent:  scapes  1-2  dm.  high,  naked  or 
foliar-bracteate:  leaves  round-cordate  or  subcordate,  1-3  cm.  broad,  slightly 
5-lobed;  the  lobes  crenate-dentate,  with  ciliate-spinulose  teeth:  inflorescence 
a  short  unilateral  spike-like  raceme:  calyx  campanulate:  petals  narrowly 
spatulate,  with  a  long  slender  claw,  nearly  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx-lobes: 
stamens  not  at  any  time  exserted. — Rocky  cliffs;  southern  Colorado. 

6.  Heuchera  grossulariifolia  Rydb.  Mem.  N.  Y.  Bot.  Gard.  1:  196.  1900. 
Resembling  the  preceding,  being  low-caespitose,  with  glabrous  scapes  1-2  dm. 
high:  leaves  suborbicular-cordate,  more  or  less  deeply  5-cleft;  the  lobes  cre- 
nate, with  spinulose-ciliate  teeth:   inflorescence  a  spike-like  raceme    (not 


236  SAXIFRAGACEAE    (SAXIFRAGE    FAMILY) 

« 

unilateral),  more  or  less  glandular-puberulent:  calyx  campanulate,  slightly 
oblique:  petals  spatulate,  slightly  exceeding  the  calyx-lobes:  stamens  not  at 
any  time  exserted. — From  northern  Colorado  to  Idaho  and  Montana;  prob- 
ably in  Utah. 

7.  Heuchera  parvifolia  Nutt.  T.  &  G.  Fl.  N.  A.  1:  581.  1840.,  Scapes  slen- 
der, 2-6  dm.  high,  decidedly  glandular-puberulent:  leaves  crowded  on  the 
caespitose  crowns  of  the  caudex,  orbicular-cordate  or  subreniform,  crenately 
5-7-lobed:  inflorescence  at  first  crowded  and  seemingly  spicate,  at  length  a 
long  narrow  panicle,  minutely  glandular-puberulent:  calyx  obconical:  petals 
small,  broadly  spatulate,  barely  exceeding  the  calyx-lobes:  stamens  not  at  any 
time    exserted.     (H.  flabellifolia  and  H.  utahensis  Rydb.    N.  A.  Fl.  22:  115. 
1905.) — Very  common  on  rocky  ridges  and  steep  slopes;  from  New  Mexico  to 
British  America. 

8.  Heuchera  Williamsii  Eaton,  Bot.  Gaz.  15:  62.   1890.    Scape  altogether 
naked,   minutely   glandular-puberulent,    3-4   dm.   high:   leaves  rather   few, 
closely  basal,  short-petioled,  reniform,  2-3  cm.  broad,  crenulate  and  scabro- 
ciliate  on  the  margin :  inflorescence  a  simple  raceme,  the  flowers  short-pediceled 
and  rather  distant:  calyx  turbinate:  petals  spatulate,  with  long  slender  claw, 
3-4  times  as  long  as  the  calyx-lobes:  stamens  not  exserted.     (This  is  thought 
by  some  botanists  to  be  a  Tellima  and  by  Rydberg  has  been  made  a  new  genus 
Conimitella.) — Northern  Wyoming  and  Montana. 

3.  MITELLA  L.     MITERWORT 

Low  and  slender  perennials,  with  round-cordate  alternate  leaves  on  the 
crown  of  the  rootstock;  those  on  the  scape  (if  any)  opposite.  Flowers  in  a 
simple  slender  raceme  or  spike.  Calyx  5-cleft,  short,  adnate  to  more  or  less 
of  the  ovary.  Petals  pinnatifid,  3-cleft,  or  entire.  Stamens  5,  nearly  sessile. 
Styles  very  short.  Capsule  depressed. — (Ozomelis  and  Perctianthia  Raf.) 

Stamens  opposite  the  greenish  pinnatifid  petals    .         .         .         .         .1.  M.  pentandra. 
Stamens  alternate  with  the  white  trifid  or  entire  petals. 
Leaves  pilose;  petals  trifid. 

Petals  much  longer  than  the  calyx      .         .         .         .         .         .     2.  M.  staurqpetala. 

Petals  scarcely  longer  than  the  calyx 3.  M.  Parryi. 

Leaves  puberulent;  petals  entire     .         .         .         .         .         .         .     4.  M.  violacea. 

1.  Mitella  pentandra  Hook.  Bot.  Mag.  56  pi.  2933.  1829.     Sparingly  pu- 
bescent with  short  white  hairs;  scapes  slender,  1-3  dm.  high:  leaves  cordate 
to  round-reniform,  obscurely  3-5-lobed,  unequally  serrate,  2-3  dm.  in  diam- 
eter: flowers  numerous,  in  a  subpaniculate  raceme:  calyx  short-campanulate, 
the  very  short  obtuse  lobes  green:  petals  pinnate  with  7-9  approximate  fili- 
form pinnae:  filaments  very  short,  inflexed. — In  wet  places,  on  the  highest 
mountains;  Alaska  to  Oregon  and  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

2.  Mitella   stauropetala   Piper,  Erythea  7:  161.  1899.    Scapes  naked,  3-5 
dm.  high,  slender,  sparsely  pubescent  below,  minutely  glandular-puberulent 
above :  leaves  orbicular,  indistinctly  5-lobed,  simply  or  doubly  crenate,  but  not 
strongly  so,  reniform  with  narrow  sinus,  sparsely  pilose  on  each  surface  and 
ciliate  with  reddish  or  white  hairs:   raceme  6-12  cm.  long,  10-25-flowered, 
strictly  secund;  flowers  white,  sometimes  violet-tinged,  4-5  mm.  long:  calyx- 
lobes  erect,  oblong-obovate :  petals  nearly  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx-lobes, 
filiform,  3-parted  nearly  half  their  length  into  linear  lobes,  the  lateral  lobes 
divaricate:  stamens  short  and  included. — From  Colorado  to  Idaho  and  Wash- 
ington. 

3.  Mitella  Parryi  (Piper)  A.  Nels.     Smaller  in  everyway,  1.5-3  dm.  high: 
scapes  slender:  leaves  2  cm.  in  diameter,  doubly  and  conspicuously  crenate, 
sparsely  pilose  as  are  also  the  petioles:  petals  mostly  3-parted  at  the  apex, 
only  half  as  long  as  in  the  preceding  and  scarcely  surpassing  the  calyx:  stamens 
very  short.     (M .  stenopetala  Parryi  Piper,  1.  c.  162.) — Colorado  and  Wyoming 
and  probably  westward. 

4.  Mitella   violacea  Rydb.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  24:   248.  1897.     Scapes 
slender,  naked,  3-5  dm.  high,  minutely  puberulent :  leaves  orbicular,  obscurely 
5-lobed,  reniform  with  a  broad  sinus,  very  minutely  puberulent  on  each  side, 


SAXIFRAGACEAE    (SAXIFRAGE   FAMILY)  237 

sparsely  ciliate,  2-5  cm.  in  diameter;  petioles  2-3  times  as  long  as  the  blade, 
puberulent:  raceme  secund,  bearing  15-20  evenly  scattered  flowers;  flowers 
white,  2  mm.  long,  spreading  on  short  petioles:  calyx-lobes  oblong,  obtuse: 
petals  filiform  to  oblanceolate,  1-nerved,  entire,  or  very  rarely  parted  near 
the  apex  into  two  or  three  lobes,  slightly  longer  than  the  calyx:  stamens  5, 
very  short.  (M.  stenopetala  Piper,  1.  c.) — Colorado  to  Montana  and  far  west- 
ward. 

4.  CHRYSOSPLENIUM  (Tourn.)  L.     GOLDEN  SAXIFRAGE 

Low  and  small  smooth  herbs,  with  tender  succulent  leaves,  and  small 
corymbose  flowers.  Calyx-tube  adnate  to  the  ovary,  the  obtuse  lobes  4  or 
5,  yellow  within.  Petals  wanting.  Stamens  4-8,  very  short,  inserted  on  a 
conspicuous  disk.  Styles  2.  Capsule  obcordate,  flattened. 

1.  Chrysosplenium  tetrandrum  Th.  Fries,  Bot.  Notiser  193.  1858.  Flower- 
ing stems  erect,  branched  above:  leaves  alternate,  reniform-cordate,  doubly 
crenate,  or  somewhat  lobed.  C.  alternifolium. — Arctic  in  Europe,  Asia,  and 
America;  said  to  have  been  collected  in  Colorado  by  Hall  and  Harbour. 

5.  TELLIMA  R.  Br. 

Low  slender  perennials  with  palmately  divided  or  parted  leaves,  few  on 
the  simple  stem  but  more  numerous  downward.  Petioles  with  stipule-like 
dilations  at  base.  Flowers  in  a  simple  terminal  raceme.  Calyx  campanulate 
or  turbinate,  5-lobed,  the  base  of  the  tube  more  or  less  adnate  to  the  ovary. 
Petals  white  or  pink,  3-7-parted  into  narrow  lobes.  Stamens  10,  included. 
Styles  2-3,  very  short.  Our  species  frequently  bear  small  grain-like  bulblets 
on  the  roots,  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves,  or  in  place  of  flowers  in  the  raceme. 
— (Lithophragma.) 

Calyx  obconical  or  clavate      .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .  1.  T.  parviflora. 

Calyx  campanulate. 

Pedicels  and  fruit  subequal;  seeds  smooth 2.  T.  tenella. 

Pedicels  longer  than  the  fruit;  seeds  muriculate    .         .         .         .         .  3.  T.  bulb  if  era. 

1.  Tellima  parviflora  Hook.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  1:  239.  pi.  78.  1833.     Roughish 
hirsute  or  scabro-pubescent,  1-3  dm.  high:  stems  sparsely  leafy:  leaves  gen- 
erally 3-lobed  or  cleft;  the  divisions  cuneate  and  once  or  twice  3-cleft:   calyx 
obconical  or  at  length  almost  clavate:  petals  deeply  3-cleft  into  linear  or  ob- 
long divisions:  ovary  and  capsule  adnate  to  the  calyx-tube  for  at  least  half 
their   length:    bulblets   rarely   produced. — Colorado   and    Utah,    northward 
through  the  Yellowstone  region  to  British  America. 

2.  Tellima  tenella  (Nutt.)  Walp.  Repert.  2:  371.  1843.    Obscurely  puberu- 
lent and  glandular,  or  sometimes  nearly  glabrous:  perennial  from  bulblets 
which  also  give  origin  to  numerous  fibrous  roots:  stems  very  slender,  1-2  dm. 
high:  leaves  small,  3-5-cleft,  the  divisions  again  cleft  into  mostly  linear  lobes: 
calyx   campanulate,  the   short   lobes   often   very  unequal,  sometimes   dark 
purplish-red:  petals  3-5-cleft  or  parted,   or  even  irregularly  7-parted  into 
mostly  linear  divisions:  ovary  and  capsule  free  except  at  the  base.    [T.  glabra 
(Nutt.)  Steud.  Nom.  Bot.  Ed.  2.  2:  665.  1841;  Lithophragma  australis  Rydb. 
N.  A.  Fl.  22:  86.  1905.] — Colorado,  Wyoming,  and  westward  to  the  Sierras. 

3.  Tellima  bulbifera  (Rydb.)  A.  Nels.    Glandular-puberulent,  1-2  dm.  high: 
leaves  divided  to  the  base;  the  divisions  cuneate  or  obovate,  3-cleft  and  the 
lobes  often  toothed;  the  stem  leaves  usually  bearing  bulblets  in  the  axils; 
stipules  fimbriate:  flowers  3-6,  sometimes  replaced  by  bulblets:  petals  4-7 mm. 
long,  3-5-cleft.     (Lithophragma  bulbifera  Rydb.  N.  Am.  Fl.  222;  86.  1905.) 
— From  the  British  boundary  to  Colorado  and  California. 

6.  SULLIVANTIA  T.  &  G. 

Slender  perennial  herbs,  with  mostly  basal  palmately  veined  leaves  and 
small  flowers  in  paniculate  cymules.  Calyx  campanulate,  its  base  adnate  to 


238  SAXIFRAGACEAE    (SAXIFRAGE   FAMILY) 

the  ovary,  5-cleft.  Petals  5,  white,  entire,  withering-persistent.  Stamens  5, 
very  short.  Ovary  2-celled,  with  the  placentae  in  the  axis.  Carpels  united 
to  the  middle.  Seeds  numerous. 

1.  Sullivantia  Hapemannii  Coult.  Bot.  Gaz.  17:  421.  1892.  Stems  1-3  dm. 
high,  glandular-pubescent  especially  above:  leaves  mostly  orbicular-reniform, 
2-5  cm.  in  diameter,  more  or  less  lobed  and  the  lobes  toothed;  petioles  as  long 
as  or  longer  than  the  blades:  sepals  about  2  mm.  long,  3-neryed:  petals  spat- 
ulate  to  obovate,  somewhat  exceeding  the  sepals:  carpels  united  to  the  beak, 
4-5  mm.  long.  (S.  halmicola  A.  Nels.  ex  Rydb.  N.  A.  Fl.  22:  122.  1905.)— 
Growing  in  the  crevices  of  dripping  cliffs;  Big  Horn  Mountains  and  Casper 
Mountain,  Wyoming;  also  in  Colorado. 

7.  BOYKINIA  Nutt. 

Glandular-pubescent  perennial  herbs,  with  simple  leafy  stems,  alternate 
petioled  crenate  leaves,  and  paniculate  or  corymbose  cymes  of  white  flowers. 
Leaves  round-reniform,  palmately  lobed  and  incised  or  toothed;  the  teeth 
with  callous  glandular  tips,  and  the  petiole  with  mostly  stipule-like  dilations 
at  base.  Calyx  5-lobed.  Petals  entire,  ours  purple  or  violet,  the  base  con- 
tracted into  a  short  claw.  Stamens  10.  Ovary  2-celled,  adnate  to  the  calyx- 
tube.—  (Telesonix  Raf.) 

Petals  long-clawed,  blade  orbicular,  well  exserted  .         .         .1.  B.  Jamesii. 

Petals  short-clawed,  blade  oblong,  scarcely  exserted          .         .         .     2.  B.  heucheriformis. 

1.  Boykinia  Jamesii  (Torr.)  Engler,  Nat.  Pfl.  32;  51.  1890.     Glandular- 
puberulent:  stem  leafy,  assurgent,  10-15  cm.  high:  radical  leaves  petioled, 
reniform-cordate,  smoothish,   crenately  toothed  or  lobed;  the   cauline  few, 
bract- like  above:  inflorescence  a  crowded  paniculate  cyme,  glandular,  purplish: 
calyx-tube  campanulate,  adnate  to  the  base  of  the  ovary;  calyx-lobes  trian- 
gular, acute:  petals  purple,  long-clawed,  with  well  exserted  orbicular  blade: 
stamens  inserted  in  the  throat  of  the  calyx:  styles  united.    Saxifraga  Jamesii. 
— Colorado. 

2.  Boykinia  heucheriformis   (Rydb.)  A.  Nels.    Very  near  the  preceding, 
caespitose,  with  a  thick  scaly  caudex:   sepals  ovate,  erect:   petals  obovate- 
oblanceolate  or  oblong-spatulate,  dark  violet,  scarcely  longer  than  the  sepals: 
styles  free.     (Therophon  heucheriforme  Rydb.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  24:  247. 
1897.) — Wyoming,  into  Montana  and  Idaho. 

8.  SAXIFRAGA  L.*    SAXIFRAGE 

Either  scappse  or  short-stemmed  perennial  herbs,  with  exstipulate  alternate 
(rarely  opposite)  leaves  and  small  flowers,  in  simple,  panicled,  or  glomerate 
cymes  (rarely  solitary).  Calyx  5-lobed  or  parted,  free  or  more  or  less  adnate 
to  the  base  of  the  ovary.  Petals  5  (or  rarely  wanting),  entire.  Stamens  10. 
Ovary  2-celled,  the  placentae  in  the  axis,  or  the  carpels  distinct.  Styles  and 
tips  of  the  carpels  distinct  and  soon  divergent. 

Stems  more  or  less  leafy. 

Stem  leaves  opposite;  calyx  free 1.  S.  oppositifolia. 

Stem  leaves  alternate;  calyx  adnate  to  the  base  of  the  ovary. 
Petals  yellow. 

Leaves  not  rosulate  at  base 2.  S.  Hirculus. 

Leaves  crowded-rosulate  at  base. 

Stoloniferous    .         . '       .         .         .         .         .         .  3.  S.  flagellaris. 

Without  stolons        .         .         .         .         .         .         .  4.  S.  chrysantha. 

Petals  white,  or  nearly  so. 

Leaves  as  broad  as  they  are  long,  reniform,  lobed,  or  entire. 

Calyx  adnate  to  the  ovary,  turbinate        .         .         .  5.  S.  debilis. 

Calyx  adnate  below  only,   campanulate  .         .  6.  S.  cernua. 

Leaves  longer  than  broad,  entire,  cleft,  or  parted. 
Leaves  entire',  linear  or  oblong. 

Calyx  cleft  nearly  to  the  base        .         .         .         .         .       7.  S.  austromontana. 

Calyx-lobes  shorter  than  the  tube         .         .         .  8.  S.  oregonensis. 

*  For  list  of  old  and  new  segregates  of  this  genus  see  Small,  N.  A.  Fl.  22:  129.     1905. 


SAXIFRAGACKAE    (SAXIFRAGE    FAMILY)  239 

Leaves  3-5-;cleft  or  toothed. 

Petals  minute  (2  mm.)         .         .         .         .         .  9.  S.  micropetala. 

Petals  evident   (5-7  mm.)  .         .         .         .         .     10.  S.  caespitosa. 

Stems  leafless  (scapose). 

Leaves  reniform-cordate     .         .         .         .         .  .         .     11.  S.  arguta. 

Leaves  ovate  to  oblong. 
Sepals  erect. 

Scape  puberulent 12.  S.  rhomboidea. 

Scape  glandular-pubescent  .         .         .         .         .         .     13.  S.  austrina. 

Sepals  reflex ed,  at  least  in  fruit. 

Inflorescence  open-paniculate 14.  S.  saximontana. 

Inflorescence  spiciform         .         .         .         .         .         .         .     15.  S.  subapetala. 

1.  Saxifraga  oppositifolia  L.  Sp.   PL  402.  1753.     The  numerous  stems 
prostrate  in  a  dense  tuft:  leaves  fleshy,  ovate,  keeled,  ciliate,  imbricated  on 
the  sterile  branches:  flowers  solitary,  large:  petals  purple,  obovate,  much 
longer  than  the  5-cleft  calyx  which  is  free  from  the  capsule:  seeds  rugose. — 
Arctic  and  northeastern  America;  also  in  the  Rocky  Mountains  as  far  south 
(it  is  said)  as  Wyoming. 

2.  Saxifraga  Hirculus  L.  Sp.  PL  402.  1753.    Stems  single  from  a  slender 
caudex,  erect,  glabrous  or  pubescent,  1-2  dm.  high:  leaves  oblong  or  linear- 
oblong,  the  lower  short-petioled,  somewhat  equally  distributed  the  whole 
length  of  the  stem:  flowers  solitary  (rarely  2-4),  terminal:  sepals  often  ciliate, 
nearly  distinct,  soon  reflexed,  much  shorter  than  the  large  yellow  petals: 
capsule  free  from  the  calyx,  or  nearly  so. — From  Colorado  to  the  Arctic  sea. 

3.  Saxifraga    flagellaris   Willd.    ex   Sternb.    Rev.   Saxif.   25.  t.  6.    1810. 
Glandular-pubescent:  stems  erect,  usually  less  than  1  dm.  high:  stolons  from 
the  axils  of  the  radical  leaves,  long  and  filiform,  naked  and  .rooting  at  the  ends: 
leaves  rosulate-crowded  at  the  base,  and  very  numerous  the  whole  length  of 
the  stem,  ovate-spatulate,  ciliate:  flowers  large,  yellow:  sepals  very  glandular: 
ovary  slightly  adnate  to  the  calyx. — Alpine  in  Colorado,  and  far  to  the  north- 
ward. 

4.  Saxifraga  chrysantha  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.   12:  83.  1877.     Dwarf, 
somewhat  caespitose,  the  filiform  somewhat  glandular-pubescent  stem  3-10 
cm.  high:  leaves  mostly  rosulate  at  the  base,  very  few  on  the  stem,  oblong- 
ovate,  thick,  very  smooth:  flowers  large,  1-3,  yellow:  calyx-segments  reflexed, 
much  shorter  than  the  obovate  petals:  carpels  nearly  or  quite  free  from  the 
calyx. — On  the  highest  mountain  peaks;  Colorado  to  New  Mexico. 

5.  Saxifraga  debilis  Engelm.  Gray,  Proc.  Phila.  Acad.    18.63:  62.     Glabrous 
or  very  sparingly  glandular-pubescent:   stems  weak,  ascending,  2-4-flowered, 
5-10  cm.  high:  radical  leaves  small,  crenately  lobed,  cauline  ones  3-lobed  or 
entire:  lobes  of  the  calyx  ovate,  obtusish,  at  length  shorter  than  the  tube: 
petals  ovate,  obtuse,  twice  longer  than  the  calyx,  white  or  pinkish:  tube  of 
the  calyx  obconical,  wholly  adherent  to  the  ovary. — High  mountains;  Col- 
orado, Wyoming,  and  Utah. 

6.  Saxifraga  cernua  L.  Sp.  PL  403.    1753.    Glabrate  or  glandular-pubescent; 
stems  granulate  at  base,  weak,  6-14  cm.  high:  lower  leaves  reniform,  broadly 
toothed  or  lobed;  the  upper  ones  bearing  little  bulbs  in  their  axils:  flowers 
often  solitary,  terminal,  pendulous:   petals  retuse  or  rounded,  3-4  times  as 
long  as  the  ovate  calyx-lobes.    (S.  simulata  Small  N.  A.  Fl.  22:  128.  1905.) — 
Alpine  in  the  Rocky  Mountains  and  far  to  the  north;  also  in  Europe  and 
Asia. 

7.  Saxifraga  austromontana  Wiegand,  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  27:  388.  1900. 
Glabrous,  densely  caespitose:  stems  ascending,  slender,  somewhat  purplish, 
7-15  cm.  high:  leaves  crowded  at  the  base,  firm,  linear-oblong,  spinulose- 
ciliate;  the  stem  leaves  smaller:  flowers  numerous,  in  an  open  somewhat  corym- 
bose panicle,  sparingly  glandular:   petals  white,  spotted  with   orange   and 
purple  dots,  longer  than  the  short  obtuse  sepals.     S.  bronckicdis.     (S.  cog- 
nata  E.  Nels.  Bot.  Gaz.  30:  118.  1902.)— Colorado,  northward,  and  west  to 
Washington. 

8.  Saxifraga  oregonensis   (Raf.)   A.  Nels.   Bot.   Gaz.  33:  52.  1906.     Di- 
minutive perennials  from  a   slender  caudex:   stems  simple,   3-8  cm.  high, 
glandular-pubescent:  leaves  small,  mostly  basal,  oblong-spatulate,  minutely 


240  SAXIFRAGACEAE    (SAXIFRAGE   FAMILY) 

hispid-ciliate:  flowers  few,  in  a  crowded  glomerule  at  summit:  calyx  minutely 
glandular-pubescent,  its  whole  tube  adnate  to  the  carpels:  petals  broadly 
obovate-cuneate,  truncately  rounded  at  summit,  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx- 
lobes,  distinctly  divergently  3-nerved:  the  distended  subglobose  calyx-tube 
papillose-rugose  from  the  pressure  upon  it  by  the  numerous  brown  seeds 
within.  S.  adscendens.  (Muscaria  delicatula  Small,  l.*c.  129.) — High  moun- 
tains, Colorado  to  Montana. 

9.  Saxifraga  micropetala   (Small)  A.  Nels.     Plants  2-6  cm.  tall,  rather 
copiously  glandular-pubescent:  leaves  compactly  crowded  on  the  caudices, 
the  blades  5-9  mm.  long,  3-lobed  at  the  apex,  the  lobes  linear  or  oblong- 
linear:  flower-stalks  relatively  stout,  1-3-flowered,  each  bearing  2  or  3  leaves: 
hypanthium  about  3  mm.  long  at  maturity:  sepals  broadly  ovate,  obtuse  or 
acutish,  about  2  mm.  long:  petals  oval  or  oval-obovate,  about  1.5  mm.  long, 
clawless:  follicles  5-6  mm.  long.     (Orig.  desc.  as  Muscaria  micropetala  Small, 
1.  c.) — Wyoming  and  Utah.  . 

10.  Saxifraga  caespitosa  L.  Sp.  PL  404.     1753.     Dwarf  (3-5  cm.  high), 
caespitose:   leaves   glandular-pubescent,    3-5-cleft,   segments  broadly  linear 
and  obtuse;  the  upper  leaves  linear  and  entire:  flowering  stems  with  a  few 
scattered  leaves,  glandular,  1-4-flowered:  petals  obovate,  much  longer  than 
the  ovate-oblong  obtuse  calyx-lobes:  base  of  the  carpels  adnate  to  the  calyx- 
tube. — Colorado  to  Arctic  America. 

11.  Saxifraga  arguta  Don,  Trans.  Linn.  Soc.  13:  356.  1822.     Nearly  gla- 
brous: scape  slender,  naked,  3-5  dm.  high:  leaves  all  radical,  3-5  cm.  broad, 
reniform-cordate   or  orbicular,   crenate-dentate,   with  acute  teeth;  petioles 
long:  panicle  open,,  some  what  glandular,  usually  many-flowered:  petals  oval, 
longer  than  the  ovate-oblong  reflexed  sepals:  filaments  often  petaloid  and 
abortive.    S.  punctata. — From  New  Mexico  to  the  far  northwest. 

12.  Saxifraga  rhomboidea  Greene,  Pitt.  3:  343.  1898.    Scape  glabrate  or 
pubescent,  stout,  simple,  erect,  1-3  dm.  high:  leaves  rosulate  in  a  depressed 
radical  tuft,  rhombic-ovate  or  oval,  3-6  cm.  long  (including  the  short-mar- 
gined petiole),  entire,  crenate-dentate,  or  somewhat  repand,  glabrous,  or  often 
lightly  pubescent  on  the  margin:  flowers  small,  white,  at  first  densely  capitate, 
later  somewhat  branched-thyrsif orm :  petals  spatulate-obovate,  often  emar- 
ginate:  ovary  adnate  to  base  of  calyx.    S.  nivalis. — Very  common  on  moist 
slopes;  Colorado,  north  to  Montana. 

13.  Saxifraga  austrina  A.   Nels.     Resembling  the  preceding,  the  scape 
slenderer,  sometimes  2  or  more  from  the  short  rootstock,  often  pedunculately 
branched  upward,  rather  densely  glandular-pubescent :  inflorescense  interrupt- 
edly capitate  or  paniculately  branched-thyrsif  orm:  sepals  obtuse,  as  long  as 
the  adnate  base:  petals  clawed,  much  exceeding  the  sepals:  carpel-tips  becom- 
ing widely  divaricate:   seeds  numerous,   brown,   oblong,   subacute  at  both 
ends.     (>S.  rhomboidea  austrina  A.  Nels.  Bot.  Gaz.  31:  394.  1901.)— Southern 
Colorado  and  New  Mexico. 

14.  Saxifraga  saximontana  E.  Nels.  Erythea  7:  168.  1899.    Scapes  1  or  2, 
from  a  short  rootstock,  pubescent  with  short  purple-tipped  glandular  hairs, 
1-2  dm.  high:   leaves  ovate  or  rhombic-ovate,  2-4  cm.  long:  inflorescence  a 
panicle  of  ascending  few-flowered  corymbose  cymes:  petals  rotund  to  oval, 
short-clawed,  nearly  twice  as  long  as  the  ovate-obtuse  3-nerved  calyx-lobes, 
which  become  reflexed:  carpels  distinct  to  the  base,  somewhat  adnate  to  the 
calyx  below:  seeds  low-tuberculate.    S.  virginiensis. — Northern  Wyoming  and 
northwestward . 

15.  Saxifraga  subapetak  E.  Nels:  Erythea  7:  169.  1899.    Scapes  solitary 
from  a  thick  corm-like  caudex,  somewhat  hirsute  and  glandular,  2-4  dm.  high: 
leaves  elliptic  to  oblanceolate,  glabrous  or  short-pubescent,  the  margins  ciliate, 
5-10  cm.  long:  panicle  spiciform,  the  glomerules  dense:  calyx-tube  adnate 
to  the  carpels  for  most  of  its  length,  the  ovate-obtuse  finally  reflexed  lobes 
longer  than  the  tube:  petals  wanting  or  minute:  carpels  distinct,  adnate  to  the 
disk-like  base  of  the  calyx:  seeds  wing-margined,  short-tuberculate  in  lines. 
S.  integrifolia,  in  part. — Wyoming,  northward  and  westward. 

15a.  Saxifraga   subapetala   normalis  A.  Nels.  Bot.   Gaz.   42:  53.  1906. 


GROSSULARIACEAE    (GOOSEBERRY    FAMILY) 


241 


Very  similar  to  the  species  but  petals  evident,  elliptic-spatulate,  as  long  as 
the  calyx-lobes:  as  in  the  species  the  carpels  are  immersed  in  a  crest-margined 
disk  which  persists  at  the  middle  of  the  mature  carpels  as  an  undulate  ridge. 
(Micranthes  arnoglossa  Small,  1.  c.  138.) — At  high  elevations  in  the  Colorado 
mountains. 


52.  GROSSULARIACEAE  DUMORT.    GOOSEBERRY  FAMILY 

Erect  or  procumbent  branching  shrubs  with  alternate  palmately  lobed, 
often  resinous-glandular  or  viscid  leaves;  stipules  when  present  adnate  to 
the  petiole.  Flowers  racemose,  rarely  solitary  on  1-2-leaved  axillary  shoots; 
pedicels  subtended  by  a  bract  and  usually  bearing  2  bractlets  at  about  the 
middle.  Calyx-tube  adnate  to  the  globose  ovary  and  more  or  less  produced 
above  it.  Petals  5  or  rarely  4,  erect,  mostly  smaller  than  the  calyx-lobes. 
Stamens  equaling  the  petals  in  number  and  alternate  with  them.  Ovary 
1-celled  with  2  parietal  placentae;  styles  2,  more  or  less  united;  stigmas  ter- 
minal. Fruit  a  berry,  crowned  with  the  withered  remains  of  the  flower. 


1.  RIBES  L.     GOOSEBERRIES  AND  CURRANTS 
The  only  genus;  characters  of  the  family. 

Stems  usually  armed  with  spines  and  often  with  prickles  (setose- 
hispid);  leaves  plicate  in  the  bud  (Gooseberries;  Nos.  5  &  6 
transitional). 

Racemes  1-4-flowered;  calyx-tube  cylindrical  or  campanulate. 
Spines  solitary  or  wholly  wanting,  but  the  steins  often  setose- 
hispid. 

Spines  short  or  unequal;  setose-hispid  or  nearly  unarmed 
Leaves  glabrate  or  puberulent;  fruit  smooth     . 
Leaves  closely  pubescent;  fruit  hispid 
Spines  long  and  conspicuous;  setae  few;  leaves  glabrate 
Spines  triple,  long  .          ....... 

Racemes  several-flowered;  calyx-tube  salverform. 

Leaves  finely  pubescent;  fruit  red    ..... 

Leaves  glabrate;  fruit  black    ...... 

Stems  unarmed  (neither  thorns  nor  prickles  present)  (Currants.) 
Flowers  not  yellow;  leaves  plicate  in  the  bud. 
Berry  glandular-bristly. 

Leaves  glabrous;  fruit  spherical. 

Calyx-tube  salverform      .... 

Calyx-tube   campanulate 
Leaves  pubescent  and  glandular;  fruit  ovoid 
Berry  smooth  (rarely  glandular  in  No.  12). 
Calyx-tube  campanulate. 

Racemes  erect  or  ascending     . 
Racemes  drooping  .... 

Calyx-tube  cylindrical,  with  dilated  base    . 
Flowers  yellow;  leaves  convolute  in  the  bud      . 


1.  R.  saxosum. 

2.  R.  setosum. 

3.  R.  leptanthum. 

4.  R.  saximontanum. 

5.  R.  lentum. 

6.  R.  parvulum. 


7.  R.  coloradense. 

8.  R.  Wolfii. 

9.  R.  viscosissimum. 


10.  R.  Hudsonianum. 

11.  R.  americanum. 

12.  R.  cereum. 

13.  R.  longiflorum. 


1.  Ribes  saxosum  Hook.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  1:  231.  1833.     Stems  simple  or 
branched,  sometimes  unarmed  but  usually  more  or  less  prickly  and  with 
scattering  short  spines:  leaves  from  glabrous  to  finely  puberulent,  3-5-lobed; 
the  lobes  crenately  incised  or  coarsely  toothed;  base  usually  somewhat  cor- 
date: peduncles  short,  deflexed;  peduncles  and  bracts  glabrate  or  minutely 
glandular  and  pubescent:  calyx-tube  usually  glabrous;  the  lobes  reflexed  and 
twice  as  long  as  the  petals:  stamens  not  longer  than  the  calyx-lobes:  berry 
smooth  and  often  quite  large,  dark  purple.     R.  divaricatum  irriguum  and  R. 
oxyacanthoides.     (R.  Purpusii  Koehne,  Deutsche  Dendr.  187.  1893;  R.  inerme 
Rydb.  Mem.  N.  Y.  Bot.  Card.  1:  202.  1900;  R.  vallicola  Greene.)— Our  com- 
monest gooseberry;  throughout  our  range  and  extending  into  the  Canadian 
regions. 

2.  Ribes  setosum  Lindl.  Trans.  Hort.  Soc.  7:  243.  1830.    A  low  branched 
bush:  spines  usually  present,  single  or  paired  and  spreading;  prickles  gen- 

ROCKY  MT.  BOT. — 16 


242  GROSSULARIACEAE    (GOOSEBERRY   FAMILY) 

erally  numerous:  leaves  slender-petioled,  rather  densely  pubescent  or  puberu- 
lent,  2-3  cm.  broad,  3-5-lobed,  the  lobes  crenately  incised  or  coarsely  toothed: 
calyx-tube  cylindrical,  longer  than  the  oblong  lobes:  stamens  not  exserted: 
berry  sparingly  bristly  or  rarely  glabrous,  pleasantly  acid. — Wyoming  and 
Montana  to  the  Saskatchewan. 

3.  Ribes  leptanthum   Gray,   PI.  Fendl.  53.    1848.    Freely  branched  and 
rigid,   only  moderately  leafy,  4-12  dm.  high:  spines  long,  rather  slender, 
usually  single  (rarely  triple):  leaves  roundish,  small,  8-12  mm.  broad,  cre- 
nately incised  or  toothed:  peduncles  very  short,  1-2-flowered:  flowers  yellow 
or  yellowish:  anthers  oblong:  berry  smooth. — Southern  Colorado,  southward 
and  westward. 

3a.  Ribes  leptanthum  brachyanthum  Gray,  Bot.  Cal.  1:  205.  1876.  Very 
leafy,  finely  and  densely  puberulent:  calyx  shorter:  berry  densely  glandular. 
(R.  brachyanthum  Card.,  Bush  Fruits  460.  1898.) — Coming  into  our  range 
from  the  westward. 

4.  Ribes  saximontanum  E.  Nels.  Bot.  Gaz.  30:  118.  1900.    The  spreading 
stems  3-8  dm.  long,  more  or  less  bristly;  spines  triple,  stout,  8-12  mm.  long: 
leaves  suborbicular,  finely-pubescent  or  glabrate,  6-20  mm.  broad,  deeply 
3-lobed  and  each  lobe  bilobed:  flowers  1-3,  about  1  cm.  long,  white  tinged  with 
violet:  calyx-tube  cylindrical,  villous  within,  longer  than  the  oblong  lobes: 
stamens  included:  style  villous,  divided  halfway  to  the  base:  berry  smooth, 
reddish-purple. — Colorado  to  Montana.  - 

5.  Ribes  lentum  (Jones)  Coville  and  Rose,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.  15:  26. 
1902.    Freely  branched,  3-6  dm.  high,  bristly-prickly  or  almost  naked:  spines 
short-triple  or  multiple:  leaves  finely-pubescent,  suborbicular,  2-3  cm.  broad, 
5-parted  and  the  lobes  incisely  cleft  or  toothed:  racemes  5-9-flowered;  flowers 
greenish-white:    calyx-tube   short,    with   short   rounded   leaves:    petals   and 
stamens  very  short:  berry  light  red,  medium  size,  well-flavored,  smooth  or 
more  usually  lightly  glandular-bristly. — Subalpine;  in  the  Rocky  Mountains 
and  the  Sierras. 

6.  Ribes  parvulum  (Gray)  Rydb.  Mem.  N.  Y.  Bot.  Card.  1:  203.  1900. 
Stems  procumbent,  mostly  less  than  1  m.  high;  spines  weak,  slender,  some- 
times wanttng;  the  branches  often  very  hispid-bristly:  leaves  suborbicular, 
3-5-parted  or  lobed,  cordate  at  base,  nearly  glabrous,  2-4  cm.  long:   flowers 
in  5-12-flowered  racemes:  berry  small  and  currant-like,  nearly  black  when 
ripe,  covered  with  short  weak  gland- tipped  bristles.     R.  lacustre  parvulum. 
Very  near  to  R.  lacustre  (Pers.)  Poir,  a  species  of  the  cold  bogs  to  the  northward 
and  eastward  of  our  range.    R.  echinatum  Lindl.  is  a  form  of  R.  lacustre  with 
less  dissected  and  somewhat  pubescent  leaves. — It  occurs  in  dryer  situations, 
mostly  on  wooded  hillsides;  in  our  range  northwestward. 

7.  Ribes  coloradense  Coville,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.  14:  3.  1901.     Stems 
procumbent,  unarmed,  with  brown  bark;  the  twigs  pubescent  and  glandular: 
leaves  cordate-reniform,  4-7  cm.  broad,  5-lobed,  nearly  glabrous  but  with 
minute  sessile  glands;  the  lobes  ovate-triangular:  racemes  6-12-flowered,  the 
pedicels  and  rachis  glandular  and  minutely  pubescent:   calyx-lobes  spread- 
ing, ovate,  obtuse;  the  tube  short,  salverform,  glandular-pubescent:  petals 
short,  broad,  purplish:  fruit  spherical,  sparingly  glandular-hairy,  black,  with 
bloom.     R.  prostratum. — Mountains  of  Colorado. 

8.  Ribes  Wolfii  Rothrock,  Am.  Nat.  8:  358.  1874.     Unarmed  shrub,  5-12 
dm.  high,  glandular-pubescent  on  the  young  branches,  petioles,  and  pedicels: 
leaves  cordate-orbicular,  thickish,  4-8  cm.  broad,  smooth  above,  paler  and 
sparsely   glandular-pubescent   beneath:    raceme   4-10-flowered;    the   flowers 
yellowish- white,  varying  to  red:  calyx-lobes  spatulate,  not  reflexed:  petals 
red,  half  as  long  as  the  sepals:  young  berry  glandular-hairy,  smoother  with 
age.     R.  sanguineum  variegatum. — Wyoming  to  New  Mexico,  Utah,  and  Ari- 
zona. 

9.  Ribes  viscpsissimum  Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  1 :  163.  1814.    A  shrub  8-15  dm. 
high  with  reddish  shreddy  bark  and  stiffish  branches ;  young  branches,  leaves, 
and  inflorescence  viscid-pubescent:  leaves  round-cordate,  shallowly  3-lobed, 
incisely  crenate,  3-5  cm.  in  diameter:  racemes  short;  bracts  spatulate,  12-16 


HYDRANGEACEAE  (HYDRANGEA  FAMILY)         243 

mm.  long,  about  equaling  the  glandular  pedicels:  calyx-tube  cylindrical, 
10-12  mm.  long,  abruptly  inflated  above  its  union  with  the  ovary,  twice  as 
long  as  the  oblong  lobes:  petals  oblong,  rounded  at  the  summit,  about  half  as 
long  as  the  lobes  of  the  calyx:  styles  smooth,  2-cleft  at  the  apex  about 
equaling  the  short  included  stamens:  fruit  ovoid,  black,  viscid-pubescent. — 
In  the  mountains;  from  our  range  to  the  Pacific  States. 

10.  Ribes  Hudsonianum  Richards,  Frank.  Journ.  Ed.  2:  6.  1823.    Stems 
erect,  10-18  dm.  high:  leaves  rounded-cordate  in  outline,  5-19  cm.  in  diam- 
eter, smooth  above,   resinous-dotted   beneath,   3-5-lobed;   the  lobes  acute, 
coarsely  and  doubly  serrate:  racemes  erect,  with  or  without  a  few  small 
leaves  at  base,  5-10  cm.  long,  many-flowered;  bracts  setaceous,  much  shorter 
than  the  pedicels:  calyx  campanulate,  deeply  5-parted,  the  oblong  obtuse 
lobes  2-3  mm.  long:  petals  oblong,  minute:  style  glabrous,  deeply  cleft:  fruit 
globose,  resinous-dotted.     (R.  petiolare  Dougl.  in  Trans.  Hort.  Soc.  7:  514. 
1830,  seems  to  be  merely  the  more  glabrous  form  of  this  species.) — Wyoming 
and  across  the  continent  northward. 

11.  Ribes  americanum  Mill.  Card.  Diet.' Ed.  8.  No.  4.  1868.     Branches 
erect:  petioles  slender;  leaves  nearly  orbicular,  glabrous  above,  somewhat 
pubescent  and  resinous-dotted  beneath,  3-8  cm.  wide,  sharply  3-5-lobed; 
the  lobes  dentate-serrate,  acutish:  bractlets  linear,  much  exceeding  the  ped- 
icels, or  shorter;  flowers  greenish- white,  8-10  mm.  long:  calyx-lobes  short, 
broad,  obtuse:  stamens  not  exserted:  fruit  globose-ovoid,  about  6  mm.  in 
diameter.    (R.  floridum  L'Her.  Stirp.  Nov.  1:  4.  1785.) — In  wet  woods;  from 
Nova  Scotia  to  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

12.  Ribes  cereum  Dougl.  Trans.  Hort.  Soc.  7:  512.  1830.    A  variable  rigid 
intricately  branched  shrub,   1-2  m.  high:  petioles  more  or  less  glandular- 
pubescent,  6-20  mm.  long:  leaves  reniform-orbicular,  cordate  at  the  base, 
1-4   cm.  wide,   sparingly  glandular-pubescent,   or  glabrate    on   both   sides, 
3-5-lobed;  the  lobes  obtuse,  crenate  or  crenulate:  racemes  short,  pubescent, 
pendulous;  bractlets  persistent;  flowers  sessile  or  short-pediceled,   pink  or 
greenish- white:  calyx  dilated  at  the  base:   petals  minute,  nearly  orbicular: 
stamens  short:  fruit  insipid,  about  6  mm.  in  diameter,  red,  often  glandular- 
pubescent.     (The  species  is  variable,  and  the  following  are  othe'r  described 
forms:  R.  pumilum  Nutt.  T.  &  G.  Fl.  1:  551.  1840;  R.  inebrians  Lindl.  Bot. 
Reg.  t.  1471.) — Throughout  the  Rocky  Mountains  and  west  to  the  coast  States. 

13.  Ribes  longiflorum  Nutt.  Ker.  Bot.  Reg.  2:  pi.  125.  1816.    A  smooth 
shrub,  1-3  m.  high:  petioles  slender,  pubescent,  at  least  when  young;  leaves 
pubescent  and  ciliate,  or  at  length  glabrous  and  shining,  often  broader  than 
long,  thick,  3-lobed  or  sometimes  5-lobed,  broadly  cuneate  or  truncate  at  the 
base,  the  lobes  obtuse:  racemes  leafy-bracted,  few-flowered;  flowers  golden- 
yellow,  spicy-scented,  12-25  mm.  long:  calyx-tube  cylindric,  glabrous,  3-4 
tunes  as  long  as  the  oval  spreading  lobes:  stamens  slightly  exserted:  fruit 
black,  glabrous,  6-10  mm.  in  diameter.    R.  aureum,  which  name  is  now  re- 
stricted to  the  plant  of  the  Columbia  watershed.    In  our  range,  among  other 
forms,  there  is  one  which  well  deserves  a  horticultural  name.     Its  fruit  is 
large,  yellowish-red,  juicy,  well-flavored,  and  highly  prized.    (The  MISSOURI  or 
GOLDEN  CURRANT.) — Throughout  the  trans-Missouri  country. 

53.  HYDRANGEACEAE  DUMORT.     HYDRANGEA  FAMILY 

Mostly  shrubs  with  simple  opposite  exstipulate  leaves  and  usually  perfect 
flowers,  solitary  or  cymose.  Sepals  and  petals  5.  Stamens  twice  as  many 
or  numerous,  epigynous.  Carpels  2-10,  wholly  united  or  the  apex  free,  ad- 
nate  below  (at  least)  to  the  inclosing  calyx-tube.  Seeds  numerous. — Saxi- 
fragaceae  in  part. 

Stamens  more  than  10;  ovary  inferior     .         .         .         .         .         .         .1.  Philadelphus. 

Stamens  10  or  fewer;  ovary  partly  superior. 

Cymes  many-flowered;  leaves  serrate    .......     2.  Jamesia. 

Cymes  1-3-flowered;  leaves  entire 3.  Fendlera. 


244  HYDRANGEACEAE    (HYDRANGEA   FAMILY) 

1.  PHILADELPHUS  L.  SYBINGA.     MOCK  ORANGE 

Freely  and  divaricately  branched  shrubs  with  opposite  entire  leaves.  Flow- 
ers, white,  showy,  solitary  (rarely  3),  terminating  the  slender  branchlets. 
Calyx  4-5-parted.  Petals  oblong  to  obovate.  Stamens  numerous  (20-60). 
Styles  3-5,  free  or  united;  ovary  inferior,  4-5-celled,  becoming  a  dry  capsule. 

Leaves  small  (3  cm.  or  less  in  length). 
Leaves  glabrate  and  shining  above. 

Calyx  short-hirsute 1.  P.  nitidus. 

Calyx  glabrous     .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .  2.  P.  microphyllus. 

Leaves  short-strigose  on  both  sides  .          .         .         .         .         .         .  3.  P.  occidentalis. 

Leaves  large  (4  cm.  or  more  in  length) 4.  P.  Lewisii. 

1.  Philadelphia  nitidus  A.  Nels.  Bot.  Gaz.  42:  54.  1906.    Slenderly  and 
divaricately  branched:  leaves  rather  few,  shining  and  with  glaucous  hue  on 
both  sides,  nearly  glabrous  above,  minutely  appressed  strigose  below,  mostly 
narrowly  lance-oblong,  subacute  at  both  ends,  very  short-petioled,  1-2  cm. 
long:  flowers  generally  at  the  ends  of  the  branchlets:  calyx  cleft  below  the 
middle,  hirsute  on  the  outside,  soft-pubescent  on  the  inside  of  the  lobes: 
petals  elliptic,  entire,  8-10  mm.  long,  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx-lobes:  stamens 
30^40:  styles  distinct  down  to  the  ovary;  stigmas  short,  slightly  geniculate 
at  junction  with  style. — Canons  of  western  Colorado  and  into  Utah. 

2.  Philadelphus  microphyllus  Gray,  PI.  Fendl.  54.    1848.    Freely  branched 
but  the  branches  ascending,  leafy:  leaves  glabrous  and  green  but  somewhat 
shining  above,  pale  and  sparsely  short-strigose  beneath,  lance-ovate,  tapering 
to  both  ends,  subsessile,  2-3  cm.  long:  flowers  solitary  or  in  3-flowered  cymes, 
large  for  the  plant:  calyx  glabrous  on  the  exterior;  the  lobes  softly  pubescent 
within  and  on  the  margins,  elliptic,  short-acuminate:  petals  oval,  slightly 
erose-dentate  on  the  margins,  about  15»mm.  long:  styles  united;  the  relatively 
long  stigmas  distinct  or  slightly  coherent. — Southern  Colorado  and  in  New 
Mexico. 

3.  Philadelphus  occidentalis  A.  Nels.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  25:  374.  1898. 
Divaricately  and  rather  rigidly  branched:  leaves  numerous,  short-hirsute  on 
both  sides,  as  are  also  the  young  twigs,  oblong  to  ovate,  subacute,  with 
rounded  base:  flowers  terminal,  solitary  or  in  threes:  peduncles  and  recep- 
tacles densely  white  hirsute:  the  calyx-lobes  hirsute  on  both  faces:   petals 
obovate,  10-12  mm.  long:  stamens  50-60:  styles  united;  the  stigmas  distinct, 
fully  half  as  long  as  the  styles. — Dry  canons;  southwestern  Wyoming  and  in 
Utah. 

4.  Philadelphus  Lewisii  Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  329.    1814.    Branching  shrub 
1-2  m.  high:  leaves  3-5  cm.  long,  short-petioled,  subacute,  rounded  at  the 
base,  glabrous  or  nearly  so,  with  short  ciliate  incurved  hairs  on  the  margin: 
calyx  glabrous  on  the  outside,  minutely  pubescent  on  the  inside  of  the  lobes: 
petals  oval,  12-16  mm.  long:  stigmas  distinct  and  the  upper  part  of  the  styles 
only  lightly  coherent. — Probably  within  our  range,  Montana  and  westward. 

2.  JAMESIA  T.  &  G. 

A  diffusely  branching  shrub,  1-2  m.  high,  with  opposite  exstipulate  serrate 
leaves  and  cymose  flowers  in  terminal  panicles.  Calyx-lobes  5,  sometimes 
bifid.  Petals  5,  obovate.  Stamens  10,  the  alternate  ones  shorter;  filaments 
linear,  flattened,  acuminate.  Ovary  conical,  1-celled,  with  3-5  parietal  many- 
ovuled  placentae;  styles  3-5.  Capsule  incompletely  3-5-celled,  included. 
Seeds  striate-reticulate. — (Edwinia  Heller.) 

1.  Jamesia  americana  T.  &  G.  Fl.  N.  A.  1:  593.  1840.  Leaves  ovate, 
mucronately  serrate,  green  and  glabrate  above,  white-canescent  beneath  and 
on  the  petioles,  2-5  cm.  long:  flowers  in  small  terminal  cymes,  the  branchlets, 
peduncles,  and  calices  white-canescent:  petals  white,  slightly  hairy  within, 
7-10  mm.  long,  longer  than  the  calyx-lobes  (the  latter  enlarged  in  fruit). — 
Canon  sides  at  middle  elevations;  Wyoming  to  New  Mexico  and  west  to  Utah. 


ROSACEAE  (ROSE  FAMILY) 


245 


3.  FENDLERA  Eng.  &  Gray 

Erect  intricately-branched  shrub,  with  small  opposite  exstipulate  leaves 
and  large  flowers  terminal  on  the  branchlets.  Calyx-tube  8-ribbed.  Petals 
ovate-deltoid,  unguiculate,  emarginate.  Stamens  8;  filaments  2-forked  at  the 
apex,  the  lobes  divaricate  and  extended  beyond  the  cuspidate  anther.  Cap- 
sule crustaceous.  Seeds  reticulate-winged  below. 

1.  Fendlera  rupicola  Eng.  &  Gray,  Smithson.  Contrib.  3:  77.  pi.  5.  1852. 
Pubescent  or  glabrate,  branches  terete,  striate:  leaves  deciduous,  subsessile, 
oblong,  entire,  3-nerved  at  the  base:  flowers  solitary  or  in  3-flowered  cymes, 
white,  short-peduncled. — Southwestern  Colorado  and  southward. 


54.  ROSACEAE  Juss.    ROSE  FAMILY 

Herbs  or  shrubs  with  alternate  stipulate  leaves  (the  stipules  often  early 
deciduous)  and  perfect  regular  flowers.  Calyx  free  from  or  adnate  to  the 
carpels,  usually  5-lobed  and  often  with  5  alternating  bractlets.  Petals  of  the 
same  number,  or  wanting,  distinct.  Stamens  perigynous  or  rarely  hypogy- 
nous,  usually  many,  sometimes  as  few  as  5.  Carpels  1-many,  distinct,  or 
adnate  to  the  calyx;  ovary  1-celled,  with  either  terminal  or  lateral  style. 
Fruit  an  achene  or  a  few-seeded  follicle. 

Fruit  not  inclosed  in  a  hollow  receptacle,  i.  e.,  the  calyx  not  con- 
stricting over  the  fruit. 

Shrubs;  pistils  few  (usually  1  or  2,  rarely  5-8). 
Carpels  becoming  dry  achenes. 

Flowers  solitary,  or  in  fascicles  of  2-3. 
Style  becoming  elongated  and  plumose. 

Leaves  not  glandular-dotted;  petals  wanting 

Leaves  glandular-dotted;  petals  yellow     .... 

Style  not  elongating. 

Leaves  fascicled;  petals  yellow         .         .         .         . 

Leaves  opposite;  petals  wanting     ..... 

Flowers  panieled     ......—       ... 

Carpels  becoming  few-seeded  follicles. 
Leaves  simple. 

Erect  and  branching  shrubs. 

Flowers  in  simple  corymbs        .         . 

Flowers  in  dense  panicles  ...... 

Depressed-caespitose  shrubs. 

Flowers  spicate;  leaves  rosulate      ..... 

Flowers  solitary-terminal;  leaves  imbricated     '. 
Leaves  compound. 

Pinnate;  the  pinnae  small,  numerous    ... 

Biternate;  the  leaflets  large  ...... 

Shrubs  or  herbs;  pistils  numerous. 
Woody,  at  least  at  base. 

Fruit  dry  tailed  achenes;  leaves  simple. 

Flowers  solitary;  plant  caespitose         ..... 

Flowers  subpanicled;  plant  erect  ..... 

Fruit  of  small  drupelets  crowded  on  a  spongy  receptacle. 
Leaves  simple;  stem  unarmed     ...... 

Leaves  compound;  stem  prickly  ...... 

Fruit  dry  achenes,  not  tailed;  leaves  compound     . 
Wholly  herbaceous;  pistils  becoming  dry  achenes. 

Leaves  compound  or  ternately  cleft;  style  deciduous  from  the 

achene. 
Trifoliolate;  style  lateral. 

Receptacle  dry;  flowers  yellow       ..... 

Receptacle  becoming  fleshy;  flowers  white 
Ternately  many-cleft  into  linear  divisions    .... 

Pinnately  or  digitately  compound. 
Receptacle  dry. 
Leaflets  pinnate. 

Style  basal ;  leaflets  opposite     ..... 

Style  lateral;  leaflets  interrupted        .... 

Leaflets  pinnate  or  digitate;  style  terminal  or  nearly  so. 

Stamens  inserted  near  throat  of  calyx,  distant  from 

the  receptacle    ....... 


1.  Cercocarpus. 

2.  Cowania. 

3.  Purshia. 

4.  Coleogyne. 

5.  Holodiscus. 


6.  Physocarpus. 

7.  Spiraea. 

8.  Petrophyton. 

9.  Kelseya. 

10.  Chamaebatiaria, 

11.  Aruncus. 


12.  Dryas. 

13.  Fallugia. 

14.  Bossekia. 

15.  Rub  us. 

16.  Dasiophora. 


17.  Sibbaldia. 

18.  Fragaria. 

19.  Chamaerhodos. 


20.  Drymocallis. 

21.  Argentina. 


22.  Horkelia. 


240  ROSACEAE  (ROSE  FAMILY) 

Stamens  inserted  near  base  of  calyx,  near  to  the  re- 
ceptacle      23.  Potentilla. 

Receptacle  somewhat  enlarged-spongy    .         .         .         .     24.  Comarum. 
Leaves  compound;  style  persistent  on  the  achene. 

Style  jointed;  the  upper  part  deciduous      .         .         .         .25.  Geum. 

Style  not  jointed 26.  Sieversia. 

Fruit  inclosed  in  the  persistent  receptacle,   i.  e.,  the  calyx  is  con- 
stricted over  the  fruit. 
Herbaceous;  receptacle  dry. 

Calyx  with  hooked  prickles          .  .         .         .         .         .     27.  Agrimonia. 

Calyx  not  prickly 28.  Sanguisorba. 

Shrubby;  receptacle  fleshy     .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .     29.  Rosa. 

1.  CERCOCARPUS  H.B.K.    MOUNTAIN  MAHOGANY 

Shrubs  or  small  trees,  with  simple  evergreen  leaves.  Flowers  small,  axil- 
lary, solitary.  Calyx  without  bractlets;  its  tube  long,  cylindrical.  Corolla 
wanting.  Stamens  15-25,  in  2  or  3  rows  on  the  deciduous  limb  of  the  calyx. 
Fruit  coriaceous,  linear,  terete,  villous,  included  in  the  enlarged  calyx-tube 
and  tailed  with  the  elongated  and  plumose  style. 

Leaves  not  resinous,  obovate .         .  1.  C.  parvifolius. 

Leaves  resinous,  narrow. 

Oblong-lanceolate,   4-6   cm.  long        .         .         .         .         .         .         .  2.  C.  ledifolius. 

Linear,  2-4  cm.  long 3.  C.  intricatus. 

1.  Cercocarpus  parvifolius  Nutt.  H.  &  A.  Bot.  Beechey  Voy.  337.    1841. 
A  shrub  6-30  dm.  high  (sometimes  twice  as  high):  leaves  cuneate-obovate, 
coriaceous,  serrate  towards  the  obtuse  or  rounded  summit,  more  or  less  silky 
above,  densely  hoary-tomentose  beneath:  flowers  on  short  slender  pedicels: 
limb  of  calyx  with  short  teeth:  tail  of  achene  often  10  cm.  long. — Bleak  stony 
slopes;  from  the  plains  east  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  to  the  Pacific. 

2.  Cercocarpus  ledifolius  Nutt.  T.  &  G.  Fl.  N.  A.  1:  427.  1840.    A  shrub 
or  small  tree,  1-3  m.  high:  leaves  entire,  oblong-lanceolate,  4-6  cm.  long, 
thick-coriaceous,  margins  more  or  less  revolute,  nearly  glabrous  and  some- 
what resinous  above,  densely  tomentose  beneath:  flowers  sessile,  tomentose, 
solitary  or  2-3  in  the  axils:  calyx  deeply  toothed:  tail  of  the  achene  at  length 
4-7  cm.  long. — Utah,  western  Wyoming,  and  west  to  California. 

3.  Cercocarpus  intricatus  Wats.  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  10:  346.  1875.     A  low 
shrub,  rarely  more  than  1  m.  high,  intricately  branched:  leaves  linear,  closely 
revolute,  about  3  cm.  long;   otherwise  as  in  the  preceding  except  that  the 
flowers  and   fruits   are   much   smaller. — From  northeastern   Wyoming  and 
Montana  to  Utah  and  Nevada. 

2.  COWANIA  Don.     CLIFF  ROSE 

Shrubs,  with  small  coriaceous  entire  or  deeply  toothed  gland-dotted  leaves. 
Flowers  showy,  terminal,  short-peduncled.  Calyx-tube  turbinate.  Petals  5, 
obovate.  Stamens  numerous,  in  2  rows  inserted  with  the  petals  at  the  throat 
of  the  calyx-tube.  Carpels  about  5,  densely  villous.  Fruit  coriaceous,  narrowly 
oblong,  striate,  partly  included  in  the  enlarged  calyx-tube,  and  tailed  with 
the  elongated  plumose  styles. 

1.  Cowania  mexicana  Don.  in  Trans.  Linn.  Soc.  14:  575.  1825.  A  much 
branched  shrub,  3-12  dm.  high;  the  trunk  with  abundant  shreddy  light- 
colored  bark:  leaves  approximate  upon  the  short  branchlets,  cuneate-obovate 
in  outline,  pinnately  3-7-lobed,  dark  green  above,  tomentose  beneath:  flowers 
yellow,  the  calyx-tube  attenuate  into  a  short  glandular-hairy  pedicel:  tail 
of  the  achene  at  length  5  cm.  long  or  more. — Northern  Utah  and  southern 
Colorado  to  central  Mexico. 

/ 

3.  PURSHIA  DC. 

A  low  intricately-branched  prostrate  shrub,  or  in  the  far  west  taller  and 
erect,  with  fascicled  cuneate  leaves,  and  flowers  terminal  on  the  short  branch- 


ROSACEAE    (ROSE   FAMILY)  247 

lets.  Calyx  funnel-shaped.  Petals  exceeding  the  calyx-lobes,  yellow.  Sta- 
mens about  25,  in  one  row.  Carpels  1,  or  sometimes  2,  narrowly  oblong. 
Fruit  pubescent,  attenuate  at  each  end,  exserted. 

1.  Purshia  tridentata  DC.  Trans.  Linn.  Soc.  12:  158.  1817.  Prostrate- 
spreading,  or  an  erect  shrub  1-3  m.  high,  with  brown  or  grayish  bark;  the 
young  branches  and  numerous  short  branchlets  pubescent:  leaves  cuneate- 
obovate,  3-lobed  at  the  apex,  petioled,  white-tomentose  beneath,  greener 
above:  calyx  tomentose  with  some  glandular  hairs:  petals  spatulate-obovate : 
carpels  oblong,  densely  pubescent,  striate,  attenuate  at  each  end,  8-12  mm. 
long,  exserted.  (Kunzia  tridentala,  in  lit.) — Throughout  the  Rocky  Moun- 
tains, and  west  to  California  and  Oregon. 

I 
4.  COLEOGYNE  Torr. 

A  diffusely  branched  somewhat  spinescent  desert  shrub,  with  coriaceous 
leaves  and  flowers  terminal  on  short  branchlets.  Flowers  yellow,  showy, 
subtended  by  1  or  2  pairs  of  3-lobed  bracelets.  Calyx  with  a  membranaceous 
margin,  colored  within.  Stamens  numerous,  inserted  upon  the  base  of  a 
tubular  torus  which  includes  the  ovary.  Style  lateral,  very  villous  at  base, 
twisted,  exserted,  persistent.  Fruit  glabrous,  included. 

1.  Coleogyne  ramosissima  Torr.  PL  Frem.  8.  pi.  4.  1850.  The  short  rigid 
branches  opposite  and  spinescent;  bark  gray:  leaves  approximate  upon  the 
branchlets,  linear-oblanceolate,  puberulent  with  appressed  hairs  attached  by 
the  middle:  tube  of  the  torus  membranaceous,  dilated  below  and  narrowed 
to  the  shortly  5-toothed  apex,  densely  white-villous  within:  achene  somewhat 
compressed,  the  obtuse  apex  incurved. — From  southern  Colorado  to  southern 
California. 

5.  HOLODISCUS  Maxim. 

Unarmed  shrubs  with  simple  toothed  or  lobed  exstipulate  deciduous  leaves, 
and  terminal  panicles  of  numerous  white  flowers.  Calyx  deeply  5-cleft,  nearly 
rotate.  Petals  5,  rounded.  Stamens  20,  inserted  on  an  annular  perigynous 
disk.  Pistils  5,  distinct,  becoming  1-seeded  hairy  carpels,  tardily  dehiscent 
by  the  dorsal  suture,  or  indehiscent. 

1.  Holodiscus  dumosus  (Nutt.)  Heller,  Cat.  N.  A.  PL  4.  1898.  Low  shrub 
with  slender  branches,  4-10  dm.  high:  leaves  small,  ovate,  incisely  toothed, 
glabrate  above,  white-tomentose  beneath,  cuneate  into  a  short  margined 
petiole:  panicle  branched,  dense:  calyx  tomentose;  the  lobes  acute,  spreading: 
carpels  5,  compressed,  hirsute.  (H.  microphyllus  Rydb.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot. 
Club  31:  559.  1904.) — Colorado,  west  to  the  Sierras. 

6.  PHYSOCARPUS  Maxim 

Shrubs  with  simple  toothed  or  lobed  alternate  leaves,  membranaceous  de- 
ciduous stipules,  and  rather  large  white  flowers  in  simple  terminal  corymbs. 
Calyx  5-cleft,  persistent.  Petals  5,  rounded,  sessile.  Stamens  numerous, 
perigynous.  Carpels  1-5,  distinct,  often  stipitate,  becoming  membranaceous 
inflated  capsules;  ovules  few  to  several.  Seeds  with  shining  stony  testa. — 
(Opulaster  of  Am.  authors.) 

Carpels  somewhat  inflated. 

Leaves  evidently  pubescent      .         .         .         .         ..         .         .1.  P.  pubescens. 

Leaves  glabrous  or  glabrate. 

Pedicels  conspicuously  bracteate 2.  P.  Ramaleyi. 

Pedicels  ebracteate. 

Mature  carpels  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx,  2,  united  below          .     3.  P.  intermedius. 
Mature  carpels  not  surpassing  the  calyx,  1  or  2,  united  nearly 

to  the  summit 4.  P.  monogynus. 

Carpels  compressed  laterally        .        .        •        f        »        »        «        .     5.  P.  malvaceus, 


248  ROSACEAE  (ROSE  FAMILY) 

1.  Physocarpus  pubescens  (Rydb.)  A.  Nels.     A  shrub  about  1  m.  high, 
with  strict  branches  and  light  colored  shreddy  bark;  pubescent  with  branched 
or  stellate  hairs:  leaves  orbicular  with  cordate  base,   slightly  5-lobed  and 
doubly  crenate,  about  2  cm.  long:  sepals  densely  stellate-tomentose,  ovate, 
obtuse:  petals  broadly  obovate,  about  one  third  longer  than  the  sepals:  ovaries 
densely  stellate-tomentose,  united  to  above  the  middle;  carpels  not  much 
inflated,  the  apex  straight  or  perhaps  somewhat  spreading  in  fruit.     (Opu- 
laster  pubescens  Rydb.  Mem.  N.  Y.  Bot.  Card.  1:  208.   1900.) — Montana  to 
Colorado  and  Utah. 

2.  Physocarpus  Ramaleyi  A.  Nels.     Shrubby,  1-2  m.  high;  the  stems 
brown  with  fibrous-shreddy  bark;   young  branchlets  green,  glabrous:  leaves 
broadly  ovate  or  subcordate,  some  incisely  3-lobed,  the  margin  more  or  less 
doubly  crenate-dentate,  2-7  cm.  long:  corymb  many-flowered;  the  slender 
pedicels  each  subtended  by  a  conspicuous  bract;  bracts  spatulate  or  obovate, 
sometimes  toothed  or  lobed;  pubescence  on  pedicels  soft  and  rather  long, 
somewhat  tufted  and  substellate:  calyx  short,  hoary-tomentose ;  sepals  ovate, 
acute,  about  3  mm.  long:  petals  slightly  exceeding  the  sepals:  anthers  dark 
purple:  ovaries  four,  densely  pubescent;  carpels  elliptic,  inflated,  more  than 
twice  as  long  as  the  sepals,  about  7  mm.  long,  nearly  distinct,  pubescent,  usu- 
ally three  maturing  (sometimes  only  two).     (Opulaster  bracteatus  Rydb.  Bull. 
Torr.  Bot.  Club  31:  558.  1904;  O.  Ramaleyi  A.  Nels.  Bot.  Gaz.  34:  367.  1902.) 
—Canons  of  the  Colorado  Rocky  Mountains. 

3.  Physocarpus  intermedius  (Rydb.)  A.  Nels.    Shrub  1-2  m.  high:  leaves 
orbicular  in  outline,  with  rounded  lobes,  2-6  cm.  long,  obtuse  or  subcordate 
at  base,  crenate:  pedicels  and  calyx  finely  pubescent:  ovaries  3  or  4,  rarely  2, 
pubescent,  united  below:  carpels  6-7  mm.  long,  rounded  or  obtuse  at  apex, 
tipped  with  a  subulate  style.     Physocarpus  opulifolius,  in  part.     (Opulaster 
intermedius  Rydb.  Brit.  Man.  492.  1901.) — From  the  Mississippi  to  central 
Colorado. 

4.  Physocarpus  monogynus  (Torr.)  A.  Nels.    A  low  shrub,  5-8  dm.  high, 
branching  freely:  leaves  usually  glabrate,  deltoid-ovate  in  outline,  incisely 
3-lobed;  the  lobes  nearly  equal,  with  crenate  or  incised  secondary  lobes: 
corymb  few-flowered:  petals  comparatively  large,  often  rose-tinted:  carpels  1 
or  2;  if  2,  adnate  nearly  to  the  summit,  somewhat  inflated,  about  equaling 
the  calyx,  1-seeded:  seed  obovoid.    Physocarpus  Torreyi.     (Spiraea  monogyna 
Torr.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  2:  194.  1827;  O.  glabratus  Rydb.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club 
31:  559.  1904.)— In  the  mountains  of  Colorado. 

5.  Physocarpus  malyaceus  (Greene)  A.  Nels.     Shrub  1-2  m.  high:  leaves 
digitately  5- veined,  orbicular  or  oval,  sometimes  3-lobed  above  the  middle;  the 
secondary  lobes  crenate:  inflorescence  stellate-tomentose,  few-flowered:  calyx 
large,  broadly  campanulate,  at  maturity  the  lobes  connivent  over  the  fruit: 
carpels  2,  connate  nearly  to  the  summit,  compressed,  forming  a  bifid  fruit  like 
that  of  a  Lepidium.     (Neillia  malvacea  Greene,  Pitt.  2:  30.   1889;  Opulaster 
pauciflorus  Heller,  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  25:  581.  1898.) — Western  Wyoming 
to  Utah  and  Oregon. 

7.  SPIRAEA  L.     MEADOWSWEET 

Shrubs  with  simple  alternate  exstipulate  leaves  and  perfect  flowers  in 
compound  corymbs,  or  in  panicles  or  spikes.  The  persistent  calyx  5-cleft; 
the  5  petals  and  numerous  stamens  inserted  together  upon  it.  Carpels  5, 
distinct,  alternate  with  the  calyx-lobes,  becoming  dry  cartilaginous  several- 
seeded  follicles.  Seeds  small,  with  thin  membranous  testa. 

Leaves  large  (5-8  cm.  long);  flowers  white 1.  S.  lucida. 

Leaves  small  (2-4  cm.  long);  flowers  rose-color 2.  S.  densiflora. 

1.  Spiraea  lucida  Dougl.  Hook.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  Sept.  1:  172.  1833.  Glabrous, 
the  stems  usually  simple  and  erect,  4-8  dm.  high:  leaves  small  below,  larger 
upward,  oval  or  elliptic-oblong,  incisely  serrate  around  the  obtuse  or  acute 
summit,  pale  and  glaucescent  beneath:  inflorescence  a  compound  corymb, 


ROSACEAE  (ROSE  FAMILY)  249 

the  flowers  white:  calyx-tube  campanulate,  with  short  ovate  lobes:  follicles  5, 
2-3  mm.  long,  glabrous  or  puberulent.  S.  betulaefolia. — Through  northern 
Wyoming,  Montana,  and  westward. 

2.  Spiraea  densiflpra  Nutt.  T.  &  G.  Fl.  N.  A.  1:  414.  1840.  Lower,  rarely 
more  than  4  dm.  high:  stems  usually  decumbent  and  branching,  especially 
above:  leaves  elliptic,  sharply  serrate  around  the  obtuse  summit,  glabrous, 
2-4  cm.  long:  corymbs  small,  terminating  the  numerous  branchlets,  compact: 
flowers  rose-color:  otherwise  much  like  the  preceding.  S.  betulaefolia  rosea. — 
Subalpine;  from  the  Teton  Mountains,  Wyoming,  northwestward. 

8.  PETROPHYTON  Nutt. 

Stems  very  short,  caespitose,  woody.  Leaves  crowded-rosulate,  entire, 
without  stipules.  Flowering  stems  scapose,  sparsely  leafy-bracted.  Flowers 
perfect,  in  dense  cylindrical  simple  or  compound  spikes.  Disk  free  above, 
nearly  entire.  Filaments  distinct,  rather  longer  than  the  spatulate-oblong 
obscurely  pubescent  petals.  Stigma  simple;  ovules  2-3;  the  seeds  1-2. 

1.  Petrophyton  caespitosum  (Nutt.)  Rydb.  Mem.  N.  Y.  Bot.  Gard.  1:  206. 
1900.  Densely  matted:  leaves  rosulate,  about  1  cm.  long,  silky-villous : 
scapes  5-20  cm.  high:  flowers  white:  calyx  silky-villous,  the  segments  ovate, 
acute. — On  shelving  exposed  rocks  in  the  mountains;  northern  Wyoming, 
Montana,  and  westward. 

9.  KELSEYA  Rydb. 

Densely  caespitose,  the  matted  tuft  consisting  of  the  short  freely  branched 
fascicled  stems.  Leaves  closely  imbricated  the  whole  length  of  the  branchlets, 
long-persistent  (only  the  outer  ones  remaining  green).  Flowers  solitary  at 
the  ends  of  the  branchlets,  on  pedicels  so  short  that  they  remain  concealed 
by  the  leaves  that  surround  them.  Calyx  hirsute,  the  5  oblong  obtuse  lobes 
longer  than  its  tube.  Petals  spatulate,  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx.  Stamens  10, 
equaling  the  petals,  inserted  on  the  margin  of  the  entire  wholly  united  disk. 
Carpels  5,  glabrous;  the  slender  styles  as  long  as  the  stamens;  ovules  pend- 
ulous.— Eriogynia  Wats.  Bot.  Gaz.  15:  241.  pi.  14.  1890. 

1.  Kelseya  uniflora  (Wats.)  Rydb.  Mem.  N.  Y.  Bot.  Gard.  1:  207.  1900. 
(Characters  as  given  above.)  (Eriogynia  uniflora  Wats.  1.  c.) — Big  Horn 
Mountains,  Wyoming;  also  in  Montana. 

10.  CHAMAEBATIARIA  Maxim. 

A  stout  diffusely  branched  glandular  pubescent  shrub.  Leaves  coriaceous, 
small,  bipinnately  dissected,  stipulate.  Flowers  in  a  leafy  terminal  racemose 
panicle,  perfect,  white.  Follicles  coriaceous,  1-valved,  connate  at  .base,  sev- 
eral-seeded. 

1.  Chamaebatiaria  millefolium  (Torr.)  Maxim.  Act.  Hort.  Petrop.  6:  225. 
1879.  More  or  less  tomentose:  leaves  narrowly  lanceolate  in  outline,  scattered 
or  fascicled  at  the  ends  of  the  branches,  with  very  numerous  (about  20)  pinnae 
and  minute  oblong  obtuse  leaflets  (about  6  pairs) :  the  erect  acute  lobes  of  the 
calyx  nearly  equaling  the  orbicular  petals:  carpels  5,  pubescent. — Western 
Wyoming  to  California. 

11.  ARUNCUS  Adans.     GOAT'S  BEARD 

A  large  herb,  with  bi-  or  tri-ternately  divided  leaves.  Flowers  dioecious, 
small,  white,  in  numerous  filiform  panicled  spikes.  Calyx  marcescent  in  fruit. 
Stamens  hypogynous.  Carpels  cartilaginous,  1-valved,  distinct,  few-seeded. 

1.  Aruncus  Sylvester  Kost.  Ind.  Hort.  Prag.  15.  1844.  Smooth,  branching, 
7-15  dm.  high:  leaves  large;  leaflets  thin,  sparingly  villous  beneath,  ovate  to 


250  KOSACEAE  (ROSE  FAMILY) 

lanceolate,  acuminate,  sharply  and  laciniately  doubly  toothed,  the  terminal 
one  broadest:  panicle  large  and  compound,  pubescent:  filaments  Ipng-exserted : 
carpels  3-5,  smooth.  [A.  Aruncus  (L.)  Karst.] — Across  the  continent;  rare  in 
our  range. 

12.  DRYAS  L.     ALPINE  AVENS 

Dwarf  and  matted  slightly  shrubby  plants,  with  simple  toothed  leaves  and 
large  solitary  flowers  on  slender  scapes.  Calyx  open,  shallow-salverform, 
8-9-parted.  Petals  8-9,  longer  than  the  calyx.  Carpels  many  (indefinite), 
inserted  on  the  dry  receptacle;  style  terminal,  persistent,  elongated  and  plu- 
mose in  fruit. 

1.  Dryas  octopetala  L.  Sp.  PL  501.  1753.  Leaves  oblong-ovate,  coarsely 
crenate-toothed,  obtuse  at  each  end,  clothed  with  a  white  tomentum  beneath, 
the  veins  prominent,  the  margins  revolute:  sepals  linear. — Alpine;  high  peaks 
of  Colorado  and  northward  throughout  British  America  to  Greenland. 

13.  FALLUGIA  Endlich. 

A  low  undershrub  with  pinnately  lobed  leaves  and  white  showy  flowers 
somewhat  panicled  on  long  peduncles.  Calyx-tube  villous  within,  the  5  lobes 
with  alternate  linear  bractlets.  Petals  5.  Stamens  numerous,  inserted  in  a 
triple  row  upon  the  margin  of  the  turbinate  calyx-tube.  Carpels  glabrous, 
included;  the  style  lateral,  very  villous  at  base,  twisted,  exserted,  persistent. 

1.  Fallugia  paradoxa  (Don.)  Endlich.  Gen.  PI.  1246.  1840.  Much  branched 
with  somewhat  virgate  slender  branchlets;  epidermis  white,  persistent:  leaves 
scattered  or  fascicled,  somewhat  villous,  cuneate  and  attenuate  into  a  linear 
base,  pinnately  3-7-cleft" above.  [F.  acuminata  (Wooton)  Rydb.] — From  Colo- 
rac^>  to  California  and  southward  into  Mexico. 

14.  BOSSEKIA  Necker.     FALSE  RASPBERRY 

Low  unarmed  shrubs,  with  simple  alternate  petioled  ribbed  and  lobed 
leaves  with  cordate  bases.  Flowers  showy,  solitary  or  in  small  panicles;  re- 
ceptacle flat.  Sepals  ovate  or  ovate  lanceolate,  acuminate  or  with  foliaceous 
tip.  Petals  large,  oval  or  obovate,  white  (or  rarely  pink).  Stamens  nu- 
merous. Carpels  many,  on  a%  nearly  flat  scarcely  spongy  receptacle,  more  or 
less  pubescent  and  fleshy,  the  carpellary  wall  developing  either  a  dry  cap  or 
a  wing;  the  deciduous  styles  clavate  and  nearly  terminal.  \ 

Flowers  solitary 1.  B.  deliciosa. 

Flowers  panicled      .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .     2.  B.  parviflora. 

1.  Bossekia  deliciosa  (James)  A.  Nels.     Shrub  7-12  dm.  high:  branches, 
young  leaves,  and  calyx  tomentose-pubescent  or  puberulent:  leaves  reniform- 
orbicular,    rugose,    more   or   less   3-5-lobed,    finely  serrate-toothed:    flowers 
white,  about  5  cm.  broad:  sepals  with  a  dilated  acumination:  fruit  purplish, 
large,  glabrous;  the  carpels  slightly  winged;  the  "flavor  not  agreeable  to  the 
human  palate."     Rubus  deliciosus  James.     (Oreobatus  deliciosus  Rydb.  Bull. 
Torr.  Bot.  Club  30:  275.  1903.) — Canons  in  the  Colorado  mountains. 

2.  Bossekia    parviflora    (Nutt.)    Greene,    Leaflets    1:  211.  1906.      Stems 
1-2  m.  high;  dark  green  and  smooth  or  more  or  less  glandular-pubescent, 
becoming  brown  and  shreddy:  leaves  palmately  and  nearly  equally  5-lobed, 
cordate  at  base,  unequally  serrate,  10-25  cm.  broad,  glabrous  or  somewhat 
tomentose,  the  veins  beneath  as  well  as  the  petioles  and  peduncles  usually 
more  or  less  hispid  with  gland- tipped  hairs:  flowers  white,  3-5  cm.  broad: 
calyx  densely  tomentose:  carpels  very  numerous,  tomentose:  fruit  red,  large, 
and  pleasantly  flavored.     R.  Nutkanus  Moc.     (Rubacer  parviflorum  Rydb, 
1.  c.  275.)    SALMON  BERRY. — Colorado,  northward  and  westward, 


ROSACKAE  (ROSE  FAMILY)  251 

16.  RUBUS  L.     RASPBERRIES  AND  BLACKBERRIES 

Mostly  prickly  shrubs  or  sometimes  almost  herbaceous  plants,  with  tri- 
foliolate  or  pinnately  compound  leaves,  with  adnate  stipules.  Flowers  white 
or  purple,  in  panicles  or  corymbs  or  sometimes  solitary.  Receptacle  conical, 
hemispherical,  or  nipple-shaped.  Sepals  and  petals  5.  Stamens  numerous. 
Styles  filiform ;  carpels  numerous,  becoming  drupelets  and  forming  an  aggre- 
gate  fruit  on  the  fleshy  receptacle.  Ours  are  RASPBERRIES  in  which  the  fruit 
separates  from  the  receptacle;  in  the  BLACKBERRIES  the  receptacle  and  the 
carpels  detach  together. 

Stems  herbaceous;  prickles  often  wanting     .         .         .         .         .         .     1.  R.  americanus. 

Stems  woody,  very  prickly 2.  R.  strigosus. 

1.  Rubus  americanus  (Pers.)  Brit.  Mem.  Torr.  Club  5:  185.  1894.     Stems 
short,  trailing  or  ascending,  unarmed:  leaves  few,  of  3-5  rhombic-ovate  or 
ovate-lanceolate,  doubly-serrate,  thin  smooth  leaflets,  2-4  cm.  long:  peduncle 
1-3-flowered:  petals  small,  white:  fruit  small,  of  few  red  drupelets.     R.  tri- 
florus. — Said  to  occur  in  Colorado;  from  northern  Wyoming  east  to  the  Atlan- 
tic. 

2.  Rubus  strigosus  Michx.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  1:  297.  1803.     Stems  biennial, 
woody,   erect,   prickly  with  stiff  straight  bristles,    glandular  when  young, 
somewhat  glaucous:  leaflets  oblong-ovate,  incisely  serrate,  whitish-pubescent 
below,  the  lateral  ones  sessile:  petals  as  long  as  the  sepals:  receptacle  oblong: 
fruit  hemispherical,  light  red,  of  excellent  flavor.    The  WILD  RED  RASPBERRY. 
— Throughout  the  Rocky  Mountains  and  eastward. 

16.  DASIOPHORA  Raf.     SHRUBBY  CINQUEFOIL 

A  freely  branching  shrub;  the  branchlets  often  slender.  Leaves  pinnate, 
the  small  leaflets  with  entire  margins;  stipules  scarious,  sheathing.  Caly» 
salver-form,  with  5  bractlets  alternating  with  the  5  sepals.  Petals  5.  Sta- 
mens about  20.  Style  clavate,  glandular  upward,  inserted  near  the  base  of 
the  ovary;  stigma  large,  4-lobed.  Achene  densely  villous,  as  is  also  the  re- 
ceptacle.— Potentilla  in  part. 

1.  Dasiophora  fruticosa  (L.)  Rydb.  Mem.  Dept.  Bot.  Columbia  Univ. 
2:  188.  1898.  A  freely  branched  shrub,  3-10  dm.  high,  silky- villous :  leaves 
pinnate;  leaflets  5-7,  linear-lanceolate,  entire,  rather  crowded,  usually  white 
beneath  and  the  margins  re  volute:  flowers  terminal,  cymose  or  solitary: 
petals  yellow,  15-25  mm.  broad,  longer  than  the  ovate  calyx-lobes  and  bract- 
lets.  Potentilla  fruticosa. — Creek  banks  and  boggy  ground;  throughout  the 
Rocky  Mountains  and  across  the  continent  to  the  northward;  also  in  Europe 
and  Asia. 

17.  SIBBALDIA  L. 

Dwarf  and  caespitose  arctic  or  alpine  perennials,  with  thick  trifoliolate  stip- 
ulate leaves  and  cymose  flowers  on  scape-like  nearly  leafless  peduncles.  Leaf- 
lets few-toothed  at  the  truncate  summit.  Calyx  persistent,  nearly  flat,  with 
5  sepals  and  5  bractlets.  Petals  5,  yellow,  narrow,  minute.  Carpels  5-10, 
on  a  dry  receptacle;  style  lateral. 

1.  Sibbaldia  procumbens  L.  Sp.  PI.  284.  1753.  Densely  tufted,  the  creep- 
ing stems  5-20  cm.  long,  leafy  at  the  extremities:  leaflets  obovate-cuneate, 
somewhat  villous:  peduncles  about  equaling  the  leaves:  petals  shorter  than 
the  sepals:  achenes  on  very  short  hairy  stipes. — North  in  the  mountains  from 
Colorado,  and  then  across  the  continent. 


18.  FRAGARIA  L.     STRAWBERRY 

stoloi 
tufted  at  the 


Acaulescent   stoloniferous  perennials,   with  palmately  trifoliolate    leaves 
base   and   having  membranous  stipules,  and  white  cymose 


252  ROSACEAE  (ROSE  FAMILY) 

flowers  upon  short  erect  scapes.  Leaflets  obovate-cuneate,  coarsely  toothed. 
Calyx  deeply  5-lobed  and  5  bracteolate.  Petals  5.  Stamens  numerous. 
Carpels  many,  in  fruit  on  a  large  fleshy  scarlet  receptacle;  styles  lateral. 

Leaves  not  glaucous;  pubescence  of  scapes  and  petioles  spreading  or  re- 
flexed. 

Leaflets  subsessile;  achenes  superficial      .         .         .         .         .         .     1.  F.  americana. 

Leaflets  petiolate;  achenes  in  deep  pits  .  .  .  T  .  .  2.  F.  platypetala. 
Leaves  somewhat  glaucous;  pubescence  of  scapes  and  petioles  appressed. 

Leaflets  moderately  thick,  obovate;  scapes  several-flowered     .         .     3.  F.  ovalis. 

Leaflets  thin,  oblong-cuneate;  scapes  few-flowered     .         .         .         .     4.  F.  pauciflora. 

1.  Fragaria    americana    (Porter)    Brit.   Bull.   Torr.   Bot.   Club    19:   222. 
1892.     Rootstock  short:  leaves  thin,  soon  glabrate  on  both  sides;  petioles 
slender,  5-10  cm.  long,  sparingly  silky  with  spreading  hairs,  often  becoming 
nearly  glabrous;  leaflets  3-8  cm.  long,  rhombic-obovate,  mostly  acute,  in- 
cisely  and  deeply  serrate:  runners  very  slender  and  long:  scape  8-15  cm. 
long,  seldom  much  longer  than  the  petioles,  sometimes  leaf y-bracteate :  fruit 
ovoid,  8-15  mm.  long,  red,  achenes  superficial.    F.  vesca  in  part.     (F.  brac- 
teata  Heller,  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  25:  194.  1898.) — Throughout  our  range 
and  eastward. 

2.  Fragaria  platypetala  Rydb.  Mem.  Dept.  Bot.  Columbia  Univ.  2:  177. 
1898.    Rootstock  very  thick  and  woody:  leaves  glabrous  and  glaucous  above, 
appressed-silky   beneath;    petioles    2-20   cm.    long,    silky- villous   with   long 
spreading  or  reflexed  hairs;  leaflets  broadly  cuneate  or  obovate,  2-8  cm.  long, 
coarsely  serrate  or  crenate  above  the  middle,  more  or  less  petiolate:  runners 
rather  thick:  scape  8-15  cm.  high,  rarely  exceeding  the  leaves,  several-flowered, 
often  leaf  y-bracteate:  flowers  large,  15-25  mm.  in  diameter:  sepals  and  bract- 
lets  lanceolate:  petals  suborbicular,  about  twice  as  long  as  the  sepals:  fruit 
hemispherical;  the  achenes  in  rather  shallow  pits.    F.  virginiana  in  part. — 
Utah  and  Wyoming  and  northwestward. 

1  3.  Fragaria  ovalis  (Lehm.)  Rydb.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  33:  143.  1906. 
Rootstock  short,  moderately  thick:  leaves  firm  and  rather  thick,  somewhat 
glaucous,  almost  glabrous  above,  appressed-pubescent  beneath;  petioles  and 
scapes  subequal,  from  densely  appressed-pubescent  to  almost  glabrate; 
leaflets  broadly  obovate,  3-5  cm.  long,  evidently  petiolate,  coarsely  toothed, 
the  lateral  ones  very  oblique  at  base:  runners  slender,  nearly  glabrous:  sepals 
and  bractlets  oblong-lanceolate,  acute:  petals  obovate,  one  half  longer  than 
the  sepals:  achenes  in  shallow  pits.  (F.  prolifica  Baker  and  Rydb.  Mem. 
Dept.  Bot.  Columbia  Univ.  2:  181.  1898;  -F.  pumila  Rydb.  1.  c.;  F.  firma  Rydb. 
1.  c.  184.) — From  Canada  to  New  Mexico  and  Nevada. 

3a.  Fragaria  ovalis  glauca  (Wats.)  A.  Nels.  Leaves  thin,  less  pubescent 
as  are  also  the  petioles  and  scapes.  [F.  glauca  (Wats.)  Rydb.  1.  c.  183.] — 
The  commoner  form  in  our  range. 

4.  Fragaria  pauciflora  Rydb.  Mem.  Dept.  Bot.  Columbia  Univ.  2:  183. 
1898.  Rootstock  slender:  leaves  thin  and  glaucous,  almost  glabrate  above, 
soon  glabrate  beneath;  petioles  and  scapes  more  or  less  appressed-silky; 
leaflets  cuneate,  subsessile,  coarsely  toothed  above  the  middle,  scarcely  ob- 
lique at  base:  scape  2-4-flowered,  seldom  exceeding  the  leaves:  flowers  10-15 
mm.  in  diameter:  bractlets  and  sepals  lanceolate:  petals  obovate:  achenes  set 
in  deep  pits.  F.  vesca  Wats,  in  part. — Same  range  as  the  preceding. 

19.  CHAMAERHODOS  Bunge 

Small  erect  and  branching  glandular-pubescent  herbs,  with  leaves  many 
cleft  into  linear  segments  and  a  dichotomously  cymose  inflorescence.  Calyx 
campanulate,  deeply  5-cleft,  the  base  lined  with  a  membranous  disk  which  is 
densely  bearded  at  the  margin.  Stamens  5,  opposite  the  white  petals,  in- 
serted with  them  in  the  sinuses  of  the  calyx  above  the  disk;  filaments  short. 
Pistils  5-10,  on  a  dry  villous  receptacle;  subulate  styles  inserted  near  the  base 
of  the  ovary. 


ROSACEAE  (ROSE  FAMILY)  253 

1.  Chamaerhodos  erecta  (L.)  Bunge,  in  Ledeb.  Fl.  Alt.  1:  430.  1829. 
Stem  slender,  paniculately  branched  above,  1-3  dm.  high:  radical  leaves 
rosulate,  ternately  or  biternately  many  cleft:  sepals  lanceolate,  nearly  equal- 
ing the  short  white  obovate-cuneate  petals. — From  Canada  to  Wyoming  and 
northwestward. 

20.  DRYMOCALLIS  Fourr. 

Perennial,  usually  glandular-viscid  herbs,  with  pinnate  leaves  and  irreg- 
ularly cymose  flowers.  Sepals  5,  with  5  alternating  bractlets.  Petals  5, 
white  or  yellow.  Stamens  20-30,  in  five  fascicles  on  the  thickened  margin  of 
a  disk  around  the  receptacle.  Receptacle  hemispheric,  bearing  the  numerous 
pistils.  Style  inserted  near  the  base  of  the  ovary,  thickened  and  glandular  a 
little  below  the  middle  and  tapering  to  both  ends;  the  stigma  minute. — Po- 
tentilla  in  part. 

Petals  white,  often  turning  yellowish  in  drying. 
Petals  and  sepals  subequal. 

Inflorescence  crowded;  leaves  densely  pubescent     .         .          .     1.  D.  arguta. 

Inflorescence  open;  leaves  glabrate 2.  D.  convallaria. 

Petals  distinctly  longer  than  the  sepals      .         .         .         .          .     3.  D.  pseudorupestris. 

Petals  evidently  yellow. 

Petals  and  sepals  subequal  .         .         .         ...         .         .     4.  D.  glandulosa. 

Petals  distinctly  longer  than  the  sepals. 

Inflorescence  crowded ;  the  plant  glandular-hirsute  .'       .     5.  D.  fissa. 

Inflorescence  open;  the  plant  viscid-glandular  .         .         .     6.  D.  glutinosa. 

1.  Drymocallis  arguta   (Pursh)  Rydb.  Mem.  Dept.  Bot.  Columbia  Univ. 
2:  192.  1898.    Erect,  stout,  glandular  and  villous  pubescent,  3-7  dm.  high: 
leaflets  of  basal  leaves  7-11,  ovate  or  rhomboid-ovate;  the  terminal  one 
cuneate,  the  others  rounded  at  base  and  somewhat  oblique;  all  incisely  ser- 
rate: stem  leaves  with  few  leaflets  and  often  subsessile:  flowers  white,  densely 
cymose:  petals  obovate,  scarcely  longer  than  the  acute  sepals.     Potentilla 
arguta  Pursh. — From  Colorado  eastward  to  the  New  England  States. 

2.  Drymocallis  convallaria  Rydb.  1.  c.  193.     Sparsely  long-villous,  viscid- 
glandular  above,  4-8  cm.  high,  somewhat  branched  above:  basal  leaves  with 
9-11  glabrate  or  somewhat  pubescent  obovate  obtuse  incisely  serrate  leaflets, 
on  long  petioles,  villous  at  base;  the  stem  leaves  smaller,  with  subacute  leaf- 
lets: cyme  branched;  the  flowers  on  short  pedicels:  calyx  villous,  glandular- 
viscid:  petals  obovate,  white,  drying  yellowish,  scarcely  longer  than  the  sepals 
which  are  much  longer  than  the  bractlets.     Potentilla  glandulosa  Lindl.  in 
part. — From  Wyoming  to  Washington. 

3.  Drymocallis  pseudorupestris  Rydb.  1.  c.    194.     Sparingly  glandular- 
villous,  the  slender  striate  stems  with  ascending  branchlets  above,  2-4  dm. 
high:  basal  leaves  short-petioled,  with  7-9  sparsely  pubescent  or  glabrate 
leaflets;  the  terminal  one  obovate  or  cuneate-flabellif orm ;  the  lateral  ones 
obliquely  elliptic  or  suborbicular;   all  incisely  serrate,  with  ovate  mucronu- 
late  teeth;  stem  leaves  few,  with  3-5  leaflets:  inflorescence  open,  the  flowers 
on  slender  pedicels :  calyx  viscid-villous,  scarcely  enlarged  in  fruit :  petals  ob- 
ovate, white,  drying  yellowish,  exceeding  the  sepals  by  a  third:  bractlets 
much  smaller  than  the  sepals. — Through  northern  Wyoming  to  Washington. 

4.  Drymocallis  glandulosa  (Lindl.)  Rydb.  1.  c.  198.    Viscid  and  glandular- 
hairy,  especially  upward,  the  stem  simple  below,  irregularly  branched  above: 
basal  leaves  petioled,  pinnate  or  interruptedly  pinnate;  leaflets  7-9,  sparingly 
hairy  or  glabrate  above,  obovate,  obtuse,  1-3  cm.  long,  with  broad  teeth:  cyme 
open,  many-flowered :  calyx  glandular-hirsute,  bractlets  almost  linear,  much 
shorter  than  the  sepals:  petals  yellow,  obovate,  not  longer  than  the  sepals, 
which  in  fruit  are  8-10  mm.  long.    Potentilla  glandulosa  Lindl.  in  part. — Da- 
kota to  New  Mexico,  west  to  California. 

5.  Drymocallis  fissa  Nutt.  Rydb.  1.  c.  197.    Glandular-hirsute  throughout, 
rather  freely  branched,  2-3  dm.  high:  basal  leaves  short-petioled,  with  about 
9  suborbicular,  subrhombic,  and  incisely  doubly  serrate  leaflets;  stem  leaves 
similar  but  reduced:  flowers  yellow,  large,  2  cm.  in  diameter,  in  a  narrow 


254  ROSACE AE  (ROSE  FAMILY) 

cyme  extending  well  down  the  stem:  calyx  densely  glandular- viscid ;  bractlets 
linear  to  ovate,  shorter  than  the  long-acuminate  sepals:  petals  orbicular, 
much  longer  than  the  sepals. — Rocky  canons  and  slopes;  throughout  the  Rocky 
Mountains. 

6.  Drymocallis  glutinosa  (Nutt.)  Rydb.  1.  c.  196.  Viscid  with  long  glandular- 
villous  hairs:  stem  stout,  branched  above,  4-8  dm.  high:  leaflets  7-11,  coarsely 
incised-serrate,  pubescent  or  glabrate,  3-6  cm.  long;  the  terminal  one  obovate; 
the  lateral  obliquely  elliptic  or  suborbicular:  cyme  broad  with  divergent 
branches,  in  fruit  somewhat  flat-topped:  flowers  about  2  cm.  broad,  yellow: 
calyx  viscid-villous,  the  acuminate  sepals  distinctly  exceeding  the  bractlets 
and  much  shorter  than  the  elliptic  or  orbicular  petals. — Montana  and  Wy- 
oming to  California. 

21.  ARGENTINA  Lam.     SILVERWEED 

Perennial  herbs,  with  interruptedly  pinnate  leaves  and  long  runners. 
Flowers  yellow,  solitary  on  long  peduncles  from  the  axils  of  the  basal  leaves. 
Petals  suborbicular.  Stamens  20-25.  Style  filiform,  attached  near  the  middle 
of  the  ovary;  carpels  glabrous;  the  receptacle  very  villous. — Potentilla  in  part. 

Leaves  silvery  silky-tomentose  below,  green  above     .         .         .         .  1.  A.  anserina. 

Leaves  silvery  silky- villous  on  both  sides 2.  A.  argentea. 

1.  Argentina  anserina  (L.)  Rydb.  Mem.  Dept.  Bot.  Columbia  Univ.  2:  159. 
1898.     Spreading  by  slender  many-jointed  silky-tomentose  runners:  leaves 
all  radical;  stipules  many-cleft;  leaflets  7-21,  with  smaller  ones  interposed, 
oblong,   sharply  serrate,   green  and   glabrate  above,  white  silky-tomentose 
beneath.     Potentilla  anserina  L. — Common;  in  the  mountain  districts  from 
Mexico  northward  to  the  arctic  seas;  also  in  Europe  and  Asia. 

2.  Argentina  argentea  Rydb.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  33:  143.  1906.     Sim- 
ilar but  more  robust,  the  runners  shorter  and  stouter,  somewhat  enlarged  at 
the  nodes,  which  are  sheathed  by  the  large  conspicuous  many-cleft  stipules, 
silvery-silky  as  are  also  the  peduncles:  leaves  suberect,  larger,  densely  silvery 
silky-villous   on   both   sides,  but   not   tomentose";   leaflets  15-29,  elliptic  to 
obovate. — Infrequent;  in  the  mountain  districts  from  New  Mexico  to  the 
far  north. 

22.  HORKELIA  Cham.  &  Schlecht. 

Herbaceous  perennials,  with  pinnate  leaflets  and  flowers  in  cymes  or  open 
panicles.  Leaflets  usually  numerous,  often  imbricated.  Sepals  and  bractlets 
5.  Petals  5,  white  or  yellow.  Stamens  5-20,  inserted  in  the  throat  of  the 
rather  deep  calyx-tube.  Style  filiform,  inserted  near  the  base  of  the  ovaries; 
carpels  (in  ours)  few. 

I.  Horkelia  Gordonii  Hook.  Journ.  Bot.  &  Kew  Card.  Misc.  5:  341.  1853. 
Caudex  thick,  resinous,  and  scaly:  stem  scapose,  1  or  2-bracted,  minutely 
glandular-puberulent  or  glabrous,  1-2  dm.  high:  leaves  puberulent  or  gla- 
brate; leaflets  in  10-20  approximate  pairs,  divided  into  3-5  oblong  or  linear 
segments:  cyme  capitate:  calyx  glandular-pubescent,  yellowish;  bractlets  lin- 
ear, half  as  long  as  the  sepals:  petals  yellow,  spatulate,  shorter  than  the  sepals: 
stamens  5.  Ivesia  Gordonii  T.  &  G. — Subalpine;  Central  Wyoming  to  Cali- 
fornia. 

23.  POTENTILLA  L.     CINQUEFOIL 

Herbs  or  shrubs  with  alternate  stipulate  digitately  or  pinnately  compound 
leaves  and  mostly  yellowish  cymose  (or  solitary)  flowers.  Calyx  persistent, 
with  5  sepals  and  5  alternating  bractlets.  Petals  5,  mostly  obovate-emarginate. 
Stamens  10-30,  with  small  anthers.  Carpels  usually  numerous,  mostly  in 
3  series,  inserted  on  a  dry,  usually  hairy  receptacle;  style  terminal,  deciduous. 
Achenes  (in  ours)  glabrous. 


HOSACEAE  (ROSE  FAMILY) 


Key  to  the  Sections  * 

Short-lived  plants,  mostly  biennials   ......  I.  SUPINAE. 

Perennials. 

Leaves  digitately  5-9-foliolate. 

Petioles  witnout  a  remote  reduced  pair  of  leaflets;  terminal 
leaflet  not  petiolulate. 

Depressed  spreading  perennials II.  CONCINNAE. 

Erect  perennials,  1-several  dm.  high  ...          .          .        III.  GRACILES. 
Petioles  with  a  remote  reduced  pair  of  leaflets  or  the  termi- 
nal leaflet  petiolulate IV.  SUBJUGAE. 

Leaves  digitately  3-foliolate V.  NIVEAE. 

Leaves  pinnate. 

Style  short,  not  longer  than  the  mature  achene,  glandular- 
thickened  below VI.  MULTIFIDAE. 

Styles  long,  exceeding  the  mature  achene,  filiform. 

Leaflets  3-7 VII.  RUBRICAULES. 

Leaflets  7-27. 

Green  or  greenish,  never  tomentose      .                             ,     VIII.  MULTIJUGAE. 
Whitish-silKy  or  tomentose IX.  LEUCOPHYLLAE. 

I.  SUPINAE. — Short-lived   plants,   mostly  biennials;   style  short, 

thickened-glandular  below. 
Leaves  all  pinnately  5-  or  more-foliolate;  achenes  with  a  lateral 

gibbosity      .         .         .         .         .         .         ...         .         .       1.  P.  paradoza. 

Some  or  all  of  the  leaves  trifoliolate. 

Upper  leaves  trifoliolate;  the  lower  pinnate. 

Achenes  with  a  lateral  gibbosity;  flowers  axillary         .         .       2. 
Achenes  not  gibbous;  flowers  in  a  leafy  cyme      ...       3. 
All  the  leaves  trifoliolate. 

Stamens  10  or  fewer;  sepals  exceeding  the  petals. 

Leaflets  cuneate;  flowers  in  a  broadly  branched  cyme         .       4. 

Leaflets  broadly  obovate;  flowers  in"racemose  cymules      .       5. 

Stamens  more  than  10;  sepals  and  petals  subequal     -    .         .6. 

II.  CONCINNAE. — Depressed-spreading    perennials,    digitately    5- 

foliolate;  style  short-filiform. 

Leaflets  more  or  less  deeply  toothed  all  around    ....       7. 
Leaflets  truncately  3-5-toothed  at  apex      .....       8. 

III.  GRACILES. — More   or   less   erect   perennials,    digitately   5-9- 
foliolate;  style  long  and  filiform. 

Leaflets  toothed  or  cleft  halfway  to  the  midrib,  or  less. 
Leaves  without  white-tomentum.  * 

Densely  silky-villous  at  least  below. 
Tall  erect  plants,  3  or  more  dm.  high. 

Cyme  glomerate-congested,  almost  capitate    ...       9. 
Cyme  corymbosely  broad-topped  .....     10. 
Low  suberect  plants,  usually  less  than  3  dm.  high     .         .     11. 
Sparsely  pubescent  or  glabrate,  green. 

Low,  subglaucous,  sparsely  villous  plants,  usually  less  than 

3  dm.  high. 
Leaflets  subpinnate  and  somewhat  decurrent         .         .     12. 

Leaflets  strictly  digitate 13. 

Tall,  dark  green,  more  or  less  hirsute  plants,  3  dm.  or  more 

high 14. 

Leaves  white-tomentose. 


15. 
16. 


Below  only,  green  above      .         . 

On  both  sides 

Leaflets  toothed  or  cleft  more  than  halfway  to  the  midrib. 

Silky-sericeous;  cyme  crowded          ......     17. 

White-tomentose  below;  cyme  open  and  broad-topped  .     18. 

IV.  SUBJUGAE. — Rather  low  suberect  perennials,  having  digitate 
leaves  with  a  pinnate  tendency;  style  filiform. 

Leaves  digitately  5-foliolate,  with  a  small  additional  pair  on  the 

petiole 19. 

Leaves  digitately  5-foliolate,  the  terminal  leaflet  petiolulate          .     20. 

V.  NIVEAE. — Low  tufted  perennials,   digitately  trifoliolate;    style 

usually  glandular-thickened  near  the  base. 

Stem  several-flowered;  leaflets  oblong-cuneate     ....     21. 
Stem  1-3-flowered;  leaflets  broadly  obovate-rhomboid         .         .     22. 

VI.  MULTIFIDAE. — Erect     perennials;     leaves    pinnately     5-15- 
foliolate;  style  glandular-thickened  toward  the  base. 

Leaves  silvery-white  on  both  sides      .         .         .         .         .         .     23. 

Leaves  not  silvery-white,  at  least  not  above. 

Leaves  silky-villous  or  subtomentose 24. 

Leaves  neither  silky-villous  nor  tomentose. 

Somewhat  hirsute,  dark  green  on  both  sides         .         .         .     25. 
Obscurely  pubescent  and  granulo-glandular  .  .     26. 


P.  Nicollettii. 
P.  rivalis. 


P.  leucocarpa. 

P.  biennis. 

P.  monspeliensis. 


P.  concinna. 
P.  bicrenata. 


P.  glomerata. 
P.  viridescens. 
P.  diversifolia. 


P.  decurrens. 
P.  glaucophylla. 

P.  Nuttallii. 

P.  gracilis. 
P.  Candida. 

P.  pectinisecta. 
P.  flabelliformis. 


P.  subjuga. 

P.  quinquefolia. 


P.  nivea. 
P.  uniflora. 


P.  pinnatifida. 
P.  pennsylvanica. 

P.  atrovirens. 
P.  virgulata. 


*  Adapted  from  Dr.  P.  A.  Rydberg's  Monograph  of  the  genus, 
exhaustive  work  is  gratefully  acknowledged. — A.  N. 


Indebtedness  to  that 


256  ROSACEAE  (ROSE  FAMILY) 

VII.  RUBRICAULES. — Low    caespitose    perennials;    leaves    5-7- 
foliolate;  styles  filiform. 

Calyx  bractlets  elliptic,  obtuse 27.  P.  saximontana. 

Calyx  bractlets  linear-oblong,  acute     ......     28.  P.  rubricaulis. 

VIII.  MULTIJUGAE. — Low  caespitose  perennials;  leaves  pinnately 
9-27-folioiate;  styles  filiform;  no  tomentum. 

Stems  from  tae  crown  of  a  taproot. 

Prostrate-spreading;  leaflets  not  cleft  to  the  midrib         .         .     29.  P.  plattensis. 
Erect;  leaflets  cleft  to  the  midrib     .         .    '     .         .         .         .     30.  P.  pinnatisecta. 
Stems  from  a  multicipital  woody  caudex. 

Leaflets  many,  cleft  to  the  base  into  linear  divisions. 

Whitish,  silky-strigose;  petals  elliptic,  rounded  at  apex         .     31.  P.  monidensis. 

Somewhat  hirsute;  petals  obovate  and  truncate-retuse         .     32.  P.  wyomingensis. 
Leaflets  few,  oblong,  incisely  few-toothed. 

Green  and  glabrate  on  both  sides 33.  P.  rupicola. 

Silky  below,  the  teeth  crenate 34.  P.  crinita. 

IX.  LEUCOPHYLLAE. — Stout  perennials;  leaves  pinnately  7-13- 
foliolate;   leaflets  silvery-silky  and  usually  more  orlesstomen- 
tose;  style  filiform. 

Leaves  white-tomentose,  especially  beneath. 

Tomentose  on  both  sides;  bractlets  shorter  than  the  sepals       .     35.  P.  effusa. 

Silky  above,  tomentose-silky  beneath;  bractlets  as  long  as  the 

sepals  .........     36.  P.  Hippiana. 

Leaves  silvery-silky,  scarcely  tomentose,  greener  above         .         .     37.  P.  ambigens.         , 

1.  Potentilla  paradoxa  Nutt.  T.  &  G.  Fl.  N.  A.  1:  437.  1840.     At  first 
subsimple,  later  freely  branched  and  more  spreading:  leaves  pinnately  7-11- 
foliolate,  short-petioled,  sparingly  short-hirsute,  becoming   glabrate;   leaflets 
obovate-cuneate,  with  crenately  rounded  teeth;  stipules  ovate,  acute,  more  or 
less  toothed  and  ciliate:  sepals  and  petals  subequal:  achenes  with  a  thick 
corky  swelling  on  the  inner  side.     P.  supina  in  part. — Throughout  our  range 
and  across  the  continent  to  the  northward. 

2.  Potentilla  Nicollettii  (Wats.)  Sheld.  Bull.  Nat.  Hist.  Surv.  Minn.  9:  16. 
1894.     Stems  slender,  spreading  or  prostrate  and  freely  branched:  leaves  thin- 
hirsute;  the  lower  pinnately  few-foliolate;  the  upper  trifoliolate  and  reduced 
in  size;  leaflets  obovate-cuneate,  with  acutish  teeth;  the  terminal  one  much 
larger  than  the  lateral  leafltets;  stipules  ovate,  acute,  entire  or  sinuate:  flowers 
falsely  racemose,  on  slender  pedicels  in  the  axils  of  the  uppermost  leaves: 
bracts  and  sepals  subequal,  mucronate,  as  long  as  the  obovate-cuneate  petals: 
achenes  with  a  corky  swelling  on  the  inner  side.     P.  supina  in  part. — Eastern 
Wyoming  to  Minnesota. 

3.  Potentilla  rivalis  Nutt.  T.  &  G.  Fl.  N.  A.  1:  437.  1840.    Stems  erect, 
simple  below,  branched  above,  villous-hirsute :  leaves  all  ternate  or  the  lower 
pinnately  5-foliolate,  somewhat  villous  or  glabrate;  leaflets  obovate,  incisely 
serrate;  stipules  broadly  ovate,  coarsely  toothed:  flowers  short-pediceled,  in 
a  leafy  cyme  with  ascending  branches:  sepals  exceeding  the  bracts  and  also 
the  small  cuneate  petals:  stamens  10:  achenes  numerous,  not  gibbous. — From 
Canada  to  Mexico. 

4.  Potentilla  leucocarpa  Rydb.  (Monog.  Pot.)  Mem.  Dept.  Bot.  Columbia 
Univ.  2:  43.  1898.     Stem  freely  and  divaricately  branched  throughout:  all 
the  leaves  trifoliolate,  finely  pubescent,  thin  and  pale;  leaflets  serrate,  oblong- 
cuneate;   stipules   lanceolate,    subentire:   flowers  in  broad   spreading  leafy- 
bracteate  cymes:  bracts  and  sepals  subequal,  exceeding  the  small  light  yellow 
petals:  stamens  10:  carpels  numerous,  whitish,  and  smooth.    P.  rivalis  mille- 
grana. — From  Illinois  to  California. 

5.  Potentilla  biennis  Greene,  Fl.  Fran.  1:  65.  1891.     Branched  from  the 
base,  erect,  stoutish,  2-3  dm.  high:  leaves  pubescent  and  granulo-glandular, 
trifoliolate;  leaflets  cuneate-flabelliform,  incisely  lobed  or  with  broad  mucronu- 
late  teeth;  stipules  oblong-lanceolate,  entire  or  lobed:  flowers  in  dense  cymes: 
sepals  longer  than  the  bracts  and  the  small  obovate-cuneate  petals:  stamens  10:  . 
carpels  whitish.     (P.  lateriflora  Rydb.  1.  c.  44.) — From  Canada  to  Mexico  and  v 
California. 

6.  Potentilla  monspeliensis  L.  Sp.  PI.  499.    1753.    Stems  stout,  erect  or 
spreading,  leafy,  branched  above,  hirsute:  leaves  digitately  3-foliolate,  more  or 
less  hirsute;  leaflets  obovate,  serrate  with  broad  teeth;  stipules  broadly  ovate, 
more  or  less  toothed:  flowers  on  short  pedicels  in  a  dense  leafy  cyme:  calyx 


ROSACEAE  (ROSE  FAMILY)  257 

hirsute,  its  sepals  equaling  the  bracts  and  the  light  yellow  obovate  petals: 
stamens  15-20:  achenes  numerous,  somewhat  rugulose  when  mature.  P. 
norvegica. — Across  the  continent  to  the  northward  and  south  in  the  Rocky 
Mountains  to  New  Mexico. 

7.  PotentillaconcinnaRich.Frankl.  Ist.Journ.  739.  1823.  Stems  depressed- 
spreading,   somewhat   tomentose:   leaves  densely  white-tomentose   beneath, 
greenish  but  somewhat  silky-villous  above,  5-foliolate;  leaflets  obovate-cune- 
ate,  incisely  toothed,  1-3  cm.  long;  stipules  ovate-acuminate:  flowers  solitary, 
axillary  or  radical :  sepals  silky-villous  or  tomentose,  longer  than  the  bractlets 
but  surpassed  by  the  obcordate  petals :  carpels  1 5-20.    P.  humifusa. — Through- 
out our  range  and  to  the  northwest. 

8.  Potentilla  bicrenata  Rydb.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  23:  431.  1896.     Much 
like  the  preceding,  the  stem  short,  with  spreading  branches:  leaves  greenish 
but  silky  above,  densely  white-tomentose  beneath,  digitately  5-foliolate;  leaf- 
lets oblong-cuneate,  entire  except  at  the  truncately  3-5-toothed  apex;  stipules 
as  in  the  preceding:  calyx  silky;  its  sepals  ovate-lanceolate;  the  bractlets 
similar  but  smaller,  exceeded  by  the  ovate  truncate   petals. — Wyoming  to 
New  Mexico. 

9.  Potentilla  glomerata  A.   Nels.   Bull.  Torr.   Bot.   Club   26:  480.  1899. 
Stem  stout,  simple,  erect,  4-8  dm.  high,  sometimes  several  from  the   large 

'woody  root:  leaves  pinnately  5-7-foliolate;  the  lower  long-petioled ;  the  upper- 
most reduced  and  nearly  sessile;  leaflets  oblong  to  narrowly  obovate,  cleft 
into  long,  oblong,  mostly  obtuse  teeth,  green  but  finely  pubescent  above, 
densely  white-silky  below;  stipules  oblong-ovate,  entire  or  incised:  flowers 
congested-glomerulate:  calyx  silky;  bractlets  oblong,  acute,  shorter  than  the 
sepals  which  equal  the  nearly  orbicular  petals. — Western  Wyoming,  Utah,  and 
Idaho. 

10.  Potentilla  viridescens  Rydb.  Monog.  Pot.  1.  c.  69.   Stems  erect,  branched 
above,  4-7  dm.  high:  leaves  about  7-foliolate,  green  but  silky  above,  silky- 
tomentulose  but  not  white  beneath;  the  lower  long  petioled;  leaflets  deeply 
toothed,  the  teeth  oblong;  stipules  ovate,  incisely  cleft:  flowers  in  an  open 
cyme,    widely   branched,    corymbosely   broad-topped:    calyx   and   bractlets 
silky,   lanceolate,  acuminate,   scarcely  shorter  than  the   obcordate   petals. 
(P.  Bakeri  Rydb.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  31:  560.  1904.) — Colorado  to  Canada. 

11.  Potentilla   diversifolia   Lehm.  Stirp.  Pug.  2:  9.  1830.     Stems  erect, 
often  more  than  one  from  the  crown,  branched  above,  about  2  dm.  high: 
leaves  5-7-foliolate;  the  lower  often  approximately  pinnate  rather  than  digi- 
tate; the  upper  reduced  and  sometimes  trifoliolate;  leaflets  incisely  toothed, 
silvery   silky-hirsute   below,    green   but   somewhat   hirsute   above;    stipules 
lance- or  ovate-acuminate :  cyme  open,  several-flowered:  sepals  softly  hirsute, 
lanceolate,  longer  than  the  similar  bractlets  but  well  exceeded  by  the  obcor- 
date petals.    P.  dissecta.    [P.  dissecta  Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  355.  1814  (?).]— 
Infrequent;  Colorado  to  California  and  north  to  the  British  boundary. 

12.  Potentilla  decurrens  (Wats.)  Rydb.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  23:  396. 
1896.     Low  and  somewhat  tufted,  about  1  dm.  high:  leaves  subpinnate, 
5-foliolate,  thick,  with  prominent  veins  beneath,  sparsely  villous  and  somewhat 
glaucous;  leaflets  obovate,  incisely  cleft  and  more  or  less  decurrent,  the  lower 
pair  reduced  in  size;  stipules  ovate,  acute:  cyme  small,  terminal  on  the  scape- 
like  stems,   very  few-flowered:   sepals  silky-villous,   lance-ovate,   exceeding 
the  short  obtuse  bractlets  by  as  much  as  they  are  exceeded  by  the  obcordate 
petals. — Subalpine;  northern  Wyoming,  westward  and  northward. 

13.  Potentilla  glaucophylla  Lehm.  Del.  Sem.  Hort.  Bot.  Hamb.  1836:  7. 
Stems  usually  several,  from  a  simple  or  branched  scaly  caudex,  assurgent, 
1-3  dm.  high:  leaves  digitately  5-foliolate,  nearly  glabrous  on  both  sides, 
glaucous-green;  leaflets  silky  on  the  margin,  somewhat  unequally  serrate; 
stipules  ovate,  acuminate,  somewhat  scarious  on  the  margins:  cyme  open, 
several-flowered:  bractlets  small,  about  half  as  long  as  the  lance-ovate  merely 
pubescent  sepals:  petals  broadly  obovate,  truncate  or  scarcely  retuse  at  apex. 
P.  dissecta  glaucophylla. — Very  common  in  moist  grassy  valleys  in  the  moun- 
tains; throughout  our  range. 

ROCKY  MT.  BOT.— 17 


258  ROSACEAE  (ROSE  FAMILY) 

14.  Potentilla   Nuttallii   Lehm.   Ind.   Sem.   Hort.    Bot.   Hamb.    1852:  12. 
Stems  stout  and  green,  sparsely  hirsute,  5-8  dm.  high:  leaves  digitately  about 
7-f oliolate,  green  and  sparsely  hirsute ;  the  lower  on  long  petioles ;  stem  leaves 
gradually  reduced;   leaflets  oblanceolate,  toothed  or  divided  nearly  halfway 
to  the  midrib;  stipules  nearly  entire,  lanceolate,  acute:  cyme  open,  many- 
flowered,  often  broad  and  flat-topped:  calyx  hirsute;  the  bractlets  lineaV- 
lanceolate,  shorter  than  the  long-acuminate  sepals:  petals  obcordate,  scarcely 
longer  than  the  sepals.     P.  gracilis  rigida.     (P.  etomentosa  Rydb.  Monog. 
Pot.  probably  in  so  far  as  our  range  is  concerned;  P.  jucunda  A.  Nels.  Bull. 
Torr.  Bot.  Club  27:  32.  1900.) — Colorado  to  the  British  boundary. 

15.  Potentilla  gracilis  Dougl.  Hook.  Bot.  Mag.  pi.  2984.     1829.     Stems 
usually  several,  decumbent  at  base,  suberect,  more  or  less  branched,  silky- 
villous:   leaves  5-7 -f oliolate,  on  petioles  gradually  shorter  upward;  leaflets 
oblanceolate   or   narrowly   obovate,    green   and   sparsely   pubescent   above, 
densely  white-tomentose  below,  merely  toothed  or  incisely  dentate  halfway 
to  the  midrib ;  stipules  large,  ovate,  more  or  less  toothed :  cyme  rather  narrow, 
or  if  many-flowered  well-branched  and  broader:  sepals  lance-ovate,  acuminate, 
Surpassing  the  bractlets  but  exceeded  by  the  obovate  emarginate  petals. 
(This  may  be  a  composite  species ;  as  here  used  it  includes  the  following  which 
are  not  readily  discriminated:  P.  fastigiata  Nutt.;  P.  pulcherrima  Lehm.; 
P.  Blasthkeana  Turcz.     See  descriptions  in  Rydberg's  Monog.  Pot.    P.  filipes* 
Rydb.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  28:  174.  1901  also  is  included.) 

16.  Potentilla  Candida  Rydb.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  24:  6.  1897.     Stems 
low,  densely  white  silky-strigose,  1-2  dm.  high:  leaves  short-petioled,  very 
white  silvery-silky  on  both  sides,  no  tomentum,  digitately  7-9-f oliolate ;  leaf- 
lets obovate,  deeply  incised  or  cleft  into  large  oblong  teeth;  stipules  ovate, 
entire:  cyme  dense:  calyx  white-silky,  the  ovate  sepals  longer  than  the  lanceo- 
late bracts:  petals  obcordate,  a  little  longer  than  the  sepals. — Rare;  north- 
ern Wyoming,  west  to  Nevada. 

17.  Potentilla  pectinisecta  Rydb.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  24:  7.  1897.    Stem 
slender,  ascending,  minutely  hirsute,  2-4  dm.  high:  leaves  appressed-silky 
on  both  sides,  sometimes  obscurely  tomentulose  underneath,  slender-petioled, 
digitately  5-7-f oliolate ;    leaflets   obovate,  pectinately  divided  into  oblong- 
linear  segments  extending  well  toward  the  midribs;  stipules  ovate,   often 
pectinately  cleft:  flowers  in  a  dense  narrow  cyme:  calyx  appressed-silky;  the 
sepals  longer  than  the  narrower  bractlets  and  about  equaling  the  obcordate 
petals.     [P.  brunnescens  Rydb.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  28:  171.  1901  (?).] — 
Montana  and  Wyoming  to  Utah. 

18.  Potentilla  nabelliformis  Lehm.  Stirp.  Pug.  2:  12.  1830.    Stems  usually 
several,  slender,  decumbent  at  base  but  erect,  3-8  dm.  high:  leaves  large, 
digitately  about  7-f  oliolate,  densely  silky  above,  white-tomentose   beneath; 
leaflets  large,  3-5  cm.  long,  deeply  divided  or  parted  into  linear  lobes  with 
more  or  less  re  volute  margins;  stipules  lanceolate  or  linear:  cyme  open,  with 
short  strict  branches:   calyx  silky-villous;  the  sepals  triangular-lanceolate, 
acuminate,  much  exceeding  the  small  lance-linear  bractlets  and  almost  as 
long  as  the  obcordate  petals.    P.  gracilis  flabelliformis.     (P.  ctenophora  Rydb. 
Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  24:  7.  1897.) — Colorado  to  the  British  boundary,  west 
to  California. 

19.  Potentilla  subjuga  Rydb.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  23:  397.  1896.    Stems 
more  or  less  tufted,  1-3  dm.  high,  branched  above,  rough  below  with  the 
brown,  scarious,  persistent  stipules:  leaves  crowded  at  the  base,  digitately 
5-f  oliolate,  with  a  small  additional  pair  on  the  petiole;  leaflets  obovate,  deeply 
incised,  the  teeth  broad  and  subobtuse,  green  but  silky-villous  above,  white- 
tomentose  beneath;   stipules   green,   ovate,   entire:   calyx   silky-hirsute;   its 
bracts  much  shorter  than  the  ovate-acuminate  sepals,  and  shorter  than  the 
broadly  obcordate  petals. — Subalpine;  Colorado. 

20.  Potentilla  quinquefolia  Rydb.  1.  c.  302.     Stems  several  from  a  short 
thick  rootstock,  ascending,  usually  less  than  2  dm.  high:  leaves  crowded  at 
the  base,  mostly   5-f  oliolate,  silky-villous  above,  white-tomentose   beneath; 
leaflets  broadly  obovate,  cleft  halfway  to  the  midrib  into  oblong  segments, 


ROSACEAE  (ROSE  FAMILY)  259 

the  terminal  one  short-petiolulate ;  stipules  large,  ovate:  flowers  few,  in  a 
close  cyme:  sepals  and  bractlets  loosely  silky,  subequal,  somewhat  exceeded 
by  the  obovate  emarginate  petals .— Subalpine;  Colorado  (Rydberg),  Mon- 
tana, and  northwestward. 

21.  Potentilla  nivea  L.  Sp.  PL  499.     1753.     Stems  tufted  on  the  branched 
caudex,  which  is  brown-scaly  with  persistent  petioles  and  stipules,  1-2  dm. 
high:  leaves  coarsely  crenate,  digitately  ternate,  glabrate  or  sparsely  villous 
above,  densely  white-tomentose  beneath;  the  lower  short-petioled ;  the  upper 
reduced;  stipules  ovate-lanceolate:  cyme  2-6-flowered:  calyx  white-villous 
or  tomentose;  the  linear-oblong  bractlets  shorter  than  the  lanceolate  acute 
sepals:  petals  obcordate,  barely  longer  than  the  sepals. — Not  rare  in  alpine 
stations  of  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

22.  Potentilla  uniflora  Ledeb.  Mem.  Acad.  Petersb.  5:  543.  1812.    Stems 
caespitose-crowded  on  the  multicipital  caudex,  a  few  cm.  high:  leaves  mostly 
basal,  3-foliolate,  silky  or  glabrate  above,  densely  white-tomentose  beneath; 
leaflets  broadly  cuneate  or  rhombic-ob ovate,  incisely  cut  from  the  apex,  the 
teeth  coarse,  oblong-lanceolate;  stipules  lanceolate:  flowers  usually  solitary 
on  the  scapose  stems:  calyx  grayish-villous;  the  sepals  and  bracts  lanceolate, 
subequal,  only  half  as  long  as  the  obcordate  petals. — Rare;  in  the  higher 
Rocky  Mountains,  north  to  the  arctic  seas. 

23.  Potentilla  pinnatifida  Dougl.  Hook.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  1:  188.  1833.    Stems 
several  from  a  thick  perennial  root,  erect,  3-4  dm.  high,  white  silky-villous: 
leaves  pinnately  7-9-foliolate,  densely  and  finely  silky  above,  white-tomentose 
beneath;  leaflets  obovate,  pectinately  divided  almost  to  the  midrib;  the  seg- 
ments linear-oblong,    obtuse;   stipules   ovate-lanceolate,   entire   or  toothed: 
flowers  in  a  congested  cyme:  calyx  white-silky;  the  bractlets  oblong-lanceolate, 
shorter   than  the  ovate  sepals:   petals  obovate-truncate,  with  cuneate  base, 
barely  exceeding  the  sepals.     (P.  pseudosericea  Rydb.  Monog.  Pot.  1.  c.) — 
Frequent;  the  plains  of  Colorado  to  the  far  northwest. 

24.  Potentilla  pennsylvanica  L.  Mant.  PL  76.    1767.  Stems  single  or  several 
from  the  same  crown,  erect,  subtomentose,  3-5  dm.  high:  leaves  pi»nately 
7-15-foliolate,   greenish  and   minutely  pubescent   above,  grayish-tomentose 
and  veiny  beneath;  leaflets  oblong,  pinnately  divided  halfway  to  the  midrib; 
the  pinnae  scarcely  revolute;  stipules  ovate  in  outline,  pectinately  divided: 
flowers  short-pediceled,  in  a  dense  cyme  with  erect  branches:  calyx  strigose- 
tomentose;  the  acute  sepals  and  bractlets  subequal,  nearly  equaling  the  ob- 
ovate, emarginate  or  truncate  petals. — Infrequent,  the  following  varieties 
being  far  more  common  in  the  same  range;  extending  from  British  America 
along  the  high  plains  to  Colorado. 

24o.  Potentilla  pennsylvanica  strigosa  Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  356.  1814. 
Usually  lower,  pubescence  mixed  with  some  long  strigose  hairs:  leaflets  more 
deeply  divided,  the  segments  narrow  and  revolute-margined :  cyme  short  and 
compact. — The  most  common  form  in  our  range  and  extending  eastward  to 
the  upper  Missouri. 

246.  Potentilla  pennsylvanica  arachnoidea  Lehin.  Stirp.  Pug.  9:  41.  1851. 
A  reduced  form  with  stems  arachnoid-pubescent  and  the  segments  of  the 
leaflets  short,  silky-tufted  at  the  apex. — Wyoming  to  New  Mexico  and  Ari- 
zona. 

25.  Potentilla  atrovirens  Rydb.  Monog.  Pot.  1.  c.  95.    Stems  few  from  the 
same  crown,  erect  and  rather  stout,  pilose,  2-4  dm.  high:  leaves  dark  green 
and  densely  pilose  on  both  sides,  strongly  veined,   pinnately  7-9-foliolate; 
leaflets  obovate  or  oblanceolate,  incisely  and  coarsely  dentate,  the  segments 
oblong:  flowers  numerous,  in  a  narrow  cyme,  with  erect  branchlets:  calyx 
densely  pilose;  the  bractlets  and  sepals  subequal,  exceeded  by  the  cuneate- 
obovate  bright  yellow  petals:  carpels  numerous;  the  style  fusiform. — Infre- 
quent; Wyoming  to  Minnesota. 

26.  Potentilla  virgulata  A.   Nels.   Bull.  Torr.   Bot.  .Club   27:  265.  1900. 
Stems  slenderly  virgate,  single  from  the  one  or  two  crowns  of  the  thick  root, 
simple,  glabrate,  obscurely  granulo-glandular,  as  are  also  the  leaves,  3-4  dm. 
high:  leaves  few,  erect,  pinnately  only  5-7-foliolate,  dark  green  above,  lighter 


260  ROSACEAE  (ROSE  FAMILY) 

beneath,  with  an  obscure  pubescence,  petioled  below,  nearly  sessile  at  summit; 
leaflets  obovate,  dissected  nearly  to  the  midrib  into  linear  segments  which 
are  obscurely  re  volute-thickened ;  the  terminal  leaflet  petiolulate;  stipules 
ovate-lanceolate:  flowers  several,  congested  in  a  corymbose  cyme:  sepals 
lightly  pubescent,  equaled  by  the  bractlets  and  fully  as  long  as  the  subor- 
bicular  petals. — Marshy  meadows,  infrequent;  Wyoming  to  the  Dakotas. 

27.  Potentilla  saximontana  Rydb.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  23:  399.  1896. 
Densely  caespitose,  with  several  silky  pubescent  stems  only  a  few  cm.  long: 
leaves  numerous,  mostly  basal,  pinnately  5-7-foliolate,  silky-pubescent  and 
tomentose  beneath;  leaflets  obovate,  deeply  incised;  the  oblong  segments 
obtuse  or  acute:  flowers  1-3  on  each  scapose  stem:  calyx  densely  silky;  the 
bractlets  oblong,   obtuse,  much  shorter  than  the  ovate  triangular  sepals: 
petals  broadly  obcordate,  much  longer  than  the  sepals:  the  style  no  longer 
than  the  smooth  achene. — Alpine;  in  the  mountains  of  Colorado. 

28.  Potentilla  rubricaulis  Lehm.  Stirp.  Pug.  2:  11.  1830.    Stems  somewhat 
tufted,  ascending,   about    1   dm.  long,  somewhat   branched,   silky-strigose : 
leaves  silky  above,  more  or  less  white-tomentulose  beneath,  pinnately  5-7- 
foliolate;  leaflets  small,  obovate  or  oblong,  deeply  pinnatifid;  the  segments 
narrowly  oblong;  stipules  ovate,  acute:  flowers  few,  in  an  open  cyme,  with 
erect  branches:  sepals  silky,  lanceolate,  acute,  longer  than  the  oblong-linear 
bracts  and  considerably  exceeded  by  the  obcordate  petals.     (P.  minutiflora 
Rydb.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club   23:  399.  1896  may  be  merely  a  depauperate 
alpine  form:  P.  tenerrima  Rydb.  1.  c.  398.) — On  the  higher  peaks  of  the  Rocky 
Mountains ;  Colorado  to  Alberta. 

29.  Potentilla  plattensis  Nutt.  T.  &  G.  Fl.  N.  A.  1:  439.  1840.     Stems 
several  from  the  crown  of  a  taproot,  prostrate  spreading  or  ascending,  1-2  dm. 
long:  leaves  appressed-strigose  or  glabrate,  pinnately  9-17-foliolate;  leaflets 
obovate-oblong,  deeply  incised;  the  lobes  oblong,  obtuse,  or  narrower  and 
acute;  the  stem  leaves  reduced,  often  merely  3-cleft;  stipules  broadly  ovate, 
large  for  the  plant:  flowers  at  first  crowded,  in  age  in  an  open  paniculate  cyme: 
sepals  strigose,  twice  as  long  as  the  similar  bractlets  but  exceeded  by  the 
obovate  retuse  petals. — Frequent  in  grassy  valleys;  Colorado  to  Utah  and 
north  to  Wyoming  and  Montana. 

30.  Potentilla  pinnatisecta  (Wats.)  A.  Nels.  Wyo.  Expt.  Sta.  Bull.  28:  104. 
1896.    Stems  several,  from  the  one  or  more  scaly  crowns  of  the  woody  tap- 
root, erect,  10-15  cm.  high,  sparsely  strigose:  leaves  nearly  glabrous,  some- 
what hoary  when  young,  mostly  basal,   pinnately  many-foliolate;  leaflets 
crowded,   deeply  cleft  into  oblong  obtuse  lobes;  stipules  ovate-lanceolate, 
acute:  cymes  small,  3-6-flowered:  bractlets  and  sepals  hirsute,  lanceolate, 
acute,  unequal,  shorter  than  the  obcordate  petals. — Frequent  in  the  alpine 
regions  of  the  Rocky  Mountains;  Colorado  to  British  America. 

31.  Potentilla  monidensis  A.  Nels.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  27:  266.  1900. 
Stems  numerous,  from  a  multicipital  caudex,  prostrate-assurgent,  slender, 
silky-strigose,  about  1  dm.  long:   leaves  crowded  on  the  crowns,  petioled, 
silky-strigose  above,  white  with  a  dense  hirsute  silkiness  beneath,  pinnately 
7-15-foliolate;  leaflets  crowded,  pinnately  or  digitately  cleft  nearly  to  the  mid- 
rib into  oblong-linear  segments;  stem  leaves  reduced,  cleft  into  linear  seg- 
ments: sepals  and  bractlets  silky-hirsute,  lanceolate,  unequal:  petals  broadly 
elliptic  or  oval,  exceeding  the   calyx. — Infrequent;   open  sagebrush  slopes; 
Western  Wyoming  to  Montana. 

32.  Potentilla  wyomingensis  A.  Nels.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  27:  32.  1900. 
Stems  crowded  on  the  multicipital  caespitose  caudex,  simple  except  for  tho 
corymbosely  branched  open  cyme,  green,  glabrate,  less  than  2  dm.  high: 
leaves  mostly  basal,  5-7-foliolate,  green  on  both  sides,  nearly  glabrous  above, 
lightly  pubescent  beneath ;  leaflets  obovate  to  oblanceolate,  coarsely  and  deeply 
serrate;   stipules  lanceolate,  entire,  acute:   sepals  hirsute,  ovate-lanceolate, 
twice  as  long  as  tlie  oblong-linear  bractlets:  petals  broadly  obovate,  retusely 
truncate  at  summit. — Subalpine;  mountains  of  central  Wyoming  to  Yellow- 
stone Park  and  Montana. 

33.  Potentilla  rupicola  Osterh.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  26:  256.  1899.     Stems 


ROSACEAE  (ROSE  FAMILY)  261 

slender,  glabrous,  2-3  dm.  high:  leaves  mostly  basal,  interruptedly  pinnate; 
leaflets  5-9,  oblong-cuneate,  incisely  few-toothed  above,  glabrous  except  for 
a  few  ciliolate  hairs,  dark  green,  the  terminal  one  petiolulate,  the  others  slightly 
decurrent  on  the  rachis :  cyme  paniculately  branched :  sepals  woolly-pubescent 
at  base,  sharply  acuminate,  only  5  mm.  long,  twice  as  long  as  the  minute 
linear  bractlets:  petals  broadly  obovate,  ret  use,  barely  surpassing  the  calyx: 
achenes  glabrous  but  imbedded  in  the  wool  of  the  receptacle. — In  cliff  crev- 
ices; northern  Colorado. 

34.  Potentilla  crinita  Gray,  Mem.  Am.  Acad.  1849:  41.     Stems  few  from 
thecaudex,  ascending,  silky-pilose:  leaves  short-petioled,  pinnately  9-1 5-foli- 
olate,  green  but  silky-villous  below,  glabrate  above;  leaflets  oblong-cuneate, 
crowded,  toothed  at  summit,  the  white  silky  pubescence  of  the  under  side 
projecting  beyond  the  tip  of  the  teeth  in  a  soft  tuft;  stipules  ovate-lanceolate, 
acuminate:  the  acute  bractlets  a  little  shorter  than  the  ovate-lanceolate 
sepals,  which  are  surpassed  by  the  obovate  deeply  retuse  petals. — On  the  dry 
plains;  southern  Colorado  to  Arizona. 

35.  Potentilla  effusa   Dougl.   Lehm.   Stirp.    Pug.  2:  8.  1830.     Stems  nu- 
merous from  the  same  crown,  ascending  or  diffuse,  silky-tomentose,  becoming 
glabrate,  more  or  less  branched:  leaves  white-tomentose  on  both  sides,  in- 
terruptedly and  irregularly  5-13-foliolate;  leaflets  obovate  or  cuneate-oblong, 
the  upper  often  confluent,  toothed  with  rather  broad  teeth;  stipules  lanceolate, 
subentire:  flowers  many  in  a  paniculate  cyme:  calyx  tomentose;  the  sepals 
lanceolate  acuminate,  nearly  twice  as  long  as  the  slender  bractlets  and  nearly 
equaling  the  obcordate  petals.    (P.  color adoensis  Rydb.  Monog.  Pot.  1.  c.  115.) 
— On  the  dry  plains;  New  Mexico  to  British  America. 

36.  Potentilla  Hippiana  Lehm.  1.  c.  2:  7.  1830.     Stems  many  from  the 
crown,  ascending  or  nearly  erect,  white  with  appressed  hairs,  2-4  dm.  high: 
leaves  greenish  and  appressed-silky  above  (not  tomentose),  silky  and  tomen- 
tose beneath,  pinnately  f ew-f oliolate ;  leaflets  obovate  or  cuneate-oblong,  ob- 
tusely toothed,  smaller  toward  the  base  of  the  leaf,  sometimes  a  little  de- 
current   upon  the  rachis;   stipules  long,  ovate-lanceolate,  acute,  subentire: 
flowers  in  a  rather  short  dichotomously  branched  cyme:  calyx  silky;  the  se- 
pals ovate-lanceolate,  acute,  scarcely  longer  than  the  similar  birt  narrower 
bractlets:  petals  6-8  mm.  long,  obovate,  retuse,  longer  than  the  calyx.     (P. 
propinqua  Rydb.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  28:  176.  1901;  P.  filicaulis  Rydb. 
Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  24:  2.  1897.) — In  the  moist  parks  of  the  mountains; 
New  Mexico  to  British  America. 

37.  Potentilla  ambigens  Greene,  Erythea  1:  4.  1903.     Stems  few,  assur- 
gent,  stout,  4-7  dm.  high,  silky-villous  with  spreading  hairs:  leaves  large,  ir- 
regularly pinnate,  9-1 5-f oliolate,  silky-villous  on  both  sides  but  more  densely 
so  below;  leaflets  oblong-obovate,  coarsely  serrate,  more  or  less  decurrent  on 
the  petiole  and  the  uppermost  often  confluent;  stipules  large,  subentire  or 
toothed:  flowers  in  a  long,  rather  narrow  cyme,  the  branchlets  and  pedicels 
often  long  and  slender:  bractlets  and  sepals  lanceolate,  subequal,  exceeded 
by  the   obcordate  petals. — Infrequent;   middle  altitudes;   New  Mexico  to 
Wyoming. 

24.  COMARUM  L. 

Perennial  herbs,  resembling  Potentilla,  with  pinnately  5-7-foliolate  leaves 
and  cymose  flowers.  Bractlets,  sepals,  and  petals  5.  Receptacle  becoming 
enlarged  and  spongy  in  fruit.  Pistils  numerous;  the  style  lateral  and  fili- 
form. 

1.  Comarum  palustre  L.  Sp.  PL  502.  1753.  Stems  stout,  ascending  from 
a  decumbent  base,  glandular-pubescent  above:  leaves  green  above,  lighter 
beneath  and  more  or  less  pubescent;  the  leaflets  oblong,  the  pairs  closely  ap- 
proximate; stipules  large,  the  lower  amplexicaul  and  long-adnate:  flowers  in 
an  open  cyme:  sepals  purplish,  in  fruit  1-2  cm.  long,  much  exceeding  the 
linear  bractlets:  petals  red,  ovate,  acute,  much  shorter  than  the  sepals: 
stamens  with  fleshy  filaments,  inserted  on  the  margin  of  the  thickened  disk: 


262  ROSACEAE  (ROSE  FAMILY) 

carpels  numerous,  sessile  on  the  spongy  receptacle. — Marshy  ground;  northern 
Wyoming  to  the  arctic  circle. 

25.  GEUM  L.     AVENS 

Perennial  herbs  with  large,  mostly  radical,  lyrate  or  pinnate  leaves  (those 
of  the  stem  much  smaller),  and  stipules  adnate  to  the  sheathing  petioles. 
Flowers  corymbosely  cymose  or  solitary.  Calyx  persistent,  5-lobed,  and 
5-bracteolate.  Petals  5.  Stamens  numerous,  inserted  on  a  disk  at  the  base 
of  the  calyx.  Pistils  numerous;  the  style  persistent,  straight  or  (in  ours) 
jointed,  hooked  or  sometimes  plumose  in  fruit.  Achenes  small,  compressed, 
on  a  small  conical  or  clavate  receptacle. 

Sepals  reflexed;  upper  part  of  style  deciduous. 

Terminal  leaflet  cuneate-obovate;  receptacle  downy-pubescent  .  1.  G.  strictum. 

Terminal  leaflet  broadly  cordate;  receptacle  nearly  naked     .  .  2.  G.  macrophyllum. 

Sepals  erect;  upper  part  of  style  persistent  and  plumose  in  fruit  .  3.  G.  rivale. 

1.  Geum  strictum  Ait.  Hort.  Kew  2:  217.  1789.    Stems  erect,  pubescent, 
3-8  dm.  high:  root  leaves  interruptedly  pinnate;  the  leaflets  obovate-cuneate; 
stem  leaves  few,  3-5-foliolate;   the  leaflets  rhombic-ovate  or  oblong,  acute: 
flowers  yellow,  terminal,  short-ped uncled :  carpels  compressed,  hairy  at  sum- 
mit or  on  the  base  of  the  hooked  style:  receptacle  downy-pubescent.     (G. 
scopulorum  Greene,  Pitt.  4:   148.  1900.) — From  Colorado  northward,  and  east- 
ward to  the  Atlantic. 

2.  Geum  macrophyllum  Willd.  Enum.  557.     1809.     Bristly-hairy,  stouter, 
3-5  dm.  high:  root  leaves  lyrately  and  interruptedly  pinnate,  with  the  ter- 
minal leaflet  very  large  and  round   heart-shaped;   the  lateral  leaflets  of  the 
stem  leaves  minute,  2-4 ;  the  terminal  one  roundish,  3-clef t,  the  lobes  cuneate- 
obovate:  flowers  yellow,  in  a  terminal  cyme;  the  petals  obovate,  longer  than 
the  acute  calyx-lobes:    receptacle  nearly  glabrous:   style  hooked,  obscurely 
glandular  (the  minute  glands  short-stipitate),  pubescent  near  the  base.     (G. 
oregonense  Rydb.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  25:  56.  1898.) — From  California  to 
the  Atlantic. 

3.  Geum  rivale  L.  Sp.  PL  501.  1753.    Somewhat  pubescent,  erect,  3-5  dm. 
high:  stem  nearly  simple:  root  leaves  lyrate  and  interruptedly  pinnate;  those 
of  the  stem  few,  3-foliolate  or  3-lobed:  calyx  brown-purple:  petals  dilated  - 
obovate,  retuse,  contracted  into  a  claw,  purplish-orange :  head  of  fruit  stalked 
in  the  calyx:  achenes  very  pubescent;  styles  jointed,  plumose. — Colorado 
and  northward,  and  east  to  Newfoundland. 

26.  SIEVERSIA  Willd. 

Rather  low  perennial  herbs,  with  simple  stems,  mostly  radical  pinnate 
leaves,  and  rather  large  flowers  in  terminal  cymes.  Sepals,  bractlets,  and  petals 
5.  Sepals  erect  or  spreading.  Style  not  jointed,  straight,  slender,  persistent 
and  often  plumose;  head  of  carpels  sessile. 

Clammy,  short-pubescent  and  hirsute  or  ciliate;  style  plumose  .  .  1.  S.  ciliata. 
Nearly  glabrous;  style  glabrous. 

Stem  leaves  pinnatifid;  root  leaves  mostly  suberect     .         .  .  .  2.  S.  turbinata. 

Stem  leaves  entire;  root  leaves  rosulate-spreading          .         .  .  .  3.  S.  scapoidea. 

1.  Sieversia  ciliata  G.  Don.  Gen.  Hist.  2:  528.  1832.     Somewhat  clammy, 
short-pubescent  and  more  or  less  softly  hirsute  or  ciliate:  leaves  mostly  basal, 
suberect,  interruptedly  pinnate;  the  leaflets  very  numerous  and  crowded, 
cuneate-obovate  in  outline,  deeply  incised,  often  nearly  to  the  midrib :  stems 
simple,  merely  leafy-bracteate,  terminating  in  the  mostly  3-flowered  cyme: 
flowers  long-pediceled :  calyx  purple,  its  linear  bractlets  longer  than  the  se- 
pals and  as  long  as  the  purplish  erect  petals:  styles  very  long,  strongly  plumose 
in  fruit.     Geum  triflorum. — Moist  slopes  in  the  mountains;  common  in  our 
whole  range. 

2,  Sieversia  turbinata  (Rydb.)  Greene,  Pitt.  4:  50.  1899.     Low,  7-15  cm. 


ROSACEAE  (ROSE  FAMILY)  263 

high,  glabrate  or  more  or  less  puberulent,  especially  above:  leaves  mostly 
basal,  interruptedly  pinnate,  spreading  or  suberect,  dark  green  or  tinged  with 
purple;  leaflets  ovate-cuneate  or  narrower,  incisely  toothed;  stem  leaves 
pinnately  incised:  stems  surpassing  the  leaves,  rarely  nearly  twice  as  long, 
1-3-flowered:  calyx  dark-  or  purplish-green;  the  triangular  lobes  scarcely 
longer  than  the  lanceolate  bractlets,  much  surpassed  by  the  obovate  bright 
yellow  petals:  style  glabrous,  not  exserted  in  fruit;  achene  villous-hirsute. 
Geum  Rossii. — Alpine;  in  Colorado,  Utah,  and  Wyoming. 

3.  Sieversia  scapoidea  A.  Nels.  Glabrous  (obscurely  puberulent  under  a 
strong  lens) :  leaves  rosulate-spreading  from  the  crowns  of  a  more  or  less 
branched  woody  rootstock,  interruptedly  pinnate,  5-10  cm.  long;  leaflets  ob- 
ovate, 3-cleft  into  oblong,  subacute  lobes,  not  crowded:  stems  scapose,  few, 
erect,  strictly  1-flowered,  14-20  cm.  high;  the  bract-like  leaves  entire,  linear, 
15-20  mm.  long,  the  rather  large  stipules  long-adnate:  flowers  large,  2  cm. 
broad:  calyx  softly  pubescent,  its  triangular-lanceolate  lobes  longer  than  its 
tube;  the  bractlets  minute,  nearly  linear:  petals  obovate-orbicular,  pale  yellow, 
twice  as  long  as  the  calyx:  achene  tapering  gradually  into  the  style,  long- 
hirsute  as  is  also  the  thickened  base  of  the  style. — Utah. 

27.  AGRIMONIA  L.    AGRIMONY 

Tall  perennial  herbs,  with  interruptedly  pinnate  leaves,  and  flowers  with 
3-cleft  bracts,  in  long  slender  spicate  racemes.  Calyx  turbinate,  surrounded 
by  a  margin  of  hooked  prickles.  Petals  yellow,  small.  Stamens  5-12.  Car- 
pels 1-3,  becoming  achenes,  inclosed  in  the  dry  and  firm  calyx-tube  which  is 
constricted  at  the  throat  and  its  5  lobes  connivent. 

1.  Agrimonia  Brittoniana  Bickn.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  23:  517.  1896. 
Stout,  4-7  dm.  high,  virgately  branched,  hirsute:  leaflets  7-11,  with  smaller 
leaf-segments  interposed,  elliptic-oblong,  acute,  sharply  serrate;  stipules 
lanceolate,  acuminate:  flowers  crowded:  fruit  8  mm.  long,  reflexed;  the  bris- 
tles often  purplish,  inflexed.  A.  Eupatoria. — Colorado  to  Montana,  east  to 
New  York. 

28.  SANGUISORBA  L. 

Annual  or  perennial  herbs,  with  alternate,  pinnatifid,  stipulate  leaves  and 
small  perfect  flowers  in  'dense,  terminal,  peduncled  spikes  or  heads.  Calyx- 
lobes  4,  imbricated,  deciduous,  petaloid;  calyx-tube  4-angled,  naked.  Petals 
wanting.  Stamens  2-12,  inserted  on  the  throat  of  the  calyx.  Carpels  usually 
only  1,  inclosed  in  the  dry,  4-wing-angled  calyx. — Poterium. 

1.  Sanguisorba  annua  Nutt.  T.  &  G.  Fl.  N.  A.  1:  429.  1840.  Glabrous, 
slender,  2-4  dm.  high:  leaflets  4-6  pairs,  ovate  to  oblong,  with  linear  segments: 
flowers  greenish;  the  heads  ovoid  or  oblong:  stamens  2-4:  fruits  shorter  than 
the  bracts.  Poterium  annuum.- — Possibly  within  our  range ;  said  to  occur  from 
the  upper  Missouri  to  Oklahoma  and  in  California  to  Washington. 

29.  ROSA  (Tourn.)  L.*     ROSE 

Shrubby  more  or  less*  prickly  plants,  with  pinnate  leaves  and  large  flowers 
solitary  at  the  ends  of  the  branchlets  or  in  few-flowered  corymbs.  Stipules 
adnate  to  the  petiole.  Calyx  without  bractlets.  Stamens  numerous  on  the 
thick  margin  of  the  silky  disk  which  nearly  closes  the  throat  of  the  calyx. 
Carpels  many,  hairy,  becoming  bony  achenes  inclosed  and  concealed  in  the 
globose  or  urn-shaped  fleshy  calyx-tube,  which  resembles  a  pome. 

*  There  are  few  genera  in  which  the  species  are  so  difficult  of  discrimination.  The  species 
as  given  here  are  no  doubt,  in  some  cases  at  least,  "  group  species,"  but  it  does  not  seem 
possible  in  the  present  state  of  our  knowledge  so  to  characterize  the  different  forms  as  to 
make  them  distinguishable. 


264  ROSACEAE  (ROSE  FAMILY) 

Calyx-tube  and  fruit  not  prickly. 

Sepals  connivent  and  persistent  after  flowering. 
Infrastipular  spines  wanting. 

Flowers  solitary;  sepals  erect     .         .         .         .         .         .         .     1.  R.  Sayi. 

Flowers  corymbed;  sepals  spreading. 2.  R.  arkansana. 

Infrastipular  spines  commonly  present. 

Rachis  of  leaves  more  or  less  prickly 3.  R.  Fendleri. 

Rachis  of  leaves  without  prickles. 

Outer  sepals  laterally  lobed   . 4.  R.  Woodsii. 

Outer  sepals  entire          .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .     5.  R.  Nutkana. 

Sepals  spreading  after  flowering  and  deciduous      .     '    .         .         .     6.  R.  gymnocarpa. 
Calyx-tube  and  fruit  prickly. 

Pubescence  on  young  stems  lepidote-stellate 7.  R.  stellata. 

Pubescence  wanting,  or  at  least  not  stellate     .         .         .         .         .     8.  R.  MacDougalii. 

1.  Rosa  Sayi  Schwein.  Long's  Expd.  Winnep.  2:  388.  1825.    Stems  usually 
low,  3-8  dm.  high,  thickly  covered  with  prickles:  stipules  usually  dilated, 
glandular-ciliate  and  resinous;  leaflets  3-7  (usually  5  or  7),  glabrous  or  slightly 
pubescent  above,  more  or  less  resinous  beneath,  broadly  elliptical  to  oblong- 
lanceolate,  usually  sessile  and  rounded  or  subcordate  at  base,  more  or  less 
doubly  and  glandular  toothed,  the  terminal  2-4  dm.  long:  flowers  solitary 
(very  rarely  2  or  3) :  outer  sepals  with  one  or  more  very  narrow  lateral  lobes 
(very  rarely  all  entire),  not  hispid,  or  slightly  so  on  the  margin:  fruit  globose 
with  more  or  less  of  a  neck  below  the  calyx,  8-12  mm.  in  diameter  (S.  Wat- 
son, Proc.  Am.  Acad.  20:  340).      (R.  Engelmannii  Wats.  Gard.  &  For.  2: 
376.  1889;  following  Watson's  view  that  R.  acicularis  Lindl.  is  arctic,  R.  Sayi 
is  used  as  the  available  name.) — Colorado  and  northward  into  British  America. 

2.  Rosa  arkansana   Porter,  Syn.  Fl.  Colo.  38.     1874.    Stem  stout,  erect, 
leafy,  3-4  dm.  high,  glabrous  and  glaucous,  armed  with  weak,  deciduous, 
bristly  prickles:  leaflets  9-11,  ovate  and  oblong-ovate,  2  cm.  or  more  in  length, 
acute  or  obtuse,  glabrous,  sharply  serrate;  midrib  and  long  stipules  somewhat 
prickly  and  minutely  glandular:  flowers  numerous,  terminal,  corymbed,  on 
peduncles  about  3  cm.  long':  fruit  globose,  smooth,  glaucous:  calyx-segments 
ovate,  reflexed  in  fruit,  with  terminal  and  sometimes  lateral  appendages,  more 
or  less  glandular  and  tomentose-pubescent  on  the  margins:  petals  broadly 
obcordate  or  emarginate,  longer  than  the  calyx-segments,  rose-color:  flowers 
4-5  cm.  in  diameter.     (R.  pratincola  Greene,  Pitt.  4:   13.^1899;  R.  manca 
Greene,  1.  c.  11.) — From  Colorado  northward  and  eastward  into  the  plains  of 
the  upper  Missouri  region. 

3.  Rosa  Fendleri  Crepin,  Bull.  Soc.  Bot.  Belg.  15:  91.  1876.    Stems  often 
tall  (15-20  dm.  high,  or  less),  with  rather  slender,  straight  or  recurved  spines, 
often  scattered  or  wanting:    stipules   mostly  narrow,  usually  naked,  some- 
times glandular-ciliate;  rachis  pubescent  or  prickly;  leaflets  5  or  7  (very 
rarely  9),  oblong  or  obovate,  more  or  less  cuneate  at  base  and  often  petiol- 
ulate,  usually  glaucous,  very  finely  pubescent  beneath  or  glabrous  or  some- 
what resinous,  the  teeth  usually  simple:  flowers  small,  often  solitary,  the 
short  pedicels,  receptacles,  and  sepals  glabrous,  or  the  last  subpubescent: 
fruit  globose  or  broadly  ovate,  with  little  or  no  neck,  about  8  mm.  broad 
(Watson,  1.  c.). — Western  Texas,  westward  to  the  Sierras  and  northward  in 
the  Rocky  Mountains  to  British  America. 

4.  Rosa  Woodsii  Lindl.  Mon.  Ros.  21.    1820.    Stems  usually  low,  2-10  dm. 
high,  with  slender,  straight  or  recurved  spines,  and  sometimes  with  scattered 
prickles,  or  unarmed  above:  stipules  narrow  or  dilated,  entire;  leaflets  5  or 
7  (sometimes  9),  obovate  to  oblong  or  lanceolate,  rounded  or  acute  at  the 
summit,  obtuse  or  usually  cuneate  at  base,  glabrous  *or  subpubescent  above, 
villous  or  finely  pubescent  or  glabrous  beneath  (with  the  rachis  and  stipules), 
simply  toothed,  often  only  above  the  middle,  sometimes  resinous  and  serrulate- 
toothed,   sometimes  glaucous,   usually  small   (the  terminal   1-4  cm.   long): 
flowers  4-5  cm.  broad,  corymbose  or  very  often  solitary,  on  very  short,  naked 
pedicels:  sepals  naked  or  hispid,  the  lobes  more  or  less  conspicuous:  fruit 
globose  with  a  short  neck,  8-10   mm.  broad  (Watson,  1.  c.).     (R.  Maximil- 
lianii  Nees.  PL  Maxim.  8.  1841;  R.  M-acounii  Greene,  Pitt.  4:  10.  1899.)— 
From  the  Missouri  river  to  Colorado  and  north  into  British  America. 

5.  Rosa  Nutkana  Presl.  Epimel.  Bot.  203.  1849.    Stems  stout,  3-15  dm. 


*POMACEAE  (APPLE  FAMILY)  265 

high,  armed  with  stout,  straight  or  recurved  spines,  the  branches  sometimes 
unarmed,  and  young  shoots  sometimes  prickly:  stipules  glandular-ciliate; 
leaflets  5  or  7  (very  rarely  9),  broadly  elliptic  to  ovate  or  oblong  or  lanceolate, 
usually  rounded  at  base,  obtuse  or  acute  (the  terminal  2-5  cm.  long),  resin- 
ous beneath  (as  well  as  the  rachis  and  stipules)  and  the  teeth  more  or  less 
glandular-serrulate,  smoother  above,  sometimes  nearly  or  quite  glabrous  (and 
teeth  entire),  or  the  pubescence  not  resinous;  rachis  more  or  less  prickly  or 
hispid:  flowers  5-7  cm.  broad,  solitary  (rarely  2  or  3);  pedicel  and  receptacle 
very  rarely  hispid;  sepals  naked  or  very  rarely  hispid:  fruit  globose,  not  con- 
tracted above  into  a  neck,  12  mm.  broad  (Watson,  1.  c.).  (R.  melina  Greene, 
Pitt.  4:  10.  1899;  R.  oreophila  Rydb.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  31:  561.  1904; 
R.  grosseserrata  E.  Nels.  Bot.  Gaz.  30:  119.  1900.)— From  Colorado  to  the 
far  northwest. 

6.  Rosa  gymnocarpa  Nutt.  T.  &  G.  Fl.  N.  A.  1:  461.  1840.    Stem  slen- 
der and  weak,  1-3  m.  high,  with  straight  slender  spines:  stipules  narrow, 
glandular-ciliate;  leaflets  5-9,  glabrous,  doubly  glandular-toothed,  sessile  or 
nearly  so:  flowers  solitary  or  few:  sepals  6-12  mm.  long,  entire,  spreading  after 
flowering  and  deciduous  (with  the  distinct  styles)  from  the  very  contracted  top 
of  the  naked,  oblong-ovate  to  globose  fruit.— -Scarcely  within  our  range;  west- 
ern Montana  and  Idaho  to  the  Pacific  States. 

7.  Rosa  stellata  Wooton,  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  25:  152.  1898.     Stems 
4-6  dm.  high,  with  numerous  straight  or  slightly  curved  yellowish  spines; 
young  stems  closely  covered  with  stellate  trichomes  which  may  be  scale-like 
or  have  a  central  gland-bearing  axis,  or  this  axis  may  be  a  well-developed 
spine:  leaves  small,  3-5-f oliolate ;  leaflets  triangular-cuneate,  with  rounded 
acute  teeth;   stipules  spreading,  silky-pubescent,  not  glandular:   flowers  soli- 
tary, 4-7  cm.  broad:  calyx-lobes  enlarged,  glandular  on  the  margin,  generally 
laciniately  lobed:   fruit  spiny,  reddish-brown. — New  Mexico  and  probably 
reaching  southern  Colorado. 

8.  Rosa    MacDougalii    Holz.    Bot.    Gaz.   21:  36.  1896.     Resembling    R. 
Nutkana:  stems  with  few  epidermal  spines,  or  frequently  none,  the  infrastip- 
ular  spines  wanting:  flowers  solitary  at  the  ends  of  short  leafy  branches:  re- 
ceptacle and  calyx  conspicuously  glandular  and  hispid:  fruits  densely  spiny. 
(R.  Underwoodii  Rydb.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  31:  560.  1904.)— Colorado  to 
Idaho. 

55.  POMACEAE  L.  APPLE  FAMILY 

Trees  or  shrubs  with  alternate,  pinnate,  simple  or  compound  leaves;  the 
stipules  free  from  the  petiole  and  early  deciduous.  Flowers  regular,  solitary 
or  in  cymes  or  racemes.  Calyx  5-lobed  or  toothed,  adnate  to  the  ovary. 
Stamens  usually  many,  distinct.  Ovary  1-5-celled,  of  as  many  carpels,  more 
or  less  united;  the  ovules  one  or  more  in  each  cell.  Fruit  a  fleshy  pome, 
formed  by  the  calyx-tube  becoming  thickened-fleshy  and  inclosing  the  1-5 
bony,  papery,  or  leathery  carpels. — Rosaceae  in  part. 

Leaves  simple. 

Flowers  many,  in  racemes;  pome  berry-like         .         .         .         .         .  1.   Amelanchier. 

Flowers  several,  in  short  corymbs;  seeds  bony 2.  Crataegus. 

Flowers  solitary  or  2-3  in  sessile  umbel;  seeds  cartilaginous      .         .  3.  Peraphyllum. 

Leaves  pinnately  compound 4.  Sorbus. 

1.  AMELANCHIER  Medic.    SERVICE-BERRY 

Shrubs  with  alternate,  simple,  serrate  leaves  and  white  flowers  in  racemes; 
not  thorny.  Calyx-tube  adnate  to  the  ovary,  its  five  lobes  persistent  and 
reflexed.  Petals  5,  inserted  with  the  numerous  stamens  on  throat  of  the 
calyx.  Styles  connate,  2-5;  cells  of  thef ovary  as  many  as  the  styles,  becom- 
ing in  the  berry  twice  as  many,  with  1  cartilaginous  seed  in  each  cell. 


266  POM  ACE  AE  (APPLE  FAMILY)* 

Glabrous  throughout,  at  least  at  maturity. 

Leaves  crenately  serrate .     1.  A.  alnifolia.' 

Leaves  incisely  serrate          .         .         .         .         .         .        ".         .         .     2.  A.  glabra. 

More  or  less  pubescent. 

Leaves  glabrous  above,  at  least  at  maturity 3.  A.  elliptica. 

Leaves  pubescent  on  both  faces. 

Incisely  serrate  around  the  summit. 

Calyx  and  pedicels  lanate-pubescent 4.  A.  Bakeri. 

Calyx  (on  the  exterior)  and  pedicels  green  and  glabrate         .         .     5.  A.  oreophila.- 
Entire  or  crenately  toothed      .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .     6.  A.  prunifolia._ 

1.  Amelanchier  alnifolia  Nutt.  T.  &  G.  Fl.  N.  A.  1:  473.  1840.    A  shrub 
or  small  tree,  2-4  m.  high,  glabrate  throughout  (including  the  calyx-lobes) 
at  least  at  maturity:  leaves  thickish,  somewhat  glaucous,  elliptic,  oval  or  ob- 
ovate,  very  obtuse  or  even  truncate,  the  base  rounded,  truncate,  or  subcor- 
date,  coarsely  crenately  serrate-dentate  above  the  middle:  raceme  dense, 
erect:  petals  oblanceolate,  about  1  cm.  long:  pome  purple,  with  bloom,  6-8  mm. 
in  diameter,  sweet  and  juicy. — On  stream  banks;  from  Colorado  to  Nebraska 
and  the  head  waters  of  the  Missouri. 

la.  Amelanchier  alnifolia  pumila  (Nutt.)  A.  Nels.  A  low  shrubby  form 
with  small,  nearly  orbicular  leaves,  serrate-dentate  to  the  base.  A.  pumila 
Nutt.  T.  &  G.  Fl.  N.  A.  1:  474.  1840. — Infrequent;  moist  hillsides;  eastern 
Wyoming. 

2.  Amelanchier  glabra  Greene,  Fl.  Fran.  52.     1891.     Stout  shrub,  divari- 
cately branched:  leaves  thin,  deep  green,  obovate  to  orbicular,  truncate  or 
retuse,  deeply  and  incisely  serrate  nearly  to  the  base,  15-25  mm.  long:  calyx 
as  well  as  the  leaves  quite  glabrous:  petals  cuneate-oblong:  fruit  depressed- 
globose,  crowned  by  the  short  triangular  calyx-lobes.     (A.  polycarpa  Greene, 
Pitt.  4:  127.  1900.)— From  southern  Colorado  to  the  Sierra  Nevada. 

3.  Amelanchier  elliptica  A.  Nels.  Bot.  Gaz.  40:  66.  1905.    A  small  slender 
tree-like  shrub,   growing  as  scattered  individuals  rather  than  in  clumps; 
twigs  slender,  gray  except  at  the  ends  which  are  purplish-black,  with  an  in- 
conspicuous beady  resin:  leaves  elliptic,  2-4  cm.  long,  incisely  serrate  to  the 
middle  or  lower,  nearly  glabrous  above,  softly  lanate  beneath  when  young,  as 
are  also  the  slender  petioles:  flowers  few,  large:  calyx  woolly-pubescent;  its 
lobes  deltoid-triangular,  shorter  than  the  tube,  lanate  on  the  inner  face: 
petals  narrowly  oblanceolate,  12-15  mm.  long:  fruit  spherical. — Wet  open 
places  in  the  mountains;  Colorado,  Wyoming,  and  Utah. 

4.  Amelanchier  Bakeri  Greene,  Pitt.  4:  128.  1900.    Shrubs  or  small  trees, 
growing  in  clumps ;  the  branches  rigid  and  divaricate,  the  younger  ones  puber- 
ulent:  leaves  orbicular,  15-20  mm.  long,  obtuse  or  truncate  at  both  ends, 
evenly  serrate  above  the  middle,  both  faces  tomentulose;  the  stipules  villous: 
raceme  short,  dense,  small-flowered:  calyx  villous-tomentose,  the  triangular- 
lanceolate  lobes  equaling  the  tube:  petals  5-10  mm.  long. — Southern  Col- 
orado. 

5.  Amelanchier  oreophila  A.  Nels.  Bot.  Gaz.  40:  65.  1905.     Low,  intri- 
cately rigid-branched,  1-2   m.  high,  growing  in  dense   clumps;   pubescence 
short-lanate,  some  of  it  persisting  till  maturity,  especially  on  the  lower  face 
of  the  leaves:  leaves  elliptic  to  obovate,  2-4  cm.  long,  incisely  dentate  from 
the  middle  to  the  rounded  apex;  the  petioles  scarcely  half  as  long  as  the  blade: 
racemes  short,  dense:  calyx-lobes  subulate- triangular,  glabrate  outside,  lanate- 
pubescent  on  the  margins  and  inside:  petals  about  8  mm.  long:  pome  globose, 
purplish-black,  developing  but  little  pulp,  remaining  dry  and  insipid,  matur- 
ing late. — Dry  stony  hills  and  canons;  Colorado  and  Wyoming  and  probably 
westward. 

6.  Amelanchier  prunifolia  Greene,  Pitt.  4:  21.  1899.    Stems  clustered  and 
bushy,  2-3  m.  high;  the  branches  rigid,  with  ashy  bark:  leaves  coriaceous,  pale 
and  glaucescent,  but  permanently  obscurely  puberulent,  from  oblong  to  ovate 
or  obovate,  few-toothed  around  the  obtuse  summit:  cyme  few-flowered: 
calyx-lobes  lanceolate,  elongated  in  fruit,  hoary-tomentulose :  fruit  on  slen- 
der pedicels  about  2  cm.  long.    (Possibly  the  following  from  New  Mexico  are 
the  same:  A.  crenata  Greene,  Pitt.  4:  127,  and  A.  rubescens  Greene,  Pitt.  1.  c.) 
— In  the  dry  mountains;  west  central  Colorado. 


POMACEAE  (APPLE  FAMILY)  267 

2.  CRATAEGUS  L.*     HAWTHORN 

Shrubs  or  small  trees  with  thorny  branches,  simple  alternate  toothed  or 
lobed  leaves,  and  usually  white  flowers  in  corymbs.  Calyx-tube  urn-shaped; 
its  limb  5-parted.  Petals  5,  spreading.  Stamens  5-20.  Ovary  2-5-celled, 
becoming  a  drupe  containing  2-5  bony  1-seeded  carpels. 

Spines  short,  2  cm.  long  or  less  (in  no.  2  sometimes  more). 

Leaves  elliptic  to  lanceolate,  serrate,  quite  small  (1.5  cm.  or  less 

broad) 1.  C.  saligna. 

Leaves  ovate  or  obovate,  2-4  cm.  broad. 

Serrate,  not  incisely  toothed  or  lobed;  petiole  without  glands          .     2.  C.  rivularis. 
Lobed   or  incisely  and  doubly  toothed;   petiole  with  scattered 

glands 3.  C.  Douglasii. 

Spines  long,  3-8  cm. 

Teeth  of  leaves  gland-tipped. 

Leaves  small,  1.5  cm.  or  less  broad  •  .    •     -;         .         .         .     1.  C.  saligna. 

Leaves  large,  mostly  3-5  cm.  broad. 

Leaves  thin,   shiny  above  but  with  scattered  hairs:  pedicels 

glabrous;  anthers  rose-color;  fruit  mahogany-brown    .         .     4.  C.  cerronis. 
Leaves  thick. 

Petioles  glandular;  fruit  pyriform,  dark  red;  nutlets  2-3         .     5.  C.  Doddsii. 
Petioles  nearly  or  quite  glandless;  fruit  subspherical,  scarlr 

nutlets  3-5 (}.  C.  sheridana. 

Teeth  of  leaves  not  gland-tipped;  fruit  blood-red. 

Twigs  of  season  glabrous;  anthers  pink;  fruit  spherical    .         .         .7.  C.  coloradensis. 
Twigs  of  season  woolly,  villous,  or  pubescent;  anthers  white. 
Petioles  one  fourth  to  one  fifth  the  length  of  the  leaf-blades; 

fruit  broader  than  long       .         .         .         .         .         .         .     8.  C.  occidentalis. 

Petioles  one  third  to  one  half  the  length  of  the  leaf-blade;  fruit 

spherical  or  elongated 9.  C.  coloradoides. 

1.  Crataegus  saligna  Greene,  Pitt.  3:  99.  1896.     A  slender  tree  2-6  m. 
high,  with  slender  willowy  branchlets:    leaves  oblong  or  oblong-lanceolate, 
3-5  cm.  long,  firm,  acute  or  obtuse  at  apex,  cuneately  narrowed  to  the  slender 
petiole,  minutely  crenate-serrate  above  the  middle,  glabrous  below,  obscurely 
appressed-strigulose  on  the   glossy  upper  surface:  spines  slender,   flexible, 
glossy  black,  2-3  cm.  long:  corymb  glabrous,  few-flowered:  calyx-lobes  tri- 
angular: petals  suborbicular,  about  4  mm.  in  diameter:  stamens  20:  styles  5: 
fruit  subglobose,  black  with  bloom,  dry,  mealy,  insipid.     (C.  Wheeleri  A.  Nels. 
Bot.  Gaz.  34:  369.  1902.)— Canons  of  west-central  Colorado. 

2.  Crataegus  rivularis  Nutt.  T.  &  G.  Fl.  N.  A.  1:  464.  1840.    A  small  tree, 
well  branched;  the  branchlets  rather  slender:  leaves  3-6  cm.  long,  bright' 
green  and  glossy,  glabrous  except  for  some  obscure  hairs  above,  ovate  or 
elliptic-ovate,  usually  acute,  serrate,  the  teeth  short :  spines  moderately  stout, 
glossy,  somewhat  curved,  2-4  cm.  long:  corymb  glabrous,  several-flowered: 
calyx-lobes  with  a  linear  non-glandular  acumination:  petals  orbicular,  crenate 
at  summit:    stamens  10:  styles  5:    fruit  nearly  black,  1  cm.  in  diameter. — 
Stream  banks;  western  Wyoming  to  Utah  and  Idaho;  probably  in  northwest- 
ern Colorado. 

3.  Crataegus  Douglasii  Lindl.  Bot.  Reg.  pi.  1810.    1835.     A  stout  shrub  or 
small  tree,  4-8  m.  high,  well  branched;  spines  stout,  rarely  more  than  2  cm. 
long:  leaves  elliptic  to  obovate,  usually  cuneate  at  base,  irregularly  serrate, 
those  of  the  young  shoots  often  incisely  lobed,  3-6  cm.  long,  glabrous  or  some- 
times slightly  pubescent  on  both  sides:  corymb  10-15-flowered,  nearly  gla- 
brous or  slightly  tomentulose,  not  glandular:  calyx-lobes  entire,  triangular- 
subulate:   petals  orbicular,  6-8  mm.  in  diameter:   stamens  10:  fruit  black, 
or  purplish-black;   the  carpels '3-4. — Northern  Wyoming  (apparently),  west- 
ward through  Montana  and  Idaho  to  Oregon. 

4.  Crataegus  cerronis   A.   Nels.   Bot.   Gaz.   34:  370.  1902.     Small  tree, 
widely  branched,  2-5  m.  high;  trunk  short,  stout,  with  rough  bark;  young 
twigs  brown;   lenticels  small,   nearly  white:   leaves  broadly   elliptic-ovate, 
3-5  cm.  long,  coarsely  serrate;  the  teeth  with  finer  gland-tipped  serrations, 

*  Nomenclature  and  synonomy  supplied  by  Prof.  Francis  Ramaley  of  the  University 
of  Colorado,  who  has  studied  critically  the  Rocky  Mountain  species  of  the  genus  both  in 
field  and  herbarium.  He  suggests  that  with  further  study  it  may  be  found  desirable  to 
unite  C.  Doddsii  with  C.  sheridana. 


268          POMACEAE  (APPLE  FAMILY) 

acute  or  acuminate  at  apex,  glabrous  below,  sparsely  ciliate-pubescent  above 
(especially  on  the  veins);  petioles  slender,  without  glands:  thorns  numerous, 
stout,  2-3  cm.  long,  morocco-red,  with  pale  lenticels:  corymb  5-10-flowered : 
calyx-lobes  with  a  broad  gland-margined  acumination,  longer  than  the  calyx- 
tube:  petals  6-8  mm.  broad,  reticulate-veined:  stamens  1-8  (generally  5-8); 
anthers  large,  purple:  styles  5:  fruit  blacker  brown;  carpels  large  and  some- 
what dissimilar,  the  pulp  scanty.  (C.  erythropoda  Ashe  and  probably  C.  chryso- 
carpa  Ashe  in  part.) — Stream  banks,  in  canons;  Colorado  and  Wyoming. 

5.  Crataegus  Doddsii  Ramaley,  Bot.  Gaz.  46:  381.  1908.     A  small  tree 
or  shrub  near  the  following:  the  leaves  smaller  and  pleated  along  the  veins 
at  anthesis,  shining,  glabrous  except  on  the  veins  below,  obovate,  obscurely 
lobed  and  the  margin  serrate:  stamens  10  or  fewer;  anthers  white:  fruit  hard, 
dark  red:  nutlets  2-3.     (C.  chrysocarpa  Ashe  in  part,  probably.) — Colorado. 

6.  Crataegus  sheridana  A.  Nels.  Bot.  Gaz.  34:  370.  1902.     A  small  tree 
3-5  m.  high,  with  reddish-brown  twigs;  lenticels  few,  large:  spines  slender, 
curved  and  deflexed,  4-5  cm.  long:  leaves  oval  to  almost  orbicular,  coarsely 
and  incisely  toothed,  with  rather  blunt  gland-tipped  serratures;  pubescence 
sparse  and  softly  strigose  on  the  lower  surface  of  the  leaves  (mostly  on  the 
veins),  minute  and  appressed  on  the  upper,  merely  ciliate  or  wanting  in  the 
inflorescence:  corymb  5-11-flowered:  calyx-lobes  ovate-lanceolate,  glandular- 
fimbriate:  stamens  8-10:  styles  3-4:  fruit  nearly  spherical,  8-9  mm.  in  diam- 
eter,   scarlet-red;    the    carpels   slightly   crested-bisulcate   dorsally. — Stream 
banks;  through  northern  Wyoming  and  westward  to  Idaho. 

7.  Crataegus  coloradensis  A.  Nels.  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.  17:  175.  1904. 
A  low  well-branched  tree,  3-5  m.  high:  leaves  4-5  cm.  long,  oval  to  subor- 
bicular;  the  base  rounded  or  somewhat  cuneate,  either  entire  or  minutely 
serrate ;  the  upper  half  incisely  coarsely  toothed,  with  finer  serrations  on  the 
teeth  which  are  slightly  calloused  but  not  glandular,  ciliate-pubescent  above, 
nearly  glabrous  beneath  except  for  the  ciliate-hirsuteness  on  the  veins :  thorns 
few,  stout,  variable,  3-5  cm.  long:  corymb  10-20-flowered,  broad;  pedicels 
lanate-pubeseent :  calyx-tube  short,  hirsute  or  lanate,  its  lobes  cut  into  long 
gland-tipped  teeth:  petals  8  mm.  broad:  stamens  10:  styles  usually  3  (2-~4): 
fruit  10-13  mm.  in  diameter,  dark  scarlet-red;  the  pulp  juicy  and  well  flavored; 
carpels  mostly  3,  large,  slightly  ridged  on  the  back. — Canons  of  the  front 
range  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  in  Colorado. 

8.  Crataegus  occidental   Brit.  Bull.  N.  Y.  Bot.  Gard.  1:  448.  1900.    A 
shrub  or  small   tree,  sometimes  6-7  m.  high;   thorns  slender,  about  3  cm. 
long:  pedicels  and  calyx  pubescent:  leaves  oval  or  slightly  obovate,  irreg- 
ularly serrate  and  sometimes  slightly  lobed,  mostly  obtuse  at  the  apex  and 
narrowed  or  subcuneate  at  the  base,  4-7  cm.  long,  3  or  4  cm.  wide,  slender- 
petioled,  pubescent  beneath,  at  least  on  the  veins:  corymbs  several-flowered; 
flowers  about  1.5  cm.  wide:  fruit  oval-globose,  about  1  cm.  long.    (C.  Colorado 
Ashe.) — Nebraska  and  Colorado;  also  Montana. 

9.  Crataegus  coloradoides  Ramaley,  1.  c.  383.    Small  tree  or  shrub,  the 
young  branches  pubescent:  leaves  more  or  less  blue-green  and  glossy  above, 
somewhat  glaucous  beneath,  obovate,  serrate  and  obscurely  lobed,  pubescent 
on  the  nerves  below  and  on  the  petiole  which  is  often  half  as  long  as  the  blade: 
pedicels  pubescent:  stamens  10  or  fewer;  anthers  white:  fruit  pulpy,  sweet, 
spherical,  red,  about  9  mm.  in  diameter:  nutlets  2-3. — Colorado. 

3.  PERAPHYLLUM  Nutt.     . 

Low  shrubs  with  grayish  bark,  intricately  branched,  the  branchlets  short 
and  rigid.  Leaves  fascicled  at  the  ends  of  the  branchlets.  Flowers  solitary 
or  in  sessile  2-3-flowered  umbels.  Ovary  2-celled,  each  cell  becoming  partly 
divided  by  a  spurious  partition. 

1.  Peraphyllum  ramosissimum  Nutt.  T.  &  G.  Fl.  N.  A.  1:  474.  1838. 
Somewhat  silky-pubescent  or  nearly  glabrous,  1-2  m.  high:  leaves  narrowly 
oblanceolate,  attenuate  into  a  very  short  petiole,  serrulate  or  entire:  flowers 


DRUPACEAE    (PLUM   FAMILY)  269 

appearing  with  the  leaves,  pale  rose-color:  calyx-tube  adnate  to  the  ovary, 
its  lobes  pubescent  within:  petals  orbiculav-obovate:  styles  2:  fruit  globose, 
crowned  with  the  persistent  calyx-lobes. — Colorado  and  to  the  far  northwest. 

4.  SORBUS  L.     MOUNTAIN  ASH 

Low  shrub  with  pinnate,  serrate,  deciduous  leaves  and  white  flowers  in  flat- 
topped  compound  cymes.  Calyx-tube  urn-shaped  or  turbinate,  5-lobed. 
Petals  5,  spreading,  short-clawed.  Stamens  20.  Styles  3-5,  distinct,  woolly 
at  base.  Ovary  3-5-celled,  becoming  a  berry-like  pome  with  2-seeded  cells. 
— Pyrus. 

1.  Sorbus  scopulina  Greene,  Pitt.  4:  130.  1900.  Shrub  1-4  m.  high,  rather 
stout,  the  young  branches  sparsely  hirsutulous:  leaves  1-2  dm.  long,  the 
rachis  glabrous  or  slightly  pilose  at  the  joints;  leaflets  11-15,  glabrous  on 
both  sides,  3-4  cm.  long,  oblong-lanceolate,  sharply  serrate;  the  teeth  not 
glandular  or  callous  at  tip:  cyme  large,  flat-topped:  fruit  red,  bitter.  Pyrus 
sambucifolia,  in  part. — Rocky  canons;  Colorado,  Wyoming,  and  northwest- 
ward. 

56.  DRUPACEAE  DC.    PLUM  FAMILY 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  alternate,  petioled,  serrate  leaves  and  small  early- 
deciduous  stipules.  Bark,  leaves,  and  seeds  bitter  (prussic  acid).  Flowers 
regular  and  perfect.  Calyx  5-lobed,  free  from  the  ovary,  deciduous.  Petals 
5,  inserted  on  the  calyx  as  are  also  the  numerous  stamens.  Stigma  small, 
capitate;  ovary  1-celled.  Fruit  a  drupe. — Rosaceae  in  part. 

PRUNUS  L.     PLUM  AND  CHERRY 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  simple  serrate  leaves,  the  bark  exuding  gum.  Flowers 
white,  fascicled  in  the  axils  or  in  terminal  racemes.  Calyx  5-cleft.  Petals 
5,  spreading.  Stamens  15-25,  inserted  with  the  petals.  Carpels  solitary, 
entirely  free  from  the  calyx,  becoming  drupes. 

Leaves  convolute  in  vernation;  fruit  large  and  pit  flatteued. 

Flowers  appearing  before  the  leaves;  umbels  2-5-flowered. 

Sepals  entire,  not  glandular 1.  P.  americana.   - 

Sepals  glandular-ciliate      .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .     2.  P.  angustifolia. 

Flowers  appearing  after  the  leaves;  umbel  1-3-flowered       .         .     3.  P.  ignota. 
Leaves  conduplicate  in  vernation;  fruit  small  and  pit  subglobose. 

Flowers  in  terminal  racemes          .         .         .         .         .         .         .     4.  P.  melanocarpa.— 

Flowers  axillary. 

A  small  tree;  flowers  in  short  corymbs 5.  P.  pennsylvanica.- 

A  low  shrub;  flowers  in  sessile  umbels      .         .         .         .         .     6.  P.  Besseyi. 

1.  Prunus  americana  Marsh,  Arb.  Am.  111.     1785.    Tree  thorny,  2-5  m. 
high:  leaves  ovate  or  somewhat  obovate,  conspicuously  pointed,  coarsely  or 
doubly  serrate,  very  veiny,  glabrous  when  mature:  fruit  nearly  destitute  of 
bloom,  roundish  oval,  yellow,  orange,  or  red;  the  stone  turgid,  more  or  less 
acute  on  both  margins;   pleasant-tasted,  but  with  a  tough  and  sour   skin. 
WILD  YELLOW  or  RED  PLUM. — Along  streams;  Colorado,  Wyoming,  and  east- 
ward. 

2.  Prunus  angustifolia  Marsh,  Arb.  Am.  111.    1785.    Stem  scarcely  thorny: 
leaves  nearly  lanceolate,  finely  serrulate,  glabrous:  fruit  nearly  destitute  of 
bloom,  globular,  red;  the  stone  ovoid,  almost  as  thick  as  wide,  rounded  at 
both  sutures,  one  of  them  minutely  grooved.    P.  chicasa  Michx.     CHICKASAW 
PLUM. — Native  in  the  central  southwest;  widely  introduced ;  Colorado. 

3.  Prunus  ignota  A.  Nels.  Bot.  Gaz.  42:  53.  1906.    Shrubby  or  possibly 
becoming  tree-like;  branches  slender,  none  of  them  becoming  indurated  or 
thorny:  leaves  glabrous  from  the  first,  simply  and  sharply  serrate:  flowers 
white,  appearing  with  or  after  the  leaves,  solitary  or  2-3  in  a  cluster:  calyx 


270  LEG.UMINOSAE    (PEA   FAMILY) 

turbinate;  its  lobes  entire,  glabrous  within  and  nearly  so  without:  petals 
obovate:  fruit  not  known. — On  the  Cache  La  Poudre,  near  Fort  Collins, 
Colorado. 

4.  Primus  melanocarpa  (A.  Nels.)  Rydb.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  33:  143. 
1906.      An  erect  slender  shrub  or  small  tree  1-5  m.  high:    leaves  ovate  or 
oblong-ovate,  abruptly  acuminate,  rounded  or  somewhat  cordate  at  base, 
smooth  or  nearly  so  on  both  sides,  the  teeth  of  the  fine  serration  incurved 
or  appressed;  petioles  not  glandular:  raceme  compact,  erect  or  ascending: 
fruit  when  fully  mature  black,  always  more  or  less  astringent.     P.  demissa, 
which  probably  belongs  wholly  to  the  northwest  of  our  range. — This  is  the  com- 
mon CHOKECHERRY  in  the  central  Rocky  Mountains. 

5.  Prunus  pennsylvanica  L.  f.  Suppl.  252.     1781.    Tree  4-8  m.  high,  with 
light  red-brown  bark:  leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  pointed,  finely  and  sharply 
serrate,  shining,  green  and  smooth  both  sides:  fruit  globose,  light  red,  very 
small,  with  thin  and  sour  flesh;  stone  globular.     WILD  RED  CHERRY. — From 
Colorado,  northward  and  eastward  to  Newfoundland. 

6.  Prunus  Besseyi  Bailey,  Bull.  Cornell  Expt.  Sta.  70:  261.  1894.    A  low 
shrub  with  spreading  or  prostrate  branches,  often  only  a  few  dm.  high:  leaves 
oblong  to  oval,  the  teeth  appressed,  either  acute  or  obtuse  at  base  and  apex: 
flowers  in  sessile  umbels,  expanding  with  the  leaves,  about  1  cm.  broad: 
fruit  large,  12-15  mm.  in  diameter,  yellowish-red,  juicy,  scarcely  astringent, 
edible.    SAND  CHERRY. — From  the  western  plains  to  the  foothills  of  the  Rocky 
Mountains. 

57.  LEGUMINOSAE  Juss.    PEA  FAMILY 

Herbs,  shrubs,  or  trees  with  alternate  and  usually  compound  leaves,  irreg- 
ular flowers,  5  sepals  more  or  less  united,  5  very  dissimilar  petals  (upper 
petal  or  standard  larger  than  the  others  and  inclosing  them  in  the  bud,  turned 
back  or  spreading;  the  two  lateral  petals  or  wings  oblique;  the  two  lower 
petals  coherent  by  their  edges  and  forming  the  keel  which  usually  incloses  the 
stamens  and  pistil),  usually  10  variously  united  stamens  (mostly  9,  united  into 
a  tube  and  the  upper  one  separate,  rarely  9  or  5),  and  a  1-celled  ovary  becom- 
ing a  more  or  less  elongated  pod.  Style  generally  inflexed  or  incurved.  Seeds 
mostly  with  thick  cotyledons  and  without  endosperm. 

Stamens  10,  wholly  distinct. 

Leaves  digitately  3-foliolate;  flowers  yellow 1.  Thermopsis. 

Leaves  odd-pinnate;  flowers  white     .......       2.  Sophora. 

Stamens  (some  or  all)  united  by  their  filaments  at  least  at  base,  i.  e., 

monadelphous  or  diadelphous. 
Anthers  of  2  forms;  stamens  monadelphous;  leaves  digitately  5-  or 

more-foliolate     ..........       3.  Lupinus. 

Anthers  all  alike,  reniform. 

Leaves  odd-pinnate,  without  tendrils. 

Pod  not  a  loment,  2-valved  or  indehiscent. 
Foliage  not  glandular  dotted. 

Digitately  3-foliolate  or  rarely  5-foliolate. 

Leaflets  entire 4.  Lotus. 

Leaflets  serrulate  or  denticulate. 

Flowers  in  racemes       .......       5.  Melilotus. 

Flowers  capitate  or  in  short  loose  spikes. 

Pods  curved  or  coiled      ......       6.  Medicago. 

Pods  straight,  membranous      .....       7.  Trifolium. 

Pinnately  5-  OF  more-foliolate  (rarely  simple  or  3-foliolate 

in  no.  9). 
Shrubs     ..........       8.  Robinia. 

Herbs,  or  rarely  with  ligneous  base. 

Keel  of  the  corolla  blunt 9.  Astragalus. 

Keel  of  the  corolla  acute     ......     10.  Aragallus. 

Foliage  glandular-dotted. 

Pod  with  hooked  prickles    .......     11.  Glycyrrhiza. 

Pod  not  prickly. 

Shrubs 12.  Amorpha. 

Herbs,  or  merely  with  ligneous  base. 


LEGUMINOSAE    (PEA   FAMILY)  271 

Leaves  digitately  3-5-foliolate    .         .         .         .         .13.  Psoralea. 
Leaves  pinnately  5-many-foliolate. 

Stamens  10 14.  Parosela 


Stamens  5 

Pod  a  loment,  with  reticulated  indehiscent  joints 
Leaves  even-pinnate,  terminated  by  a  tendril  or  bristle. 
Style  slender,  with  a  tuft  of  hair  near  the  apex 
Style  flattened,  hairy  on  the  inner  side 


1.  THERMOPSIS  R.  Br. 


15.  Petalostemon. 

16.  Hedysarum. 

I?!  Vicia. 
18.  Lathyrus. 


Stout  perennial  herbs  with  erect  clustered  stems  from  running  rootstocks. 
Leaves  digitately  3-foliolate;  the  leaflets  entire;  stipules  conspicuous,  free. 
Flower  large,  yellow,  in  racemes.  Calyx  campanulate,  cleft  to  the  middle. 
Standard  shorter  than  the  oblong  wings,  the  sides  reflexed;  keel  nearly 
straight,  as  long  as  the  wings.  Stamens  distinct.  Pod  linear  to  oblong- 
linear,  much  compressed,  shortly  stipitate  or  nearly  sessile,  straight  or  in- 
curved. 

Mature  pods  straight  or  only  slightly  curved. 

Erect  and  nearly  straight  .         .         .         .         .         .  .  1.  T.  montana. 

Spreading,  somewhat  curved,  not  recurved  or  deflexed  .  .  .  2.  T.  divaricarpa. 
Mature  pods  strongly  annulately  curved  and  often  recurved. 

Leaflets  silky-pubescent,  at  least  beneath 3.  T.  rhombifolia. 

Leaflets  glabrate 4.  T.  arenosa. 

1.  Thermopsis  montana  Nutt.*  T.  &  G.  Fl.  1:  388.  1840.    Stems  erect, 
simple  or  with  a  few  strict,  leafy,  sterile  branches,  more  or  less  silky-pubescent, 
becoming  glabrate,  3-6  dm.  high:  leaflets  oblong-oblanceolate  or  obovate- 
oblong,  usually  acute,-  sparingly  silky-villous  beneath,  glabrous  or  nearly  so 
above:  flowers  alternate  or  geminate,  showy,  in  a  spike  6-12  cm.  long:  calyx 
silky-canescent ;  its  teeth  narrow,  shorter  than  the  tube:  pods  silky-canescent 
or  somewhat  villous,  straight,  linear,  erect,  even  appressed,  or,  if  very  much 
crowded,  somewhat  spreading.    (T..  stricta  Greene,  PI.  Baker.  3:  34.  1901.) — 
"  High  valleys  in  the  Rocky  Mountains,  in  bushy  places  by  streams;  "  west  to 
the  Sierras. 

2.  Thermopsis' divaricarpa  A.  Nels.  Bot.  Gaz.  25:  275.  1898.    Similar  in 
habit  and  size,  the  sterile  branches  very  leafy:  leaflets  elliptic  or  ob ovate, 
nearly  glabrous;  the  large  stipules  ovate,  somewhat  inequilateral,  longer  than 
the  petiole:  pods  pubescent  when  young,  at  length  glabrous,  8-10  cm.  long, 
about  7  mm.  broad,  slightly  curved  and  becoming  widely  divaricate.     (T. 
vinetorum  Greene,  Pitt.  4:  138.  1900.) — Often  in  rather  dense  patches;  stream 
banks  and  moist  copses;  throughout  our  range. 

3.  Thermopsis  rhombifolia  (Nutt.)  Rich.  Frank.  Journ.  App.  13.     1823. 
Low,  erect  or  ascending,  branched,  2-4  dm.  high,  appressed  silky-pubescent, 
or  the  leaves  sometimes  glabrate  above:  leaflets  oval  or  obovate  or  rhombic- 
elliptic,  obtuse,  sessile;   stipules  ovate  to  orbicular:   racemes  short;  flowers 
15-20  mm.  long:  pod  broadly  linear,  silky  at  first  and  more  or  less  pubescent 
at  maturity,  annulately  recurved-spreading,  several-seeded.     (T.  annulocarpa 
A.  Nels.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  26:  239.  1899.) — In  dry  washes  and  on  sterile 
sandy  plains;  from  Manitoba  to  Kansas  along  the  eastern  boundary  of  our 
range. 

4.  Thermopsis  arenosa  A.  Nels.  1.  c.  276.     1898.     Similar  in  habit  and 
size:  stems  from  the  persistent  branched  bases  numerous:  leaflets  oblong  to 
oblanceolate  or  even  obovate,  mostly  subacute,  nearly  glabrous,   3-4  cm. 
long,  1-2  cm.  broad;  stipules  longer  than  the  petioles,  ovate  to  suborbicular: 
raceme  short  even  in  fruit:  pods  softly  pubescent  but  at  maturity  nearly  or 
quite  glabrous,  widely  spreading  from  the  first  or  even  drooping,  somewhat 
curved  or  at  length  annulately  recurved,  often  stipitately  narrowed  at  base 
and  constricted  at  intervals  by  the  aborting  of  one  or  more  of  the  seeds. — 
Open  sandy  washes  in  the  foothills;  Colorado  and  Wyoming. 

*  These  species  are  all  figured  in  Bot.  Gaz.  25:  275. 


272 


LEGUMINOSAE    (PEA  FAMILY) 


2.  SOPHORA  L. 

Ours  are  herbs  with  coriaceous  odd-pinnate  leaves  with  numerous  entire 
leaflets.  Stipules  small  or  obsolete.  Flowers  white,  in  terminal  racemes. 
Calyx  campanulate;  its  teeth  short.  Petals  nearly  equal;  the  standard  broad. 
Pod  stipitate,  large,  thick,  terete  or  somewhat  compressed,  several-seeded, 
often  somewhat  transversely  constricted. 

1.  Sophora  sericea  Nutt.  Gen.  1:  280.  1818.  Low,  1-3  dm.  high,  more  or 
less  silky-canescent :  leaflets  about  21,  elliptic  or  cuneate-oval:  racemes  short, 
at  first  scarcely  exserted  beyond  the  leaves:  calyx  gibbous  at  base. — High 
plains  of  Colorado  and  northward  along  the  plains  of  the  Platte  and  the  Mis- 


3.  LUPINUS  L.     LUPINE 

Generally  herbaceous,  with  5  or  more  digitately  arranged  entire  leaflets. 
Stipules  adnate  to  the  petioles.  Flowers  in  terminal  racemes,  verticillate  or 
scattered,  bracteate.  Calyx  2-lipped.  Standard  with  recurved  sides;  wings 
united  above,  inclosing  the  falcate  keel.  Filaments  strictly  monadelphous; 
anthers  of  two  forms.  Pod  large,  straight,  compressed,  2-valved,  coriaceous. 


Annuals;  ovules  only  2. 

Coarsely  hirsute;  stem  branched     ...... 

Softly  hirsute;  subacaulescent        ...... 

Perennials;  ovules  more  than  2. 

Dwarf  and  caespitose  (5-15  cm.  high). 

Racemes  surpassed  by  the  leaves         ..... 

Racemes  surpassing  the  leaves  .         . 

Medium  to  large,  usually  2  dm.  or  more  high. 
Flowers  conspicuously  bicolored. 

Leaflets  green,  appressed-pubescent  beneath    . 
Leaflets  canescent,  pubescent  on  both  faces. 
-  Racemes  lax,  verticils  distant      ..... 

Racemes  dense     .          .         .         ... 

Flowers  often  bi-  or  tri-colored  but  not  strikingly  so. 
Herbage  conspicuously  canescent  or  rough-hoary. 

Pubescence    dense    and    white,    spreading   or   subap- 


Racemes  large  and  long  (1-3  dm.)    .... 

Racemes  short,  terminating  divaricate  branches     . 
Pubescence  sericeous,  mostly  appressed. 
Flowers  blue    .         .         . 
Flowers  violet  ....... 

Herbage  green  or  greenish,  at  least  in  part. 
Pubescence  of  stem  and  petioles  appressed. 
Leaflets  glabrous  above  or  nearly  so. 

Linear-oblong  or  oblanceolate,  usually  folded. 
Raceme  solitary  or  several  in  a  terminal  fascicle 
Racemes  terminating  the  stem  and  divaricate 

branches. 

Stems  usually  solitary;  pubescence  scanty     . 
Stems  tufted;  pubescence  silky-appressed 
Oblong  to  oblanceolate  or  broader,  mostly  flat. 
Stems  branched  above. 

Flowers  blue  ...... 

Flowers  violet         ...... 

Stems  mostly  simple. 

Calyx  scarcely  gibbous  ..... 

Calyx  conspicuously  gibbous 
Leaflets  pubescent  on  both  sides. 

Stems  purplish-red        .....". 

Stems  green  or  greenish. 

Tufted  and  low  (2dm.  or  less)    . 
Taller,  usually  3-6  dm.  high. 

Basal-leaves  abundant  and  long-petioled 
Basal   leaves   wanting,   or  small  and  short-, 

petioled. 

Stems  densely  tufted  .         .         . 

Stems  mostly  solitary         .... 

Pubescence    of   stem   and   petioles   hirsute    (if   any), 

spreading  or  reflexed. 
More  or  less  rough-hirsute. 

Raceme  as  long  as  the  leaf-bearing  part  of  the 
stem 


1.  L.  pusillus. 

2.  L.  brevicaulis. 


3.  L.  caespitosus. 

4.  L.  Kingii. 


5.  L.  plattensis. 

6.  L.  dichrous. 

7.  L.  ornatus 


8.  L.  leucophyllus. 

9.  L.  ramosus. 

10.  L.  flexuosus. 

11.  L.  Greenei. 


12.  L.  floribundus. 


13.  L.  parviflorus. 

14.  L.  argenteus. 


15.  L.  decumbens. 

16.  L.  alsophilus. 

17.  L.  alpestris. 

18.  L.  pseudoparviflorus. 

19.  L.  rubricaulis. 

20.  L.  monticola. 

21.  L.  humicola. 


22.  L.  laxiflorus. 

23.  L.  Bakeri. 


24.  Ls  ammophilus. 


LEGUMINOSAE    (PEA   FAMILY)  273 

Raceme  relatively  short;  stems  tall. 

Flowers  ochroleucous         .....  25.  L.  barbiger. 

Flowers  blue  or  pink 26.  L.  Wyetbii. 

Whole  plant  glabrous  or  nearly  so    .         .         .         .  27.  L.  Burkei. 

1.  Lupinus  pusillus  Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  468.  1814.    A  low  rather  stout 
diffusely  branched  annual,  1-2  dm.  high,  hirsute  with  spreading  hairs:  leaf- 
lets usually  5,  cuneate-oblong  or  oblanceolate,  2-3  cm.  long,  acute  or  obtuse, 
nearly  glabrous  above,  about  half  as  long  as  the  petioles:  racemes  short- 
peduncled  or  sessile;  pedicels  4-5  mm.  long;  the  bractlets  minute:  upper 
calyx-lip  2-cleft;  the  lower  subentire:  pods  10-15  mm.  long,  1-2-seeded. — 
Throughout  the  whole  Rocky  Mountain  region. 

2.  Lupinus  brevicaulis  Wats.  King's  Rep.  53.  pi.  7.    1871.    Acaulescent  and 
somewhat  caespitose,  annual  or  seemingly  sometimes  perennial  with  slender 
rootstocks,  3-10  cm.  high:  leaflets  mostly  7,  cuneate-obovate,   10-15  mm. 
long,  rounded  at  apex:  racemes  dense,  3-4  cm.  long,  the  peduncles  nearly 
equaling  the  leaves;  pedicels  2-4  mm.  long  in  fruit;  bractlets  small:  upper 
calyx-lip  very  short  or  truncate,  scarious;  the  lower  subentire:  petals  blue, 
6-10  mm.  long,  equal:  pod  6-10  mm.  long,  2-3-seeded. — Southern  Colorado 
to  Arizona  and  Oregon. 

3.  Lupinus  caespitosus  Nutt.  T.  &  G.  Fl.  N.  A.  1:  379.  1840.     Dwarf  caes- 
pitose perennial,  5-15  cm.  high,  silky  hirsute:  leaflets  5-7,  oblong-lanceolate, 
attenuate  at  base,  much  shorter  than  the  petiole;  stipules  subulate,  adnate: 
spike  sessile,  densely  flowered,  much  shorter  than  the  leaves;   bracts  seta- 
ceous, deciduous;  flowers  small,  nearly  sessile,  pale  blue:  calyx  bracteolate; 
the  upper  lip  2-parted;  the  lower  obscurely  3-toothed:  pod  villous,  3-4-seeded. 
— Colorado  and  Utah,  north  to  Montana. 

4.  Lupinus  Kingii  Wats.  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  8:  534.  1873.    From  a  peren- 
nial rootstock,  dwarf,  caespitose,  7-15  cm.  high ;  pubescence  villous  and  spread- 
ing:  leaflets  oblong-lanceolate,  2-3  cm.  long,  acutish  or  obtuse,  half  as  long 
as  the  petioles :  raceme  on  slender  peduncles  equaling  the  leaves ;  bracts  short : 
calyx  nearly  equaling  the  petals;  the  lower  lip  equally  3-toothed:  petals 
purplish,  7-8  mm.  long,  the  narrow  rhomboidal  standard  shorter  than  the 
wings:  pod  ovate,  about  1  cm.  long,  1-2-seeded.    (L.  Sileri  Wats.  1.  c.  10:  345. 
1875;   L.   aduncus   Greene,  Pitt.  4:  132.  1900.)— Colorado,   Wyoming,   and 
Utah. 

5.  Lupinus  plattensis  Wats.  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  17:  369.  1883.    Stems  erect, 
from  an  underground  rootstock,  appressed  silky-villous,  branched:  leaflets 
7-10,  oblanceolate  or  short-spatulate,  obtuse  or  sometimes  subacute,  usually 
with  a  glaucescent  hue,  appressed-pubescent  beneath,  glabrous  above:   ra- 
ceme elongated,  loosely  large-flowered:  petals  pale,  blue  or  purplish;  the 
standard  with  a  conspicuous  darker  spot. — Western  Nebraska  and  adjacent 
Wyoming  and  Dakota. 

6.  Lupinus  dichrous  Greene,  PL  Baker.  3:  35.  1901.    Tufted,  erect,  5-8 
dm.  high,  the  stems  mostly  simple;   pubescence  short,  spreading,   silvery: 
racemes  long,  very  open;  flowers  large,  subverticillate ;  pedicels  and  short 
gibbous  calyx  velvety:  corolla  at  first  pale  or  nearly  white,  the  standard  soon 
assuming  a  dark  reddish-purple  hue;  keel  lunate,  strongly  ciliate  throughout: 
pods  oblong-linear,  3-4  cm.  long,  silky-tomentose,  5-seeded;  the  seeds  white, 
very  flat. — Probably  rare;  western  Colorado. 

7.  Lupinus  ornatus  Dougl.  Lindl.  Bot.  Reg.  14.  pi.  1316.     1828.     Stems 
often  decumbent  at  base,  ascending  or  erect,  4-8  dm.  high;  pubescence  dense, 
rather  short,   somewhat  silky,   subappressed :   leaflets   5-7,   oblanceolate  or 
cuneate-oblong,  3-5  cm.  long,  usually  acute:  racemes  1-2  dm.  long,  short- 
peduncled;  bracts  short,  subulate  or  ovate:  calyx-lips  nearly  equal;  the  upper 
short-toothed  or  bifid;  the  lower  subentire:  petals  subequal,  blue;  the  stand- 
ard paler  especially  at  the  center,  subsilky  on  the  back;  the  keel  ciliate:  ovules 
5-8:  pod  4-5-seeded;  the  seeds  small,  white  and  polished. — Western  Wyo- 
ming, northward  and  westward  to  the  coast  States. 

8.  Lupinus  leucophyllus  Dougl.  Lind.  Bot.  Reg.  13.  pi.  1124.    1828.   Stems 
large,  leafy,   6-9  dm.  high,   densely  silky-tomentose  throughout:   stipules 

ROCKY  MT.  BOT. — 18 


274  LEGUMINOSAE    (PEA   FAMILY) 

setaceous  or  subulate;  leaflets  7-10,  oblanceolate  or  cuneate-oblong,  3-6  dm. 
long,  acute;  the  petioles  about  equaling  the  leaves,  or  the  lower  twice  as  long: 
raceme  dense,  1.5-3  dm.  long;  bracts  subulate  or  linear,  about  as  long  as  the 
calyx;  flowers  nearly  sessile,  scattered  or  subverticillate:  upper  calyx-lip 
2-cleft;  the  lower  slightly  longer,  subentire:  petals  blue  or  pink,  equal,  8-10 
mm.  long;  the  standard  densely  villous;  keel  naked  or  ciliate:  ovules  5-6. — 
This  northwestern  plant  may  reach  our  northwestern  boundary. 

9.  Lupinus  ramosus  E.  Nels.  Bot.  Gaz.  30:  120.  1900.     Stems •  several 
from  a  woody  caudex,  2-4  dm.  high,  divaricately  simple-branched;  pubescence 
dense,  of  two  kinds,  finely  lanate-canescent  and  sparsely  villous  with  spread- 
ing hairs:  leaflets  5-8,  oblanceolate,  obtuse  to  acute,  2-4  cm.  long,  the  lower 
half  the  length  of  the  petioles;  the  upper  equaling  them:  racemes  terminating 
stem  and  branches,  short-peduncled,  3-5  cm.  long;  bracts  ovate-lanceolate; 
flowers  scattered  or  subverticillate :  upper  lip  of  calyx  notched,  a  little  shorter 
than  the  lower:  standard  very  silky  on  the  back,  with  yellowish  white  center, 
otherwise  pale  blue  or  lilac  as  are  also  the  wings;  keel  pale,  ciliate  on  the 
margin  below:  pod  silky,  3-5-seeded. — Northwestern  Wyoming. 

10.  Lupinus  flexuosus  Lindl.  in  Agh.  Syn.  Lup.  34.     1835.     Stems  ascend- 
ing or  erect,  often  decumbent  at  base,  4-6  dm.  high,  branching;  pubescence 
short,  silky,  appressed  or  sub  villous  on  the  lower   leaves:    leaflets  6-8,  ob- 
lanceolate, 3^-4  cm.  long,  acute,  silky  on  both  sides:  raceme  7-14  cm.  long; 
bracts  equaling  or  exceeding  the  calyx;  pedicels  4-5  mm.  long:  calyx-lips 
subequal,  subentire  or  the  upper  slightly  toothed:  petals  blue  or  flesh-color, 
equal,  about  1  cm.  long;  the  standard  hairy,  the  keel  ciliate:  pods  2-3  cm. 
long,  4-5-0 vuled. — In  the  northern  part  of  our  range  and  west  to  Washing- 
ton. 

11.  Lupinus  Greenei  A.  Nels.     Stems  tufted,  erect  or  with  decumbent 
base,  3-5  dm.  high,  usually  simple,  whitened  throughout  with  a  dense  silky 
tomentum:   leaflets   7-9,  3-5  cm.  long,  oblanceolate,  obtuse,  mucronulate, 
shorter  than  the  petioles:  racemes  short,  the  violet  flowers  in  verticils;  pedi- 
cels equal:  the  standard  and  sometimes  the  wings  villous  along  the  midnerve 
on  the  outside;  keel  short  but  falcate,  subtomentose  on  the  margin.    L.  oreo- 
philus  Greene,  Pitt.  4:  135.  1900;  not  L.  oreophilus  Phil. — Southern  Colorado. 

12.  Lupinus  floribundus  Greene,   Proc.  Acad.  Phila.   364.   (1892)  1893. 
Stems  tufted,  simple  with  a  terminal  raceme,  or  branching  above  and  the 
racemes  several,  purplish,  and  sparsely  strigulose:  raceme  long   (1-2  dm.) 
and  slender,  dense  and  the  flowers  very  small:  petioles  slender;  leaflets  7-9, 
narrowly  oblanceolate,  acute,  glabrous  above,  densely  strigulose  beneath  and 
on  the  margins:  flowers  violet  or  blue,  in  closely  contiguous  verticils;  the  early 
deciduous  bracts  with  attenuate  and  spreading  tips;  pedicels  and  calyx  densely 
villous:  petals  equal,  5  or  6  mm.  long,  the  broad  keel  delicately  ciliolate. 
(L.  myrianthus  Greene,  Pitt.  4:  134.  1900;  L.  leptostachyus  Greene,  PI.  Baker. 
3:  36.  1901.) — Mountain  valleys;  western  and  southern  Colorado. 

13.  Lupinus  parviflorus  Nutt.  Hook.  &  Arn.  Bot.  Beech.  336.    1839.    Stems 
erect,  slender,  4-8  dm.  high,  simple  or  branched  above;  pubescence  scanty,  short 
and  appressed,  the  calyx  and  pedicels  silky:  stipules  setaceous;  leaves  rather 
distant;  leaflets  5-11,  broadly  linear  to  oblanceolate,  3-5  cm.  long,  mostly 
acute  and  mucronulate,  glabrous  above;  the  lower  shorter  than  the  petioles: 
raceme  1-3  dm.  long,  slender;  bracts  linear-subulate,   equaling  the  calyx: 
flowers  scattered  or  in  verticils,  on  slender  pedicels  2-4  mm.  long:  calyx-lips 
nearly  equal,  the  upper  2-toothed:  petals  blue,  equal,  6-8  mm.  long;  the  keel 
ciliate  or  naked:   pod  pubescent,    2-4-seeded.      (L.  ingratus   Greene,    Pitt. 
4:  133.  1900.) — From  New  Mexico  to  Montana  and  west  to  Washington. 

. 14.  Lupinus  argenteus  Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  468.  1814.  Stems  erect  or  as- 
cending, slender  and  branching,  3-5  dm.  high;  pubescence  minute,  silvery  ap- 
pressed: stipules  small;  leaflets  5-8,  linear-lanceolate,  3-5  cm.  long,  acute, 
smooth  above  or  nearly  so,  about  as  long  as  the  petiole:  racemes  5-15  cm. 
long,  nearly  sessile;  flowers  in  verticils  or  scattered:  calyx  campanulate,  gib- 
bous at  base;  the  upper  lip  broad,  2-toothed;  the  lower  subentire,  slightly 
longer:  petals  blue,  cream-color,  or  even  purplish;  the  standard  and  keel 


LEGUMINOSAE    (PEA  FAMILY)  275 

either  naked  or  somewhat  pubescent. — Seemingly  extending  from  Dakota 
and  Nebraska  to  the  plains  of  the  Columbia.  The  more  silky-hairy  form  is 
known  as  var.  argophyllus. 

15.  Lupinus  decumbens  Torr.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  2:  191.  1828.     Closely 
allied  to  the  preceding,  but  the  stems  stouter,  freely  branched,  often  7-10  dm. 
high,  very  leafy:  leaflets  green,  glabrous  or  nearly  so  above,  short-pubescent 
beneath:  racemes  several  to  many,  dense  and  many-flowered. — Abundant 
throughout  our  range  on  the  plains,  especially  adjacent  to  the  streams. 

16.  Lupinus    alsophilus    Greene,    Pitt.    4:  135.  1900.      Tall,    branching, 
green  ana  seemingly  glabrous:  leaves  few  and  large;  leaflets  about  8,  spatu- 
lately    oblanceolate,    obtuse,    mucronate,    glaucescent    beneath,    green    and 
glabrous  above,  5-7  cm.  long,  12-16  mm.  broad  above  the  middle:  racemes 
5-10  cm.  long,  on  slender  peduncles;  flowers  violet:  calyx  with  very  short 
tube:  petals  equal,  6-8  mm.  long,  the  keel  short,  broad  and  blunt,  the  margin 
naked:  pods  densely  villous. — Subalpine;  in  the  mountains  of  Western  Col- 
orado. 

17.  Lupinus  alpestris  A.  Nels.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  27:  127.  1899.    Stems 
tufted  on  a  branched  persistent  caudex,  4-6  dm.  high,  simple  or  corymbosely 
branched  above,   striate,   short-pubescent:   leaflets  oblong  to  oblanceolate- 
cuneate,  mostly  obtuse  at  apex  and  with  a  cusp,  minutely  appressed-pubescent 
or  nearly  glabrous  above;  the  lower  petioles  much  longer  than  the  leaflets;  the 
uppermost  shorter:  racemes  terminal  on  stem  and  branches;  flowers  small  to 
medium,  in  rather  loose  verticils:  corolla  blue  with  purple  spot  on  standard: 

d  silky-hirsute,  2-3  cm.  long,  about  5-ovuled:  seeds  very  flat,  oval,  4  mm. 
j. — In  moist  woods  in  mountains  of  our  range,  at  middle  or  subalpine  sta- 
tions. 

18.  Lupinus  pseudoparviflorus  Rydb.  Mem.  N.  Y.  Bot.  Gard.   1:  232. 
1900.     Stems  solitary  or  several  from  woody  caudex,  erect,  3-6  dm.  high: 
stipules  lanceolate;  petioles  slender,  the  lower  twice  as  long  as  the  leaflets; 
leaflets  8-10,  oblanceolate,  3-5  cm.  long,  acute  or  mucronate,  finely  strigose 
beneath,   glabrate   above:    raceme  loosely  flowered,   7-14  cm.   long:   calyx 
appressed-silky,  very  gibbous  at  base:  corolla  blue,  about   1  cm.  long;  the 
standard  very  broad,  a  little  shorter  than  the  wings:  ovules  4-6.     (L.  Jonesii 
J.  W.  Blank.  Mont.  Agr.  Coll.  Sc.  Stud.  1:  79.  1905.)— Northern  Wyoming, 
Montana,  and  Idaho. 

19.  Lupinus  rubricaulis  Greene,  PI.  Baker.  3:  35.  1901.     Stems  tufted, 
slender,  3-5  dm.  high,  mostly  simple,  rather  remotely  leafy,  dark  red-purple 
as  are  to  some  extent  the  leaves  and  petioles  also :  leaflets  7-8,  cuneate-oblong 
or  elliptical,  unequal,  3-5  cm.  long;  the  slender  petioles  much  longer;  stipules 
small,  subulate:  racemes  sessile,  7-10  cm.  long,  rather  dense,  the  middle- 
sized  flowers  scattered:  calyx  white-silky,  very  gibbous  at  base:  corolla  blue- 
purple  ;  the  standard  shorter  than  the  other  petals ;  keel  falcate,  glabrous.    Very 
near  the  preceding;  but  distinguished  by  its  reddish  hue. — Colorado  and  Wyo- 
ming. 

20.  Lupinus  monticola  Rydb.  Mem.  N.  Y.  Bot.  Gard.  1:  232.  1900.    Stems 
numerous  from  a  branched  woody  caudex,  1-2  dm.  high,  grayish-strigose : 
lower  petioles  often  longer  than  the  leaflets;  the  upper  often  much  shorter; 
leaflets  7-9,  oblanceolate,  2-4  cm.  long,  silky,  strigose  or  somewhat  hoary  on 
both  sides:  raceme  3-6  cm.  long;  pedicels,  bracts,  and  calyx  silky- villous: 
upper  calyx-lip  2-cleft,   the  lower  entire:   corolla  glabrous,  8-10  mm.  long; 
the  standard  broad,  dark  blue  as  are  also  the  wings;  keel  lighter,  strongly 
curved:  ovary  silky,  with  4-6  ovules. — Alpine;  northern  Wyoming  and  in 
Montana. 

21.  Lupinus  humicola  A.  Nels.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  25:  204.  1898.    Per- 
ennial; rootstock  branched,  the  low  crowns  covered  with  the  scale-like  dead 
petioles:  stems  several  from  each  crown,  simple,  erect  or  ascending,  3-6  dm. 
high,  finely  but  not  densely  appressed-pubescent  throughout:  leaflets  7-12, 
usually  10  or  11,  oblong-oblanceolate,  cuspidate-acute,  4-7  cm.  longj  petioles 
slender,  elongated,  radical  1.5-3  dm.  long,  cauline  gradually  shortened  upward; 
stipules  linear-lanceolate,  villous:  racemes  terminal,  dense,   1-2  dm.  long, 


276  LEGUMINOSAE    (PEA   FAMILY) 

elongating  in  fruit;  flowers  blue,  subverticillate,  standard  glabrous;  bracts 
minute  or  wanting;  pedicels  5-8  mm.  long,  stout  in  fruit:  pods  villous- 
pubescent,  2.5-4  cm.  long,  normally  6-seeded. — A  vernal  species  of  moist 
slopes  protected  by  undershrubs;  Wyoming  and  Colorado. 

22.  Lupinus  laxiflorus  Dougl.  in  Lindl.  Bot.  Reg.  pi.  1140.     1828.    Ascend- 
ing or  erect,  3-6  dm.  high,  the  slender  tufted  stems  simple;  pubescence  mi- 
nute, silky,  appressed :  stipules  very  small,  setaceous ;  leaflets  6-8,  ob lanceolate, 
3-5  cm.  long,  pubescent  on  both  sides,  at  least  half  as  long  as  the  petioles: 
racemes  loose  and  slender;  flowers  verticillate  or  scattered,  rather  small,  on 
pedicels  4-5  mm.  long:  calyx  narrowed  and  saccate  at  base;  the  upper  lip 
short-toothed,  the  lower  subentire:  petals  blue,  equal,  6-10  mm.  long;  banner 
subpubescent,  and  the  keel  ciliate:  pod  silky-hairy:  seeds  3-5.     (The  follow- 
ing are  segregates  from  L.  laxiflorus,  and  may  or  may  not  be  distinct:  L.  argo- 
phyllus,  L.  argenteus  argophyllus  Wats.  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  8:  532.  1873;  L. 
argentinus  Rydb.   Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  30:  257.  1903;  L.  comatus  Rydb. 
1.  c.;  L.  pulcherrimus  Rydb.  1.  c.  258;  L.  laxus  Rydb.  1.  c.;  L.  leucanthus  Rydb. 
1.  c.  259;  L.  Helleri  Greene,  Pitt.  4:  134.  1900.)— New  Mexico  to  Montana 
and  west  to  the  coast  States. 

23.  Lupinus  Bakeri  Greene,  Pitt.  4:  132.  1900.     Densely  tufted,  erect, 
5-9  dm.  high,  silvery  or  hoary  pubescent  throughout;   stems  rather  stout, 
often  fistulous  below:  leaflets  7-9,  lance-elliptical,  acute,  3-5  cm.  long,  about 
equally  pubescent  on  the  two  faces:  raceme  solitary,  rather  short,  subsessile; 
the  flowers  of  middle  size  and  in  rather  distinct  whorls,  blue,  with  a  spot  on 
the  standard,  turning  red  or  purple:  standard  shorter  than  the  wings  or  sub- 
equal;  the  keel  falcate,  densely  woolly-ciliate :  pods  2-3  cm.  long,  velvety- 
tomentose.     (L.  arceuthinus  Greene,  PL  Baker.  3:  35.  1901.)— Western  Col- 
orado. 

24.  Lupinus  ammophilus   Greene,    Pitt.   4:  136.  1900.     Perennial  from 
horizontal  rootstocks;  stems  not  tufted,  rather  low  and  stout;  the  raceme  and 
peduncle  usually  longer  than  the  stem:  petioles  and  stem  coarsely  hirsute, 
with  long,  spreading  or  reflexed  hairs:  leaflets  8-10,  cuneate-obovate  to  ob- 
lanceolate,  glabrate  above,  sparsely  hirsute  beneath,  3-4  cm.  long:  raceme 
large  and  showy;  pedicels  and  gibbous  calyx  hirtellous:  corolla  about  1  cm. 
long,  purple;  the  standard  with  a  light  spot  in  the  middle,  this  changing  to 
red;  keel  falcate,  thinly  woolly-ciliate:   pods  broad,  2-3  cm.  long,  densely 
hirsute. — Sandy  banks;  southern  Colorado  and  New  Mexico. 

25.  Lupinus  barbiger  Wats.  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  8:  528.  1873.     Pubescence 
of  the  stem,  pedicels,  and  petioles  short  stiffish  spreading  hairs;  that  of  the 
leaves  and  calyx  silky  and  subappressed :  stems  rather  stout,  4-7  dm.  high: 
stipules  setaceous;  leaflets  5-7,  narrowly  oblanceolate,  silky  on  both  sides: 
raceme  rather  dense,  short-peduncled ;  pedicels  4-5  mm.  long;  the  setaceous 
bracts  longer  than  the  calyx:  lower  calyx-lip  narrow,  subentire,  exceeding 
the  broader,  deeply  toothed  upper  lip:  petals  ochroleucous  or  purplish,  equal; 
the  standard  rounded,  silky;  the  keel  copiously  ciliate:  ovules  about  7. — 
Western  and  southern  Colorado  to  Utah  and  southward. 

26.  Lupinus  Wyethii  Wats.  1.  c.    Sparsely  villous  with  spreading  pubes- 
cence throughout;  stem  ascending  or  erect,  stout,  often  branching,  3-5  dm. 
high,  few-leaved:  leaflets  8-12,  oblong  to  oblanceolate,  4-6  cm.  long,  acute, 
often  glabrous  above;  the  lower  petioles  much  elongated:  raceme  1-2.5  dm. 
long,  often  long-peduncled ;  bracts  subulate-setaceous,  exceeding  the  calyx; 
flowers  blue  or  pink,  scattered  or  verticillate;  pedicels  6-8  mm.  long:  calyx 
villous,  with  short  setaceous  bractlets;  upper  lip  2-toothed;  the  lower  one 
longer,  subentire:  petals  10-14  mm.  long,  equal;  the  keel  naked:  ovules  7-8. 
(L.  amplus  Greene,  PL  Baker.  3:  36.  1901.) — From  Colorado  and  Wyoming 
to  Oregon. 

27.  Lupinus  Burkei  Wats.  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  8:  525.  1873.    Stout,  nearly 
glabrous,  erect,  branching,  5-10  dm.  high:  lower  leaves  long-petioled ;  the 
stipules  .lanceolate ;  leaflets  7-10,  5-10  cm.  long,  oblanceolate,  acute,  or  the 
lower  ones  obtuse,  glabrous  above,  sparsely  strigose  beneath:  raceme  short 
and  dense;  the  pedicels  short;  flowers  blue;  bracts  ciliate,  somewhat  persis- 


LEGUMINOSAE    (PEA   FAMILY)  277 

tent:  pubescence  of  the  calyx  more  or  less  villous,  spreading:  pods  8-seeded. 
— Western  Wyoming  to  Nevada  and  Washington. 

4.  LOTUS  L.    TREFOIL 

Herbaceous.  Leaves  (in  ours)  1-5-foliolate;  stipules  minute  and  gland-like. 
Flowers  in  axillary  umbels,  or  solitary.  Calyx-teeth  nearly  equal,  usually 
shorter  than  the  tube.  Petals  free  from  the  stamens,  nearly  equal,  yellow  or 
ochroleucous,  or  turning  reddish;  claw  of  the  standard  usually  remote  from  the 
others;  keel  somewhat  incurved.  Stamens  diadelphous.  Pod  linear,  sessile, 
partitioned  between  the  seeds. 

Annual 1.  L.  americanus. 

Perennial 2.  L.  Wrightii. 

1.  Lotus  americanus   (Nutt.)    Bisch.  Litt.   Ber.  Linnaea^  14:  132.  1840. 
Annual;  more  or  less  silky- villous  or  sometimes  glabrous:  leaves  nearly  ses- 
sile; leaflets  3  (or  1,  rarely  4),  varying  from  ovate  to  lanceolate:  peduncles 
exceeding  the  leaves,  one-flowered:  calyx-teeth  linear,  much  longer  than  the 
tube,  about  equaling  the  corolla:  keel  attenuated  upward,  falcate,  mostly 
acute.    Hosackia  Purshiana. — Across  the  continent;  infrequent  in  our  range. 

2.  Lotus  Wrightii   (Gray)   Greene,   Pitt.  2:  143.  1890.     Perennial;  ashy- 
puberulent,  bushy-branched,  very  leafy:  leaflets  3-5,  apparently  palmate  and 
sessile,  the  lowest  oblong,  the   rest  filiform-linear:  peduncles  short,  rarely 
equaling  the  leaf,  1-2-flowered:  calyx-teeth  setaceous-subulate,  about  equal- 
ing the  tube:  keel  not  falcately-attenuate,  mostly  very  obtuse.^— S.  W.  Col- 
orado, New  Mexico,  and  Arizona. 

6.  MELILOTUS  Tourn.     MELILOT.     SWEET  CLOVER 

Annual  or  biennial  herbs,  with  pinnately  3-foliolate  leaves,  usually  serru- 
late leaflets,  small  yellow  or  white  flowers  in  slender  axillary  pedunculate 
racemes,  and  an  ovoid  coriaceous  wrinkled  pod  which  is  1  or  2-seeded  and 
scarcely  dehiscent. 

1.  Melilotus  alba  Desv.  in  Lam.  Encycl.  4:  63.  1797.    Erect,  1-2  m.  high, 
branching:  leaflets  oblong,  truncate,  emarginate,  or  rounded  at  apex,  1-2  cm. 
long:    flowers  white  in  slender  racemes  5-10  cm.  long,  often  1-sided:   pod 
ovoid,  glabrous.     WHITE  SWEET  CLOVER. — Naturalized  from  Europe;  spar- 
ingly grown  for  forage,  and  spreading  as  a  weed. 

2.  Melilotus  officinalis  (L.)  Lam.  Fl.  Fr.  2:  594.  1778.     Resembling  the 
preceding:  leaves  with  rounded  serrate  apex:  flowers  yellow:  pod  subpubescent, 
reticulate- veined.    YELLOW  SWEET  CLOVER. — Adventive  from  Europe ;  in  waste 
grounds. 

6.  MEDIC  AGO  L.    ALFALFA.     LUCERNE.     MEDIC 

Annual  or  perennial  herbs,  with  pinnately  3-foliolate  leaves,  toothed  leaf- 
lets, small  flowers  in  spike-like  racemes,  and  curved  or  coiled  1 -few-seeded  pods. 

1.  Medicago  sativa  L.  Sp.  PI.  778.  1753.  Upright  and  smooth  perennial: 
leaflets  obovate-oblong:  flowers  purple,  racemed:  pod  spirally  twisted. — An 
extensively  cultivated  forage  plant,  peculiarly  adapted  to  our  range,  and  of 
the  highest  value  because  of  its  quality  and  productiveness. 

7.  TRIFOLIUM  L.     CLOVER 

Herbs,  often  tufted  or  diffuse,  with  palmately  3-foliolate  leaves,  or  rarely 
pinnately  3-5-foliolate.  Stipules  adnate  to  the  petiole.  Flowers  usually  capi- 
tate, the  heads  sometimes  elongated  and  spike-like.  Calyx  persistent,  with 
slender  bristle-form  teeth.  Corolla  persistent,  united  with  the  stamens. 
Pods  small,  membranous,  indehiscent,  often  included  in  the  calyx. 


278  LEGUMINOSAE    (PEA   FAMILY) 

Introduced  species  grown  for  forage  or  pasture;  widely  naturalized. 

Stems  creeping;  flowers  white  or  pinkish 1.  T.  repens. 

Stems  tufted,  no  creeping  stems. 

Flowers  sessile;  heads  sessile     .         .         .         .         .         .  2.  T.  pratense. 

Flowers  pediceled;  heads  long-peduncled  .         .         .  3.  T.  hybridum. 

Indigenous  species. 

Heads  not  involucrate.  • 

Stems  slender,  erect,  1-3  dm.  high.  » 

Peduncles  very  short     .         .         .         .         .         .         .  \     .       4.  T.  latifolium. 

Peduncle  much  elongated      .         .         .         .         .         .    j     .       5.  T.  Rydbergii. 

Stemless  or  nearly  so;  often  caespitose. 
Leaves  glabrous. 

Head  of  several  flowers,  pedunculate. 

Leaflets  sharply  denticulate 6.  T.  Haydenii. 

Leaflets  entire         . 7.  T.  Brandegei. 

Flowers  1-3,  on  very  short  radical  peduncles     .         .         .       8.  T.  nanum. 
Leaves  pubescent,  at  least  below    .         .         .         .         .  9.  T.  gymnocarpon. 

Heads  subtended  by  a  many-cleft  usually  monophyllous  involucre. 
Low  or  dwarf  perennials;  acaulescent  or  nearly  so. 

Glabrous,  with  large  leaflets  and  long  peduncles    .         .         .10.  T.  Parryi. 
Pubescent.  * 

Distinctly  pedunculate. 

Corolla  bicolored,  ochroleucous  and  purple      .         .         .     11.  T.  dasyphyllum. 
Corolla  purple  or  red. 

Appressed  silvery-pubescent;  standard  obtuse     .         .     12,  T.  anemophilum. 
Sparsely  hairy;  standard  attenuate     .         .         .         .     13.  T.  attenuatum. 
Peduncle  nearly  wanting;  the  plants  depressed-caespitose     14.  T.  andinum. 
Slender,  glabrous,  and  caulescent. 

Perennial,  branching  from  the  base 15.  T.  Fendleri. 

Annual,  stems  simple    .         .         .         .         .         .         .  16.  T.  Wormsjoldii. 

1.  Trifolium  repens  L.  Sp.  PL  767.    1753.    Smooth  perennial,  the  slender 
stems   creeping   and   spreading:    leaflets   inversely  heart-shaped   or   merely 
notched,  obscurely  toothed;  stipules  scale-like,  narrow;  petioles  and  especially 
the  peduncles  very  long:  heads  small  and  loose:  calyx  much  shorter  than  the 
white  corolla:  pods  about  4-seeded.     The  common  WHITE  CLOVER. — Widely 
dispersed  and  now  frequent  in  our  range. 

2.  Trifolium  pratense  L.  1.  c.  768.     Stems  ascending,  somewhat  hairy: 
leaflets  oval  or  obovate,  often  notched  at  tip  and  with  a  pale  spot  above: 
rose-purple  flowers  sessile  in  dense  ovate  heads;  the  corolla  elongated-tubular. 
The  common  RED  CLOVER. — In  cultivation  and  escaped  along  roadsides  and 
ditch  banks. 

3.  Trifolium  hybridum  L.  1.  c.  766.    Perennial,  erect  or  ascending,  3-6  dm. 
high,   nearly   glabrous:   leaves  long-petioled;  the   leaflets   obovate,    sharply 
serrulate:    heads  globose,  long-pedunculate;   the  flowers  on  slender  pedicels. 
ALSIKE  CLOVER.— Sparingly  naturalized. 

4.  Trifolium  latifolium  (Hook.)  Greene,  Pitt.  3:  223.  1897.    Stems  erect, 
scarcely  tufted,  few-leaved,  5-12  cm.  high:  leaflets  oblong  to  oval,  7-I>rfnm. 
long,  glabrous  as  is  also  the  stem  and  petioles:  peduncles  very  short,  pubescent: 
heads  spherical  but  soon  loose;  the  flowers  distinctly  pediceled,  reflexed\n 
age.     T.  longipes  latifolium.     (T.  longipes  Nutt.  and  T.  Kingii  Wats,  are 
probably  wholly  west  of  our  range.) — Occurs  sparingly  on  our  northwestern 
border. 

5.  Trifolium  Rydbergii  Greene,  1.  c.  222.    Nearly  glabrous,  the  erect  stems 
1-4  dm.  high,  not  tufted:  leaflets  of  the  lowest  leaves  short,  oval;  the  others 
oblong  to  linear-lanceolate,  2-4  cm.  long:  heads  ovoid,  about  2  cm.  long: 
calyx  and  peduncle  somewhat  pubescent  or  even  slightly  villous ;  the  teeth  of 
the  calyx  much  longer  than  the  tube:  corolla  ochroleucous  or  nearly  white, 
sometimes  purple-tinged.      T.  eriocephalum  and   T.  longipes  in  part. — Fre- 
quent; moist  grassy  valleys,  in  the  open  or  among  the  undershrub;  through- 
out our  range. 

6.  Trifolium  Haydenii  Porter,  Hayden's  Rep.  480.     1872.     Glabrous  and 
caespitose,   with   branching  caudex:   leaflets   obovate,   obtuse   or   abruptly 
pointed,  sharply  denticulate,  strongly  veined:  peduncle  twice  as  long  as  the 
leaves;  the  lower  stipules  obtuse,  scarious;  the  upper  acute:  flowers  purple, 
large  (12-15  mm.  long),  in  2-3  verticils,  reflexed  in  fruit:  teeth  of  the  calyx 
setaceous-subulate,  about  as  long  as  the  tube:  standard  obtusely  rounded  or 
emarginate. — Northern  Utah  and  adjacent  Wyoming  and  Idaho. 


LEGUMINOSAE    (PEA   FAMILY)  279 

7.  Trifolium  Brandegei  Wats.  Proc.  Am.  Acad.   11:  130.  1876.     Dwarf 
perennial,  caespitose   and   acaulescent,  glabrous,    the   inflorescence   slightly 
villous:  stipules  scarious;  leaflets  elliptic-oblong,  thin,  acutish,  entire,  15-20 
mm.  long:  peduncles  about  equaling  the  leaves;  flowers  spicate,  in  a  loose 
naked  head,  purplish,  12-14  mm.  long:  calyx-teeth  lanceolate,  acuminate,  a 
little  longer  than  the  campanulate  tube:  ovary  stipitate,  7-ovuled. — Southern 
Colorado  and  New  Mexico. 

8.  Trifolium   nanum  Torr.   Ann.   Lye.   N.   Y.    1:  35.  1824.     Depressed- 
caespitose  glabrous  perennial,  2-5  cm.  high:  leaflets  small,  oblanceolate,  ser- 
rulate, strongly  veined:  peduncles  very  short,  radical;  flowers  large,  1-3,  dark 
purple:  calyx-teeth  broad,  acute,  shorter  than  the  tube:  ovary  4-5-ovuled. — 
Mountains  of  Colorado  and  Utah. 

9.  Trifolium  gymnocarpon  Nutt.  T.  &  G.  Fl.  N.  A.   1:  320.  1838.     A 
small  caespitose  perennial  with  short,  thick  caudex:  leaves  mostly  radical; 
leaflets  oval-oblong,  obtuse,  serrate,  glabrous  above;  stipules  scarious,  oval: 
stems  very  short,  a  little  leafy  at  summit:  peduncles  equaling  the  leaves; 
heads  5-6-fl owered :  calyx-segments  subulate,  as  long  as  the  tube:  pod  hairy, 
reticulate,   rugose,    1-2-seeded,  stipitate. — Dry   hills   and   plains;   Colorado, 
Wyoming,  and  westward. 

9a.  Trifolium  gymnocarpon  subcaulescens  (Gray)  A.  Nels.  Leaflets 
cinereous-pubescent  or  slightly  lanate  beneath,  quite  glabrous  above :  other- 
wise like  the  species.  (T.  subcaulescens  Gray,  Ives.  Rep.  10.  1860;  T,  nemorale 
Greene,  Pitt.  4:  136.  1900.) — Southwestern  Colorado. 

10.  Trifolium  Parryi  Gray,  Am.  Journ.  Sci.  II.  33:  409.  1862.    Acaules- 
cent or  nearly  so,  glabrous,  the  scape  and  petioles  rather  stout,  7-15  cm. 
high:  leaflets  15-25  mm.  long,  oblong  to  oblanceolate,  sharply  dentate:  in- 
volucre scarious,  5-7-parted;  heads  large,  many-flowered:  calyx-teeth  broadly 
subulate,  as  long  as  the  tube:  corolla  purplish-red  or  rose-purple:  pod  sessile, 
3-4-seeded.     (T.  montanense  Rydb.  Mem.  N.  Y.  Bot.  Gard.  1:  236.  1900  is 
a  dwarf  form  from  alpine  summits  in  Montana;  possibly  distinct.) — Frequent 
in  open  spruce  woods  at  high  elevations  throughout  our  mountains. 

11.  Trifolium  dasyphyllum  T.  &  G.  Fl.  N.  A.  1:  315.  1838.    Densely  caes- 
pitose: caudex  short  and  thick,  branching:  peduncles  and  calyx  silky  with 
brownish  hairs:  leaflets  lanceolate  or  oblong-lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate, 
entire;  stipules  membranaceous:  heads  globose,  many-flowered,  on  a  rather 
long  radical  peduncle:   calyx- teeth  subulate-setaceous,  exceeding  the  tube: 
corolla  bicolored,  the  standard  ochroleucous,  the  wings  and  tip  of  the  keel 
deep  purple:  pod  3-4-seeded.     (T.  bracteolatum  Rydb.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club 
28:  500.  1901.) — Frequent;  at  subalpine  stations  in  our  range. 

12.  Trifolium  anemophilum  Greene,  Pitt.  4:  137.  1900.    Closely  allied  to 
the  preceding,   depressed-caespitose  and  spreading:   foliage  and  peduncles 
white  with  silvery-silky  close  indument:  bracts  of  the  involucre  several,  un- 
equal, scarious-margined,  linear-lanceolate:  calyx-teeth  often  nearly  twice  as 
long  as  the  tube:  corolla  purple;  the  standard  broadly  elliptic.    (T.  scariosum 
A.  Nels.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  29:  401.  1902;  T.  stenolobum  Rydb.  Bull.  Torr. 
Bot.  Club  28:  499.  1901.) — Naked  limestone  slopes,  middle  elevations;  Wy- 
oming and  Colorado. 

13.  Trifolium  attenuatum  Greene,  Pitt.  4:  137.  1900.    Allied  to  the  two 
foregoing,  less  caespitose,  greener  and  nearly  erect,  5-12  cm.  high,  rather 
sparsely  silky-hairy:  leaflets  mostly  linear,  2-4  cm.  long:  peduncles  and  leaves 
subequal:  involucral  bracts  short  and  relatively  broad:  calyx- teeth  slender, 
variable:  corolla  deep  red-purple;  the  standard  acuminate  and  well  surpassing 
the  other  petals:  pedicels  deflexed  in  age. — Among  the  rocks,  at  alpine  sta- 
tions; southern  Colorado  to  New  Mexico. 

•  14.  Trifolium  andinum  Nutt.  T.  &  G.  Fl.  N.  A.  1:  314.  1838.  Depressed, 
caespitose,  and  densely  silky-canescent:  caudex  short,  thick,  and  branching: 
leaves  mostly  radical;  leaflets  cuneate-oblong,  apiculate;  stipules  broadly 
ovate,  membranaceous:  heads  on  very  short  scapes  with  two  bract-like  sheath- 
ing leaves  at  base:  calyx  densely  villous;  its  teeth  subulate,  shorter  than  the 
tube:  pod  usually  1-seeded. — Dry  barren  hills;  central  Wyoming, 


280  LEGUMINOSAE    (PEA   FAMILY) 

15.  Trifolium  Fendleri  Greene,  Pitt.  3:  221.  1897.     Low  glabrous  peren- 
nial, 8-20  cm.  high,  usually  branched  from  the  base:  leaflets  from  obcordate 
to    obovate-oblong,    or    sometimes    oblong-lanceolate,    minutely    serrulate: 
heads  slender-pedunculate;  involucre  many-lobed,  somewhat  lacerate:  flowers 
from  nearly  white  to  rose-purple:  calyx-tube  10-nerved,  half  as  long  as  the 
slender  teeth:  pod  turgid,  stipitate,  2-seeded.    T.  involucratum. — Colorado  to 
New  Mexico. 

16.  Trifplium  Wonnsjoldii   Lehm.  Ind.  Sem.    Hort.    Hamb.    17.     1829. 
Annual,  biennial,  or  even  seemingly  perennial  by  slender  rootstocks  in  some 
localities:  stems  simple  or  sparingly  branched,  erect  or  decumbent,  1-4  dm. 
long:  leaflets  obovate-oblong,  obtuse,  pectinate-denticulate,   2-3  cm.   long: 
heads  hemispherical,  15-25  mm.  in  diameter;  the  involucre  broad,  laciniate- 
aristate:  calyx-tube  scarious,  10-nerved,  much  exceeded  by  the  linear  lobes: 
standard  emarginate,  purple.     T.  involucratum  and  T.  pauciflorum  in  part; 
the  former  of  these  is  Mexican  and  the  latter  is  of  the  range  to  the  northwest 
of  ours. — Our  species  seems  to  extend  from  California  (where  it  is  perennial) 
into  Colorado. 

8.  ROBINIA  L.     LOCUST 

Trees  or  shrubs,  often  with  prickly  spines  for  stipules.  Flowers  showy,  in 
hanging  axillary  racemes.  Base  of  the  leafstalks  covering  the  buds  of  the 
next  year.  Calyx  slightly  2-lipped.  Standard  large  and  rounded,  turned 
back.  Pod  2-valved,  flat  and  thin,  margined  on  one  edge. 

1.  Robinia  neo-mexicana  Gray,  Mem.  Am.  Acad.  N.  S.  5:  314.  1855. 
Shrub  1-2  m.  high:  stipular  prickles  sub  recurved,  sharp  and  stout;  leaflets 
elliptical  or  oblong:  peduncles  and  the  short  crowded  racemes  hispid  with 
straight  glanduliferous  hairs:  calyx  finely  hispid:  corolla  rose-color:  pods 
glandular-hispid. — Southern  Colorado  and  southward. 

9.  ASTRAGALUS  L.*     VETCH 

Chiefly  herbs  (ours  perennials),  with  odd  pinnate  leaves  and  spiked  or 
racemed  flowers.  Calyx  5-toothed.  Corolla  usually  long  and  narrow;  stand- 
ard narrow,  equaling  or  exceeding  the  wings  and  blunt  keel,  its  sides  reflexed 
or  spreading.  Stamens  diadelphous.  Pod  several-many-seeded,  various, 
mostly  turgid,  one  or  both  sutures  usually  projecting  into  the  cell,  either 
slightly  or  so  as  to  divide  the  cavity  lengthwise  into  two.  Mature  pods  are 
usually  necessary  for  certainty  in  determination  of  those  species  with  which 
one  is  not  familiar  through  long  association. 

Pods  2-celled,  the  septum  perfect SERIES  I. 

Pods  1-celled,  but  the  cell  divided  by  an  incomplete  septum  formed  by  the 
intrusion  of  the  ventral  or  the  dorsal  suture,  or  by  both  being  more  or 
less  intruded.  (In  Phaca  septum  sometimes  wholly  wanting.)  .  .  SERIES  II. 

Pods  1-celled,  no  intrusion  of  either  suture SERIES  III. 

*  This  large  and  difficult  genus  is  richly  represented  in  the  Rocky  Mountains.  The  fol- 
lowing are  the  principal  attempts  to  elaborate  the  North  American  species:  Torrey  and 
Gray,  Fl.  N.  A.  1:  328-353;  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  6:  188.  1866;  Watson,  King's  Report, 
435.  1871;  E.  P.  Sheldon,  Geol.  and  Nat.  Hist.  Surv.  Minn.  1:  116-176.  1894.  Recently 
Rydberg  has  given  us  a  very  helpful  outline  and  key  to  the  Colorado  species  (Bull.  Torr.  Bot. 
Club  32:  657.  1905),  arranging  them  under  seventeen  genera.  To  each  of  the  foregoing 
scholarly  elaborations  grateful  acknowledgment  is  made.  In  the  following  treatment  of  the 
genus  the  aim  has  been  merely  to  facilitate  the  recognition  of  species,  and  therefore  the 
keys  are  largely  artificial  and  the  species  not  necessarily  in  the  sequence  of  true  relation- 
ship. In  the  interest  of  simplicity  for  the  one  who  wishes  to  know  plants  by  their  names 
(if  for  no  other  reason),  it  has  seemed  wise  not  to  follow  the  recent  tendency  to  segregate 
a  popularly  recognizable  genus.  The  name  Astragalus  will  "be  retained  for  the  whole  rather 
than  replaced  by  a  considerable  series  of  names  representing  groups  that  shade  into  each 
other  so  gradually  that  even  with  a  list  of  their  technical  characters  before  one,  there  is 
often  doubt  as  to  the  disposition  to  be  made  of  some  particular  specimen.  The  proposed 
names,  however,  are  very  useful  in  the  designation  of  sections,  and  Rydberg 's  service  in 
indicating  the  boundaries  of  these  and  in  enumerating  the  species  under  each  is  a  valuable 
one.  His  paper  has  been  heavily  drawn  upon  for  the  present  treatment  of  the  genus.  His 
generic  names  are  given  and  the  main  grouping  shown. 


LEGUMINOSAE    (PEA   FAMILY) 


281 


SERIES  I 

Pods  fleshy,  somewhat  plum-shaped,  indehiscent  (GEOPRUMNON). 

Flowers  ochroleucous,  the  keel  purple-tipped     .         .         .         .       1.  A.  succulentus. 

Flowers  purple,  often  pale  .         .         .         .         .         .         .  2.  A.  crassicarpus. 

Pods  not  fleshy,  dehiscent. 

Pod_  not  inflated,  membranous  or  leathery. 

Pods  ovate  or  oblong,  leathery  (ASTRAGALUS). 
Plants  densely  villous-canescent  throughout. 

Pods  glabrous 3.  A.  mollissimus. 

Pods  woolly 4.  A.  Bigelovii. 

Plants  glabrate  or  appressed  strigose-pubescent. 

Stems  erect,  3-10  dm.  high;  flowers  ochroleucous,  spreading 

or  reflexed  in  the  dense  spike     .         .         .         .         .       5.  A.  carolinianus. 

Stems  ascending,  1-3  dm.  high;  flowers  ascending,  in  a 

short  spike. 
Stems  stoutish;  spike  oblong;  pod  sessile. 

Flowers  purplish         .         .         .         .         .         .  6.  A.  nitidus. 

Flowers  ochroleucous          .         .         .         .         .         .       7.  A.  sulphurescens. 

Stems  weak,  spikes  capitate;  pod  stipitate     .         .         .       8.  A.  hypoglottis. 
Pods     ascending,    broadly     linear,    flattened,     membranous 

(HAMOSA). 
Caulescent;  greenish,  sparsely  hirsute    .....       9.  A.  Nuttallianus. 

Acaulescent;  silvery-silky     .......     10.  A.  calycosus. 

Pods  conspicuously  inflated,  papery  (CYSTIUM). 

Nearly  glabrous  throughout 11.  A.  diphysus. 

Subcinereous  or  strigillose        .......     12.  A.  ineptus. 


SERIES  H 

Pods  deeply  sulcate  dorsally,  this  suture  being  thus  deeply  intruded 

and  the  pod  obcordate  in  cross  section  (TIUM). 
Stems  rather  stout,  suberect;  flowers  yellowish;  pods  3  cm.  or 

more  long,  exsert-stipitate,  spreading  or  pendent. 
Plant  woolly-pubescent    ........     13.  A.  Drummondii. 

Plant  appressed-pubescent  or  glabrate. 

Leaflets  obovate-oblong,  glabrous  above       ....     14.  A.  scopulorum. 

Leaflets  linear-oblong,  glabrate  on  both  faces      .         .         .     15.  A.  racemosus. 
Stems  slender,  flexuous  or  spreading:  flowers  not  yellow;  pods 

less  than  2  cm.  long,  short-stipitate  or  subsessile. 
Pods  black-hairy;  stipe  as  long  as  the  calyx    .         .         .         .     16.  A.  alpinus. 

Pods  pale-pubescent;  stipe  short  or  wanting. 

Pods  coriaceous,  mottled,  incurved 17.  A.  sparsiflorus. 

Pods  chartaceous,  deflexed    .......     18.  A.  desperatus. 

Pods  slightly  if  at  all  sulcate  dorsally,  one  or  both  of  the  sutures  in- 
truded but  rarely  deeply  so  (the  sections  Xylophacos  and 
Phaca  quite  variable). 

Pods  membranous,  coriaceous  or  woody,  not  conspicuously  in- 
flated. 

Pods  membranous  (ATELOPHRAGMA). 
Pods  exsert  stipitate. 

Leaves  cinereous-pubescent  on  both  faces  .         .         .19.  A.  aboriginorum. 

Leaves  glabrous  or  minutely  appressed-pubescent  beneath. 
:      Pods  glabrous         ........     20.  A.  glabriusculus. 

Pods  black-hairy . '        .     21 .  A.  Macounii. 

Pods  sessile  or  nearly  so. 

PoJs  reflexed 22.  A.  elegans. 

Pods  ascending 23.  A.  Brandegei. 

Pods  coriaceous  or  woody. 

Pods  stipitate;  leaves  unifoliolate  (JONESIELLA)    .         .     24.  A.  asclepiadoides. 
Pods  sessile;  leaves  pinnate. 

Tall  glabrous  perennial;  calyx-tube  not  longer  than  its 

lobes  (PHACOPSIS) 25.  A.  Pattersonii. 

Low  caespitose  perennials;  the  calyx-tube  longer  than  its 

lobes  (XYLOPHACOS). 

Pods  coriaceous,  more  or  less  pubescent  but  not  woolly. 
Herbage  appressed  silvery-silky. 
Pods  obtuse  at  base. 

Pods  elliptical,  straight      .....     26.  A.  missouriensis. 
Pods  curved  or  incurved  at  tip. 

Pods  not  noticeably  veined    ....     27.  A.  Shortianus. 
Pods  transversely  veired  and  finely  reticulated     28.  A.  chamaeluce. 
Pods  tapering  to  both  ends    .....     29.  A.  amphioxus. 
Herbage  glabrate  or  villous  with  loose  spreading  hairs. 
Leaves  glabrous,  at  least  above. 

Pods  sessile 30.  A.  cibarus. 

Pods  stipitate     .'        .         .         ,         ,         .         .     31.  A.  Beckwithii, 
Leaves  softly  villous. 


282 


LEGUMINOSAE    (PEA   FAMILY) 


Flowers  ochroleucous  ..... 

Flowers  violet     ....... 

Pods  coriaceous,  strikingly  woolly-pubescent. 
Leaflets  9-17. 

Leaflets  oblong;  flowers  ochroleucous     . 
Leaflets  suborbicular;  flowers  purple 
Leaflets  3-7;  flowers  ochroleucous     .... 

Pods  strongly  inflated,  papery  (PHACA).        • 

Stems  evident,  usually  more  than  1  dm.  long  (except  in  No.  40). 
Leaflets  long-linear  or  filiform;  pods  mottled 
Leaflets  short-linear  to  suborbicular. 
Pods  quite  glabrous,  or  glabrate. 
Pods  sessile;  stems  low. 

Leaflets  oblong  to  linear 

Leaflets  elliptic  to  orbicular 

Pods  stipitate. 

Stemless  or  nearly  so 

Stems  tall 

Pods  pubescent. 

Stems  glabrous 

Stems  hirsute. 

Plant  perennial  ....... 

Plant  annual      ........ 

Stems  wanting  or  very  short,  or  prostrate-spreading. 
Dwarf  or  prostrate;  leaflets  short  (4-8  mm.). 

Pods  conspicuously  mottled      ...... 

Pods  not  mottled. 

Peduncles  1-3-flowered  ...... 

Peduncles  5-1 2-flowered 

More  robust,  sometimes  caulescent. 

Leaflets  glabrous  above     ....... 

Leaflets  pubescent  on  both  faces. 

Racemes  sessile,  often  elongating  in  fruit 
Raceme  on  a  peduncle  surpassing  the  leaves 


32.  A.  Parryi. 

33.  A.  glareosus. 


34.  A.  Purshii. 

35.  A.  utahensis. 

36.  A.  Newberryi. 


37.  A.  ceramicus. 


38.  A.  Eastwoodiae. 

39  A.  artipes 

40.  A.  megacarpus. 

41.  A.  americanus. 

42.  A.  Wetherillii. 

43.  A.  cerussatus. 

44.  A.  Geyeri. 


45.  A.  jejunus 

46.  A.  humillimus. 

47.  A.  microcystis. 

48.  A.  leptaleus. 

49.  A.  elatiocarpus. 

50.  A.  lotiflorus. 


SERIES  III 

• 

Leaves  pinnate  or  in  No.  60  partly  simple. 

Pods  conspicuously  bisulcate  ventrally  (DIHOLCOS). 

Flowers  purple  or  violet 51.  A.  bisulcatus. 

Flowers  white  or  ochroleucous.         ......     52.  A.  Haydenianus. 

Pods  various  but  not  bisulcate. 

Pods  with  a  thickened  fleshy  epicarp;  leaves  pectinately  lobed 
rather  than  pinnate,  the  leaflets  being  obscurely  articu- 
lated (CTENOPHYLLUM). 

Divisions  of  the  leaves  narrowly  linear;  pods  pendent     .         .     53.  A.  pectinatus. 
Divisions  of  the  leaves  broadly  linear;   pods  ascending.     .     54.  A.  Grayi. 
Pods  without  fleshy  epicarp  and  leaflets  with  evident  articula- 
tions. 
Pods  coriaceous  or  woody;  often  flattened  dorsally. 

Calyx  cylindrical;  flowers  large  (refer  to  group  Xylophacos}. 
Calyx  campanulate;  flowers  small. 

Corolla  yellow;  calyx-tube  as  long  as  its  lobes  (GNEMI- 

DOPHACOS) 55.  A.  flaviflorus. 

Corolla  purple;  calyx-tube  longer  than  its  lobes  (MI- 

CROPHACOS). 

Stems  yirgate;   pods  concave  dorsally      .         .         .     56.  A.  gracilis. 
Stems  diffuse;  pods  barely  flattened  dorsally      .         .     57.  A.  microlobus. 
Pods  membranous,  usually  flattened  laterally  and  the  sutures 

prominent;  in  Nos.  69,  70,  and  71  nearly  terete. 
Leaves    spinulose-tipped;    pods    1-2-seeded    (KENTRO- 

Flowers  ochroleucous,  or  tinged  with  violet;  herbage 

somewhat  hoary-pubescent     .....     58.  A.  viridis. 
Flowers  purple;  herbage  sparsely  hirsute      .         .         .59.  A.  aculeatus. 
Leaves  not  spinulose-tipped;   pods  several-seeded   (HO- 

MALOBUS). 
Leaves    simple,  or  rarely    3-foliolate  in  part  (see  also 

No.  67). 
Raceme  several-flowered    ......     60.  A.  caespitosus. 

Raceme  1-3-flowered 61.  A.  simplicifolius. 

Leaves  pinnate,  usually  with  many  leaflets. 
Pods  compressed;  stipules  connate. 

Pods  stipitate 62.  A.  tenellus. 

Pods  sessile. 

Plants  low  (7-20  cm.),  usually  tufted. 

Leaflets  elliptic  to  linear,  glabrate  or  minutely 

pubescent. 
Leaves  and  pods  more  or  less  pubescent       .     63.  A.  campestris, 


LEGUMINOSAE    (PEA   FAMILY)  283 

Leaves  glabrate;  pods  glabrous    .         .         .     64.  A.  hylophilus. 
Leaflets  linear  to  filiform,  cinereous  or  silky; 
pod  broad-linear,  hoary  or  silky  pubescent. 

Leaflets  linear 65.  A.  decumbens. 

Leaflets  lance-oblong  .         .         .         .     66.  A.  pauciflorus. 

Plants  taller  (2-5  dm.),  scarcely  tufted. 

Stems  rush-like;   lateral  leaflets  linear,  often 

wanting 67.  A.  diyersifolius. 

Stems  leafy;  leaflets  oblong-linear    .         .         .     68.  A.  Wingatensis. 
Pods  subterete;  stipules  distinct  or  nearly  so. 

Calyx  gibbous  at  base;  leaflets  oblong    .         .         .69.  A.  Hallii. 
Calyx  not  gibbous  at  base. 

Stems  ascending  or  spreading. 

Green;  racemes  elongated;  pods  15-25  mm.  long   70.  A.  flexuosus. 
Cinereous;  raceme  subcapitate;  pods  7-10  mm. 

long 71.  A.  Bodinii. 

Stems  erect. 

Pods  sessile 72.  A.  Fendleri. 

Pods  large,  exsert-stipitate      .         .         .  73.  A.  lonchocarpus. 

Low  caespitose  plants  with  palmately  3-foliolate  leaves  (OROPH- 

ACA) 
Flowers  ochroleucous  «         ...         .         .         .         .         .     74.  A.  triphyllus. 

Flowers  purple. 

Raceme  sessile,  shorter  than  the  leaves    .....     75.  A.  tridactylicus. 

Raceme  short-peduncled,  exceeding  the  leaves       .         .         .76.  A.  sericoleucus. 

1.  Astragalus  succulentus  Rich.  Frank.  Journ.  746.    1823.   Stems  prostrate- 
spreading  from  the  crown  of  a  woody  caudex,  1-3  dm.  long,  finely  strigose: 
leaflets  green,  15-25,  10-15  mm.  long,  elliptic-oblong,  obtuse:  raceme  short, 
on  a  peduncle  3-10  cm.  long:  calyx  slightly  gibbous,  somewhat  dark-strigose 
especially  on  the  teeth:  corolla  ochroleucous,  with  purple-tipped  keel,  20-35 
mm.  long;  the  narrow  standard  deeply  notched  at  apex:  pod  2-celled,  fleshy, 
indehiscent,  plum-shaped  and  about  2  cm.  long  at  maturity.    A.  caryocarpus 
in  part.    (A.  prunifer  Rydb.  Mem.  N.  Y.  Bot.  Gard.  1:  239.  1900.)— Plains 
and  foothills;  Colorado  to  Canada. 

2.  Astragalus  crassicarpus  Nutt.  in  Fras.  Cat.  1:  1813.    Size  and  habit  of 
the   preceding,    pale   and   minutely  appressed-pubescent :   leaflets   narrowly 
oblong:  flowers  in  a  short  spike-like  raceme:  corolla  violet-purple:  pod  gla- 
brous, ovate-globular,  more  or  less  abruptly  pointed,  20-25  mm.  long,  very 
thick-walled,  succulent  but  cellular  or  corky  when  dry.     A.  caryocarpus  in 
part. — Colorado  eastward  on  the  plains  and  thence  to  Minnesota  and  Texas. 

3.  Astragalus  mollissimus  Torr.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  2:  178.  1828.     Stems 
rather  stout,  mostly  ascending  from  a  decumbent  base,   the  whole  plant 
densely  silky-villous  and  tomentose:    leaflets   17-29,   ovate-oblong:    spikes 
dense,  on  elongated  peduncles:  calyx  tubular:  corolla  violet,  12-20  mm.  long: 
pod  glabrous,  dry,  coriaceous,  dehiscent,  narrowly  oblong,  obcompressed  and 
sulcate  at  both  sutures,  at  length  incurved,   10-18  mm.  long.     (A.  anisus 
Jones,  Zoe4:  34.  1894.) — Wyoming  and  Nebraska  to  Kansas  and  New  Mexico; 
one  of  the  several  Loco  weeds. 

4.  Astragalus  Bigelovii  Gray,  PL  Wright.  2:  42.  1853.     Densely  lanate- 
villous  throughout:  stems  stoutish,  ascending,  1-3  dm.  high:  leaflets  15-25, 
oval  to  obovate-oblong,    10-15  mm.  long:  spike  crowded,  long-peduncled : 
calyx-tube  cylindrical,  villous:  corolla  purple,  12-16  mm.  long:  pod  turgid, 
ovate,  acute,  not  sulcate  at  the  sutures,  densely  lanate. — Colorado  to  New 
Mexico  and  Texas. 

5.  Astragalus  carolinianus  L.  Sp.  PL  756.  1853.    A  glabrate  or  puberu- 
lent  perennial:  stems  erect,  3-10  dm.  high,  often  striate:  leaflets  11-29,  oval 
to  oblong,  usually  glabrous  above  and  white-pubescent  beneath:    flowers 
10-15  mm.  long,  becoming  horizontal  or  reflexed:  spikes  long  and  dense,  pe- 
duncled:  calyx  cylindrical,  with  subulate  teeth:  corolla  ochroleucous  or  green- 
ish: pod  oblong  or  elliptical,  nearly  erect,  10-15  mm.  long,  glabrous,  2-celled. 
(A.  oreophilus  Rydb.   Bull.  Torr.   Bot.  Club  31:  561.  1904,  and  A.  colora- 
densis  Rydb.  seem  to  be  merely  variations  of  the  widely  disseminated  A. 
canadensis  L.,  which  may  or  may  not  be  specifically  distinct  from  A.  carolini- 
anus L.) 

5a.  Astragalus  carolinianus  Mortonii  Wats.  King's  Rep.  68.    1871.    Usu- 


284  LEGUMINOSAE    (PEA   FAMILY) 

ally  lower:  leaflets  13-17:  pod  somewhat  pubescent  and  usually  evidently  sul- 
cate  dorsally. — Extending  from  Colorado  to  the  far  northwest. 

6.  Astragalus  nitidus  Dougl.  Hook.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  1:  149.  1834.    Cinereous 
with  minute  appressed  pubescence,  or  glabrate:  stems  ascending  or  decum- 
bent, rather  stout,  1-4  cm.  long:  leaflets  15-21,  oblong  or  narrower,  12-18  mm. 
long:  spike  dense,  oblong  or  subcapitate;  flowers  purplish,  ascending:  calyx- 
tube  slightly  villous,  long-campanulate ;  the  setaceous  teeth  only  half  as  long  as 
the  tube:  pod  coriaceous,  sessile,  pubescent,  straight,  ascending,  ovate-oblong, 
somewhat  triangular-compressed,  with  a  dorsal  sulcus,  2-celled.     A.  ddsur- 
gens.     (A.  adsurgens  Pall,  is  Asian;  A.  terminalis  Wats.  Proc.  Am.  Acad. 
17:  370.  1882.) — From  Colorado  to  Manitoba  and  Oregon. 

7.  Astragalus  sulphurescens  Rydb.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  28:  36.  1901. 
Glabrate,  pale  green  and  somewhat  caespitose:  stems  ascending,  2-3  dm.  high: 
leaflets  13-19,  elliptic  to  oblong,  mostly  obtuse,  15-25  mm.  long:  spike  dense, 
rather  long  and  cylindrical;  flowers  ascending:  calyx  white-strigose,  with 
scattered  black  hairs,  its  lobes  as  long  as  the  tube:  corolla  light-yellow;  the 
banner  yellow  and  longer  than  the  wings:  pods  with  the  dorsal  suture  inflexed 
(obcordate   in   cross  section),  strigose   with  black  hairs. — Not   infrequent; 
Colorado. 

8.  Astragalus  hypoglottis  L.  Mant.  2:  274.  1771.     Loosely  pubescent  or 
glabrate,  branched  from  the  base:  the  stems  slender,  diffusely  procumbent  or 
ascending,  1-2  dm.  long:  stipules  rather  large,  somewhat  sheathing;  leaflets 
13-21,  oblong,  obtuse  or  retuse:  flowers  crowded,  capitate:  corolla  violet  or 
purplish,  10-12  mm.  long:  pod  triangular-compressed,  sulcate  dorsally,  silky- 
villous,  sometimes  profusely  so,  6-8-seeded.     (A.  goniatus  Nutt.  T.  &  G    Fl. 
N.  Am.  1:  330.  1838;  A.  virgultulus  Sheld.  Bull.  Geol.  &  Nat.  Hist.  Surv, 
Minn.  9:  23.  1894.) — In  grassy  places;  New  Mexico  to  Washington  and  Hud- 
son Bay. 

8a.  Astragalus  hypoglottis  bracteatus  Osterh.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  24:  256. 
1899.  Flowers  white  or  ochroleucous;  the  bracts  large  and  conspicuous,  green, 
spatulate. — Colorado  and  Wyoming. 

9.  Astragalus  Nuttallianus  DC.  Prodr.  2:  289.  1825.    Stems  ascending  or 
erect,  7.5  to  45  cm.  high,  minutely  pubescent:  leaflets  11-15,  elliptical  or 
oblong,  obtuse  or  retuse:  flowers  few,  subcapitate  or  sometimes  solitary^  on 
slender  peduncles,  light  purple,  small,  4  mm.  long:  pod  coriaceous,  linear, 
glabrous,   subcompressed,   incurved  near  the  base,   sulcate  dorsally,   retic- 
ulated.—-Southern  Colorado  to  Texas  and  California. 

10.  Astragalus  calycosus  Torr.  in  Wats.  King's  Rep.  66.    1871.    Silvery- 
sericeous  and  nearly  acaulescent,  with  short  branched  caudex;  the  leaves  and 
peduncles  spreading:  leaflets  9-13,  oblong  or  ovate,  3-10  mm.  long,  usually 
subacute:  peduncles  basal,  somewhat  surpassing  the  leaves:  calyx  campan- 
ulate;  the  tube  longer  than  its  triangular  teeth:  corolla  ochroleucous  and 
purplish,  or  purplish  throughout:  pod  sessile,  pubescent,  chartaceous,  straight, 
subcompressed,    slightly   sulcate   dorsally,    2-celled,    about    10-seeded.       (A 
brevicaulix  A.  Nels.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  25:  9.  1898.)— Gravelly  ridges  and 
slopes;  Wyoming  to  Nevada. 

10a.  Astragalus  calycosus  scaposus  Jones,  Zoe  4:  26.  1894.  Stouter  and 
with  longer  scapes:  calyx-lobes  very  short:  the  corolla  wings  scarcely  cleft. 
(A.  scaposus  Gray;  A.  candicans  Greene.) — Southwestern  Colorado  to  Ari- 
zona. 

11.  Astragalus  diphysus  Gray,  PL  Fendl.  34.    1849.     Stems  clustered  on 
the  crown  of  a  semifleshy  root,  spreading-assurgent,   1-3   dm.    long,  sub- 
glabrous:  leaflets  15-21,  somewhat  fleshy,  obovate-oblong,  slightly  retuse: 
peduncles  as  long  as  the  leaves:  flowers  in  a  dense  short  spike:  calyx  short- 
cylindric:  corolla  blue  or  purple  or  rarely  nearly  white:  pod  membranous, 
inflated,  ovate-acuminate,  somewhat  didymous,   18-25  mm.  long,  incurved 
in  age:  seeds  many,  shining. — Utah  and  Colorado  to  New  Mexico. 

12.  Astragalus  ineptus  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  6:  525.  1868.     Cinereous- 
pubescent  or  glabrate:  stems  spreading  from  the  crown  of  the  perennial  root, 
branched,  1-4  dm.  long:  leaflets  11-19,  oblong,  emarginate,  glabrous  above,  a 


LEGUMINOSAE    (PEA   FAMILY)  285 

fine  lax  pubescence  beneath:  spike  short;  the  flowers  subsessile,  10-12  mm. 
long:  corolla  white  or  ochroleucous;  the  wings  and  keel  often  purple-tipped: 
pod  membranous,  inflated,  ovate,  2-celled,  more  or  less  pubescent,  about 
2  cm.  long. — The  northern  counterpart  of  A.  Fremontii  T.  &  G.  of  the  south- 
western deserts;  Wyoming,  Utah,  and  probably  northward. 

13.  Astragalus   Drummondii   Dougl.   Hook.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  1:  153.  1833. 
Loosely  woolly-pubescent:  stems  growing  in  clumps,  very  leafy,  suberect, 
3-5  dm.  high:  leaflets  17-31,  oblong  to  oblanceolate,  obtuse,  1-2  cm.  long: 
calyx  black-hairy,  its  teeth  shorter  than  the  tube:  flowers  rather  large,  white 
or  slightly  yellowish,  in  long  crowded  racemes:  pod  long-linear,  terete,  with 
a  deep  narrow  sulcus,  obcordate  in  cross  section,  1-celled  but  the  dorsal 
suture  intruded. — Frequent  on  gravelly  slopes. 

14.  Astragalus  scopulorum  Porter,  Fl.  Col.  24.     1874.    Puberulent  with 
appressed  hairs:  stems  ascending,  2-4  dm.  high,  branching:  leaflets  17-27, 
obovate  or  oblong,  acute,  glabrous  above:  peduncles  longer  than  the  leaves; 
the  racemes  loosely  many-flowered:  calyx  gibbous  at  base,  pilose  with  black- 
ish hairs,  the  subulate  teeth  about  half  as  long  as  the  cylindrical  tube:  corolla 
yellow  or  yellowish,  15-20  mm.  long:  pod  stipitate,  2-3  cm.  long,  pendulous, 
sharply  3-angled,  the  dorsal  suture  salient,  with  an  acute  sulcus  on  each  side 
intruded  halfway  to  the  ventral,  at  length  arcuate. — Colorado. 

15.  Astragalus  racemosus  Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  740.     1814.     Appressed- 
pubescent  or  glabrate:  stem  3-6  dm.  high,  rather  stout,  very  leafy:  leaflets 
17-23,  mostly  linear-oblong,  mucronate,  12-15  mm.  long:  peduncles  about  as 
long  as  the  leaves,  loosely  many-flowered;  the  flowers  nodding  and  somewhat 
secund:  calyx  strongly  gibbous,  puberulent:  corolla  ochroleucous,  15-18  mm. 
long:  pod  lance-oblong,  glabrous,  3-angled,  1-celled,  broadly  sulcate  and  with 
the  dorsal  suture  somewhat  intruded. — Kansas  to  Utah  and  Northwest  Terri- 
tory. 

16.  Astragalus  alpinus  L.  Sp.  PI.  760.     1753.     Glabrous  or  subpubescent: 
stems  slender,  diffuse,  5-15  cm.  long:  leaflets  13-25,  oval  or  elliptic,  obtuse 
or  retuse:   peduncles  mostly  surpassing  the  leaves;  the  flowers  few,  sub- 
capitate:  calyx  campanulate:  corolla  violet-purple,  or  pale  with  purple-  or 
blue-tipped  keel:   pod  narrowly  oblong,  short-acuminate,  black-pubescent, 
triangular-turgid,  deeply  sulcate  dorsally,  its  stipe  as  long  as  or  longer  than 
the  calyx.     [A.giganteus  (Pall.)  Sheld.  is  merely  the  larger  specimens.) — From 
Colorado  to  Manitoba  and  thence  across  the  continent;  also  Europe  and  Asia. 

17.  Astragalus  sparsiflorus  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  6:  205.  1866.     Gla- 
brate or  somewhat  appressed-pilose:  stems  slender,  2-4  dm.  long,  branched: 
leaflets  9-13,  obovate  or  suborbicular,  4-5  mm.  long:  peduncles  3-10-flowered : 
corolla  white  or  violet-tinged,  5-6  mm.  long,  the  standard  and  wings  much 
longer  than  the  incurved  keel:  pod  small,  incurved,  strigillose,  very  short- 
stipitate,  the  dorsal  suture  intruded,  the  ventral  suture  acute  and  prominent. 
— Colorado. 

18.  Astragalus  desperatus  Jones,  Zoe  2:  243.  1891.     Strigose-pubescent 
throughout:  caespitose  from  a  woody  root:  stipules  scarious  and  imbricated; 
leaflets  13-17,  oval  to  orbicular,  3-7  mm.  long:  peduncles  exceeding  the 
leaves:  flowers  many,   at  first  subcapitate,   later  racemose,   soon  reflexed, 
purple,    10-12  mm.    long:   pod   sessile,    reflexed,   thin-chartaceoue,    falcate, 
acute,  10-12  mm.  long,  cordate  in  cross  section  by  the  intrusion  of  the  ven- 
tral suture,  long-hairy. — Utah  and  Colorado. 

19.  Astragalus  aboriginorum  Rich.  Frank.  Journ.   736.     1823.     Hoary- 
pubescent  or  subvillous:  stems  numerous,  ascending,  rigid,   1-3  dm.  high: 
stipules  triangular,  mostly  free;  leaflets  7-13,  linear  to  oblong-lanceolate, 
acute:  peduncles  exceeding  the  leaves,  with  small  flowers  in  a  compact  raceme: 
the  filiform  calyx-teeth  not  equaling  the  tube:  corolla  white  or  tinged  with 
violet:  pod  long-stipitate,  reflexed,  somewhat  membranous,  laterally  subcom- 
pressed,  straight  dorsally,  the  ventral  suture  arcuate,  10-15-oyuled. — Moun- 
tains of  Colorado  and  northward  throughout  W.  British  America. 

20.  Astragalus   glabriusculus   (Hook.)    Gray,    Proc.   Am.   Acad.   6:  204. 
1866.    Much  like  the  last:  green,  the  leaflets  glabrous  above  and  nearly  so 


286  LEGUMINOSAE    (PEA   FAMILY) 

beneath,  thinner,  linear-lanceolate:  pod  lanceolate,  subfalcate;  the  stipe  2-3 
times  longer  than  the  calyx. — Same  range  as  the  last. 

21.  Astragalus  Macounii  Rydb.  Mem.   N.  Y.   Bot.   Gard.   1:  243.   1900. 
Finely  puberulent,  rather  slender,  3-5  dm.  high:  stipules  free,  ovate-lanceolate; 
leaflets  thin^  9-17,  oblong  or  oval,  obtuse,  15-25  mm.  long:  peduncle  surpas- 
sing the  leaves;  raceme  4-10  cm.  long:  calyx  black-hairy,  its  linear-subulate 
lobes  very  short:  corolla  ochroleucous,  tinged  with  purple:  pod  membranous, 
black-hairy,  acute  at  both  ends,  neither  suture  sulcate  but  the  dorsal  with  a 
narrow  inflexed  edge.    A.  Robbinsii  occidentalis. — Colorado  to  Montana. 

22.  Astragalus  elegans   (Hook.)  Sheld.  Bull.  Geol.  &  Nat.  Hist.  Surv. 
Minn.  9:  154.  1894.     Subcinereous-puberulent :  stems  3-5  dm.  high,  slender 
and  somewhat  branched:   leaflets  9-17,  oval,  oblong,  or  narrower;  stipules 
ovate,  acute:  flowers  purple,  5-7  mm.  long,  in  long  spike-like  secund  racemes: 
pod  sessile,  ellipsoid,  1-celled,  pendent,  slightly  inflated,  obtuse  but  apiculate, 
4-6  mm.  long,  black-pubescent.     A.  oroboides  americana.     (A.  Shearis  Rydb. 
Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  31:  562.  1904.) — Frequent  near  mountain  streams;  from 
Wyoming  into  British  America. 

23.  Astragalus  Brandegei  Porter,  Fl.  Colo.  24.     1874.     Canescent  with 
appressed  hairs:  stems  several  from  a  woody  base,  assurgent,  1-2  dm.  high: 
leaflets  about  11,  the  pairs  distant,  linear,  obtuse,  involute,  glabrous  above, 
10-15  mm.  long:  peduncles  much  longer  than  the  leaves;  flowers  small,  in  a 
loose  raceme:  calyx  turbinate,  hairy;  the  subulate  teeth  longer  than  the  tube: 
corolla  white  or  yellowish,  tinged  with  purple;  the  standard  reflexed:  pod 
turgid,  obovoid,  with  a  shallow  dorsal  sulcus,  short-stipitate  and  abruptly 
short-pointed,  8-14  mm.  long,  hairy. — Colorado. 

24.  Astragalus  asclepiadoides  Jones,   Zoe   2:  238.  1891.     Glabrous  and 
glaucous  throughout:  stems  single  or  several  from  the  woody  root,  3-5  dm. 
high:   leaves  simple,   sessile,    ovate-orbicular,   cordate,    often  retuse,   thick, 
3-5  cm.  long:  racemes  (spikes)  axillary,  6-8-flowered:  calyx  cylindric,  with 
some   scattered   black  hairs:   corolla  ochroleucous;  the  keel  purple-tipped: 
pod  1-celled,  coriaceous,  oblong-ovate,  acute,  stipitate. — Sandbars;  Utah  to 
western  Colorado. 

25.  Astragalus  Pattersonii  Gray,  Brand.  Fl.  S.  W.  Colo.  285.     1876.     Gla- 
brous or  sparsely  appressed-puberulent :  stems  stout,  several  from  the  crown, 
nearly  erect,  often  branched:  leaflets  oblong  or  cuneate-linear,  obtuse  or  re- 
tuse: racemes  mostly  elongated,  loose:  calyx  narrowly  campanulate,  its  lin- 
ear recurved  lobes  shorter  than  the  tube:  corolla  white,  the  keel  sometimes 
purplish-tipped:  pod  glabrous,  elliptic-oblong,  abruptly  acute  at  apex  and 
contracted  within  the  calyx,  becoming  somewhat  stipe-like. — Southwestern 
Colorado  and  Utah. 

26.  Astragalus  missouriensis  Nutt.  Gen.  2:  99.  1818.     Short-caulescent, 
hoary  with  a  closely  appressed  silky-pubescence:  leaflets  5-15,  oblong,  ellip- 
tic or   obovate:   flowers   few,  capitate   or   spicate,  10-16  mm.  long,  violet: 
calyx  oblong,  the  teeth  very  slender:  pod  oblong,  2.5  cm.  long,  acute,  ob- 
tuse  at   base,  pubescent,  nearly  straight,  obcompressed  or  obcompressed- 
triangular,  depressed  on  the  back  and  the  ventral  suture  more  or  less  promi- 
nent, transversely  rugulose. — Throughout  our  range,  east  on  the  plains  and 
south  to  Texas. 

27.  Astragalus  Shortianus  Nutt.  in  T.  &  G.  Fl.  N.  Am.  1:  331.  1838. 
Usually  subacaulescent,  silky-canescent  with  a  very  closely  appressed  pu- 
bescence: leaflets  obovate  or  ovate,  12-18  mm.  long:  peduncles  scape-like, 
commonly  shorter  than  the  leaves:  calyx  12  mm.  long,  cylindric,  teeth  shorter 
than  the  tube:  corolla  violet  or  blue,  rather  large  and  showy:  pod  3-5  cm. 
long,  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  thick,  coriaceous,  obcompressed,  dorsal  suture 
intruded,  approaching  the  ventral,  transversely  rugulose,  pointed  and  strongly 
arcuate,  more  or  less  pubescent.     (A.  cyaneus  Gray,  PI.  Fendl.  34.  1854.) 
— Wyoming  to  New  Mexico. 

28.  Astragalus  chamaeluce  Gray,  Ives  Rep.  10.     1861.     Silvery-canescent, 
with  a  dense  silky-pubescence:    stems  numerous,  short  (2-5  cm.),  prostrate 
or  nearly  acaulescent:  leaflets  5-13,  from  oval  to  oblong,  4-8  mm.  long:  pe- 


LEGUMINOSAE    (PEA   FAMILY)  287 

duncles  shorter  than  the  leaves,  slender,  3-8-flowered :  calyx-teeth  much 
shorter  than  the  cylindrical  tube:  corolla  light  violet,  14-18  mm.  long:  pod 
1-2  cm.  long,  thick,  ccriaceous,  sessile,  ovate-oblong,  acuminate,  somewhat 
arcuate,  sometimes  sulcate  ventrally,  rugosely  reticulate  and  subpubescent, 
many-seeded.  (Phaca  pygmaea  Nutt.;  A.  uintensis  Jones.) — New  Mexico 
and  Arizona  to  Wyoming  and  Idaho. 

29.  Astragalus  amphioxus  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  13:  366.  1878.     Re- 
sembling both  A.  missouriensis  and  A.  Shortianus  except  in  the  pods  which 
are  acute  at  both  ends,  the  base  so  much  narrowed  that  it  often  seems  stipi- 
tate  in  the  calyx,  texture  much  thinner,  fore-and-aft  compression  greater, 
and  moderately  curved  in  the  shorter  pods,  but  strongly  so  in  the  longer  ones: 
leaflets  more  apt  to  be  oblong  and  acute. — Colorado  to  Texas  and  Arizona. 

30.  Astragalus  cibarus  Sheld.  Bull.   Geol.  &  Nat.  Hist.  Surv.  Minn.  9: 
149.  1894.    Glabrate  or  sparsely  pubescent:  stems  several  from  the  crown, 
decumbent-spreading,  1.5-3  dm.  long:  leaflets  11-17,  suborbicular  to  oblong, 
obtuse  or  retuse;  stipules  sub foliaceous:  flowers  subcapitate,  12-15  mm.  long: 
calyx  oblong-campanulate,  black-strigose ;  the  narrow  teeth  one  third  as  long 
as  the  tube:  corolla  ochroleucous  and  purple:  pod  coriaceous,  narrowly  ob- 
long, pointed  at  both  ends,  glabrous  and  transversely  rugose-veined  at  ma- 
turity, the  ventral  suture  strongly  introflexed. — Wyoming  to  Utah  and  Idaho. 

31.  Astragalus  Beckwithii  T.  &  G.  Pac.  R.  R.  Rep.  2:  120.  1855.    Glabrous 
or  nearly  so:  stems  diffusely  spreading,  3-6  dm.  long:  stipules  adnate;  leaf- 
lets 13-25,  broadly  oval,  10-14  mm.  long:  flowers  ochroleucous,  in  a  short 
loose  raceme:  calyx-tube  glabrous,  campanulate;  the  subulate  teeth  subequal: 
pod  2-3  cm.  long,  glabrous,  transversely  rugulose,  coriaceous,  stipitate,  some- 
what obcompressed,   flattened  dorsally  with  the  suture  slightly  intruded, 
bisulcate   ventrally  with  the   prominent   suture  acutely  margined,   many- 
seeded. — Wyoming  and  Colorado  to  Nevada. 

32.  Astragalus   Parryi    Gray,  Am.  Journ.  Sci.  II.  33:  410.  1862.     Stems 
short  and  prostrate,  villous  with  loose  spreading  hairs:  leaflets  oblong,  ellip- 
tic, or  obovate:   flowers  few,  loosely  subcapitate  on  rather  short  peduncles, 
whitish   or    yellowish,  tinged   with    purple,    12-16    mm.    long:    calyx-teeth 
half   shorter   than   the    cylindric  tube:    pod    pubescent,    oblong-lanceolate, 
2.5  cm.  long  or  more,  arched  or  at  length  circinate,  strongly  obcompressed 
and  rugulose,  both  sutures  sulcately  impressed,  contiguous. — Wyoming  to 
Texas. 

33.  Astragalus  glareosus  Dougl.  Hook.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  1:  152.  1833.    V/l- 
lous  silky  with  white  incumbent  hairs:  depressed-caespitose,  the  stems  short 
or  nearly  wanting:  leaflets  11-15,  linear-oblong:  peduncles  not  exceeding  the 
leaves,  few-flowered:  calyx-tube  narrowly  cylindric,  with  teeth  one  third  as 
long:  corolla  narrow,  bright  violet:  pod  oblong-ovate,  attenuate  above,  in- 
curved, silky-pubescent,  becoming  glabrate.     (A.  argophyllus  Nutt.)— -Col- 
orado to  Idaho. 

34.  Astragalus  Purshii  Dougl.  Hook.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  1:  151.  1833.    Canes- 
cent  with  a  long  and  dense  woolly  pubescence,  nearly  acaulescent:  leaflets 
9-17,  lanceolate  or  oblong,  6-10  mm.  long:  peduncles  5-12  cm.  long:  flowers 
rather  large,  about  2  cm.  long,  ochroleucous,  the  keel  mostly  purple-tipped: 
pod   coriaceous,   very  densely  white-woolly  pubescent,  somewhat   arcuate, 
about  2  cm.  long. — Colorado  to  Montana  and  west  to  Nevada. 

35.  Astragalus  utahensis  T.  &  G.,  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  6:  213.  1866. 
Resembling  the  preceding  but   subcaulescent,   the  short   stems  prostrate: 
pubescence  dense,   woolly,   appressed:   leaves  suborbicular,   4-7  mm.  long: 
flowers  dark  purple:  pod  moderately  sulcate  at  the  sutures,  inordinately 
white-woolly. — Western  Wyoming  and  Colorado  to  Nevada. 

36.  Astragalus  Newberryi  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  12:  55.  1877^    Nearly 
acaulescent,  silvery-silky;  the  stems  very  short,  crowded  on  the  crown  of  a 
deep-set  elongated  root:  leaflets  3-7,  broadly  to  narrowly  obovate,  approxi- 
mate: peduncles  few-flowered:  corolla  large,  ochroleucous:  pods  sessile,  turgid, 
ovate-oblong,  the  broad  point  laterally  compressed,  villous. — Western  Colo- 
rado to  Utah  and  Arizona. 


288  LEGUMINOSAE    (PEA   FAMILY) 

37.  Astragalus  ceramicus  Sheld.  1.  c.  19.     Sparingly  hoary  with  a  loose 
silky  pubescence:  roots  filiform:  stipules  subulate,  rigid,  persistent,  connate 
at  base;  leaflets  7-15,  narrowly  linear  or  filiform,  1-5  cm.  long,  some  or  most 
of  them  usually  abortive:  flowers  few,  rather  small;  keel  with  the  inflexed 
apex  somewhat  produced,  pale  rose-color:  pod  12-30  mm.  long,  mottled  with 
purple  blotches,  ovoid,  short-stipitate,  stipe  equaling  the  calyx,  barely  pointed, 
pendent.    A.  pictus  (name  untenable).     The  varieties  often  listed  seem  to 
have  no  constant  characters. — Idaho  to  New  Mexico. 

38.  Astragalus  Eastwoodiae  (Jones)  Rydb.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  32:  664. 
1905.    Densely  branched  from  the  base,  10-15  cm.  high,  glabrous  throughout: 
leaflets  15-25,  mostly  narrowly  ob lanceolate,  4-8  mm.  long:  peduncles  as 
long  as  the  leaves,  stout,  rather  few-flowered:  calyx-teeth  one  fourth  as  long 
as  the  tube:  corolla  purple,  16-20  mm.  long:  pods  oblong-oval,  contracted 
at  both  ends,  very  acute,  ventrally  sulcate,  with  the  suture  intruded,  char- 
taceous  and  inflated,  reddish  but  not  spotted,  15-18  mm.  long. — Colorado  to 
Utah. 

39.  Astragalus  artipes  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  13:  370.  1878.     Glabrous, 
from  a  perennial  caudex:  stipules  adnate;  leaflets  11-17,  oblong  to  oval, 
about  8  mm.  long:  peduncles  shorter  than  the  leaves,  its  few  flowers  crowded; 
the  pedicels  suberect,  shorter  than  the  calyx:  calyx  campanulate;  its  long- 
subulate  teeth  as  long  as  the  tube:  corolla  white  and  purple:  pod  ovate, 
bladdery-inflated,  mottled    with   purple,    attenuated   into  a    slender  stipe 
which  is  articulated  above  the  calyx. — Western  Wyoming  to  Colorado  and 
Arizona. 

40.  Astragalus  megacarpus  (Nutt.)  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  6:  215.  1866. 
Glabrous,  somewhat  caespitpse  and  nearly  stemless:  leaflets  9-13,  broadly 
oval  or  ovate,  usually  emarginate:  scape  3-6-flowered,  much  shorter  than  the 
leaves:  flowers  ochroleucous  or  whitish,  20-25  mm.  long:  calyx  cylindrical; 
its  subulate  teeth  long:  pod  ovate-oblong,  acuminate,  very  obtuse  at  base, 
obscurely  and  sparsely  strigillose,  4-6  cm.  long;  the  stipe  very  short. — Low 
saline  soils;  Wyoming  and  Colorado  to  Utah. 

41.  Astragalus  americanus  (Hook.)  Jones,  Contrib.  W.  Bot.  8:  8, 1898. 
Nearly  or  quite  glabrous,  rather  tall  and  leafy:  leaflets  13-19,  ovate  or  elliptic- 
oblong:  peduncles  equaling  the  leaves;  the  racemes  many-flowered;  flowers 
white :  pod  with  a  stipe  equaling  or  exceeding  the  calyx,  acute  at  each  end, 
glabrous  or  shining.      [Phaca  americana  (Hook.)  Rydb.  Mem.  N.  Y.  Bot. 
Gard.  1:  245.  1900.] — Colorado  to  arctic  America. 

42.  Astragalus  Wetherillii  Jones,  Zoe  4:  34.  1903.     Glabrous  or  sparsely 
pubescent  above:  stems  crowded  on  the  crown  of  a  woody  root,  3-5  dm.  high: 
leaflets  9-19,  oval  to  pbovate,  obtuse  or  retuse:  peduncles  short,  capitately 
few-flowered:  calyx  nigrescent,  with  short  hairs:  corolla  white,  with  pink- 
tipped  standard  and  keel:  pods  articulated  to  a  short  stipe,  inflated,  obliquely 
ovate,  the  base  rounded  and  the  apex  short-acuminate,  sulcate  ventrally 
only,  the  suture  intruded,  15-25  mm.  long,  not  pendulous  or  spotted. — Col- 
orado. 

43.  Astragalus  cerussatus  Sheld.  1.  c.  139.     Loosely  pubescent  through- 
out; stems  erect  or  spreading,  2-3  dm.  high:  leaflets  9-17,  narrowly  oblong, 
emarginate,  6-12  mm.  long:  peduncles  slender,  exceeding  the  leaves,  loosely 
3-5-flowered:  calyx  campanulate,  the  filiform  teeth  spreading  and  longer  than 
the  tube:  corolla  ochroleucous,  the  keel  purple- tipped :  pod  thin-chartaceous, 
inflated,   ovate-oblong,   finely  reticulated,  often  purplish  but  not  mottled, 
nearly  glabrous,  the  ventral  suture  intruded  nearly  to  the  middle.— Colorado. 

44.  Astragalus  Geyeri  Gray,  1.  c.  214.    A  low  nearly  simple  annual,  1-2 
dm.  high;  subcanescent  with  appressed  pubescence:  leaflets  linear  to  oblong, 
obtuse,  glabrous  above:  peduncles  shorter  than  the  leaves,   3-5-flowered: 
calyx-teeth  subulate,  as  long  as  the  campanulate  tube:  corolla  ochroleucous, 
about  6  mm.  long:  pod  membranous,  inflated,  ovate-lunate  with  an  incurved 
acumination,  sessile,  finely  reticulated  and  not  mottled.     (A.  triflorus  Gray, 
probably,  as  to  the  Colorado  specimens.) — From  Wyoming  to  Idaho  and 


LEGUMINOSAE    (PEA   FAMILY)  289 

45.  Astragalus  jej unus  Wats.  King's  Rep.  73.    1871.   A  low,  many-stemmed 
dwarf  perennial,  with  short-branched  woody  caudex  covered  with  imbri- 
cated persistent  stipules,  usually  sparsely  and  minutely  hoary  pubescent: 
leaflets  9-15,  linear  to  oblong,  3-5  mm.  long:  peduncles  shorter  than  the 
leaves,  2-3-flowered:  calyx-teeth  scarcely  as  long  as  the  campanulate  tube: 
corolla  ochroleucous:  pod  membranous,  inflated,  globose,  sessile,  glabrous, 
wholly  1-celled,  8-10  mm.  in  diameter. — Dry  sterile  hills  and  ridges;  Wyoming 
and  Utah. 

46.  Astragalus  humillimus  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  12:  57.  1877.     Habit 
of  the  last,  but  much  more  dwarf  and  condensed:  sterns  2-3  cm.  long,  with 
the  scarious,  coalescent  stipules  imbricated  and  petioles  persistent  and  spi- 
nescent:  leaflets  7-11,  oblong,  canescent,  with  re  volute  margins:  peduncles 
1-3-flowered:  corolla  pale:  pod  ovate,  12-15  mm.  long,  coriaceous,  with  a 
white  pubescence. — Often  choked  in  drifting  sand;  Mesa  Verde,  southwest- 
ern Colorado. 

47.  Astragalus  microcystis  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  6:  220.  1866.    A  small 
diffuse  or  procumbent  ashy-pubescent  perennial,  with  slender  stems  from  a 
woody  root:  leaflets  9-13,  oblong-lanceolate,  obtuse:  racemes  5-12-flowered: 
calyx  pilose,  the  short  teeth  as  long  as  the  campanulate  tube:  corolla  violet 
or  varying  to  white;  the  banner  deeply  emarginate:  pod  thin-membranous, 
ovate-globose,  gray-pubescent,  about  6  mm.  long. — From  Wyoming  to  Wash- 
ington. 

48.  Astragalus  leptaleus  Gray,  1.  c.     Nearly  glabrous;  the  slender  stems 
ascending:  leaflets  13-23,  lanceolate-linear  to  oblong,  acute:  peduncles  shorter 
than  the  leaves,   2-4-flowered:  calyx  blackish-pilose,  campanulate:  corolla 
white;  the  banner  emarginate;  the  keel  purple-tipped:  pod  chartaceous,  ovate 
or  oval,  puberulent,  7-9  mm.  long.     (Phaca  pauciflora  Nutt.) — Colorado  and 

/Wyoming. 

;      49.  Astragalus  elatiocarpus  Sheld.  1.  c.  20.     Caespitose  and  acaulescent, 

r     more  or  less  depressed,  long-pubescent:  leaves  suberect,  5-13  cm.  long;  leaf- 

H  lets  9-13,  broadly  lanceolate,  acute  or  rarely  obtuse,  10-18  mm.  long;  stipules 

ovate,  acuminate:  raceme  at  first  sessile,  the  peduncle  elongating  in  fruit: 

calyx  campanulate,  the  tube  shorter  than  the  teeth:  corolla  yellow,  the  keel 

inflexed:  pod  ovate-acuminate,  incurved,  woody,  white  with  spreading  hairs, 

18-25  mm.  long. — Texas  to  Wyoming  and  Minnesota. 

50.  Astragalus  lotiflcrus  Hook.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  1:  152.  1833.    Very  similar 
to  the  preceding:  leaves  shorter:  peduncles  6-8  cm.  long,  usually  exceeding 
the  leaves,  capitately  6-10-flowered:  pod  oblong-ovate,  coriaceous,  straight, 
the  dorsal  suture  impressed. — Texas  to  Wyoming  and  Minnesota. 

51.  Astragalus  bisulcatus  (Hook.)  Gray,  Pac.  R.  R.  Rep.  12:  42.  1860. 
Strigillose-puberulent:  stems  erect,   often  densely  tufted  in  large  clumps, 
rather  stout,  3-7  dm.  high:  stipules  distinct;  leaflets  oblong,  often  narrow, 
the  lowest  near  the  stem:  flowers  violet,  in  dense  spike-like  racemes,  medium 
sized,  spreading  or  pendent;  the  keel  nearly  straight:  calyx- teeth  setaceous, 
nearly  as  long  as  the  campanulate  tube:  pod  coriaceous,  10-12  mm.  long, 
shortly  exsert-stipitate,  oblong,  semicylindric,  the  deeply  concave  ventral 
surface  divided  by  the  salient  obtuse  suture. — From  Colorado  to  Nebraska 
and  far  northward. 

52.  Astragalus  Haydenianus  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  12:  1876.     Smaller 
than  the  preceding:  pubescence  more  cinereous:  spike  elongated,  virgate: 
flowers  much  smaller:  calyx-teeth  much  shorter  than  the  tube:  corolla  white, 
keel  tinged  with  purple  at  the  tip:  pod  rugulose  with  transverse  veins;  stipe 
not  exceeding  the  calyx. — Wyoming  and  Colorado. 

53.  Astragalus  pectinatus  Dougl.  in  Don.  Gen.  Syst.  2:  257.  1832.    Pale 
green  and  ashy-puberulent :  stems  ascending  or  spreading,   2-4  dm.  high, 
rather  rigid,  striate,  and  branched:  leaflets  9-19,  nearly  filiform,  seemingly 
not  articulated  to  the  rachis,  persistent;   lower  stipules  connate:   flowers 
white  or  yellowish,  20-25  mm.  long,  in  a  rather  short  raceme;  the  keel  nearly 
straight  and  the  banner  elongated:  pod  thick,  cartilaginous,  oblong,  turgid, 
sessile  or  short-stipitate,  neither  suture  intruded  but  both  thick  and  promi- 

ROCKY  MT.  EOT. — 19 


290  LEGUMINOSAE    (PEA   FAMILY) 

nent,  10-15  mm.  long,  pendulous,  glabrous,  cuspidate. — Colorado  to  Nebraska 
and  far  northward. 

54.  Astragalus  Grayi  Parry,  Wats.  Am.  Nat.  8:  212.  1873.    Distinguished 
from  the  last  by  the  broader  leaflets,  quite  strongly  veined,  and  by  the  some- 
what thinner  ascending  pod:  flowers  light  yellow. — Through  the  western  half 
of  Wyoming. 

55.  Astragalus  flaviflorus  (OK.)  Sheld.  1.  c.  158.    Canescent  with  appressed 
I       hairs;  diffusely  branched  and  decumbent:  leaflets  5-11,  oblong  or  lanceolate- 
,'       linear,  subacute,  glabrate  above:  peduncles  longer  than  the  leaves;  spikes 

becoming  elongated  and  loose:  the  subulate  calyx-teeth  nearly  as  long  as  the 
campanulate  tube:  corolla  yellow:  pod  short,  mostly  included  in  the  calyx, 
strongly  obcompressed  and  with  a  broad  furrow  below.  A.  flavus. — Western 
Wyoming  and  Colorado  and  westward. 

56.  Astragalus   gracilis    Nutt.  Gen.  2:  100.  1818.     Subcinereous;    stems 
slender,  virgate,  2-4  dm.  high:  leaflets  11-17,  linear  or  filiform:  racemes  dense, 
elongated,  long-peduncled ;  flowers  pale  purple  or  whitish:  pods  spreading, 
coriaceous,  elliptic-ovate,  strongly  concave  dorsally,  white-hairy  or  at  length 
glabrous,    transversely   rugose-veined,    wholly    1-celled,    the   ventral   suture 
thick  and  prominent,  4-5  mm.  long. — Extending  from  the  mountains  east  to 
the  Missouri. 

57.  Astragalus  microlobus  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  6:  203.  1866.    Closely 
allied  to  the  foregoing  but  the  stems  diffuse :  leaflets  shorter,  linear  or  oblong- 
linear:  racemes  rather  short  and  usually  loosely  flowered;  flowers  deep  purple: 
pods  reflexed,  thick-cartilaginous,  puberulent,  finely  rugulose,  a  little  flat- 
tened on  the  back,  the  ventral  suture  very  thick.— Same  range  as  the  pre- 
ceding. 

58.  Astragalus  viridis  (Nutt.)  Sheld.  1.  c.  118.    Caulescent  but  depressed- 
spreading,  intricately  branched  from  a  long  root,  hoary  with  a  short  silky 
pubescence:  leaflets  5-7,  linear-subulate,  usually  rigid  am}  divaricate,  pungent: 
flowers  1-3,  sessile  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves,  ochroleucous  or  tinged  with 
violet:  pods  ovate,  sessile,  compressed,  pubescent,  acuminate,  somewhat  in- 
curved, usually  1-seeded.    A.  Kentrophyta.    (A.  viridis  impensa  Sheld.  1.  c.) — 
New  Mexico  to  Canada  and  west  to  Nevada. 

59.  Astragalus  aculeatus  A.  Nels.  Bull  Torr.  Bot.  Club  26:  10.  1899. 
Very  similar  to  the  foregoing,  even  more  caespitose-depressed,  greener  with 
merely  a  sparse  hirsutulous  pubescence:  leaflets  5-7,  plane,  involute,  or  some- 
what channeled,  pungently  long-mucronate :  flowers  purple,  6-8  mm.  long: 
calyx-lobes  slender,  as  long  as  the  campanulate  tube,  hirsute  (a  few  of  the 
hairs  black):  pod  narrowly  ovate,  acuminate,  scarcely  exceeding  the  calyx- 
lobes.     [A.  Wolfii  Rydb.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  31:  562.  1904.] — Mostly  alpine 
and  subalpine;  Colorado  to  Montana  and  Idaho. 

60.  Astragalus  caespitosus  (Nutt.)  Gray,  1.  c.  230.     Silvery-canescent  and 
densely  depressed-caespitose,  forming  broad  mats:  leaves  crowded  on  the 
crowns,  simple,  or  more  rarely  3-5-foliolate,  linear-lanceolate  to  linear-spatu- 
late,  tapering  to  a  slender  petiole-like  base:  peduncles  slender,  3-8  cm.  long, 
much  surpassing  the  leaves;  the  raceme  several-flowered;  flowers  small,  pur- 
ple: pod  oblong-lanceolate,  acuminate,  compressed  and  thin-edged  above,  pu- 
bescent when  young.    A.  spatulatus  Sheld.  1.  c.  22. — Colorado  to  Montana. 

61.  Astragalus  simplicifdlius  (Nutt.)  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  6:  231.  1866. 
Appressed  silky-pubescent,  growing  in  broad  cushioned  mats:  leaves  simple, 
6-12  mm.   long,   spatulate-lanceolate,  acute,  frequently  involute,   crowding 
the  extremities  of  the  short  branches:  scapes  2-3-flowered,  scarcely  if  at  all 
exceeding  the  leaves;  flowers  purple:  calyx-teeth  nearly  as  long  as  the  tube: 
pod  coriaceous,  the  ventral  suture  straight  and  acute,  the  dorsal  gibbous. 
(A.  lingulatus  Sheld.  1.  c.;  A.  exilifolius  A.  Nels.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  26:  10. 
1899.) — Dry 'sterile  slopes  and  plains;    Colorado  and  Wyoming. 

62.  Astragalus  tenellus  Pursh,   Fl.  Am.  Sept.  2:  473.  1814.     Perennial, 
somewhat  glabrous:  stems  several,  branched,  2-4  dm.  high:  stipules  dark,  at 
least  the  lower  sheathing;  leaflets  11-21,  linear  or  narrowly  cbiong,  acute  or 
obtuse,   7-12  mm.  long:  peduncles  not  exceeding  the  leaves,  few-flowered; 


LEGUMINOSAE    (PEA   FAMILY)  291 

flowers  white  or  ochroleucous,  tinged  with  purple:  stipe  as  long  as  the  cam- 
panulate  calyx-tube:  pod  flattened  or  compressed,  straight,  margined  by  the 
nerve-like  sutures,  reflexed,  8-12  mm.  long,  2-4-seeded.  A.  multiflorus.  (A. 
grcdlator  Wats.  Zoe  3:  52.  1892;  A.  acerbus  Sheld.  1.  c.  123.)— Very  common 
throughout  our  range  and  far  northward  and  westward. 

63.  Astragalus  campestris  (Xutt.)  Gray,  1.  c.  229.     More  or  less  pubescent, 
somewhat  tufted,  branched  from  the  base,  1-2  dm.  high:  stipules  triangular- 
acuminate,  the  lower  membranous;  leaflets  7-13,  or  the  uppermost  sometimes 
simple,  mostly  linear,  often  somewhat  rigid  and  subulate:  peduncles  few- 
flowered,  rather  long  and  surpassing  the  leaves:  calyx  hirsute,  some  of  the 
hairs  black ;  its  teeth  short-subulate :  corolla  ochroleucous,  tinged  with  purple : 
pod  flat,  from  linear-elliptic  to  oblong,  pubescent.    [ A . convallarius  Greene;  A. 
decurrens  (Rydb.),  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  31:  563.  1904;  A.tenuifolius  (Nutt.).] 
— Colorado  to  Montana  and  Idaho. 

64.  Astragalus  hylophilus  (Rydb.)  A.  Nels.     Very  similar  to  the  preced- 
ing: leaves  nearly  erect;  leaflets  15-23,  lance-oblong  or  narrowly  elliptic,  1-2 
cm.  long,  glabrate:  calyx-tube  dark-strigose :  corolla  nearly  white ;  keel  purplish- 
tipped:  pod  linear-oblong,  glabrous,  more  reflexed.      (Homalobus  hylophilus 
Rydb.  Mem.  N.  Y.  Bot.  Card.  1:  247.  1900.)—- Colorado  to  Montana. 

65.  Astragalus  decumbens  (Nutt.)  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  6:  229.  1866. 
Cinereous  or  silky-pubescent:  stems  diffuse  or  ascending,  1-2  dm.  high:  pet- 
ioles sometimes  somewhat  flattened,  mostly  with  7-13  linear-lanceolate  acute 
leaflets:  racemes  5-10-flowered :  calyx-teeth  attenuate,  a  little  shorter  than 
the  tube:  corolla  8-10  mm.  long,  ochroleucous  or  purple;  keel  with  a  short, 
inflexed  tip:  pod  broad-linear,  straight  or  falcate,  15-20  mm.  long,  hoary- 
puberulent.     (A.  camporum  Rydb.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  32:  666.  1905.)— 
Colorado  to  British  Columbia. 

66.  Astragalus  pauciflorus  Hook.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  1 :  149.  1838.     Cinereous- 
pubescent,  dwarf,  from  a  woody  caudex,  matted-decumbent,  with  crowded 
leaves:   leaflets  7-11,  oblong  or  lanceolate;  the  stipules  all  more  or  less  con- 
nate: peduncles  2-5-flowered :  calyx-teeth  very  slender,  exceeding  the  tube: 
corolla  violet:  pod  linear-oblong,  silky-puberulent,  8-10  mm.  long.     (A.vexil- 
liflexus  Sheld.) — In  the  mountains;  Wyoming  into  British  America. 

67.  Astragalus  diversifolius  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  6:  230.  1866.    Ashy- 
strigillose;  stems  diffuse,  decumbent,  elongated,  2-4  dm.  high:  petioles  short, 
flattened ;  leaves  1-5-f  oliolate ;  terminal  leaflet  or  simple  leaf  linear,  elongated, 
2-5  cm.  long,  attenuated  at  each  end:  peduncle  1-5-flowered:  calyx-teeth  half 
shorter  than  the  tube:  corolla  ochroleucous  or  lurid,  keel  falcate-incurved: 
pod  oblong-linear,  straight  or  sub  falcate,  15-20  mm.  long,  canescent-puberulent. 
A.  junceus.      (A.  junciformis  A.  Nels.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  26:  9.  1899.) — 
Arid  and  sterile  slopes;  Colorado  to  Idaho. 

68.  Astragalus  Wingatensis  Wats.  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  18:  192.  1883.    Some- 
what canescent,  the  pubescence  appressed:  stems  several,  7-15  cm.  high: 
leaflets  9-13,  narrow,  glabrate:  calyx  short,  with  very  short  teeth:  corolla 
purplish,  6  mm.  long:  pod  flat  or  compressed,  sessile,  subacute  at  apex,  ob- 
tuse or  somewhat  narrowed  at  base,  glabrate  or  black-hairy.     [A.  dementis 
(Rydb.),  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  31:  562.  1894.] — New  Mexico  into  Colorado. 

69.  Astragalus  Hallii  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  6:  224.  1866.    Subcinereous 
or  glabrate;  stems  rather  stout,  ascending:  stipules  subulate;  leaflets  17-25, 
oblong,  subcuneate,  retuse,  8-15  mm.  long:  peduncles  exceeding  the  leaves; 
flowers  violet,  20  or  more  in  a  dense  capitate  raceme:  calyx  dark-pubescent, 
broadly  campanulate,  gibbous  at  base;  the  broad  teeth  only  one  fourth  as 
long  as  the  tube:  pod  oblong,  inflated,  glabrous,  subcoriaceous,  short-stipitate, 
straight,  12-20  mm.  long.— Colorado. 

70.  Astragalus  flexuosus  Dougl.  Hook.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  1:  141.  1831.    Ashy- 
puberulent;   stems  ascending,    2-5  dm.   high,   flexuous:   leaflets   oblong  or 
cuneate-linear,  obtuse  or  retuse:  peduncles  exceeding  the  leaves:  racemes 
mostly  elongated,  loose;  flowers  8-10  mm.  long,  white  or  purplish:  calyx 
hoary-pubescent,  teeth  one  third  as  long  as  the  tube:  pod  cylindric.  18-25  mm. 
long,  puberulent,  thinly  coriaceous,  straight  or  subincurved;  stipe  very  short 


292  LEGUMINOSAE    (PEA   FAMILY) 

but  evident.    (A.  proximus  and  A.  salidae  Rydb.  Bull.  Ton*.  Bot.  Club  32:  667. 
1905.) — Common  at  middle  elevations;  Colorado  and  Nebraska  to  Manitoba. 

71.  Astragalus  Bodinii  Sheld.  1.  c.  122.     Subglabrous  slender  perennial: 
stems  ascending  or  prostrate,  3-7  dm.  long,  branched,  striate:  leaflets  11-17, 
narrowly  obovate  to  lanceolate,  abruptly  acute,   7-12   mm.  long;   stipules 
ovate-acuminate:  peduncles  6-7  cm.  long,  dark-strigillose,  rather  few-flowered : 
calyx  campanulate,  purplish,  and  nigrescent:  corolla  purple,  8-10  mm.  long: 
pod  short-stipitate,  chartaceous,  oblong,  flat,  1-celled  and  often  only  1-seeded. 
— Wet  low  meadow  lands;  Colorado  and  Wyoming. 

72.  Astragalus  Fendleri  Gray,  PI.  Wright.  2:  44.  1853.     An  erect  peren- 
nial, 2-4  dm.  high,  glabrous  or  appressed-pubescent :  leaflets  oblong  or  linear- 
oblong:  racemes  long-peduncled,  loosely  flowered;  flowers  purple:  pod  oblong, 
inflated,  chartaceous-coriaceous,  about  20  mm.  long,  straight,  pointed,  mi- 
nutely puberulent,  the  stipe  very  short  or  wholly  wanting. — Colorado  to  New 
Mexico. 

73.  Astragalus  lonchocarpus  Torr.  Pac.  R.  R.  Rep.  4:  80.  1857.    Ashy- 
puberulent  or  glabrate  perennial:    stem  fistulous,  sulcate,  branched,  5-7  dm. 
long:  stipules  distinct,  small;  leaflets  1-5,  linear  or  filiform-linear,  remote,  the 
leaf   sometimes   reduced  to  the   flattened    filiform   rachis:   racemes   loosely 
many-flowered,  on  long,  strict,  stoutish  peduncles;  bracts  one  half  shorter 
than  the  pedicels;  flowers  white,  pendent:  calyx-teeth  broad-subulate,  much 
shorter  than  the  tube:   pod  membranous,    lanceolate-cylindrical,   straight, 
3-4  cm.  long,  very  sharply  acuminate  at  each  end,  exsert-stipitate,  glabrous, 
neither  suture  intruded.     (Phaca  macrocarpa  Gray,  PI.  Fendl.  36.  1849.) — 
Colorado. 

74.  Astragalus  triphyllus  Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  2:  740.  1814.     A  caespitose 
perennial,  from  a  much  branched  woody  caudex,  with  crowded  leaves,  silvery 
and  glossy  silky:  stipules  glabrous;  primary  leaves  sometimes  5-foliolate  with 
cuneate  oblanceolate  leaflets,  the  rest  with  three  longer  lanceolate  leaflets, 
long-petioled,  exceeding  the  sessile  crowded  flowers:  calyx-teeth  half  shorter 
than  the  tube:  corolla  ochroleucpus  or  white:  pod  villous,  included,  conical- 
ovate,  acuminate,  somewhat  coriaceous.     (A.  gilviflorus  Sheld.;  Phaca  caes- 
pitosa  Nutt.) — From  Nebraska  and  Wyoming  to  the  Saskatchewan. 

75.  Astragalus  tridactylicus  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  6:  527.  1866.    Peren- 
nial, caespitose  from  a  short  woody  caudex,  dwarf,  5-8  cm.  high,  silvery- 
silky:  leaves  pinnately  3-foliolate,  long-petioled,  exceeding  the  sessile  crowded 
flowers;  leaflets  oblanceolate,  10-12  mm.  long,  acute:  flowers  1  cm.  long,  pale- 
purple:  calyx-teeth  equaling  the  tube:  pod  globose,  ovoid,  5-8  mm.  long,  very 
turgid,  puberulent,    12-ovuled,   3-4-seeded:  calyx  deciduous,   exposing  the 
pod.— Colorado  and  Wyoming. 

76.  Astragalus  sericoleucus  Gray,  1.  c.  232.     Very  broadly  caespitose, 
silky-hoary;  stems  branched,  prostrate;  branches  covered  with  the  villous 
stipules:  leaves  all  3-foliolate,  not  equaling  the  2-6-flowered  filiform  peduncles; 
leaflets  6  mm.  long,  oblanceolate  or  cuneate-oblong:  calyx-teeth  about  equal- 
ing the  campanulate  tube:  corolla  purple,  6-8  mm.  long:  pod  ovate-oblong, 
6  mm.  long,  hoary,  half  included  in  the  calyx. — Colorado  to  Dakota  and 
Nebraska. 

10.  ARAGALLUS  Neck.    Loco 

Like  Astragalus,  but  distinguished  by  a  subulate  beak  at  the  tip  of  the  keel. 
Mostly  low  perennials,  witfy  tufts  of  numerous  very  short  stems  from  a  hard 
and  thick  root  or  rootstock,  covered  with  scaly  adnate  stipules.  Leaves  pin- 
nate, of  many  leaflets.  Scapes  naked,  bearing  a  head  or  short  spike  of  flowers. 
— Oxytropis. 

Stipules  free;  pod  1-celled 1.  A  deflexus. 

Stipules  adnate  to  the  petiole. 
Pod  included  in  the  calyx. 

Calyx  bladdery-inflated,  not  distended  by  the  pod. 

Plants  dwarf  and  caespitose;  flowers  purple    .         .         .  2.  A.  multiceps. 

Plants  1-2  dm.  high;  flowers  ochroleucous     .         .         .  3.  A.  collinus. 


LEGUMINOSAE    (PEA   FAMILY)  293 

Calyx  distended  or  split  by  the  turgid  included  pod. 

Corolla  violet-blue;  the  wings  oblong 4.  A.  lagopus. 

Corolla  purple;  the  wings  dilated  and  emarginate    ...       5.  A.  nanus. 
Pod  at  length  evidently  exceeding  the  calyx. 

Calyx  somewhat  bladdery-inflated 6.  A.  Blankinshipii 

Calyx  not  inflated. 

Pod  bladdery-inflated,  membranous       .         .         .         .         .       7.  A.  podocarpus. 
Pod  not  bladdery-inflated,  often  turgid  or  coriaceous. 

Flowers  1-3 8.  A.  Parryi. 

Flowers  several  or  many. 

Plants  somewhat  glandular-viscid. 

Leaflets  17-31 .       9.  A.  viscidulus. 

Leaflets  25-55 10.  A.  viscidus. 

Plants  neither  glandular  nor  viscid. 
Leaves  simply  pinnate. 
Pod  nearly  2-celled. 

Flowers  yellow  or  yellowish          .         .         .         .     11.  A.  gracilis. 
Flowers  purple  or  ochroleucous    .  ,     12.  A.  dispar. 

Pod  half  2-celled  or  less. 
Flowers  purple  or  violet. 

Pod  submembranous         .        y        .         .         .     13.  A.  monticola. 

Pod  coriaceous 14.  A.  Lambertii. 

Flowers  white  or  yellowish. 

Dwarf  alpine  plants  .         ^  ••  •;  ;         .         .         .     15.  A.  alpicola. 
Stout  and  tufted. 

Corolla  yellowish  throughout          .         .         .     16.  A.  villosus. 
Corolla  white  or  yellowish;  the  keel  always 

purple-tipped 17.  A.  albiflorus. 

Leaflets  very  numerous  and  subverticillate       .         .     18.  A.  Richardsonii. 

1.  Aragallus  deflexus  (DC.)  Heller,  Cat.  N.  A.  PI.  4.     1898.    Loosely  silky- 
pubescent;  leafy-stemmed  or  more  rarely  depauperate  and  nearly  stemless; 
taller  forms   over  3  dm.  high:   leaflets   crowded  in  12-16   pairs,  lanceolate 
to  oblong,  6-12  mm.  long;  stipules  free:  peduncles  much  surpassing  the  leaves; 
flowers  rather  small  (about  6  mm.  long),  in  a  short  and  close  or  in  fruit 
lengthened  and  open  spike:  pod  oblong-lanceolate,  not  stipitate,   1-celled, 
much  surpassing  the  calyx. — In  the  mountains  from  British  America  to 
southern  Colorado  and  westward  to  Utah.     Subalpine  forms  are  often  depau- 
perate and  almost  stemless  [A .  foliolosus  (Hook.)  Rydb.]. 

2.  Aragallus  multiceps  (Nutt.)  Heller,  1.  c.     Canescently  silky;  matted 
caespitose,  subcaulescent,  3-7  cm.  high:  leaflets  7-9:  peduncles  weak,  1-2- 
flowered;  flowers  purple:  pod  stipitate,  wholly  inclosed  in  the  bladdery,  ovate- 
globose  calyx,  turgid,  ovate,  1-celled. — Granite  soils,  middle  altitudes;  Wy- 
oming and  Colorado. 

2a.  Aragallus  multiceps  minor  (Gray)  A.  Nels.  Erythea  7:  57.  1899. 
Pulvinate  or  depressed  caespitose:  leaflets  very  small:  fruiting  calyx  much 
reduced. — Subalpine  gravelly  barrens. 

3.  Aragallus  collinus  A.  Nels.  Erythea  7:  57.  1899.    Canescently  appre^sed- 
pubescent  and  silky-villous ;  crown  woody,  covered  with  the  persistent  peti- 
oles: leaves  and   scapes  tufted  on  the  crowns:  scapes  1-2  dm.  long,  exceed- 
ing the  leaves:  leaflets  7-13,  oblong  to  linear-lanceolate,  acute,  10-30  mm. 
long:    spike    10-20-flowered;  bracts   leaf -like,  greenish,  equaling   the   calyx, 
or  nearly    so:    calyx  inflated  in    fruit,   globose-urceolate:   corolla  white   or 
yellowish,   the   standard  streaked  with  purple,  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx: 
pod  turgid,  nearly  filling  the  calyx;  style  abruptly  flexed  near  its  apex  and 
protruding  from  the  narrowed  mouth  of  the  calyx. — Northern  Wyoming  and 
Montana. 

4.  Aragallus  lagopus   (Nutt.)    Greene,   Pitt.   3:  212.  1897.     Canescently 
silky,  with  loose  villous  hairs;  nearly  stemless  and  rather  dwarf:  scapes  sur- 
passing the  leaves,  5-6-flowered:  leaflets  9-13,  lanceolate  or  oblong,  6-8  mm. 
long:   flowers  bright  violet:   calyx  cylindrical,  silky:  pod  ovate,  thin  mem- 
branaceous  and  almost  bladdery,  obtuse,  abruptly  tipped  with  the  persistent 
style,  slightly  protruding  from  the  calyx  which  splits  down  one  side. — Moun- 
tains of  Wyoming  and  Montana. 

5.  Aragallus  nanus  (Nutt.)  Greene,  1.  c.     Silvery  with  appressed  silky 
pubescence:  leaflets  3  or  4  or  rarely  6  pairs,  narrowly  lanceolate:  flowers 
purple  or  whitish:  pod  turgid,  oblong,  somewhat  coriaceous,  the  acuminate 


294  LEGUMINOSAE    (PEA   FAMILY) 

tip  barely  projecting  out  of  the  undivided  lightly  villous  calyx. — Mountains 
of  Wyoming  and  Montana. 

6.  Aragallus  Blankinshipii  A.  Nels.  1.  c.  58.    Tufted  on  the  crown  of  a 
woody  taproot,  silky-sericeous:  leaves  lax,  half  as  long  as  the  1-2  dm.  high 
scapes;  leaflets  11-17,  linear-oblong,  acute  at  both  ends,  12-16  mm.  long: 
spike  dense,  8-12-flowered:  calyx  loosely  lanate-hirsute,  inflated  in  fruit  and 
becoming  subglobose:  corolla  purple,  20  mm.  long;  the  standard  deeply  2- 
lobed:  pod  elliptic,  acuminate,  at  length  slightly  protruded  from  the  calyx. 
(A.  Besseyi  Rydb.  Mem.  N.  Y.  Bot.  Gard.  1:  250.  1900.)— Northern  Wyo- 
ming, Montana,  and  Idaho. 

7.  Aragallus   podocarpus    (Gray)   A.  Nels.     Very  low,  depressed,  tufted 
plants,  villous  or  in  age  glabrate:  leaflets  11-23,  linear-lanceolate,  5-8  mm. 
long:  peduncles  2-flowered,  scarcely  surpassing  the  leaves,  somewhat  deflexed 
in  fruit:  flowers  violet,  10-15  mm.  long:  pod  large,  15-25  mm.  long,  bladdery, 
inflated,  broadly  ovate,  1-celled,  neither  suture  at  all  inflexed,  puberulent- 
short-stipitate.     (A.  inflatus  A.  Nels.  1.  c.  59.) — Alpine  and  subalpine;  Colo- 
rado and  far  northward. 

8.  Aragallus  Parryi    (Gray),   Greene,   1.   c.     Silky-canescent ;   leaves  and 
scapes  10-15  cm.  high:  leaflets  13-21,  oblong-lanceolate,  4-6  mm.  long:  ca- 
lyx short,  cinereous-pubescent:  pod  nearly  12  mm.  long,  terete  with  a  strong 
ventral  groove,  grayish-pubescent,  not  at  all  stipitate,  oblong  or  narrower, 
coriaceous,  nearly  or  quite  2-celled. — Mountains  of  Colorado  near  the  limit 
of  trees. 

9.  Aragallus  viscidulus   Rydb.   Mem.   N.   Y.   Bot.   Gard.    1:  253.  1900. 
Tufted,  the  caudex  clothed  with  old  petioles  and  stipules:  leaflets  17-31, 
somewhat  villous-pubescent :    scape  much  exceeding  the  leaves,   10-15  cm. 
high,  sub  viscid  and  somewhat  black-hairy:  petals  yellowish  at  base,  bluish- 
purple  above:  pod  membranous,  oblong-ovate,  beaked,  black-pubescent  or 
in  age  glabrate,  ventral  suture  half  dividing  it,  10-15  mm.  long. — Montana  to 
Utah  and  probably  in  Wyoming. 

10.  Aragallus  viscidus  (Nutt.)  Greene,  1.  c.    More  or  less  glandular-viscid, 
at  least  the  calyx  and  commonly  the  pod:  leaflets  numerous  and  small,  5-10 
mm.  long,  thickish,  oval  or  oblong,  often  pubescent  when  young,  at  maturity 
green  and  glabrate:  flowers  in  a  dense  oblong  head  or  at  length  in  a  short 
spike,  about  10  mm.  long:  calyx  villous  and  with  sessile  glands  usually  evi- 
dent: pod  small,  7-10  mm.  long,  puberulent,  oblong,  thin-chartaceous,  half 
2-celled,  the  small  beak  or  point  straight. — In  the  mountains  from  British 
America  to  Colorado;  common  in  Wyoming. 

11.  Aragallus  gracilis  A.  Nels.  1.  c.  60.    Tufted;  scapes  few-several,  2-5 
dm.  high,  slender,  erect,  lightly  pubescent:  leaves  about  half  as  long  as  the 
fruiting  scape;  leaflets  21-31,  sparsely  soft-pubescent:  spike  long,  open  in 
fruit;   the  bracts  conspicuous,    often   exceeding  the   short-cylindric   calyx: 
corolla  ochroleucous  or  more  deeply  yellow,  about  15  mm.  long:  pod  pubescent, 
oblong-ovate,  about  20  mm.  long,  semimembranous,  soon  splitting  the  calyx, 
nearly  2-celled. — Northern  Colorado  to  Dakota  and  Manitoba. 

12.  Aragallus  dispar  A.  Nels.  1.  c.  61.     Leaves  and  scapes  rather  few, 
crowded  on  the  crown  of  a  strong  taproot ;  the  persistent  membranous  stipules 
white   strigose-pubescent:    scapes   rather   stout,    noticeably  tapering,    silky- 
pubescent,  usually  unequal:   leaves  silky-pubescent,   unequal;  the  primary 
short,  with  orbicular  to  oblong  leaflets  5  mm.  or  less  in  length;  those  of  the 
longer  leaves  oblong  to  linear  and  7-12  mm.  long:  spikes  dense,  many-flowered; 
the  bracts  from  very  short  to  longer  than  the  calyx:  calyx  short-tubular, 
silky-lanate,  its  teeth  short:  corolla  ochroleucous  with  a  purple  spot  on  the 
keel  (or  more  rarely  purple  throughout),  15-18  mm.  long:  pod  oblong,  beaked 
with  a  thick  point,  pubescent,  nearly  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx. — Northern 
Wyoming,  and  from  the  Dakotas  to  Oregon. 

13.  Aragallus  monticola  (Gray)  Greene,  1.  c.     Not  glandular- viscid,  loosely 
silky-villous,  at  least  the  scapes  and  calyx,  1-2  dm.  high:  leaflets  somewhat 
glabrate,  oblong  or  lanceolate,  7-15  mm.  long:  spike  oblong  or  cylindraceous, 
dense  even  in  fruit;  flower  hardly  12  mm.  long:  pod  ovate-oblong,  between 


LEGUMINOSAE    (PEA   FAMILY)  295 

membranaceous  and  chartaceous,  7-12  mm.  long,  tipped  with  a  straight 
point,  one-celled  with  no  introflexion  of  the  ventral  suture,  or  nearly  half 
2-celled,  silky-canescent. — Mountains  of  Wyoming,  Dakota,  and  northward. 

14.  Aragallus  Lambertii  (Pursh)  Greene,  1.  c.    Commonly  taller  as  well  as 
larger,  the  scapes  often  3  dm.  or  more  high,  silky-  and  most  silvery-pubescent, 
sometimes  glabrate  in  age:   leaflets  oblong-lanceolate  to  linear,  8-30  mm. 
long:  spike  sometimes  short-oblong  and  densely-flowered  at  least  when  young, 
often  elongated  and  sparsely  flowered;  flowers  mostly  large,  often  25  mm. 
long,  but  sometimes  much  smaller,  mostly  purple  or  purplish:  pod  either  nar- 
rowly or  broadly  oblong,  sericeous-pubescent,   firm-coriaceous,   12  mm.  or 
more  long,  imperfectly  2-celled. — Includes  Oxytropis  campestris  of  Hook.  Fl. 
Bor.  Am.  in  part.     (A.  patens,  A.  angustatus,  and  A.  atropurpureus  Rydb. 
Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  34:  421-4.  1907.)-TCommon  along  the  Great  Plains  from 
the  Saskatchewan  to  New  Mexico,  and  in  the  foothills. 

14a.  Aragallus  Lambertii  sericeus  (Nutt.)  A.  Nels.  1.  c.  62.  Leaflets 
broader,  more  silky:  spike  robust.  [A.  sericeus  (Nutt.)  Greene.] — Same  range. 

15.  Aragallus  alpicola  Rydb.  Mem.  N.  Y.  Bot.  Card.  1:  252.  1900.    De- 
pressed-caespitose;  the  caudex  clothed  with  leaf  remnants:  leaves  numerous, 
white-silky;  leaflets  8-13,  oblong,  5-8  mm.  long:  scape  short,  depressed  or 
ascending,  3-8-flowered:  calyx  cylindric,  densely  black-hairy:  corolla  12-15 
mm.  long,  sulphur-yellow;  the  keel  purple-tipped:   pod  about  15  mm.  long, 
subcoriaceous,  ovoid,  beaked. — Wyoming  and  Montana. 

16.  Aragallus  villosus  Rydb.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  28:  36.  1901.     Intri- 
cately caespitose:  leaflets  25-31,  10-15  mm.  long,  lanceolate,  acute,  loosely 
silky  or  hirsute:  scapes  10-15  cm.  high:  spike  dense:  calyx  white,  silky- 
villous:  corolla  ochroleucous:  pod  thin,  2-celled,  white-silky,  twice  as  long  as 
the  calyx,  tipped  with  a  hooked  beak. — Replaces  the  eastern  A.  campestris  in 
the  northern  part  of  our  range.  • 

17.  Aragallus  albiflorus  A.  Nels.  1.  c.  62.    Caudex  densely  tufted  on  the 
crowns  of  a  large  root,  clothed  with  hairy  stipules  and  leaf-bases:  leaflets 
11-21,  oblong  to  lanceolate,  15-25  mm.  long,  grayish  or  silvery  with  appressed 
pubescence:  scapes  rather  stout,  2-4  dm.  high,  at  length  distinctly  surpassing 
the  leaves:  calyx  sericeous,  some  short  black  hairs  intermingled:  corolla  white 
or  often  ochroleucous;  the  keel  usually  purple-tipped:  pod  pubescent,  oblong, 
with  a  straight  tip,  at  maturity  about  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx;  the  ventral 
suture  somewhat  intruded.     (A.  saximontanus  A.  Nels.) — From  New  Mexico 
to  Montana. 

18.  Aragallus  Richardsonii  (Hook.)   Greene,  Pitt.  4:  69.  1899.     Silvery 
silky-villous,  l^i  dm.  high:  stipules  adnate  to  the  petiole,  imbricated  on  the 
short  branches  of  the  caudex,  which  bear  the  leaves  and  scapes;  leaflets  nu- 
merous, fascicled  in  threes  or  fours  (or  more)  or  as  if  verticillate :  scape  spicately 
many-flowered;  the  flowers  erect-spreading:  calyx  very  hairy,  white:  corolla 
rather  large,  bright  blue:  pod  ovate,  partly  2-celled,  erect,  acuminate,  hairy, 
much    longer    than    the    calyx.      Oxytropis    splendens. — Mountain    valleys; 
throughout  our  range. 

11.  GLYCYRRHIZA  L.     LICORICE 

Erect  perennial  herbs.  Flowers  in  dense  axillary  pedunculate  spikes,  with 
caducous  bracts.  Root  large  and  sweet.  Flowers  nearly  as  in  Astragalus. 
Ovary  sessile;  style  short  and  rigid.  Pod  compressed  and  often  curved. 

1.  Glycyrrhiza  lepidota  Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  480.  1814.  Somewhat 
glandular-puberulent,  or  the  younger  leaves  slightly  silky:  stems  erect,  branch- 
ing, 3-8  dm.  high:  leaflets  11-19,  oblong-lanceolate,  acute  or  obtuse:  spike 
short,  the  peduncle  shorter  than  the  leaves;  flowers  ochroleucous:  pod  thicklj 
beset  with  hooked  prickles,  oblong,  1-2  cm.  long. — New  Mexico  to  Canada 
and  west  to  the  coast. 

12.  AMORPHA.  L.     FALSE  INDIGO.     LEAD  PLANT 
Shrubs  with  odd-pinnate  leaves,  dotted  and  usually  stipellate  leaflets,  and 


296  LEGUMINOSAE    (PEA   FAMILY) 

violet  or  purple  flowers  crowded  in  clustered  terminal  spikes.  Corolla  of  a 
single  petal  (the  standard)  which  is  wrapped  around  the  stamens  and  style. 
Stamens  10,  monadelphous  at  base.  Pod  oblong,  roughened,  1-2-seeded, 
exceeding  the  calyx. 

Leaflets  2-5  cm.  long;  pod  2-seeded      .         .         .  .         .         .     1.  A.  fruticosa. 

Leaflets  less  than  2  cm.  long;  pod  1-seeded. 

Green  and  glabrate 2.  A.  nana. 

White-canescent  .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .3.  A.  canescens. 

1.  Amorpha  fruticosa  L.  Sp.  PI.  713.    1753.    Shrubby,  variable,  sometimes 
tall  and  tree-like;  pubescent  or  nearly  glabrous:  leaflets  8-12  pairs,  oblong 
to  broadly  elliptical,  scattered:  calyx  somewhat  pubescent,  the  lower  tooth 
acuminate  and  longest,  the  others  commonly  obtuse:  standard  purple,  deeply 
emarginate:  pod  2-seeded. — Extending  into  the  eastern  part  of  our  range. 

2.  Amorpha  nana  Nutt.  Fras.  Cat.     1813.     Very  low,   nearly  glabrous: 
leaflets  somewhat  ovate-elliptical,  rigid:  spikes  solitary  and  aggregated.     A. 
microphylla. — Along  the  Platte  to  the  mountains  and  northward  to  the  plains 
of  the  Red  River. 

3.  Amorpha  canescens  Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  467.     1814.    Whitened  with 
hoary  down,  3-8  dm.  high:  leaflets  small,  crowded,  29-51,  elliptical,  smooth- 
ish  above  with  age:  pod  slightly  exceeding  the  calyx,  1-seeded. — This  and  the 
preceding  possibly  coming  into  our  range  from  the  east  or  north. 

13.  PSORALEA  L. 

Perennial  herbs,  usually  sprinkled  all  over  or  roughened  (especially  the 
calyx,  pods,  etc.)  with  glandular  dots  or  points.  Leaves  mostly  palmately 
3-5-foliolate.  Flowers  blue-purplish  or  white,  in  spikes  or  racemes.  Stamens 
diadelphous,  with  half  the  anthers  often  smaller  or  less  perfect.  Pod  small, 
thick,  often  wrinkled,  indehiscent,  1-seeded. 

Low  or  almost  stemless;  roots  tuberous  or  thickened. 

Canescently  hirsute    .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .     1.  P.  mephitica.  .. 

Greenish  but  rough-hirsute. 

Stem  short  but  divaricately  branched;  pod  glabrous     .         .         .     2.  P.  esculenta.    ' 
Stemless;  pod  somewhat  hirsute     .         .         .         .         .         .         .     3.  P.  hypogaea. 

Taller,  the  stems  leafy  and  branched. 

Roots  tuberous 4.  P.  cuspidata. 

Roots  not  tuberous. 

Densely  silvery-silky  throughout. 

Calyx-lobes  subequal '      .         .     5.  P.  digitata. 

Calyx  with  one  elongated  lobe     .         .         .         .         .         .         .     6.  P.  argophylla. 

Greenish,  glabrate  or  minutely  canescent. 

Pods  subglobose;  leaves  glabrate 7.  P.  lanceolata. 

Pods  ovoid  to  ovoid-oblong. 

Leaves  obovate  to  oblong-cuneate    .         .         .         .         .         .     8.  P.  tenuiflora. 

Leaves  narrowly  linear 9.  P.  linearifolia. 

1.  Psoralea  mephitica  Wats.  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  14:  291.  1879.    Softly  sil- 
very silky- villous  throughout:  stems  very  short,  from  a  tuberous  root:  leaflets 
4  or  5,  obtuse  or  retuse:  peduncles  and  petioles  subequal:  bracts  somewhat 
scarious,  shorter  than  the  calyx:  the  linear  calyx-lobes  as  long  as  the  blue 
petals:  pod  small,  somewhat  chartaceous,  moderately  villous  above.     Said  to 
have  the  odor  of  the  skunk. — Southern  Colorado  to  Arizona. 

2.  Psoralea  esculenta  Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  475.     1814.     Roughish  hairy  all 
over:  stem  stout,  1-3  dm.  high,  erect  from  a  tuberous  or  turnip-shaped  fari- 
naceous  root:  leaflets   obovate    or  lanceolate-oblong:    spike   oblong,    long- 
peduncled:  calyx-lobes  and  bracts  lanceolate,  nearly  equaling  the  corolla 
which  is  12  mm.  long. — Extending  from  the  northern  prairie  States  to  western 
Texas,  and  into  our  range. 

3.  Psoralea  hypogaea  Nutt.  T.  &  G.  Fl.  N.  A.  1:  302.  1838.    Acaulescent; 
hirsute  with  whitish  appressed  hairs:   leaflets  linear-lanceolate  or  linear- 
oblong,  nearly  glabrous  above:  spikes  capitate,  on  peduncles  much  shorter 
than  the  petioles:  lobes  of  the  calyx  linear,  acuminate,  the  lowest  lanceolate, 
elongated. — Nebraska  to  Colorado  and  New  Mexico, 


LEGUMINOSAE    (PEA   FAMILY)  297 

4.  Psoralea  cuspidate  Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  741.     1814.     Canescent  with 
appressed  pubescence:  stipules  subulate;  leaflets  obovate  or  elliptical-oblong, 
pubescent:  peduncles  much  longer  than  the  leaves:  calyx  large,  somewhat 
inflated,  gibbous  at  the  base,  conspicuously  dotted,  teeth  triangular-lanceolate, 
acuminate,  the  lower  one  produced :  pod  hid  in  the  large  calyx. — From  south- 
eastern Colorado  to  Texas  and  Arkansas. 

5.  Psoralea  digitata   Nutt.  T.  &  G.  Fl.  N.  A.  1:  300.  1838.     Canescent, 
diffusely  branched:  stipules  lanceolate,  reflexed;  leaflets  cuneate-oblong  and 
oblong-linear  with  an  abrupt  rigid  point,  smooth  and  minutely  dotted  above, 
hirsute  beneath:  bracts  obcordate  or  reniform:  lobes  of  the  calyx  ovate:  pod 
hirsute,  not  wrinkled. — Southeastern  Colorado  and  southeastward  along  the 
Red  River  into  Arkansas. 

6.  Psoralea  argophylla  Pursh,  1.  c.  475.    Silvery  silky-white  all  over,  diver- 
gently branched:  leaflets  elliptical-lanceolate:  lobes  of  the  calyx  and  bracts 
lanceolate:  flowers  in  interrupted  spikes:  peduncles  and  lower  tooth  of  the 
calyx  elongated.     (P.  campestris  Nutt.) — Colorado,  far  northward  and  east- 
ward. 

7.  Psoralea  lanceolate  Pursh,  1.  c.    Glabrous,  or  with  a  few  scattered  hairs: 
stipules  linear-lanceolate;  leaflets  linear  to  oblong-obovate,  acute:  peduncles 
about  equaling  the  leaves:  calyx  very  small,  its  teeth  short,  obtuse,  nearly 
equal:  ovary  very  silky:  pod  very  glandular. — Washington  to  northern  Arizona 
and  eastward  to  the  Saskatchewan  and  Nebraska. 

8.  Psoralea  tenuiflora  Pursh,  1.  c.     Slender,  much  branched  and  bushy, 
minutely   hoary-pubescent    when   young:    leaflets   varying    from  -linear   to 
ob ovate-oblong :  flowers  in  panicled  racemes:  lobes  of  the  calyx  and  bracts 
ovate,  acute:  pod  glandular.     (P.  floribunda  Nutt.) — From  Colorado  to  Mon- 
tana and  east  to  Illinois. 

9.  Psoralea  linearifolia  T.  &  G.  Fl.  N.  A.  1:  300.  1838.    Tall  and  slender, 
divaricately  branched,  slightly  pubescent  with  appressed  hairs:  leaflets  3, 
narrowly  linear,  elongated,  mucronate,  the  upper  surface  dotted  with  black 
glands,  lower  surface  scarcely  dotted,  5-7.5  cm.  long  and  2-4  mm.  wide; 
stipules  minute,   subulate,   deciduous:   racemes  few-flowered,   much  longer 
than  the  leaves:  calyx-lobes  and  bracts  lanceolate. — From  Wyoming  to  Texas. 

14.  PAROSELA  Cav. 

Glandular-punctate  herbs  or  shrubs,  with  odd-pinnate  (rarely  palmate) 
leaves,  small  entire  leaflets,  and  flowers  in  terminal  pedunculate  spikes.  Sta- 
mens 9  or  10,  monadelphous,  the  cleft  tube  of  filaments  bearing  four  of  the 
petals  about  its  middle  (the  cordate  standard  being  free).  Pod  ovate,  flat, 
usually  indehiscent,  1-  or  2-seeded,  included  in  the  calyx. — Dalea. 

Glabrous;  flowers  not  yellow. 

Leaflets  19-41 1.  P.  Dalea. 

Leaflets  9-13. 

Herbaceous      .  .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .     2.  P.  enneandra. 

Suffruticose 3.  P.  fonnosa. 

Pubescent;  flowers  yellow  or  fading  purple. 
Leaves  trifoliolate. 

Corolla  small,  partly  purple ' .         .         .     4.  P.  Jamesii. 

Corolla  large,  wholly  yellow 5.  P.  Porten. 

Leaves  pinnate. 

Silky-pubescent  or  glabrate. 

Stems  simple 6.  P.  aurea. 

Stems  repeatedly  branched 7.  P.  rubescens. 

Canescently  tomentose  throughout 8.  P.  lanata. 

1.  Parosela  Dalea  (L.)  Brit.  Mem.  Torr.  Club  5:  196.  1894.     An  erect 
glabrous  annual,  2-5  dm.  high:  leaflets  13-40:  flowers  light  rose-color,  in 
cylindrical  spikes;  bracts  conspicuous,   ovate,  pubescent,  deciduous:  calyx 
very  villous,  with  long  slender  teeth. — From  Colorado  to  southern  Arizona  and 
eastward  to  Illinois. 

2.  Parosela    enneandra    (Nutt.)   Brit.   1.  c.     Glabrous,   4-10   dm.   high: 
branches  slender  and  spreading:  leaflets  9-13,,  linear-oblong,  5-8  mm.  long, 


298  LEGUMINOSAE    (PEA   FAMILY) 

strongly  dotted:  spikes  panicled,  few-flowered;  flowers  distant;  bracts  very 
broad,  almost  orbicular,  glandular,  coriaceous,  glabrous,  slightly  cuspidate, 
embracing  the  flower:  calyx  deeply  cleft,  teeth  long,  setaceous,  beautifully 
plumose:  corolla  white,  keel  twice  as  long  as  the  wings;  standard  cordate,  very 
small,  sometimes  with  4  approximated  glands  near  the  middle. — Texas  to 
Colorado  and  the  upper  Missouri. 

3.  Parosela  formosa   (Gray)   Vail,   Bull.  Torr.   Bot.  Club   24:    16.  1897. 
Suffruticose,  much  branched:  leaflets  very  small,   about  5  pairs,  cuneate- 
oblong,  retuse,  dotted  with  black  glands  beneath:  spikes  loose,  few-flowered, 
on  short  peduncles;  flowers  large  and  showy,  bright  purple;  bracts  ovate, 
silky-villous  on  the  margin. — On  the  Platte  and  southward. 

4.  Parosela  Jamesii  (Torr.)  Vail,  1.  c.     Whole  plant  silky;  stems  several, 
8-15  cm.  high:  leaves  trifoliolate,  glandless;  the  leaflets  obovate,  very  obtuse; 
stipules  spiny:  spikes  oblong,  dense,  2-3  cm.  long:  calyx  deeply  cleft,  the  seg- 
ments setaceous-plumose:  keel  and  wings  oblong,  purple,  the  standard  yel- 
lowish: bracts  rhombic-ovate,  as  long  as  the  calyx. — Colorado  and  southeast- 
ward. 

5.  Parosela  Porteri  A.  Nels.  Bot.  Gaz.  31:  395.  1901.     Stems  several  or 
many,  prostrate-spreading  from  the  crown  of  a  woody  root,  10-25  cm.  long: 
leaves  trifoliolate,  strigose-silky;  the  leaflets  cuneately  obovate;  stipules  se- 
taceous: spike  dense,  2-5  cm.  long,  with  purple  bracts:  calyx-tube  campan- 
ulate,  with  10  greenish  nerves;  the  triangular  lobes  attenuate  into  filiform 
plumose  setae  twice  as  long  as  the  tube:  flowers  lemon-yellow:  keel  and  wings 
oval  or  broader;  the  standard  shorter  than  the  wings,  broader  than  it  is  long. — 
Berwind,  southern  Colorado. 

6.  Parosela  aurea   (Nutt.)   Brit.   1.   c.     Stems  pubescent,   simple,   erect, 
4-8  dm.  high:  leaflets  3-4  pairs,  oblong-ob ovate  and  linear-oblong,  more  or 
less  silky-pubescent:  spikes  ovate,  very  compact,  on  long  peduncles;  bracts 
rhombic-ovate,  as  long  as  the  calyx:  corolla  yellow,  8-10  mm.  long;  the  stand- 
ard much  shorter  than  the  wings  and  keel. — From  the  eastern  border  of  our 
range  to  Missouri  and  Texas. 

7.  Parosela   rubescens   Wats.    Proc.   Am.   Acad.    17:  369.  1882.     Stems 
2-4  dm.  high,   canescent  with  appressed  pubescence,  branching;  branches 
leafy  to  the  top:  leaves  remote;  leaflets  2-3  pairs,  oblong  and  obovate,  slightly 
apiculate,  clothed  with  silky,  canescent  hairs,  not  dotted,  3-8  mm.  long: 
spikes  ovate,  loosely  flowered,  elongated  and  cylindrical  in  fruit,  2  mm.  long; 
bracts  obovate,  apiculate,  about  the  length  of  the  yellow  flowers  (purplish  in 
drying) :  calyx  deeply  cleft,  teeth  setaceous,  plumose. — Southeastern  Colorado 
and  southward. 

8.  Parosela    lanata   (Spreng.)   Brit.  1.   c.     Decumbent,  the  whole  plant 
clothed  with  a  soft  almost  woolly  pubescence:  leaflets  4-6  pairs,  obovate- 
cuneate,  emarginate,  10-12  mm.  long:  spikes  elongated,  rather  loose,  many- 
flowered,  on  rather  long  peduncles;  bracts  ovate,  with  a  long  acumination : 
calyx-teeth  subulate,  plumose,  dilated  at  base,  as  long  as  the  tube:  petals 
deep  purple. — Southern  part  of  our  range  and  southward.  . 

15.  PETALOSTEMON.     PRAIRIE  CLOVER 

Herbaceous,  mostly  perennial  plants,  dotted  with  glands.  Leaves  unequally 
pinnate;  stipules  minute,  setaceous.  Flowers  in  pedunculate,  dense,  terminal 
spikes  or  heads.  Calyx  often  glandular,  5-toothed;  the  teeth  connivent,  nearly 
equal.  Petals  5,  on  filiform  claws;  four  of  them  nearly  similar,  their  claws 
united  to  the  stamen-tube  quite  to  the  summit  and  deciduous  by  an  articu- 
lation; the  standard  free,  inserted  at  the  bottom  of  the  calyx;  the  limb  cor- 
date or  oblong,  conduplicate.  Stamens  5,  monadelphous;  the  tube  cleft. 
Ovary  with  2  collateral  ovules.  Pod  membranaceous,  inclosed  in  the  calyx, 
indehiscent,  1 -seeded. 

Flowers  white. 

Calyx  and  spike  glabrate. 

Leaves  lanceolate  or  oblong  .         ....  .         .     1.  P.  candidus. 

Leaves  linear  or  nearly  so    .         ,         ,         ,         .         ,         .  2.  P.  oligophyllus, 


LEGUMINOSAE    (PEA   FAMILY)  299 

Calyx  and  spike  densely  silky-villous         .         .         .         .         .         .  3.  P.  compactus. 

Flowers  not  white. 
Leaflets  5-9. 

Glandg  evident      .         .         . 4.  P.  purpureus. 

Glands  wanting  or  obscure    .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .  5.  P.  pubescens. 

Leaflets  13-17 6.  P.  villosus. 

1.  Petalostemon  candidus  Michx.  FI.  Bor.  Am.  2:  49.    1803.    Glabrous; 
stems  firm  and  erect,  sparingly  branched:  leaflets  7  or  9,  lanceolate  or  linear- 
oblong,  sparingly  dotted  beneath:  spikes  oblong,  in  age  long-cylindrical:  calyx 
glabrate:  corolla  white;  wing  and  keel  petals  ovate;  the  standard  broadly 
cordate:  ovary  pubescent. — Coming  into  our  range  from  the  prairie  states. 

2.  Petalostemon  oligophyllus   (Torr.)    Rydb.    Mem.    N.    Y.    Bot.   Gard. 
1:  237.  1900.    Very  similar  but  the  stems  slender,  ascending,  freely  branched: 
leaflets   5-9,   linear-oblong:   spike  short,   ovate-oblong,   becoming  cylindric, 
loosely  flowered. — Very  common;  from  Montana  to  Texas. 

3.  Petalostemon   compactus    (Spreng.)    Swezey,    Nebr.  Fl.  PL  6.     1891. 
Glabrous;    stem    sparingly  branched,   3-G  dm.   high,   dotted:    leaflets    5-7, 
lanceolate-oblong,  obtuse,  dotted  beneath:  spikes  cylindrical,  very  dense  and 
much  elongated;  bracts  lanceolate,  as  long  as  the  flower:  calyx  silky-villous; 
the  teeth  lanceolate:  standard  cordate;  the  other  petals  linear-oblong,  all 
white  or  nearly  so.    P.  macrostachyus. — Throughout  the  eastern  part  of  our 
range. 

4.  Petalostemon  purpureus  (Vent.)  Rydb.  1.   c.     Smooth  or  nearly  so: 
leaflets  5,  narrowly  linear:  spikes  globose-ovate,  or  oblong-cylindrical  when 
old;  bracts  pointed,  not  longer  than  the  silky-hoary  calyx:  corolla  rose-purple. 
P.  violaceus. — Prairies  from  the  Saskatchewan  to  Texas,  and  from  Colorado 
to  Indiana. 

4a.  Petalostemon  purpureus  mollis  (Rydb.)  A.  Nels.  Stems  and  leaves 
more  or  less  villous-pubestent :  leaflets  linear,  usually  obtusish:  corolla  rose- 
color.  (P.  mollis  Rydb.  Mem.  N.  Y.  Bot.  Gard.  1:  238.  1900.)  Probably 
P.  tenuifolius  Gray  as  to  our  range. — Montana  to  Colorado. 

5.  Petalostemon  pubescens  A.  Nels.  Bot.  Gaz.  31:  395.  1901.    Pale  with  a 
sublanate  pubescence  throughout:  stems  several-many  from  a  large  woody 
crown,  from  suberect  to  prostrate-assurgent,  1-3  dm.  long:    leaves  neither 
glandular  nor  dotted,  5-foliolate;  the  leaflets  spatulate-linear,  obtuse,  10-14 
mm.  long:  spike  oblong,  dense,  silvery-lanate ;  bracts  about  as  long  as  the  ca- 
lyx, obovate,  abruptly  acuminate,  the  purple  tip  concealed  by  the  copious  pu- 
bescence: corolla  light  purple. — Southern  Colorado. 

6.  Petalostemon  villosus  Nutt.  Gen.  2:  85.  1818.     Soft-downy  or  silky 
all  over:  leaflets  13-17,  linear  or  oblong,  8-10  mm.  long:  spikes  cylindrical, 
3-10  cm.  long,  short-peduncled,  soft-villous;  bracts  lanceolate,  acuminate, 
exceeding  the  calyx:  corolla  rose-purple,  often  pale;  standard  oblong;  the 
wings  and  keel  oblong-obovate. — Northeastern  part  of  our  range  to  Wiscon- 
sin and  Missouri. 

16.  HEDYSARUM  L. 

Perennial  herbs.  Leaves  odd-pinnate.  Calyx  5-cleft,  the  lobes  awl-shaped 
and  nearly  equal.  Keel  nearly  straight,  obliquely  truncate,  not  appendaged, 
longer  than  the  wings.  Stamens  diadelphous  (9  and  1).  Pod  flattened,  com- 
posed of  several  equal-sided,  separable,  roundish  joints  connected  in  the  middle. 

Flowers  rose-color,  lilac,  or  purple. 

Stems  and  leaves  canescent    .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .1.   H.  cinerascens.  - 

Stems  and  leaves  green,  glabrate  or  obscurely  pubescent. 

Joints  of  loment  wing-margined 2.  H.  marginatum.   - 

Joints  of  loment  not  wing-margined. 

Flowers  tardily  if  at  all  reflexed 3.  H.  pabulare. 

Flowers  reflexed  from  the  first 4.  H.  uintahense. 

Flowers  white  or  yellow. 

Leaflets  11-13 5.  H.  sulphurescens.^- 

Leaflets  15-23 6.  H.  philoscia. 

1.  Hedysarum  cinerascens  Rydb.  Mem.  N.  Y.  Bot.  Gard.  1:  257.  1900. 
Cinereous-canescent:  stems  several,  erect  or  decumbent,  3-6  dm.  high:  leaflets 


300  LEGUMINOSAE    (PEA  FAMILY) 

9-13,  oblong  or  cuneate-oblong;  stipules  small,  sheathing,  subulate:  peduncles 
longer  than  the  leaves:  raceme  elongated  in  fruit;  flowers  spreading  and  at 
length  reflexed:  joints  of  the  loment  oval-orbicular,  nearly  glabrous,  trans- 
versely rugose-reticulated.  (H.  canescens  Nutt.) — From  central  Wyoming 
northward  and  westward. 

2.  Hedysarum  marginatum  Greene,   Pitt.  4:  138.  1900.     Stems  tufted, 
5-8  dm.  high,  minutely  appressed-pubescent:  leaflets  11-15,  oblong,  obtuse, 
mucronulate,  thin,  pinnately  veined  beneath  and  pubescent,  glabrous  above: 
raceme  large  and  showy,  elongating  in  fruit:  corolla  rose-purple,  16-20  mm. 
long:  joints  of  the  loment  2-4,  obovoid,  10-12  mm.  long,  at  maturity  with  a 
thin  scarious  margin,   the  surface   strigillose   and   irregularly  reticulate. — 
Pagosa  Springs,  Colorado. 

3.  Hedysarum  pabulare  A.  Nels.  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.  15:  185.  1902. 
Stems  several,  slender,  decumbent,  4-7  dm.  long,  subcinereous:  leaflets  9-15, 
from  narrowly  to  broadly  oblong,  1-2  cm.  long:  racemes  long,  on  axillary 
peduncles  surpassing  the  leaves;  flowers  lUac  or  pale  purple,  tardily  or  not  at 
all  reflexed:  calyx-tube  only  about  2  mm.  long,  its  slender  teeth  twice  as  long: 
standard  12-14  mm.  long,  broadly  obovate,  emarginate:  joints  of  the  loment 
3-5,  suborbicular,  5-7  mm.  broad,  pale  green  and  nearly  glabrous.     H.  Mac- 
kenzii. — Throughout  our  range. 

4.  Hedysarum  uintahense  A.  Nels.  1.  c.  186.    Green  but  obscurely  pubes- 
cent; stems  stoutish,  striate,  erect  or  nearly  so:  leaflets  11-23,  from  oval  to 
lanceolate,  mostly  obtuse,  2-3  cm.  long;  stipules  large,  membranous:  racemes 
axillary  in  the  uppermost  approximated  nodes  (appearing  clustered) ;  flowers 
purple  or  lavender,  reflexed  from  earliest  anthesis:  calyx-tube  about  4  mm. 
long,  its  unequal  teeth  much  shorter:  keel  longer  than  the  narrow  wings  and 
the  standard:  loment  stipitate,  its  2-5  joints  canescent  on  the  connective, 
lightly  reticulated,  oval  to  oblong,   10-15  mm.  ^ong.     H.  boreale. — In  the 
mountains;  from  Colorado  to  Washington. 

5.  Hedysarum  sulphurescens  Rydb.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  24:  251.  1897. 
Erect,  3-4  dm.  high,  minutely  pubescent:  stipules  connate,   opposite  the 
petiole;  leaflets  11-13,  oblong-elliptical,  1.5-2  cm.  long,  slightly  pubescent 
beneath:  racemes   15-30-flowered,   short,  rather  dense,   elongated  in  fruit; 
flowers  bright  yellow,  15  mm.  long,  the  wings  exceeding  the  standard  but 
shorter  than  the  keel:  calyx-teeth  triangular-subulate,  shorter  than  the  tube: 
pod  2-3-jointed,  smooth.     (H.  flavescens  Coult.  &  Fish.  Bot.  Gaz.  18:  300. 
1893,  name  untenable.) — Wyoming,  Montana,  and  Idaho. 

6.  Hedysarum  philoscia  A.  Nels.  1.  c.  185.     Bright  green  and  nearly  gla- 
brous throughout;  stems  slender,  few-several,  from  thickened  roots:  leaflets 
15-23,  mostly  oblong,  15-30  mm.  long,  peduncles  overtopping  the  leaves: 
raceme   slender:    calyx-tube   campanulate,    exceeding  its   triangular   teeth: 
corolla  white,  the  wings  linear:  loment  glabrate,  the  joints  oval  to  orbicular, 
6-8  mm.  long,  lightly  reticulated  from  a  somewhat  large,  marginal  nerve. — 
Shaded  stream  banks;  eastern  Wyoming. 

Hedysarum  carnosulum  Greene,  Pitt.  3:  212.  1897.  Said  to  be  distinguishable  from 
all  other  species  of  this  country  by  its  succulent  herbage,  veinless  leaflets,  and  the  close 
transverse  lineation  of  the  loment. — Canon  of  the  Arkansas;  no  specimen  or  type  cited. 

17.  VICIA  L.    VETCH 

Herbs,  mostly  climbing  more  or  less  by  the  tendril  at  the  end  of  the  pinnate 
leaves.  Stipules  half-sagittate.  Flowers  or  peduncles  axillary.  Calyx  5-cleft 
or  5-toothed,  the  2  upper  teeth  often  shorter,  or  the  lowest  one  longer.  Wings 
of  the  corolla  adhering  to  the  middle  of  the  keel.  Stamens  more  or  less  dia- 
delphous  (9  and  1),  the  orifice  of  the  tube  oblique.  Style  filiform,  hairy  all 
round  or  only  on  the  back  at  the  apex.  Pod  flat,  2-valved,-2-several-seeded. 
Seeds  globular. 

Leaves  lance-ovate  to  broadly  oval      .         .         .         .         .         .         .  1.  V.  americana. 

Leaves  narrowly  linear  to  oblong. 

Peduncle  not  produced  beyond  the  terminal  flower     .         .         .         .  2.  V.  linearis. 

Peduncle  produced  beyond  the  terminal  flower 3.  V.  producta. 


LEGUMINOSAE    (PEA   FAMILY)  301 

1.  Vicia  americana  Muhl.  Willd.  Sp.  PI.  3:  1906.  1803.  -Glabrous;  stems 
climbing  or  scrambling,  5-10  dm.  long:  leaflets  10-14,  elliptical-lanceolate  or 
ovate-oblong,  obtuse  or  retuse,  mucronate,  20-30  mm.  long;  stipules  deeply 
toothed:  peduncles  shorter  than  the  leaves,  4-8-fl owered ;  flowers  purplish- 
blue,  18-20  mm.  long:  pods  linear-oblong,  reticulated. — Frequent;  across  the 
continent  especially  northward. 

la.  Vicia  americana  oregana  (Nutt.)  A.  Nels.  Somewhat  pubescent;  stems 
weak:  leaves  mostly  lance-oblong,  usually  some  of  them  truncate  or  serrate 
at  apex.  (V.  oregana  Nutt.  and  V.  truncata  Nutt.  T.  &  G.  Fl.  270.) 

2.  Vicia  linearis  (Nutt.)  Greene,  Fl.  Francis.  3.     1891.     Nearly  glabrous; 
stems  decumbent  or  scrambling:  leaflets  8-14,  linear,  often  obtuse,  apiculate; 
tendrils  short,  simple  or  bifid;  stipules  laciniate-toothed  or  incised  below:  pe- 
duncles 3-4-flowered,  shorter  than  the  leaves;  flowers  large  (18-25  mm.  long), 
pale  purple:  style  nearly  filiform,  villous  around  the  summit. — Very  common 
throughout  otir  range  and  westward. 

2a.  Vicia  linearis  caespitosa  A.  Nels.  A  reduced  form,  the  stems  branched 
and  matted. — With  the  species. 

3.  Vicia  producta  Rydb.  Bull.  Torr.  Club  28:  500.  1901.    Sparsely  pubes- 
cent perennial;  stems  slender,  branched,  angled  and  leafy:  leaflets  6-10,  ob- 
long to  linear:  peduncles  2-3-flowered,  distinctly  produced  beyond  the  small 
lateral  flowers:  calyx-tube  about  2  mm.  long,  exceeding  its  lance-subulate 
teeth:  corolla  ochroleucous  with  purplish  tip.— Southern  Colorado. 

18.  LATHYRUS  L.     PEA  OR  VETCH 

Our  species  are  perennial  and  mostly  smooth  plants,  the  rachis  of  the 
leaves  in  some  not  produced  into  a  tendril.  Style  flattish,  dilated  (not  grooved) 
above,  hairy  along  the  inner  side  (next  the  free  stamen) .  Sheath  of  the  fila- 
ments scarcely  oblique  at  the  apex.  Otherwise  nearly  as  in  Vicia. 

Flowers  purple. 

Leaves  not  tendril-bearing. 
Leaves  linear. 

Glabrous .     1.  L.  ornatus. 

Villous-canescent      .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .     2.  L.  incanus. 

Leaves  lance-oblong     .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .     3.  L.  decaphyllus.  - 

Leaves  tendril-bearing    .  •  .         .         .         .         .         .         .     4.  L.  arizonicus. 

Flowers  white  or  yellowish. 
Leaves  linear  to  oblong. 

Stipules  semisagittate 5.  L.  leucanthus. ' 

Stipules  foliaceous        .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .     6.  L.  ochroleucus. 

Leaves  ovate,  conspicuously  veiny 7.  L.  utahensis.      „ 

1..  Lathyrus  ornatus  Nutt.  T.  &  G.  Fl.  N.  A.  1:  277.  1838.  Erect,  glabrous, 
often  glaucous;  stem  1-2  dm.  high,  sometimes  branched,  quadrangular:  leaf- 
lets 3-4  pairs,  lanceolate-linear,  acute,  mucronate,  rigid  and  strongly  veined, 
tendrils  scarcely  any;  stipules  linear-lanceolate  and  slender,  semisagittate, 
entire:  peduncles  about  4-flowered,  longer  than  the  leaves;  flowers  large, 
purple,  2-3  cm.  long,  very  showy:  calyx-teeth  subulate,  slightly  unequal, 
rather  shorter  than  the  tube:  pod  smooth,  flat,  acuminate  at  each  end. — Plains 
at  the  eastern  base  of  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

2.  Lathyrus  incanus  Rydb.    Size  and  habit  of  the  preceding,   densely 
villous-canescent   throughout,    otherwise    quite   similar.— Sandy  banks  and 
washes;  Wyoming  and  Nebraska. 

3.  Lathyrus  decaphyllus  Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  471.  1814.    Mostly  glabrous; 
stem  erect,  slightly  woody  at  the  base,  much  branched,  a  little  quadrangular, 
about  3  dm.  high:  leaflets  2-5  pairs,  elliptical-lanceolate,  somewhat  glaucous, 
rigid,  strongly  veined;  stipules  lanceolate,  subfalcate,  semisagittate  at  base: 
peduncles  3-5-fl owered,  rather  shorter  than  the  leaves;  flowers  large,  purple: 
segments  of  the  calyx  broadly  or  narrowly  subulate,   somewhat  unequal, 
shorter  than  the  tube:  pod  large,  glabrous.     L.  polymorphus. — Throughout 
the  Rocky  Mountains  of  the  United  States. 

4.  Lathyrus  arizonicus  Brit.  Trans.  N.  Y.  Acad.  Sci.  8:  65.  1889.     Per- 
ennial, glabrous  or  somewhat  pubescent;  stem  often  winged:  leaflets  4-8, 


302  GERANIACEAE    (GERANIUM   FAMILY) 

narrowly  oblong  to  linear,  acute,  2.5-5  cm.  long;  stipules  mostly  narrow,  often 
small:  peduncles  2-6-flowered;  flowers  purple,  12  mm.  long. — Colorado  and 
southward. 

5.  Lathyrus  leucanthus  Rydb.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  28:  37.  1901.    Nearly 
glabrous,  2-3  dm.  high;  stem  angled:  stipules  very  narrow,  semisagittate; 
leaflets  2-4  pairs,  elliptic  or  narrower,  veiny;  tendrils  of  the  lower  leaves  short 
or  wanting;  of  the  upper  elongated  and  2-3-divided:  racemes  2-4-flowered : 
calyx  glabrous,  cleft  to  the  middle:  corolla  white  or  yellowish,  about  15  mm. 
long;  the  banner  broad.    L.  palustris  and  L.  myrtillifolius  as  to  the  plants  of 
our  range. — Colorado  to  Utah  and  Nevada. 

6.  Lathyrus  ochroleucus  Hook.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  1:  159.  1833.     Glabrous  or 
subglaucous;  stems  slender,  climbing  or  scrambling:  stipules  broad,  foliaceous, 
semicordate,  half  as  large  as  the  thin  ovate  leaflets:  peduncles  7-10-flowered; 
flowers  12-20  mm.  long,  yellowish-white:  pod  sessile,  glabrous,  3-4  cm.  long. — 
Coming  into  the  northeastern  part  of  our  range;  extending  far  northward  and 
eastward. 

7.  Lathyrus   utahensis  Jones,   Proc.  Cal.  Acad.   5:  678.  1895.     Leaflets 
4-6  pairs,  oval  or  ovate,  2-4  cm.  long,  obtuse  at  both  ends,  apiculate  at  apex, 
prominently  veined:  stipules  large,  reniform,  variously  cut:  peduncles  about 
equaling  the  leaves,  4-6-fl owered ;  flowers  15-20  mm.  long,  white  or  ochroleu- 
cous,   sometimes  tinged  with  purple:   calyx-lobes  subulate-triangular:  pod 
4-5  cm.  long,  smooth  as  is  the  rest  of  the  plant. — Colorado  and  Utah. 

58.  GERANIACEAE  St.  Hil.    GERANIUM  FAMILY 

Herbs,  with  alternate  or  opposite  lobed  or  dissected  leaves,  and  complete, 
regular,  symmetrical  5-merous  flowers.  Sepals  persistent.  Petals  deciduous. 
Stamens  same  number  as  petals  or  2-3  times  as  many;  filaments  distinct; 
anthers  versatile.  Pistil  of  5  united  carpels,  the  styles  united  into  a  column. 
Fruit  a  5-celled  capsule. 

Stamens  10;  carpel-tails  naked  on  the  inner  side    .         .         .         .         .         .     1.  Geranium. 

Stamens  5;  carpel-tails  hairy  on  the  inner  side     ......     2.  Erodium. 


GERANIUM  L.     GERANIUM  OR  CRANESBILL 

Annual  or  perennial  herbs,  often  glandular-pubescent,  usually  with  deeply 
lobed  or  dissected  leaves  with  conspicuous  stipules.  Petals  imbricated,  alter- 
nating with  5  glands.  Stamens  usually  10,  5  of  them  longer  and  alternating 
with  the  5  shorter  ones.  Capsule  5-lobed,  each  lobe  separating  elastically 
at  the  base  at  maturity,  curling  upward  and  back  upon  the  united  styles;  the 
cavities  1 -seeded. 

Annual  or  biennial;  adventive. 

Stamens  5;  seeds  smooth      .         .         .         .         .  .         .     1.  G.  pusillum. 

Stamens  10;  seeds  reticulated        .         .         .         .         .         .         .     2.  G.  carolinianum. 

Perennial;  indigenous. 

No  glandular  pubescence      .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .     3.  G.  caespitosum.    - 

More  or  less  glandular-pubescent. 

Leaves  and  flowers  large;  petals  (within)  and  filaments  more  or 

less  long-villous. 
Plants  single  or  scarcely  tufted. 

Pubescence  tipped  with  purple  glands         .         .         .         .     4.  G.  Richardsonii. 

Pubescence  viscid-glandular        .         .         .         .         .         .     5.  G.  viscosissimum. 

Plants  caespitose-tufted. 

Pubescence  short-glandular,  mostly  above  only         .         .     6.  G.  Fremontii. 
Pubescence  viscid-villous  as  well  as  short-glandular  .     7.  G.  Parryi. 

Leaves  and  flowers   small;   petals  and  filaments  not  long- 
villous     .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .     8.  G.  longipes. 

1.  Geranium  pusillum  L.  Sp.  PI.  Ed.  2,  957.  1763.  Slender,  spreading, 
soft-pubescent  on  the  calyx,  etc.,  somewhat  glandular-villous  or  with  short 


GERANIACEAE  (GERANIUM  FAMILY)  303 

glands:  leaves  small,  round-reniform  or  the  cauline  truncate  at  base,  equally 
cleft  into  about  7  cuneate-oblong  lobes,  each  more  or  less  regularly  3-toothed 
at  apex:  peduncles  distributed  along  the  stem:  petals  pale  to  deep  violet, 
somewhat  notched:  antheriferous  stamens  only  5  (exceptional  in  the  genus): 
fruit  very  small,  with  puberulent  beak,  the  carpels  2  mm.  long,  finely  canes- 
cent,  not  wrinkled. — Adventive  in  a  few  places  in  our  range. 

2.  Geranium  carolinianum  L.  Sp.  PL  1:  682.  1753.    Erect,  diffusely  much 
branched  from  the  base,  or  nearly  simple,  1-5  dm.  high,  pubescent:  leaves 
2-5  cm.  in  diameter,  palmately  5-7-lobed  or  parted,  the  divisions  cleft  into 
oblong-linear  lobes:  pedicels  short,  crowded  at  the  end  of  branchlets:  petals 
obcordate,  pale  flesh-color,  equaling  the  awned  sepals:  carpels  pubescent: 
seeds  obscurely  reticulated.    (G.  Bicknellii  Brit,  as  to  plants  of  our  range.) — 
Across  the  continent,  but  rare  in  our  range. 

3.  Geranium  caespitosum  James,  in  Long's  Exped.  Am.  Ed.  2.  3.    1825. 
Caespitose-tufted,  lightly  grayish-pubescent  throughout,  not  glandular:  leaves 
orbicular-reniform,  deeply  5-7-cleft:  sepals  oblong,  scarious-margined,  aris- 
tate:  petals  generally  rose-purple,  obovate,  scarcely  longer  than  the  calyx, 
bearded  near  the  base  within  with  straight  white  hairs:  filaments  pilose:  cap- 
sule softly  pubescent.    [G.  atropurpureum  Heller,  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  25:  195. 
1898;  G.  Cowenii  Rydb.  (?).] — Central  Colorado  but  occasionally  north  to 
Wyoming  and  south  to  New  Mexico. 

4.  Geranium  Richardsonii  F.  &  M.  Ind.  Sem.  Hort.  Petrop.  4:  37.  1835. 
Slender,  erect,  inconspicuously  retrorsely-pubescent  below,  the  peduncles  and 
pedicels  and  often  the  upper  part  of  the  stem  villous  with  long  white  hairs 
tipped  with  purple  glands:  leaves  thin,  5-7-cleft,  the  uppermost  with  the  ter- 
minal lobe  longer  than  the  often  greatly  reduced  lateral  ones:  petals  white 
with  roseate  veins,  or  seemingly  sometimes  purple:   capsule  puberulent  or 
glandular-pubescent   on   the  beak.     (G.  strigosum  Rydb.    Bull.  Torr.    Bot. 
Club  29:  243.  1902.)— Along  streams  in  the  mountains;  from  Canada  to  New 
Mexico. 

5.  Geranium  viscosissimum  F.  &  M.  Ind.  Sem.  Hort.  Petrop.  9:  Suppl.  18. 
1835.    Coarser  and  leafy  branched,  dingy-viscid  and  glandular-pubescent,  at 
le«ast  above,  often  throughout,  3-8  dm.  high:  leaves  large,  thick,  long-petioled, 
nearly  orbicular,  with  cordate  or  reniform  base,  deeply  3-parted,  the  lateral 
lobes  deeply  2-lobed:  petals  purple,  broadly  obcordate,   12-15  mm.  long, 
densely  bearded  at  base :  styles  minutely  hispid :  beak  of  fruit  very  glandular. 
G.  incisum. — From  Wyoming  to  the  far  northwest. 

6.  Geranium  Fremontii  Torr.  in  Gray,  PL  Fendl.  26.  1848.    More  or  less 
caespitose-tufted,  rather  stout,  2-4  dm.  high;  pubescence  sparse,  short,  and 
appressed,  and  viscid-glandular  above:  upper  leaves  deeply  3-5-cleft;  the 
radical  ones  7-cleft,  the  segments  3-lobed  or  incised:  petals  mostly  light 
purple,  twice  as  long  as  the  sepals,  villous  at  base :  beak  of  fruit  dirty-glandu- 
lar.    [G.  nervosum  Rydb.  1.  c.  28:   34.  (?).] — Dry  open  hillsides;  Colorado 
to  Idaho. 

7.  Geranium  Parryi  (Engelm.)  Heller,  Muhl.  1:  7.  1900.     Quite  similar 
but  stouter  and  often  taller,  with  dense  viscid  pubescence  throughout,  of  two 
kinds,  loosely  villous-viscid  and  short-glandular:  leaves  5-7-cleft;  the  lobes 
obovate-cuneate,  with  ovate  teeth:  petals  obovate,  light  purple  or  rose,  with 
darker  veins:  seeds  reticulated.     (G.  Pattersonii  Rydb.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club 
29:  242.  1902.)    G.  Fremontii  Parryi  Engelm. — Mountains  of  central  Colorado 
and  probably  extending  into  Wyoming  and  Utah. 

8.  Geranium  longipes  (Wats.)  L.  N.  Good.  Bot.  Gaz.  37:  56.  1904.    Per- 
ennial (?),  at  least  biennial:  stems  simple  below,  branching  above  into  3-6 
slender  equal  branches,  each  of  which  gives  rise  to  2-flowered  elongated  slen- 
der peduncles:  pedicels  almost  filiform,  long:  pubescence  sparse-strigose,  re- 
flexed  below,  glandular-pubescent  above:  leaves  reniform,  5-7-cleft  nearly  to 
the  base,  the  radical  on  long  slender  petioles:   sepals  oblong,  long-awned: 
petals  narrowly  obcordate,  shorter  that  the  sepals:  ovary  strigose-pubescent: 
seeds  oblong,  pitted.     G.  carolinianum  longipes. — Indigenous  in  the  moun- 
tains of  western  Colorado  and  Wyoming  and  in  Utah. 


304  LINACEAE  (FLAX  FAMILY) 

2.  ERODIUM  L'Her.    STOBKSBILL 

Like  Geranium  but  with  only  5  stamens.  The  carpel-tails  long  bearded  on 
the  inner  side  and  becoming  spirally  twisted.  Peduncles  2-several-flowered, 
with  a  4-bracted  involucre,  either  terminal  or  lateral. 

1.  Erodium  cicutarium  L'Her.  Ait.  Hort.  Kew  2:  414.  1789.  Hairy,  much 
branched  from  the  base:  leaves  pinnate;  the  leaflets  laciniately  pinnatifid, 
with  narrow  acute  lobes:  peduncles  exceeding  the  leaves,  bearing  a  4-8- 
flowered  umbel:  sepals  2-6  mm.  long,  acute:  petals  bright  rose-color,  a  little 
longer:  tails  of  the  carpels  2.5-5  cm.  long:  pedicels  slender,  at  length  reflexed, 
the  fruit  still  erect.  Known  as  ALFILARIA  or  PIN-CLOVER. — From  the  Rocky 
Mountains  to  the  far  west. 


59.  OXALIDACEAE  Lindl.    WOOD  SORREL  FAMILY 

Annual  or  perennial,  leafy  stemmed  or  acaulescent  herbs,  often  with  root- 
stocks  or  scaly  bulbs,  with  sour  sap  (oxalic  acid),  and  mostly  palmately  3- 
foliolate  leaves.  Stipules  commonly  present  as  scarious  margins  to  the  bases 
of  the  petioles;  leaflets  mostly  obcordate.  Flowers  perfect,  in  umbel-like  or 
forking  cymes  or  rarely  solitary,  or  mostly  on  rather  long  peduncles.  Sepals  5, 
often  unequal.  Petals  5,  white,  purple  or  yellow.  Stamens  10-15.  Ovary 
5-lobed,  5-celled;  styles  united  or  distinct;  ovules  2-many  in  each  cell.  Fruit 
a  loculicidal,  globose  or  columnar  capsule. 

OXALIS  L.     WOOD  SORREL 

Low,  often  acaulescent  herbs  with  a  sour  sap,  alternate  1-3-f  oliolate  leaves, 
few-many-flowered  peduncles,  10  stamens,  and  a  5-celled  columnar  or  ovoid 
loculicidal  capsule,  with  2-several  seeds  in  each  cell. 

Acaulescent;  flowers  not  yellow 1.  O.  violacea. 

Caulescent;  flowers  yellow          .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .     2.  O.  stricta. 

1.  Oxalis  violacea  L.  Sp.  PI.  434.     1753.    Acaulescent  glabrous  perennial, 
5-10  cm.  high;  the  petioles  and  scapes  from  a  short  scaly  bulb-like  rhizome: 
leaflets  about  10  mm.  long,  broadly  obcordate,  with  an  open  sinus:  scapes 
several,  longer  than  the  leaves,  umbellately  3-12-flowered:  sepals  ovate,  ob- 
tuse: petals  rose- violet,  three  times  as  long  as  the  sepals:  capsule  ovoid:  seeds 
2-3  in  each  cell,  rugose-tuberculate.     An  exceedingly  acid  plant. — Common 
eastward  and  said  to  extend  into  Colorado. 

2.  Oxalis  stricta  L.  Sp.  PI.  435.  1753.    Glabrate  or  more  or  less  strigillose, 
especially  on  the  stems  and  pedicels,  perennial;  stem  more  or  less  branched, 
10-25  cm.  high:  leaves  bright  green,  without  stipules;  the  leaflets  obcordate, 
sensitive:  sepals  oblong,  somewhat  ciliate  and  pubescent  on  the  back:  petals 
pale  yellow,  longer  than  the  sepals:  capsule  columnar,  15-25  mm.  long.     (0. 
coloradensis  Rydb.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  29:  243.  1903.     More  nearly  gla- 
brous.)— Open  woods  along  streams;  from  the  mountains  eastward. 


60.  LINACEAE  Dumort.    FLAX  FAMILY 

Herbs  or  shrubs,  with  alternate  or  opposite  leaves  and  perfect,  regular, 
symmetrical,  5-merous  flowers.  Calyx  imbricated.  Petals  convolute.  Sta- 
mens united  at  the  base.  Capsule  with  twice  as  many  cells  as  there  are  styles, 
8-10-seeded. 


LINACEAE  (FLAX  FAMILY)  305 

LINUM  L.     FLAX 

Herbs,  with  tough  fibrous  bark,  alternate  (sometimes  opposite)  leaves  with- 
out stipules  or  with  glands  in  their  place,  persistent  sepals  and  ephemeral 
petals,  and  a  5-celled  pod  with  2  seeds  hanging  from  the  summit  of  each  cell, 
which  is  partly  or  completely  divided  into  two  by  a  false  partition  projecting 
from  the  back  of  the  carpel,  the  pod  thus  becoming  10-celled. 

Petals  blue .     1.  L.  Lewisii. 

Petals  yellow  or  yellowish. 

Glabrous  on  leaves  and  stems. 

Leaves  imbricated        .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .     2.  L.  Kingii. 

Leaves  small  and  sparse. 

Flowers  orange;  styles  united  to  summit 3.  L.  arkansanum. 

Flowers  yellow;  styles  distinct  at  summit        .         .         .         .     4.  L.  rigidum. 
Puberulent  on  leaves  and  stems. 

Filaments  dilated  below;  styles  united  to  summit      .         .         .     5.  L.  puberulum. 
Filaments  linear;  styles  distinct  at  summit 6.  L.  compactum. 

1.  Linmn  Lewisii  Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  210.    1814.    Branching  above, 
leafy:  leaves  linear  to  linear-lanceolate,  acute:  flowers  large,  in  few-flowered 
corymbs  or  scattered  on  the  leafy  branches:  capsule  exceeding  the  sepals,  the 
prominent  false  partitions  long-ciliate.     L.  perenne. — Common  on  dry  soils 
throughout  our  whole  range,  thence  northward  and  westward. 

2.  Linum  Kingii  Wats.  Bot.  King's  Exp.  49.     1871.     Low  glabrous  peren- 
nial with  woody  base,  10-25  cm.  high:  stems  numerous,  ascending,  panicled 
above:  leaves  alternate,  crowded  or  imbricated  below,  linear  to  oblong,  ob- 
tuse:  flowers   yellow,    crowded:    sepals   ovate,    acute,    glandular-margined: 
filaments  dilated  at  base:  styles  free,  as  long  as  the  stamens:  capsule  globose, 
cuspidate,  exceeding  the  calyx. — Wyoming  and  westward. 

3.  Linum  arkansanum  Osterh.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  28:  645.  1901.     Gla- 
brous or  obscurely  scabro-puberulent,  perennial  (?),  1-2  dm.  high,  panicu- 
lately  branched  from  near  the  base:  leaves  linear,  1-2  cm.  long;  the  upper 
broader  at  base  and  ciliate-glandular:  sepals  aristate-pointed,   1  cm.  long: 
petals  cuneate,  15  mm.  long,  10  mm.  broad,  orange-colored  with  rose-tinted 
base:  styles  united  to  the  summit:  capsule  half  the  length  of  the  sepals. — 
Colorado  and  southeastern  Wyoming  to  Kansas. 

4.  Linum  rigidum  Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  210.     1814.     Glabrous  or  nearly  so 
and  glaucous,  branched,  2-5  dm.  high;  the  branches  stiff  and  more  or  less 
angular:  leaves  linear  or  linear-lanceolate;  the  upper  glandular-serrulate: 
sepals  lanceolate,   acute   or  awn-pointed:   petals   sulphur-yellow,   cuneate- 
obovate,  twice  as  long  as  the  sepals:  styles  united  nearly  to  the  summit:  fila- 
ments subulate  from  a  triangular  base:   capsule  ovoid,  a  little  shorter  than 
the  sepals.     (L.  australe  Heller,  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  25:  627.  1898.)— From 
British  America  to  New  Mexico. 

5.  Linum    puberulum  (Engelm.)  'Heller,  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  23:  627. 
1896.     Puberulent  but  glaucous,  1-2  dm.  high:  stems  branched  from  the  base; 
the  branches  paniculately  branched  above:  leaves  erect,  linear,  1-nerved,  mu- 
cronate,  a  pair  of  stipular  glands  at  the  base:  pedicels  equaling  or  exceeding 
the  calyx:  sepals  glandulose-ciliate,  the  exterior  3-nerved:  filaments  with  an 
ovate-triangular  base:  styles  united  to  the  summit:  capsule  ovate,  scarcely 
shorter  than  the  sepals. — Utah  and  Colorado  to  Texas. 

6.  Linum  compactum  A.  Nels.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  31:  241.  1904.    Per- 
ennial from  slender  rhizomes,  murky-green,  with  a  scabrous,  puberulence 
throughout,  seemingly  also   sub  glutinous:   stems  crowded  on  the  somewhat 
enlarged  crowns,  about  1  dm.  long,  each  freely  branched,  striate  but  not  wing- 
angled:  leaves  linear,  about  1  cm.  long,  mucronate,  no  stipular  glands:  sepals 
lanceolate,  obscurely  1-3-nerved,  short-cuspidate,  glandular-ciliate  on  the  sca- 
rious  margin,  5-6  mm.  long,  scarcely  surpassing  the  mature  fruit:  petals  yel- 
lowish, wholly  glabrous,  nearly  twice  as  long  as  the  sepals:  filaments  linear: 
styles  free  for  one  third  their  length. — On  the  Platte  river  in  eastern  Wyo- 
ming. 

ROCKY  MT.  BOT. — 20 


306  RUTACEAE    (RUE   FAMILY) 

61.  ZYGOPHYLLACEAE  Lindl.    BEAN  CAPER  FAMILY 

Herbs,  shrubs,  or  trees,  with  opposite,  pinnately  compound,  dotless,  stipulate 
leaves,  symmetrical  4-  or  5-merous  flowers  solitary  on  lateral  or  terminal 
naked  peduncles,  stamens  as  many  or  twice  as  many  as  the  petals,  and  a  sin- 
gle style  terminating  a  2-12-carpeled  ovary  which  ripens  dry. 

Herb;  leaves  with  6-10  leaflets .         .1.  Kallstroemia. 

Shrub;  leaves  with  two  leaflets 2.  Covillea. 

KALLSTROEMIA  Scop.    CALTROP 

Pubescent  branching  herbs,  with  opposite,  evenly  pinnate  leaves  and  sol- 
itary, axillary,  peduncled  flowers.  Sepals  5  (in  ours),  tardily  deciduous.  Pet- 
als 5,  early  deciduous.  Stamens  10.  Ovary  sessile,  with  10-12  1-oyuled  cells; 
the  style  thick,  striate.  Fruit  broad,  crenately  lobed,  splitting  into  10-12 
1-seeded  segments  which  are  tubercled  on  the  back. 

1.  Kallstroemia  brachystylis  Vail,  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  24:  208.  1897. 
Sparsely  pubescent,  diffusely  branched  from  the  base;  the  stems  brittle, 
striate,  1-4  dm.  long:  leaflets  3-4  pairs,  6-15  mm.  long,  oval  to  oblong,  ob- 
lique at  the  base:  sepals  linear-lanceolate,  falling  before  the  fruit  matures: 
petals  obovate,  obtuse  or  retuse :  fruit  finely  pubescent,  on  a  peduncle  1-2  cm. 
long.  Tribulus  maximus  in  part. — Southern  Colorado  and  New  Mexico. 

COVILLEA  Vail.     CREOSOTE  BUSH 

Evergreen  heavy-scented  shrubs,  with  nodose  branches,  opposite  2-foliolate 
leaves,  and  solitary  yellow  flowers.  Sepals  5,  deciduous.  Petals  5,  clawed. 
Disk  10-lobed.  Stamens  10;  the  filaments  winged  below  and  with  a  bifid  scale 
on  the  inner  side.  Ovary  5-celled.  Fruit  globose,  short-stipitate,  separating 
into  5  hairy  1-seeded  carpels. — Larrea. 

1.  Covillea  tridentata  (DC.)  Vail,  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  22:  229.  1895. 
Diffusely  branched,  12-30  dm.  high,  densely  leafy,  of  a  yellowish  hue:  leaves 
nearly  sessile,  the  thick  resinous  leaflets  inequilateral,  oblong,  6-12  mm. 
long,  with  a  broad  attachment  to  the  rachis,  somewhat  curved:  sepals  ovate, 
obtuse,  silky:  petals  bright  yellow,  6-8  mm.  long:  fruit  5  mm.  in  diameter, 
beaked  by  the  slender  style.  Larrea  mexicana. — A  shrub  of  the  dry  mesas; 
southern  Colorado  to  Texas  and  west  to  California. 


62.  RUTACEAE  Juss.    RUE  FAMILY 

Shrubs  or  small  trees,  with  pellucid  or  glandular-dotted  aromatic  leaves, 
definite  hypogynous  stamens,  and  few  seeds.  Sepals  and  petals  4  or  5,  imbri- 
cated in  the  bud.  Stamens  as  many  or  twice  as  many  as  the  petals,  inserted 
outside  of  a  hypogynous  disk.  Stipules  none. 

Leaves  3-foliolate 1.  Ptelea. 

Leaves  simple 2.  Thamnosma. 

1.  PTELEA  L.     HOP  TREE.  .  SHRUBBY  TREFOIL 

Shrubs  or  small  trees,  with  trifoliolate  leaves,  and  small,  polygamous, 
greenish-white  flowers  in  terminal  cymes  or  compound  umbels.  Stamens  4  or 
5.  Ovary  with  a  short  thick  stipe,  2-celled ;  the  cells  2-ovuled,  the  lower  ovule 
abortive.  Fruit  orbicular,  broadly  winged. 

1.  Ptelea  crenulata  Greene,  Pitt.  1:  216.  1888.  A  shrub  or  small  tree 
2-7  m.  high,  glabrous  except  the  tomentulose  flowers:  leaflets  ovate-lanceolate 


POLYGALACEAE    (M1LKWORT   FAMILY)  307 

to  obovate,  somewhat  cuneate  at  base  and  either  obtuse  or  acute  at  apex, 
3-7  cm.  long,  crenulate  or  crenate-serrate  or  almost  entire:  filaments  villous 
near  the  base:  samara,  including  the  broad  wing,  12-18  mm.  broad,  either 
truncate  or  emarginate  at  both  ends.  P.  trifoliata.  (P.  angustifolia  Benth., 
a  Mexican  species,  has  been  reported  from  our  range,  but  such  specimens  may 
prove  to  be  P.  crenidata.) — Colorado  to  New  Mexico  and  west  to  California. 

2.  THAMNOSMA  Torr. 

Low  glandular  desert  shrubs.  Strongly  scented  leaves  simple  and  linear. 
Alternate  flowers  purple  or  yellow,  solitary.  Sepals  4.  Petals  4,  erect.  Sta- 
mens 8,  at  the  base  of  a  cup-shaped  crenate  or  lobed  disk.  Ovary  stipitate, 
2-lobed  and  2-celled,  with  5  or  6  ovules  in  each  cell;  style  elongated.  Cap- 
sule didymous,  coriaceous,  dehiscent  down  the  inner  edge  of  each  lobe.  Seeds 
4-6  in  each  cell,  reniform. 

1.  Thamnosma  texanum  Torr.  Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  Surv.  42.  1858.  Woody 
only  at  base,  the  slender  stems  1-4  dm.  high:  flowers  on  short  naked  pedicels: 
petals  yellow  tinged  with  purple. — Southwestern  Colorado  and  southward. 


63.  POLYGALACEAE  Reichenb.    MILKWORT  FAMILY 

Herbs  with  simple  entire  leaves  and  no  stipules,  remarkable  for  the  seem- 
ingly papilionaceous  flowers,  monadelphous  stamens  coherent  with  the  petals, 
and  1-celled  anthers  opening  at  the  top. 

1.  POLYGALA  L.     MILKWORT 

Herbaceous  or  somewhat  shrubby,  with  racemose  or  spicate  flowers.  Se- 
pals 5,  very  unequal,  the  2  lateral  large  and  petal-like.  Petals  3,  united  to 
each  other  and  to  the  stamen-tube,  the  middle  one  hooded  above  and  often 
crested  or  beaked.  Stamens  6  or  8.  Ovary  2-celled;  style  long,  curved,  di- 
lated above.  Capsule  membranaceous,  flattened  at  right  angles  to  the  narrow 
partition,  often  notched  above.  Seed  carunculate  at  the  hilum. 

Shrubby  and  spinescent. 

Subcinereous-pubescent 1.  P.  acanthocarpa. 

Glabrous         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .  2.  P.  subspinosa. 

Herbaceous  or  nearly  so;  spines  wanting. 

Annual;  leaves  verticillate 3.  P.  verticillata. 

Perennial;  leaves  alternate      .         .         .         ...*.$         .         .  4.  P.  alba. 

1.  Polygala  acanthocarpa  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  11:  73.  1876.     Some- 
what shrubby,  4-7  dm.  high,  subcinereous-pubescent,  armed  with  slender 
spines:  leaves  linear-spatulate :  flowers  subaxillary,  scattered,  white;  pedicels 
bibracteolate  at  base:  keel  short,  boat-shaped,  with  a  boss  on  the  back. — 
Probably  coming  into  our  range  at  the  southwest. 

2.  Polygala  subspinosa  Wats.  Am.  Nat.  7:  299.  1873.     Perennial,   her- 
baceous, glabrous  or  more  or  less  pubescent;  stems  5-20  cm.  high,  branched 
above,  the  branches  often  spinose:  leaves  scattered,  1-3  cm.  long,  oblong  or 
oblanceolate,   acute  or  obtuse,  attenuate  to  the  base:  raceme  loose,   few- 
flowered;  bracts  small  and  scarious;  j>edicels  becoming  reflexed,  shorter  than 
the  flowers:  sepals  naked  or  ciliate,  the  wings  oblong,  8-10  mm.  long  and 
equaling  the  petals;  keel  hooded,  crested  with  a  broad  saccate  process:  style 
linear;   capsule   orbicular,    emarginate,    short-stipitate. — From   Colorado   to 
the  Pacific  southwest. 

3.  Polygala  vertjcillata  L.  Sp.  PI.  706.     1753.    Slender,  2-3  dm.  high:  stem 
leaves  whorled  in  fours,  sometimes  in  fives;  those  of  the  branches  scattered, 
linear:  spikes  peduncled,  dense,  slender;  the  bracts  falling  with  the  flowers, 
which  are  small,  greenish-white  or  barely  tinged  with  purple,  the  crest  of  the 


308  EUPHORBIACEAE    (SPURGE   FAMILY) 

keel  conspicuous:  the  2-lobed  caruncle  half  the  length  of  the  seed. — Colorado 
and  eastward  across  the  plains. 

4.  Polygala  alba  Nutt.  Gen.  2:  87.  1818.  Smoothish,  about  3  dm.  high, 
leafy  half-way  to  the  summit:  leaves  linear  to  oblanceolate,  margins  slightly 
revolute:  flowers  deciduous,  leaving  the  rachis  roughened  after  their  fall, 
white:  seed  with  caruncle  extended  into  2  ear-like  lobes  nearly  as  long  as  the 
seed. — Plains  of  the  upper  Missouri. 

• 

64.  EUPHORBIACEAE  St.  Hil.    SPURGE  FAMILY 

Herbs,  shrubs,  or  trees,  usually  with  milky  or  purplish  acrid  sap  and  monoe- 
cious or  dioecious  flowers.  Leaves  either  opposite,  alternate,  or  whorled,  with 
or  without  stipules.  Flowers  with  or  without  floral  envelopes ;  if  the  calyx  is 
wanting  then  a  calyx-like  involucre  is  present.  Ovary  3-celled,  with  a  pendu- 
lous ovule  in  each  cell,  maturing  into  a  3-celled  elastically  dehiscent  capsule 
with  crustaceous  seeds.  Stamens  few  or  numerous,  the  filaments  free  or  united. 
Styles  and  stigmas  as  many  as  the  cells  of  the  ovary. 

Flowers  with  a  true  calyx. 

Pubescence  stellate          .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .     1.  Croton. 

Pubescence  simple. 

Flowers  with  petals     ..........     2.  Ditaxis. 

Flowers  apetaious 3.  Tragia. 

Flowers  in  an  involucre,  no  true  calyx    ' .4.  Euphorbia. 

1.  CROTON  L. 

Herbs  or  shrubs,  scurfy  or  stellately  hairy  or  sometimes  glandular:  leaves 
alternate,  entire  or  repand.  Staminate  calyx  4-6-parted.  Petals  often  pres- 
ent but  small  or  rudimentary,  alternating  with  the  glands  of  a  central  disk. 
Stamens  5-many,  on  a  hairy  receptacle.  Pistillate  calyx  usually  5-parted,  but 
the  petals  mostly  obsolete.  Seeds  smooth  and  shining,  carunculate. 

1.  Croton  texensis  (Klotzsch.)  Muell.  Arg.  in  DC.  Prodr.  15:  692.  1862. 
Covered  with  a  close,  canescent,  stellate  pubescence,  dichotomously  branched 
or  spreading,  3-6  dm.  high:  leaves  lanceolate,  oblong,  or  linear-lanceolate: 
dioecious;  racemes  of  staminate  flowers  short:  ovary  stellate-tomentose; 
styles  twice  or  thrice  dichotomously  2-parted. — From  Wyoming  to  Colorado 
and  southward. 

2.  DITAXIS  Vahl. 

Erect  herbs  or  shrubs  with  purplish  sap.  Leaves  (in  ours)  entire,  alternate, 
usually  stipulate.  Calyx  valvate  in  the  staminate  flowers,  imbricate  in  the 
pistillate.  Petals  4  or  5,  alternate  with  the  calyx-lobes  and  with  the  lobes 
of  the  glandular  disk.  Filaments  united  into  a  central  column.  Seeds  sub- 
globose,  roughened  or  reticulated,  not  carunculate. 

1.  Ditaxis  humilis  (Eng.  &  Gray)  Pax,  in  Engl.  &  Prantl,  Nat.  Pfl.  Fam. 
35:  45.  1890.  Stem  about  3  dm.  high,  much  branched,  silky  or  strigose- 
pubescent,  branches  spreading:  leaves  narrowed  at  the  base,  spatulate  or 
obovate,  lanceolate  or  linear-lanceolate,  acute,  sparingly  pubescent:  raceme 
much  shorter  than  the  leaves,  on  very  short  peduncles.  Argythamnia  humilis. 
— Colorado,  southward  and  eastward. 

3.  TRAGIA  L. 

Erect  or  climbing  plants,  pubescent  or  hispid,  sometimes  stinging,  with 
mostly  alternate,  stipulate  leaves.  The  sterile  flowers  above,  the  few  fertile 
at  the  base,  all  with  small  bracts.  Staminate  calyx  3-5-parted;  filaments 


EUPHORBIACEAE  (SPURGE  FAMILY)          309 

short;  anther-cells  united.     Pistillate  calyx  3-8-parted,  persistent.     Capsule 
3-lobed,  bristly,  separating  into  three  2-valved  carpels. 

1.  Tragia  ramosa  Torr.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  2:  245.  1826.  Perennial,  light 
green,  bristly  with  stinging  hairs:  stem  erect,  slender,  often  freely  branched, 
2-4  dm.  high:  leaves  ovate-lanceolate  to  narrowly  oblong,  1-4  cm.  long, 
serrate,  cordate  at  base:  calyx  in  pistillate  flowers  5-lobed,  3-bracted;  in  stam- 
inate  4-5-lobed,  with  4-6  stamens:  capsule  depressed,  bristly:  seeds  globose 
orange,  variegated.  T.  nepetaefolia  ramosa. — Colorado,  eastward  and  south- 
ward. 

4.  EUPHORBIA  L.    SPURGE 

Monoecious  herbs  (ours),  with  alternate,  opposite,  or  verticillate  leaves 
and  cymose  inflorescence.  Flowers  included  in  the  4-5-lobed  involucres 
which  are  terminal  or  in  the  axils;  the  involucral-lobes  alternating  with  as 
many  fleshy  glands,  which  are  rounded  and  naked  or  bear  petal-like  or  lunate 
appendages.  Sterile  flowers  lining  the  base  of  the  involucre,  each  of  a  single 
pediceled  (or  filament-bearing)  stamen,  joined  to  a  minute  bract  (the  supposed 
rudimentary  calyx).  Fertile  flowers  solitary  in  the  middle  of  the  involucre, 
soon  protruded  on  a  long  pedicel.  Capsule  erect  or  nodding,  3-lobed,  splitting 
into  three  2-valved  carpels. 

Glands  of  the  involucre  with  petal-like  appendages  (Chamaesyce'). 
Leaves  inequilateral  and  oblique  at  base. 
Quite  entire. 
Seeds  smooth. 

Appendages  conspicuous;  seeds  terete       .         .         .         .       1.  E.  petaloidea. 
Appendages  small;  seeds  obtusely  4-angled      .         .  2.  E.  serpens. 

Seeds  somewhat  roughened. 

Glands  broader  than  long,  with  fan-shaped  appendages     .       3.  E.  albomarginata. 
Glands  longer  than  broad,  with  crescent-shaped  append- 
ages         '.- 4.  E.  Fendleri. 

Serrate  or  dentate. 
Glabrous. 

Seeds  pitted,  faintly  if  at  all  rugose 5.  E.  serpyllifolia. 

Seeds  rugose,  not  pitted    .         .         .         .         .         .  6.  E.  glyptosperma. 

Pubescent    ..........       7.  E.  stictospora. 

Leaves  with  the  two  sides  at  the  base  similar. 

Appendages  very  large  and  conspicuous;  leaves  alternate         .       8.  E.  marginata. 
Appendages  small;  leaves  opposite  .         .         .         .  9.  E.  hexagona. 

Glands  of  the  involucre  naked  (without  petal-like  appendages). 
Leaves  opposite  (Poinsettia). 

Ovate  or  orbicular-oblong,  coarsely  dentate     .         .         .         .     10.  E.  dentata. 

Oblong-linear  or  linear,  nearly  entire. 

Branched  from  the  base,  spreading     .         .         .         .         .     11.  E.  Aliceae. 

Stem  simple  (at  least  below),  erect     .         .         .         .         .     12.  E.  cuphosperma. 

Leaves  alternate  or  scattered  (Tithymaltis). 
Entire;  glands  semilunate. 

Stems  tufted,  low  and  stout 13.  E.  robusta. 

Stems  few,  taller  and  more  slender       .....     14.  E.  montana. 

Serrate  or  dentate. 
Annuals. 

Stems  simple  below  .......     15.  E.  arkansana. 

Stems  branched  from  the  decumbent  base         .         .         .     16.  E.  manca. 
Biennial;  stem  branched  from  the  base  .         .         .17.  E.  commutata. 

1.  Euphorbia   petaloidea   Engelm.  Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  Sury.    185.     1859. 
Glabrous  annual,  low,  freely  branched,  procumbent:  leaves  all  similar,  oblong- 
linear,  obtuse  or  retuse,  attenuate  to  the  scarcely  oblique  base:  involucres 
solitary,  campanulate,  lobes  hairy  beneath  the  glands  which  are  about  as  long 
as  the  lobes;  appendages  conspicuous,  white,  ovate  or  orbicular,  entire  or 
crenulate:  capsules  globose-depressed:  seeds  cinereous,  nearly  smooth,  oblong- 
ovoid. — Sandy  plains;  from  the  Rocky  Mountains  to  the  Mississippi  river. 

2.  Euphorbia  serpens  H.  B.  K.  Nov.  Gen.  2:  52.  1817.    Glabrous  or  glau- 
cescent  annual,  with  filiform  prostrate  stems,  often  rooting:  leaves  round- 
ovate,  obtuse  or  cordate  at  base;   stipules  membranaceous,  triangular:  pe- 
duncles longer  than  the  petioles,  solitary  in  the  axils:  glands  salverform, 
shorter  than  the  lobes  of  the  involucre;  appendages  minute,  crenulate:  cap- 


310  EUPHORBIACEAE    (SPURGE   FAMILY) 

sules  nodding,  depressed-globose:  seeds  obtusely  quadrangular,  1  mm.  long 
or  less. — Plains;  Colorado,  east  to  the  Mississippi,  south  to  Mexico. 

3.  Euphorbia  albomarginata  T.  &  G.  Pac.  R.  R.  Rep.  2:  174.  1857.    Per- 
ennial, slender,  much  branched,  smooth:  leaves  stipulate,  opposite,  subor- 
bicular  or  subcordate,  entire,  distinctly  petiolate:  involucre  solitary,  shorter 
than  the  peduncles;  glands  transversely  oval,  with  an  entire  or  slightly  cre- 
nate  petaloid  border,  which  is  twice  as  broad  as  the  gland  itself:  seeds  obovate, 
somewhat  rugose  transversely,  dull,  gelatinous  when  moistened. — Colorado 
to  Utah  and  southward. 

4.  Euphorbia  Fendleri  T.  &  G.  Pac.  R.  R.  Rep.  2:  175.  1855.    Glabrous 
perennial,  from  a  slender  rootstock:  stems  delicately  filiform,  erect  or  de- 
cumbent, dichotomous,  much  branched,  5-10  cm.  high:  leaves  ovate,  obtuse, 
obliquely  rounded  or  truncate  at  base;  stipules  subulate:  involucres  terminal, 
solitary,  turbinate,  slightly  bearded  in  the  throat,  lobes  short  and  fimbriate; 
glands  transversely  oblong,  with  a  very  narrow  obscure  appendage:  capsule 
deflexed,  somewhat  3-lobed:  seeds  ovoid,  transversely  rugose. — Throughout 
our  range  and  southward  and  eastward. 

5.  Euphorbia  serpyllifolia  Pers.  Syn.  2:  14.  1807.     A  prostrate  spreading 

glabrous  annual  with  obovate-oblong  leaves,  narrowed  at  the  very  oblique 
ase  and  serrulate  towards  the  obtuse  apex  (6-12  mm.  long) ;  stipules  lanceo- 
late, at  length  fimbriate  at  tip:  peduncles  as  long  as  the  petioles  or  longer, 
solitary  in  the  axils  or  clustered  towards  the  ends  of  the  branches:  glands  of 
the  small  involucre  with  narrow  somewhat  toothed  appendages:  capsules 
sharply  angled,  slightly  drooping:  seeds  transversely  wrinkled  and  pitted. — 
From  California  to  Iowa  and  Texas. 

5a.  Euphorbia  serpyllifolia  rugulosa  (Engelm.)  Millsp.  Pitt.  2:  85.  1890. 
More  matted:  leaf  toothed  on  the  longer  side:  seeds  turgid,  finely  rugulose. — 
Southwestern  Colorado,  Mexico,  and  California. 

6.  Euphorbia  glyptosperma  Engelm.  Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  Surv.  187.     1859. 
Glabrous  annual,  erect  and  spreading:  leaves  linear-oblong,  mostly  falcate, 
very  unequal  at  base,  slightly  serrulate  towards  the  obtuse  apex  (4-10  mm. 
long) ;   stipules  lanceolate,    setaceously  divided :   peduncles  as  long  as  the 
petioles,  solitary  or  in  dense  foliaceous  lateral  clusters:  glands  of  the  very 
small  involucre  with  narrow  crenulate  appendages:  capsules  nodding,  sharply 
angled:  seeds  quadrangular  and  with  5  or  6  sharp  transverse  wrinkles. — From 
Canada  to  Mexico. 

7.  Euphorbia  stictospora  Engelm.  Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  Surv.  187.     1859.    A 
yellowish-green  pubescent  annual:  stem  1-1.5  dm.  long:  leaves  rounded,  sub- 
cordate,  sharply  serrate,  4-8  mm.  long:  racemes  crowded  with  very  small 
and  slender  long-peduncled  involucres;  glands  narrowly  appendaged:  capsule 
pubescent,   sharply    angled:    seeds    slender,   sharply    quadrangular,    rugose, 
pitted. — Wyoming  to  Mexico. 

8.  Euphorbia  marginata  Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  607.     1814.     A  stout  erect 
annual,  bright  green,  glabrous  or  pubescent,  3-7  dm.  high:  leaves  entire, 
ovate  or  oblong;  the  uppermost  or  floral  leaves  with  conspicuous  white  or 
petal-like  margins,  whorled  or  opposite:  involucres  5-lobed,  collected  in  an 
umbel-like  inflorescence  with  3  dichotomous  rays;  glands  with  broad  white 
appendages:   capsule   depressed-globose,    about   6   mm.   in   diameter:   seeds 
reticulate-tuberculate. — From  Minnesota  to  Colorado  and  Texas. 

9.  Euphorbia  hexagona  Nutt.  Spreng.  Syst.  3:  791.  1826.    Erect  annual, 
somewhat  hairy  with  scattered  appressed  hairs:  stem  slender,  3-6  dm.  high; 
branches    opposite    and    dichotomous,    striate-angled :    leaves    all    opposite, 
short-petioled,  linear-lanceolate,  alternate  at  each  end,  acute,  mucronulate, 
entire;  floral  ones  very  narrowly  linear:  involucre  hairy  without  and  in  the 
throat,  short,  many-cleft;  glands  5,  transversely  ovate,  with  a  green  ovate- 
triangular  acute  appendage,  twice  their  length:  styles  very  short,  capitate  and 
somewhat  2-lobed  at  the  apex;  carpels  of  the  smooth  capsule  obtusely  cari- 
nate:  seeds  ovate,  finely  papillose. — From  the  upper  Missouri  to 'New  Mexico. 

10.  Euphorbia  dentata  Michx.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  2:  211.  1803.    A  dull  green 
pubescent  annual  with  ovate,  or  ovate-lanceolate,  coarsely  dentate,  opposite, 


CALLITR1CHACEAE    (  WATER  STARWORT   FAMILY)  311 

petioled  leaves:  involucres  in  terminal  clusters,  oblong-campanulate,  about 
3  mm.  long,  3-5-lobed,  with  1-4  short-pediceled  glands  without  appendages: 
capsules  glabrous:  seeds  ovoid  or  subglobose,  slightly  tuberculate. — Extend- 
ing into  Colorado  from  the  east. 

11.  Euphorbia  Aliceae  A.  Nels.  Bot.  Gaz.  42:  50.  1906.     Perennial  from 
slender  horizontal  rootstocks,  glabrous  or  slightly  pubescent,  10-15  cm.  high: 
stem  branching  from  the  base,  the  branches  spreading-decumbent :  leaves 
narrowly  oblanceolate,  short-petioled,  sharply  serrate,  opposite,  more  crowded 
toward  the  terminal  clustered  involucres:  involucres  nearly  sessile,  small, 
turbinate,  somewhat  fimbriate-margined;  the  glands  about  4,  small,  short- 
stipitate,  sometimes  minutely  cprnuate  or  even  obscurely  appendaged:  cap- 
sules glabrous:  seeds  cubical,  with  a  caruncle,  slightly  tuberculate,  ashy. — 
Known  as  yet  only  from  Hartville,  Wyoming. 

12.  Euphorbia  cuphosperma  (Engelm.)  Boiss.  in  DC.  Prodr.  152 :  73.  1862. 
Annual,  sparingly  rough-pubescent :  stem  simple  or  somewhat  branched  up- 
ward with  erect  slender  branchlets,  2-5  dm.  high:  leaves  opposite  or  alter- 
nate, narrowly  linear-lanceolate,  acute,  subentire:  involucres  3-5,  corymbose, 
subsessile,  campanulate,  with  ovate  lobes;  glands  4,  long-stipitate,  unappen- 
daged: seeds  irregularly  4-angled  and  slightly  tuberculate. — From  Dakota 
to  Mexico. 

13.  Euphorbia  robusta  (Engelm.)  Small,  in  Brit.  Fl.  2:  381.  1897.    Gla- 
brous: stems  short,  stout,  tufted  on  the  crown  of  a  perpendicular  rootstock, 
1-2  dm.  high:  leaves  scattered,  oblong-ovate,  10-14  mm.  long,  entire,  obtuse, 
sessile:  involucres  terminal  in  a  3-5-rayed  umbel,  campanulate,  bearing  4 
unappendaged  crescent-shaped  glands:  capsule  of  3  ovate  rounded  lobes:  seeds 
terete,  gray,  minutely  pitted.      E.  montana  in  part. — Montana  to  Colorado. 

14.  Euphorbia  montana   Engelm.  Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  Surv.    192.     1859. 
Resembling  the  preceding  but  the  stems  few,  slender  and  taller,  somewhat 
branched  below  the  umbel:  usually  somewhat  pubescent  on  the  involucre  and 
the  floral  leaves:  glands  short-stipitate  and  bearing  2  short  horn-like  pro- 
tuberances: seeds  ovoid-oblong,  ash-colored,  deeply  and  irregularly  pitted.-^ 
Southern  Colorado  and  to  the  south  west  ward. 

15.  Euphorbia  arkansana  Engelm.  &  Gray,  Bost.  Journ.  Nat.  Hist.  5:  53. 
1845.    Annual,  glabrous,  erect,  branching  above,  2-5  dm.  high:  stem  leaves 
few,  cuneate-spatulate  or  oblanceolate,  1-5  cm.  long;  upper  leaves  oblong  to 
triangular-ovate:  involucre  small,  its  lobes  short;  glands  yellow,  transversely 
elliptical:  capsule  depressed-glpbose,  more  or  less  warty:  seeds  ovoid-lenticular, 
with  sharp  reticulations.    E.  dictyosperma.    Quite  variable.     Several  varieties 
have  been  characterized  by  J.  B.  S.  Norton  in  the  Eleventh  Rep.  Mo.  Bot. 
Card. — From  Wyoming  to  Mexico. 

16.  Euphorbia  manca  A.  Nels.  I.e.  47:  437.  1909.     Annual,  the  decumbent 
base  giving  rise  to  few-several  simple  erect  branches  1-2  dm.  high:  leaves 
obovate-cuneate,  broadly  obtuse,  numerous,  lower  reduced:    primary  floral 
bracts  ovate-renif orm ;  secondary  broadly  reniform,  sometimes  connate:   in- 
florescence once  or  twice  trichotomous :  capsule  about  4  mm.  long:  seeds  short, 
cylindrical-oblong,  gray  but  not  ashy,  nearly  smooth. — Colorado. 

17.  Euphorbia  commutata  Engelm.  in  Gray  Man.  Ed.  2.  389.     1856.     Bien- 
nial, branched  from  the  base,  glabrous,  1-3  dm.  high:  leaves  scattered,  thin 
and  membranaceous,  petioled,  round-obovate  or  the  upper  ovate:    umbels 
terminal,   3-rayed  and  again  forking  or  3-rayed:  involucres  campanulate, 
sessile;   glands  3-4,   unappendaged,   prolonged  into  slender  horns:   capsule 
obtusely  angled,  glabrous:  seeds  terete,  irregularly  pitted. — Extending  into 
our  range  from  the  eastward. 

65.  CALLITRICHACEAE   Lindl.     WATER  STARWORT  FAMILY 

Small,  sleiider,  aquatic  herbs,  with  opposite  entire  leaves,  no  stipules,  and 
monoecious,  axillary  flowers  without  perianth,  but  sometimes  with  2  bracts. 
Stamen  1,  with  slender  filament  and  heart-shaped  4-celled  anther.  Ovary 


312  ANACARDIACEAE    (SUMAC   FAMILY) 

4-celled,  with  2  styles.     Fruit  4-lobed,  flattened,  and  emarginate.     Flowers 
mostly  solitary,  sometimes  a  stamen  and  a  pistil  in  the  same  axil. 

1.  CALLITRICHE  L. 

Characters  given  under  the  family. 

Bracts  present;  emersed  leaves  obovate 1.0.  palustris. 

Bracts  wanting;  all  leaves  linear 2.  C.  bifida. 

1.  Callitriche  palustris  L.  Sp.  PL  969.     1753.     Aquatic  or  growing  in  the 
mud,  with  elongated  stems,  and  floating,  rosulate,  obovate  often  emarginate 
leaves;  the  submerged  ones  linear  or  nearly  so:  bracts  often  exceeding  the 
fruit:   styles  erect  or  spreading,  deciduous:  fruit  orbicular  or  obcordate,  of 
connate  carpels,  more  or  less  winged.    C.  verna. — Across  the  continent. 

2.  Callitriche  bifida   (L.)   Morong,   Mem.  Torr.  Club   5:  215.  1894.     En- 
tirely submerged:  leaves  linear  or  linear-lanceolate,  clasping  at  the  base: 
flowers  without  bracts:  styles  reflexed,  deciduous:  fruit  round,  deeply  notched, 
sessile,  broadly  winged  on  the  margins.     C.  autumnalis. — Across  the  conti- 
nent in  the  northern  part  of  our  range. 

66.  LIMNANTHACEAE  Lindl.    FALSE  MERMAID  FAMILY 

Glabrous  annual  herbs,  with  pungent  juice,  dissected  alternate  leaves  with- 
out stipules,  and  pale,  regular,  symmetrical  flowers.  Sepals  valvate,  persistent, 
and  accrescent.  Petals  withering-persistent.  Stamens  twice  as  many  as  the 
petals,  those  opposite  the  petals  having  a  gland  at  the  base  outside. 

1.  FLOERKIA  Willd. 

Flowers  solitary  at  the  ends  of  bractless  axillary  peduncles,  3-5-merous. 
Carpels  1-ovuled,  distinct,  the  5-lobed  style  rising  from  the  center,  in  fruit 
becoming  semi-drupaceous,  rugose-tuberculate  nutlets. 

1.  Floerkia  occidentalis  Rydb.  Mem.  N.  Y.  Bot.  Card.  1:  268.  1900.  Very 
slender,  less  than  1  dm.  high,  glabrous:  leaves  pinnate,  with  1-2  pairs  of 
.oblong  leaflets:  sepals  ovate,  acute:  petals  oblanceolate,  about  half  as  long 
as  the  sepals:  carpels  two,  sharply  rugose-tuberculate. — In  wet  places;  west- 
ern Wyoming,  Utah  and  northwestward. 

67.  ANACARDIACEAE  Lindl.    SUMAC  FAMILY 

Shrubs  or  trees  with  acrid,  resinous,  or  milky  sap,  alternate  leaves  without 
stipules,  and  small,  regular,  commonly  polygamous  or  dioecious  flowers.  Calyx 
3-7-cleft.  Petals  the  same  number,  imbricated  in  the  bud.  Stamens  as  many 
or  twice  as  many,  inserted  at  the  base  of  the  disk.  The  free  ovary  1-celled 
and  1-ovuled  but  the  styles  often  3.  Fruit  generally  a  small  drupe. 

1.  RHUS  L.     SUMAC 

Leaves  trifoliolate  or  pinnately  compound.  Sepals  and  petals  usually  5. 
Stamens  inserted  under  the  edge  of  a  disk  lining  the  calyx. 

Leaflets  11-31  ....  .  1.  R.  cismontana, 

Leaflets  3. 

Large,  rhombic  ovate  .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .  2.  R.  Rydbergii, 

Small,  crenately  lobed  ...         ......  3.  R.  trilobate, 


ACEBACEAE    (MAPLE   FAMILY)  313 

1.  Rhus  cismontana  Greene,  Wash.  Acad.  Sci.  8:  189.    1906.    Shrub  8-20 
dm.  high,  with  smooth,  glabrous  or  glaucous  branches:  leaflets  9-17,  sessile 
or  petiolulate,  from  broadly  to  narrowly  lance-oblong,  acute  or  acuminate, 
serrate,  pale  green  above,  lighter  beneath  and  often  glaucous,  moderately 
firm:  panicle  dense,  generally  pyramidal:  drupelets  spherical  to  ovate,  pubes- 
cent with  acid  reddish  hairs;  stone  smooth.    R.  glabra.     (R.  nitens,  R.  tessel- 
lata,  R.  albida,  and  R.  asplenifolia  Greene,  and  possibly  others  of  the  species 
proposed  in  the  paper  cited  above.) — From  Dakota  and  Utah  to  New  Mexico 
and  Arizona. 

2.  Rhus  Rydbergii  Small,  Mem.  N.  Y.  Bot.  Gard.  1:  268.  1900.    A  single- 
stemmed  shrub,  less  than  1  m.  high:  petioles  6-12  cm.  long;  leaflets  3-10  cm. 
long,  broadly  ovate,  often  somewhat  rhomboid,  glabrous  except  on  the  prom- 
inent veins  beneath,  sinuately  toothed:  flowers  in  small,  conical,  axillary  pan- 
icles: petals  ovate,  3  mm.  long,  yellowish  streaked  with  green:  fruit  globular, 
about  6  mm.  in  diameter,  white  and  shining  when  ripe.     R.  Toxicodendron  in 
part.    WESTERN  POISON  IVY.    Poisonous  to  the  touch. — Open  woods;  in  the 
mountains  and  extending  eastward  to  the  plains. 

3.  Rhus  trilobata   Nutt.  T.  &  G.  Fl.  N.  A.  1:  219.  1838.     A  diffusely 
branched  shrub,  6-16  dm.  high,  ill-scented:  leaflets  cuneate-oboyate  or  rhom- 
boidal,  crenately  toothed  or  lobed  above  the  middle,  sometimes   3-lobed: 
flowers  in  scaly-bracted;  spike-like  catkins,  yellowish,  preceding  the  leaves: 
fruits  globose,  red,  viscid-pubescent.    R.  aromatica  trilobata.    SKUNK-BUSH. 
Not  poisonous. — Common  on  bleak  hillsides;  throughout  our  range. 

68.  CELASTRACEAE  Lindl.    STAFF  TREE  FAMILY 

Shrubs  with  simple  leaves,  no  stipules,  and  small,  dull-colored,  perfect,  reg- 
ular flowers.  Sepals  and  petals  imbricated.  Stamens  as  many  as  the  petals, 
alternate  with  them  and  inserted  on  the  margin  of  a  broad  disk  which  lines 
the  calyx-tube.  Seeds  arillate. 

1.  PACHYSTIMA  Raf. 

Low  evergreen  shrubs,  with  smooth,  opposite,  short-petioled,  serrulate  leaves. 
Flowers  solitary  or  in  few-flowered  axillary  cymes.  Calyx  with  a  short  tube 
and  4  rounded  lobes.  Petals  4.  Ovary  free,  2-celled;  style  very  short.  Cap- 
sule small,  coriaceous,  1-2-seeded.  Seeds  inclosed  in  a  white  many-cleft 
membranaceous  aril. 

1.  Pachystima  myrsinites  Raf.  Am.  Month.  Mag.  1818.  Leaves  ovate  to 
oblong  or  oblanceolate,  cuneate  at  base:  fruit  smooth. — In  the  mountains; 
from  New  Mexico  to  British  America  and  west  to  California. 


69.  ACERACEAE  St.  Hil.    MAPLE  FAMILY 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  watery  saccharine  sap  and  opposite  palmately  lobed 
or  more  rarely  compound  leaves.  Flowers  polygamous  or  dioecious,  in  lateral 
or  terminal  umbel-like  corymbs  or  fascicles.  Calyx  imbricate,  5-parted. 
Petals  5  or  wanting,  inserted  around  the  hypogynous  disk.  Ovary  2-lobed, 
its  2  styles  inserted  between  the  lobes.  Fruit  of  2  long-winged  samaras  joined 
at  the  base. 

ACER  L.    MAPLE 

Flowers  in  umbel-like  corymbs.  Calyx  colored,  usually  5-lobed.  Petals 
5  or  none.  Stamens  usually  8.  Fruit  Divaricately  2-winged  above,  separable 
at  maturity,  each  1-seeded, 


314  RHAMNACEAE    (BUCKTHORN   FAMILY) 

Leaves  simple. 

Corymbs  peduncled;  fruit  wings  broad 1.  A.  glabrum. 

Corymbs  nearly  sessile;  fruit  wings  narrow      .         .         .         .  2.  A.  grandidentatum. 

Leaves  compound  .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .  3.  A.  Negundo. 

1.  Acer  glabrum  Torr.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  2:  172.  1826.    A  shrub  usually, 
rarely  a  small  tree:  leaves  orbicular  in  outline,  3-lobed  or  often  3-parted, 
sometimes  truncate  or  subcordate  at  base;  segments  short  and  broad,  acutely 
incised   and    toothed,   somewhat  3-lobed,  the  middle  one  cuneate:   flowers 
polygamous,  the  umbel-like  corymb  pedunculate:  sepals  about  8.     ROCKY 
MOUNTAIN  MAPLE. — New  Mexico  to  Montana  and  west  to  the  coast. 

2.  Acer  grandidentatum  Nutt.  T.  &  G.  Fl.  N.  A.  1:  247.  1838.    Becoming  a 
tree,  sometimes  10-12  m.  high:  leaves  slightly  cordate  or  subcordate  at  base, 
rather  deeply  3-lobed,  the  sinuses  broad  and  rounded;  the  lobes  subacute  with 
a  few  sinuous  indentations:  corymbs  nearly  sessile,  few-flowered;  the  pedicels 
long  and  nodding:  fruit  glabrous,  with  small  diverging  wings. — Infrequent; 
near  streams;  from  western  Wyoming  into  Utah  and  northward. 

3.  Acer  Negundo  L.  Sp.  PL  1056.     1753.    A  low  and  freely  branched  tree, 
with  light  green  twigs  and  delicate  drooping  clusters  of  greenish  flowers,  a  lit- 
tle earlier  than  the  leaves:  leaves  trifoliolate  or  pinnately  5-foliolate;  the  leaf- 
lets ovate,  acute,  dentate:  flowers  dioecious:  petals  and  disk  wanting:  fruit 
glabrous,  the  broad  wings  somewhat  incurved  and  finely  veined.     Negundo 
aceroides.     (Rulac  Negundo  and  R.  texanum  Rydb.  Fl.  Col.  227.  1906.)     Box 
ELDER. — From  New  Mexico  and  Arizona  northward  to  Canada  and  eastward. 


70.  RHAMNACEAE  Dumort.    BUCKTHORN  FAMILY 

Shrubs  or  small  trees,  with  simple  undivided  leaves,  small  and  often  ca- 
ducous stipules,  and* small  regular  flowers.  Sepals  valvate  in  the  bud;  a  con- 
spicuous disk  lining  the  short  tube  of  the  calyx.  Petals  clawed,  mostly  in- 
volute, each  around  a  stamen  in  the  bud,  sometimes  wanting.  Stamens 
perigynous  and  alternate  with  the  sepals.  In  ours  the  fruit  is  berry-like  or 
dry,  containing  2-4  separating  seed-like  nutlets,  and  the  leaves  are  alternate. 

Petals  short-clawed  or  wanting;  fruit  fleshy       .         .         .         .         .         .1.  Rhamnus. 

Petals  long-clawed;  fruit  dry,  with  three  dehiscent  nutlets    .         .         .         .2.  Ceanothus. 

1.  RHAMNUS  L.     BUCKTHORN 

Shrubs  or  small  trees  (ours  unarmed),  with  alternate  or  somewhat  opposite 
pinnately  veined  leaves  and  small  greenish  flowers  in  sessile  or  short-peduncled 
axillary  umbels.  Calyx  4-5-cleft,  with  erect  or  spreading  lobes,  the  cam- 
panulate  tube  persistent  and  lined  with  the  disk.  Petals  on  the  margin  of  the 
disk  which  is  free  from  the  ovary.  Fruit  berry-like,  with  2-4  indehiscent 
nutlets. 

Petals  wanting;  nutlets  grooved        .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .     1.  R.  alnifolia. 

Petals  present;  nutlets  smooth  ........     2.  R.  Smithii. 

1.  Rhamnus  alnifolia  L'Her.  Sert.  Angl.  5.     1788.     Shrub  6-12  dm.  high: 
leaves  deciduous,  ovate-oblong,  acute  at  each  end,  5-8  cm.  long,  crenately 
serrate,  slightly  puberulent  on  the  slender  petioles:  calyx-lobes  and  stamens  5: 
fruit  black,  3-lobed,  6  mm.  long,  as  long  as  the  pedicels. — Northern  Wyoming 
and  westward. 

2.  Rhamnus  Smithii  Greene,  Pitt.  3:  17.  1896.     Deciduous  shrub,  with 
short,  stout,  glabrous,  rather  densely  leafy  and  fructiferous  branchlets:  bud- 
scales  obtuse,  densely  woolly-ciliate :  flowers  appearing  with  the  undeveloped 
leaves  and  mostly  solitary  in  their  axils:  mature  leaves  3-5  cm.  long,  lanceo- 
late, scarcely  acute,  finely  serrulate:  flowers  4-merous:  berries  on  very  short 
pedicels,  black  when  ripe,  2-seeded.— Southern  Colorado. 


VITACEAE  (VINE  FAMILY)  315 

2.  CEANOTHUS  L. 

Unarmed  or  spinescent  shrubs,  with  alternate  or  opposite  leaves,  and  small 
but  showy  white,  blue,  or  purple  usually  fragrant  flowers,  often  in  long- 
peduncled  dense  axillary  or  terminal  clusters.  Calyx  5-lobed.  Petals  5, 
hooded,  long-clawed.  Ovary  immersed  in  the  disk  and  adnate  to  it  at  the  base, 
3-lobed;  disk  adnate  to  the  calyx;  style  short,  3-cleft.  Fruit  somewhat  3- 
lobed,  separating  at  maturity  into  3  nutlets. 

Shrubs  without  spines. 

Leaves  large,  leathery,  shining 1.  C.  velutinus. 

Leaves  small,  thin,  softly  pubescent  .         .         .         .         .         .         .  2.  C.  mollissimus. 

Shrubs  with  spines       .         .         .         ...         .         .         .         .  3.  C.  Fendleri. 

1.  Ceanothus  velutinus  Dougl.  Hook.  FL  Bor.  Am.  1:  125.  pi.  45.  1830. 
A  smooth  shrub  7-14  dm.  high,  growing  in  dense  clumps  or  patches:  leaves 
orbicular-elliptic  or  elliptical-ovate,  obtuse  at  both  ends,  coriaceous,  shining 
above  (as  if  varnished),  balsamic  fragrant,  lighter  beneath  and  slightly  pu- 
bescent, strongly  3-ribbed,  5-10  cm.  long,  on  short  stout  petioles,  persistent: 
panicles  axillary,  compound,  long-peduncled :  flowers  white:  styles  as  long  as 
the  stamens.     MOUNTAIN   BALM. — Common  on  mountain  sides;  Colorado, 
northward  and  westward. 

2.  Ceanothus  mollissimus  Torr.  Robins.  Syn.  FL  1:  409.  1897.     A  low 
shrub,  persistently  dingy  villous-tomentose :  the  dull  leaves  usually  broadly 
elliptical,  crenate-serrulate,  obtuse  or  subacute  at  both  ends:   inflorescence  of 
two  to  several  terminal  and  axillary  crowded  corymbs  on  slender  branchlets: 
flowers  white:  capsule  nearly  globose,  somewhat  lobed  at  top,  smooth  and 
crestless.    C.  ovatus.     (C.  pubescens  Rydb.) — Colorado  and  Wyoming. 

3.  Ceanothus  Fendleri  Gray,  PL  Fendl.  29.     1848.    A  thorny  or  spinose  low 
bushy  shrub,   rarely  nearly  unarmed,  4-8   dm.  high:   leaves  entire,   silky- 
pubescent  beneath,  narrowly  oblong  to  elliptic,  10-25  mm.  long,  somewhat 
narrowed  and  cuneate  at  base,  obtuse  or  acute  at  apex:  flowers  in  simple 
terminal  racemes,  white.    C.  subsericeus  Rydb.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  31:  564. 
1904. — Southern  Wyoming  and  southward  to  New  Mexico. 

71.  VITACEAE  Lindl.    VINE  FAMILY 

Woody  plants,  mostly  climbing  by  tendrils.  Branchlets  articulated  and 
often  thickened  at  the  nodes.  Leaves  alternate,  palmately  veined  or  lobed 
or  compound.  Flowers  small,  greenish  or  whitish,  in  a  panicled  cymose- 
thyrsoid  inflorescence,  very  commonly  polygamous  or  dioecious.  Calyx  mi- 
nute, truncate  or  4-5-toothed,  caducous  or  early  deciduous.  Petals  4  or  5, 
valvate.  Stamens  the  same  number  and  opposite.  Ovules  in  pairs  or  solitary 
in  the  cells  of  the  ovary.  Fruit  a  berry. 

Leaves  simple       .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .     1.  Vitis. 

Leaves  compound         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .2.  Parthenocissus. 

1.  VITIS  Tourn.     GRAPE 

Plants  climbing  by  the  coiling  of  forked  naked-tipped  tendrils,  with  simple 
cordate  palmately  veined  lobed  leaves  and  a  compound  thyrsus  of  very  fra- 
grant 5-merous  flowers.  Calyx  minute,  filled  with  a  glanduliferous  fleshy 
disk  which  surrounds  the  ovary  and  bears  the  small  green  petals  and  the  sta- 
mens. Petals  coherent,  falling  together  without  opening.  Fruit  an  edible 
berry  with  pear-shaped  seeds. 

1.  Vitis  vulpina  L.  Sp.  PL  203.  1753.  Glabrous  or  somewhat  pubescent 
on  the  veins  on  the  lower  face  of  the  leaves:  leaves  thin,  shining,  incisely 
*'  or  more-lobed,  the  middle  one  long,  all  sharply  serrate:  berries  bluish-black, 


316  MALVACEAE  (MALLOW  FAMILY) 

with  bloom,  about  8  mm.  in  diameter:  seeds  2-4.     Vitis  riparia.     RIVER- 
BANK  GRAPE. — On  stream  banks;  eastern  Wyoming,  Colorado,  and  eastward. 

2.  PARTHENOCISSUS  Planch.    VIRGINIA  CREEPER 

Climbing  or  trailing  by  tendrils  which  are  often  tipped  with  adhering  disks 
but  in  ours  with  naked  tips.  Leaves  palmately  5-7-compound.  Flowers  in 
compound  cymes  or  panicles.  Calyx  slightly  5-toothed.  Petals  concave, 
thick  and  expanding  before  they  fall.  Berry  2-3-seeded,  not  edible. 

1.  Parthenocissus  vitacea  A.  S.  Hitch.  Spring  Fl.  Man.  26.  1894.  Tendrils 
without  terminal  adhering  disks,  climbing  by  the  coiling  of  the  naked  tips: 
leaflets  oblong-lanceolate  to  ovate,  rather  sharply  and  deeply  serrate,  dark 
green  above,  only  slightly  lighter  below:  berries  nearly  black.  Ampelopsis 
quinquefolia  in  part.  Also  called  AMERICAN  IVY. — Eastern  Wyoming,  Col- 
orado, and  southward. 

72.  MALVACEAE  Neck.    MALLOW  FAMILY 

Mostly  herbs,  with  mucilaginous  juice.  Leaves  stipulate,  alternate,  gen- 
erally palmately  ribbed.  Peduncles  axillary,  the  flowers  usually  showy. 
Calyx  5-parted,  obovate,  often  involucellate.  Petals  5,  convolute,  their  bases 
or  short  claws  united  with  each  other  and  to  the  base  of  a  column  of  nu- 
merous monadelphous  stamens.  Anthers  reniform,  1-celled,  borne  at  the  top 
(in  ours)  of  the  stamen  column.  Ovary  several-celled;  the  styles  united  be- 
low but  free  above,  usually  projecting  from  the  stamen-column.  Fruit  cap- 
sular;  the  carpels  around  a  common  axis,  each  1-many-seeded,  falling  away 
entire,  or  loculicidally  dehiscent. 

Style-branches  filiform,  longitudinally  stigmatic. 

Petals  cuneate,  truncate-erose  at  apex   .         .         .         .         .         .         .1.  Callirhoe 

Petals  obcordate;  carpels  beakless. 

Leaves  merely  crenate      .........     2.  Malva. 

Some  or  all  of  the  leaves  lobed  or  parted    ......     3.  Sidalcea. 

Style-branches  with  capitate  stigmas. 

Carpels  1 -seeded  ..........     4.  Malvastrum. 

Carpels  2-several-seeded. 

Involucels  3-bracted 5.  Sphaeralcea. 

Involucels  none 6.  Abutilon. 

1.  CALLIRHOE  Nutt. 

Herbs,  generally  with  lobed  or  divided  leaves.  Flowers  showy,  axillary  or 
in  racemes.  Calyx  either  naked  or  3-bracted.  Petals  cuneate,  truncate  at 
apex.  Styles  stigmatic  down  the  inner  side.  Carpels  10-20,  with  nearly 
straight  beaks. 

1.  Callirhoe  involucrata  (T.  &  G.)  Gray,  PL  Fendl.  16.  1848.  Hirsute: 
stem  branching,  procumbent:  leaves  deeply  3-5-parted,  covered  with  stellate 
hairs;  the  segments  linear-lanceolate,  laciniately  3- 5-toothed:  peduncles 
erect,  1 -flowered,  longer  than  the  leaves:  sepals  nearly  twice  as  long  as  the 
linear-lanceolate  bracts  of  the  involucel:  petals  scarlet  or  purplish-red,  2  cm. 
long  or  more:  carpels  about  20,  hairy,  somewhat  rugose-reticulated. — Col- 
orado and  southward. 

2.  MALVA  L.     MALLOW 

Herbs  with  rounded  and  mostly  lobed  leaves  and  axillary  fascicled  flowers. 
Calyx  3-bracted.  Petals  obcordate.  Styles  numerous,  stigmatic  down  the 
inner  side.  Fruit  depressed,  separating  at  maturity  into  1-seeded,  blunt  reni- 
form carpels. 


MALVACEAE    (MALLOW   FAMILY)  317 

1.  Malva  rotundifolia  L.  Sp.  PI.  688.  1753.  Stems  procumbent  from  a 
biennial  root:  leaves  round-cordate,  on  very  long  petioles,  crenate,  obscurely 
lobed:  flowers  clustered  in  the  axils,  pale  blue  or  whitish,  10-12  mm.  broad, 
on  pedicels  2-4  cm.  long:  carpels  about  15,  rounded  on  the  back,  pubescent. 
COMMON  MALLOW  or  CHEESES.— Introduced  in  some  localities  in  this  range. 

3.  SIDALCEA  Gray 

Perennial  herbs  with  rounded  and  mostly  lobed  or  parted  leaves.  Flowers 
showy,  purple,  rose-colored,  or  white.  Bractlets  none.  Calyx  5-cleft.  Stamen- 
tube  double.  Styles  united  below,  stigmatic  on  the  inner  face;  carpels  5-9, 
indehiscent,  1-seeded,  beakless. 

Flowers  white       ..         .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .1.  S.  Candida. 

Flowers  rose-color. 

Steins  glabrous  below    .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .     2.  S.  nervata. 

Stems  Hirsute-pubescent  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .     3.  S.  neo-mexicana. 

1.  Sidalcea  Candida  Gray,  PL  Fendl.  20.     1848.     Glabrous  or  nearly  so, 
5-8  dm.  high,  from  creeping  rootstocks,  leafy  below:  lower  leaves  orbicular, 
5-10  cm.  in  diameter,  about  7-lobed,  somewhat  ciliate,  the  segments  coarsely 
toothed;  the  upper  leaves  lobed  or  parted,  with  entire  lanceolate  segments: 
flowers  spicate:  calyx-lobes  deltoid:  petals  white  or  shading  to  cream-color, 
10-14  mm.  long:  carpels  9  or  10,  nearly  smooth  and  glabrous. — Along  streams; 
from  Wyoming  and  Utah  to  New  Mexico. 

2.  Sidalcea  nervata  A.  Nels.  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.  17:  94.  1904.     Gla- 
brous below,  minutely  stellate-pubescent  above,  4-7  cm.  high:  stems  usually 
somewhat  branched  above:  leaves  strongly  veined  below;  the  basal  long- 
petioled,  orbicular,  6-8-lobed,  the  lobes  with  2-3  broad  teeth;  the  upper  deeply 
divided  or  cleft  to  the  base  into  linear  divisions :  inflorescence  densely  stellate- 
pubescent,    rather    few-flowered:    calyx-lobes    triangular-lanceolate:    petals 
broadly  obovate,  emarginate,  about  2  cm.  long:  fruit  slightly  depressed,  the 
carpels  glabrous,  rugose-reticulated  on  the  dorsal  angles. — Western  Wyom- 
ing and  westward. 

3.  Sidalcea  neo-mexicana  Gray,  PI.  Fendl.  23.    1848.    Hirsute-pubescent  on 
the  slender  stems,  3-9  dm.  high,  more  or  less  branched:  radical  leaves  orbicu- 
lar, 5-9-lobed  or  incisely  crenate;  stem  leaves  parted,  the  segments  3-lobed 
or  those  of  the  uppermost  entire:  raceme  many-flowered,  the  pedicels  some- 
times longer  than  the  hirsute  calyx:  petals  about  12  mm.  long:  carpels  smooth 
and  glabrous. — Southern  Wyoming  to  New  Mexico. 

4.  MALVASTRUM  Gray.  .  FALSE  MALLOW 

Herbaceous  perennials,  often  tufted,  with  stellate-pubescent,  entire,  cordate 
or  divided  leaves.  Flowers  in  a  narrow  naked  or  leafy  raceme,  the  pedicels 
short.  Calyx  5-cleft,  3-bracted  or  naked. .  Petals  entire  or  emarginate.  Stamen- 
tube  single.  Stigmas  capitate.  Carpels  5  or  more,  each  completely  filled  by 
the  solitary  seed. 

Leaves  greenish,  with  cuneate  or  oblong  segments. 

Stems  tall,  subsimple,  erect 1.  M.  elatum. 

Stems  low,  bushy-branched,  spreading  .         .         .         .         .  2.  M.  coccineum. 

Leaves  hoary-white,  with  linear  segments. 

Herbaceous;  pubescence  stellate 3.  M.  dissectum. 

Woody  at  base;  pubescence  lepidote •        .  4.  M.  leptophyUum. 

1.  Malvastr urn  elatum  (E.  G.  B.)  A.  Nels.  Bot.Gaz.34:  25.  1902.   Sparsely 
stellate-pubescent :  stems  several  from  a  woody  root,  subsimple,  erect,  3-5  dm. 
high:  leaves  broadly  cuneate  in  outline,  3-5-cleft,  the  cuneate  divisions  again 
lobed  or  cleft:  the  paniculate  raceme  crowded,  silvery-canescent :  floral  and 
fruit  characters  much  as  in  the  next. — Probably  only  to  the  southwest  of  our 
range,  Utah,  etc. 

2.  Malvastrum  coccineum  (Pursh)  Gray,  PI.  Fendl.  21.     1848.    Somewhat 


318  MALVACEAE    (MALLOW   FAMILY) 

silvery-canescent :  the  stems  tufted,  branched,  and  spreading,  1-2  dm.  high: 
leaves  pedately  3-5-parted,  2-4  cm.  in  diameter,  the  cuneate  divisions  2-3- 
cleft:  flowers  short-pediceled,  at  first  crowded  but  later  in  a  loose  raceme: 
calyx-lobes  lanceolate,  in  age  incurved  over  the  fruit:  petals  copper-scarlet 
or  brick-red:  carpels  round-reniform,  reticulate-rugose,  tardily  and  incom- 
pletely dehiscent. — The  Trans-Missouri  region  to  the  mountains. 

3.  Malvastrum  dissectum  (Nutt.)  A.  Nels.  Bot.  Gaz.  34:  25.  1902.    Peren- 
nial; many-stemmed  from  a  multicipital  caudex,  2  dm.  high  or  less,  densely 
cinereously  stellate-pubescent,  the  stems  whitened  with  the  closely  appressed 
hairs,  the  calyx  obscurely  glandular   beneath  the  pubescence:   leaves  small, 
1-3  cm.  broad,  pedately  3-5-parted,  the  divisions  incisely  lobed,  the  lobes 
narrowly  oblong  to  linear:  racemes  several-flowered,  pedicels  2-5  mm.  long; 
flowers  scarlet:  the  petals  ob ovate,  nearly  truncate  and  merely  emarginate. — 
Desert  areas  of  Wyoming  and  Colorado. 

3a.  Malvastrum  dissectum  Cockerellii  A.  Nels.  Less  hoary,  the  leaf  seg- 
ments broader:  calyx-lobes  abruptly  contracted  to  a  linear  tip:  ovules  two  in 
each  cell,  but  one  of  them  abortive.  M.  Cockerellii  A.  Nels.  1.  c. — New  Mexico. 

4.  Malvastrum  leptophyllum  Gray,  PL  Wright.  1:  17.  1852.    Three  dm. 
or  less  high  from  lignescent  base  and  stock:  stems  very  numerous,  erect  or 
ascending,  slender:  lower  leaves  short-petioled  and  3-parted  or  -divided  into 
narrow  linear  divisions;   upper  simple  and  sessile,  mostly  filiform:   flowers 
few  and  racemose  at  summit:  petals  copper-red,  less  than  12  mm.  long:  fruit 
depressed-globular,  slightly  surpassing  the  triangular  calyx-lobes;  carpels  9  or 
10,  tomentulose,  thickish  and  rounded  on  the  back,  sides  coarsely  and  strongly 
reticulated. — Colorado  to  Texas  and  New  Mexico. 

5.  SPHAERALCEA  St.  Hil.     GLOBE  MALLOW 

Differing  from  Malvastrum  only  in  the  carpels  being  2-  or  3-seeded,  or  when 
1-seeded  with  an  empty  terminal  portion. 

Leaves  linear-oblong  to  lanceolate  .         .         .         .         .         .         .     1.  S.  cuspidata. 

Leaves  crenate,  ovate-cordate          .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .     2.  S.  Munroana. 

Leaves  cordate  and  deeply  5-7-lobed      . 3.  S.  rivularis. 

1.  Sphaeralcea  cuspidata  (Gray)  Brit.  Fl.  3:  519.     1898.    Densely  stellate- 
pubescent,  4-8  dm.  high:  leaves  oblong-linear  to  lanceolate,  usually  rounded  or 
subcordate  at  base,  crenately  serrate;  the  lower  with  petioles  as  long  as  the 
blade,  the  petioles  shorter  upward:  peduncles  axillary,  shorter  than  the  pet- 
ioles, 2-several-flowered :  corolla  purple  or  red,  12-15  mm.  broad:  carpels 
1-3-seeded.     S.  angustifolia  Spach. — Southern  Colorado  and  southward. 

2.  Sphaeralcea  Munroana  (Dougl.)  Spach.  Hist.  Veg.  3:  353.  1834.    Gray- 
ish with  a  dense  stellate-pubescence,  branching,  3-6  dm.  high:  leaves  ovate- 
cordate,  somewhat  lobed  and  the  lobes  crenate,  3-4  cm.  long,  on  slender 
petioles  about  as  long:  calyx-lobes  acute  or  acuminate:  petals  scarlet,  obo- 
vate,  12-20  mm.  long:  carpels  pubescent  on  the  back.      Malvastrum  Mun- 
roanum  Gray. — Western  Wyoming  and  westward. 

3.  Sphaeralcea  rivularis   (Dougl.)   Torr.  in  Gray,  PL  Fendl.   23.     1848. 
Scabrous  with  stellate  pubescence:  stems  stout,  much  branched,  6-12  dm. 
high:  leaves  cordate,  deeply  5-7-lobed,  lobes  acute,  coarsely  toothed:  racemes 
leafy  below,  naked  above,  the  flowers  clustered  on  short  peduncles:  lobes  of 
the  calyx  broadly  triangular,  acute  or  acuminate:  petals  2-3  cm.  long,  white 
or  pale  purple:  carpels  hirsute  on  the  back.     (S.  Crandallii  and  S.  grandiflora 
Rydb.    Bull.   Torr.  Bot.  Club   31:  564.  1904.)— Wyoming,   northward,   and 
westward. 

6.  ABUTILON  (Tourn.)  Mill.     INDIAN  MALLOW 

Herbs  or  shrubs,  often  tomentose  or  velvety,  and  with  leaves  generally  cor- 
date. Calyx  naked,  5-cleft.  Stigmas  capitate;  carpels  5  or  more,  3-9-ovuled. 
Seeds  more  or  less  reniform. 


FRAN  KEN  1  ACE  AE  311) 

Stems  stout,  branched,  erect       .         .         ,,    .  ;,    N     .         ......     1.  A.  Theophrastii. 

Stems  slender,  spreading  or  trailing    .         .         .         .         .         .         .     2.  A.  parvulum. 

1.  Abutilon  Theophrastii  Medic.  Malv.  28.     1787.     Velvety  pubescent  an- 
nual, 8-15  dm.  tall,  freely  branched:  leaves  roundish-cordate,  acuminate,  8-20 
cm.  broad:   flowers  solitary  in  the  axils,  yellow,   1-2  cm.  broad,  on   short 
stout  peduncles:  fruit  about  2  cm.  broad;  the  carpels  12-15,  pubescent,  each 
valve  beaked  by  a  slender  awn.     [A.  Abutilon  (L.)  Rusby;   A.  Avicennae 
Gaertn.] — Only  sparingly  introduced  but  gradually  spreading  as  a  weed  here 
as  it  has  elsewhere. 

2.  Abutilon  parvulum  Gray,  PI.  Wright.  1:  21.  1852.    Cinereous-tomentose 
with  a  lax  minute  pubescence:   stems  slender,  spreading,  from  a  perennial 
woody  root,  paniculate  above;  branchlets  pilose  with  spreading  hairs:  leaves 
small,  2-3  cm.  broad,  cordate,  dentate,  sometimes  3-lobed,  usually  obtuse, 
canescent,  tomentose  beneath:  peduncles  axillary,  1 -flowered,  longer  than  the 
leaf:  flowers  small,  yellow:  capsule  ovoid,  somewhat  tomentose,  5-lobed  at 
the  apex,  much  longer  than  the  short  calyx;  carpels  erect,  5,  rather  obtuse, 
awnless,  2-3-seeded. — Southern  Colorado  and  southward. 


73.  ELATINACEAE  Lindl.    WATERWORT  FAMILY 

Ours  are  low  annuals,  with  membranous  stipules  between  the  opposite  dot- 
less  leaves,  and  with  regular  and  mostly  symmetrical  flowers  (2-5-merous) . 
Sepals  free.  Petals  and  stamens  on  the  receptacle.  Pistil  with  distinct  styles, 
capitate  stigmas,  and  a  2-5-celled  ovary.  Fruit  capsular,  with  axillary  pla- 
centa. 

1.  ELATINE  L.     WATERWORT 

Small,  prostrate,  glabrous  plants,  growing  in  water  or  wet  places,  with  entire 
leaves  and  usually  solitary  flowers.  Parts  of  the  flower  in  twos  or  threes. 
Sepals  membranous,  obtuse.  Capsules  membranous,  globose.  Seeds  nu- 
merous, transversely  and  longitudinally  striate. 

1.  Elatine  americana  (Pursh)  Arn.  Edinb.  Journ.  Sci.  1:  430.  1830. 
Leaves  obovate,  very  obtuse :  flowers  with  their  parts  in  twos  or  sometimes  in 
threes:  seeds  cylindraceous,  somewhat  curved,  the  membranous  coat  many- 
latticed  in  9-10  lines. — Across  the  continent;  infrequent. 

74.  FRANKENIACEAE  A.  St.  Hil. 

Low  perennial  herbs  or  shrubs,  freely  branched,  with  opposite  leaves  hav- 
ing a  membranous  sheathing  base  and  no  stipules.  Flowers  sessile  in  the  axils 
and  in  terminal  leafy  buds.  Sepals  5,  united  into  a  furrowed  tube,  persistent, 
equal.  Petals  5.  Stamens  as  many  or  sometimes  more;  anthers  versatile. 
Ovary  1-celled,  with  2-3  parietal  placentae;  styles  filiform,  2-4,  united  fora 
part  of  their  length. 

FRANKENIA  L. 

•  Leaves  small,  mostly  crowded  and  also  fascicled  in  the  axils.  Flowers 
small,  solitary,  and  sessile  in  the  forks  of  the  stem  or  becoming  cymose-clustered 
on  the  branches.  Petals  clawed,  bearing  a  crown.  Capsule  included  in  the 
persistent  calyx. 

1.  Frankenia  Jamesii  Torr.  Gray  in  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  8:  622.  1873. 
Shrubby,  with  scabro-puberulent  fascicled  branches:  leaves  linear,  5-6  mm. 
long,  with  revolute  margins:  petals  white,  cuneate,  the  apex  erose-denticulate, 


320  VIOLACEAE  (VIOLET  FAMILY) 

the  blade  5-6  mm.  long,  equaling  the  claw:  stamens  6:  ovules  1  to  each  of 
the  3  placentae. — Southern  Colorado  and  southward. 

75.  HYPERICACEAE  Lindl.    ST.  JOHN'S-WORT  FAMILY 

Herbs  (in  ours),  with  opposite,  entire  leaves,  punctate  with  translucent  or 
dark-colored  glandular  dots,  no  stipules,  and  perfect  flowers  with  5  petals  and 
numerous  stamens,  the  fruit  a  many-seeded  capsule.  Sepals  5,  imbricate. 
Petals  convolute,  glandular-punctate.  Stamens  very  numerous,  in  3  bundles. 
Styles  2-5. 

1.  HYPERICUM  L.    ST.  JOHN'S-WORT 

In  our  species  the  capsule  is  3-celled  by  the  union  of  the  placenta  with  the 
axis,  septicidal.  The  flowers  yellow,  with  black  dots. 

1.  Hypericum  formosum  H.B.K.  Nov.  Gen.  and  Sp.  5:  196.  1815-25. 
Perennial,  herbaceous,  branched  above,  2-6  dm.  high:  leaves  oblong-obovate, 
closely  sessile  or  clasping,  usually  obtuse,  1-3  cm.  long,  glandular-dotted  near 
margin  on  the  underside:  flowers  in  panicled  cymes:  sepals  oval  to  oblong, 
obtuse  or  acute,  about  4  mm.  long:  petals  obovate,  10-14  mm.  long:  stamens 
numerous,  in  3  bundles;  the  anthers  black-dotted  as  are  the  petals  and  sepals: 
styles  3,  long  and  distinct.  H.  Scouleri  Hook. — Stream  banks  and  wet  mead- 
ows; Mexico  to  Wyoming  and  westward. 

76.  VIOLACEAE  DC.    VIOLET  FAMILY 

Herbs  with  simple,  alternate,  stipulate  leaves  and  complete  flowers,  which 
are  more  or  less  irregular.  Sepals  5.  Petals  5,  imbricated  in  the  bud.  Sta- 
mens 5,  the  filaments  short  and  broad  and  bearing  the  connivent  anthers  on 
their  inner  face.  Style  more  or  less  club-shaped  and  abruptly  bent  at  apex. 
Ovary  becoming  a  3-valved  capsule  with  parietal  placentae.  After  opening 
the  valves  fold  together  lengthwise,  forcibly  dislodging  the  rather  large,  hard- 
coated  seeds. 

Sepals  auricled  at  base;  lower  petal  spurred     .         .         .         .         .         .1.  Viola. 

Sepals  not  auricled  at  base 2.  Hybanthus. 

1.  VIOLA  L.     VIOLET 

Perennial  or  rarely  annual  herbs,  with  alternate,  stipulate  leaves.  The 
flowers  scapose  or  on  axillary  peduncles,  often  of  two  kinds;  the  early  ones 
with  showy  petals  and  sometimes  sterile;  the  later  ones  cleistogamous  and 
more  usually  fertile.  Sepals  5,  often  auricled  at  base.  Petals  5,  unequal,  the 
lower  one  produced  into  a  nectariferous  spur  at  base.  Filaments  short  or 
wanting;  the  anthers  distinct  but  more  or  less  connivent  and  the  two  upper 
with  spur-like  appendages  produced  into  the  spur  of  the  lower  petal.  Style 
usually  enlarged  upward.  Capsule  oval  to  oblong,  usually  crustaceous, 
3-valved. 

Perennials;  stipules  never  leaf-like,  small  and  often  scarious. 

Leaves  deeply  parted  or  divided 1.  V.  pedatifida. 

Leaves  entire,  crenate,  or  dentate. 
Flowers  evidently  yellow. 

Leaves  cordate-reniform         .         .         .         .         .         .  2.  V.  biflora. 

Leaves  ovate  to  lance-linear. 

Coarsely  toothed  or  angularly  lobed 3.  V.  atriplicifolia. 

Entire  or  remotely  denticulate. 

Plants  small  and  prostrate  or  spreading. 

Leaves  linear-lanceolate 4.  V.  Nuttallii. 

Leaves  ovate  to  subcordate  .        .        .        .      5.  V.  vallicolft. 


VIOLACEAE  (VIOLET  FAMILY)  321 

Plants  larger,  erect  or  suberect. 

Leaves,  petioles,  and  peduncles  green  and  glabrate      .       6.  V.  erectifolia. 
Leaves,  petioles,  and  peduncles  somewhat  white-hir- 
sute           7.   V.  linguaefolia. 

r  lowers  not  yellow. 

Acaulescent;  flowers  scapose. 

Flowers  white     . 8.  V.  blanda. 

Flowers  blue,  lilac,  or  violet. 

Stoloniferous  .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .       9.  V.  palustris. 

Producing  no  stolons. 

All  the  leaves  obtuse 10.  V.  nephrophylla. 

The  later  leaves  trigonous-acute       .         .         .         .     11.  V.  retusa. 
Caulescent;  flowers  axillary. 

Stipules  entire,  mostly  scarious  .....     12.  V.  canadensis. 

Stipules  fimbriate  or  incised. 
Leaves  glabrous. 

Dwarf,  alpine  plants 13.  V.  bellidifolia. 

Larger,  plants  of  the  mountain  valleys      .         .         .     14.  V.  adunca. 
Leaves  puberulent. 

Stipules  more  or  less  fimbriate. 

Petioles  glabrous      .         .         .         .         .         .         .     15.  V.  odontophora. 

Petioles  retrorse-pubescent 16.  V.  montanensis. 

Stipules  more  or  less  laciniate 17.  V.  subvestita. 

Annual  or  short-lived  perennial;  stipules  leaf-like     ....     18.  V.  Rafinesquii. 

1.  Viola    pedatifida    Don,    Card.    Diet.    1:  320.  1831.      Acaulescent,    the 
leaves  and  scapes  from  short,  thick,  vertical  rootstocks:  leaves  pedately  dis- 
sected or  flabellately  palmate  or  ternate,  the  segments  ternately  or  pinnately 
divided  into  broadly  linear  segments,  minutely  pubescent  or  glabrate:  scapes 
and  leaves  subequal,  1-2  dm.  high:  flowers  blue  or  shading  toward  white;  the 
lateral  petals  bearded:  capsules  about  10  mm.  long,  those  from  the  abundant 
cleistogamous    flowers    short-peduncled.      V.    delphinifolia.      (V .    biternata 
Greene,  PI.  Baker.  3:  12.  1901;  V.  Sheltonii  Rydb.  Fl.  Col.,  not  Torr.)— From 
the  Rocky  Mountains  to  the  Mississippi. 

2.  Viola  biflora  L.  Sp.  PI.  936.     1753.    Stems  2  or  more  from  a  short  vertical 
rootstock,  1-2  dm.  long,  weak,  ascending,  about  2-leayed,  and  1-  or  2-flowered 
at  summit:  leaves  nearly  glabrous,  round-reniform,  with  narrow  sinus,  2-3  cm. 
broad;  stipules  green  and  entire:  flowers  small:  sepals  linear-oblong:  petals 
yellow  with  dark  purple-brown  striae,  spur  short. — Colorado;  seemingly  the 
same  as  the  old-world  form. 

3.  Viola  atriplicifolia  Greene,  Pitt.  3:  38.  1896.     Dwarf,  the  whole  stem 
including  the  petioles  and  longer  peduncles  about  5  cm.  high:  herbage  cin- 
ereously  puberulent,  leaf-margins  not  ciliate;  petioles  3-4  cm.  long;  the  lamina 
mostly  less  than  12  mm.  long,  that  of  the  lowest  leaf  broader  than  long,  all 
truncate  at  base  and  angularly  but  not  deeply  5-7-lbbed,  or  the  uppermost 
3-lobed  and  hastate:  flowers  small,  yellow,  the  upper  pair  of  petals  red-purple 
externally. — Dry  hills,  Yellowstone  National  Park. 

3a.  Viola  atriplicifolia  Thorii  A.  Nels.  Nearly  glabrous  and  the  leaves 
merely  coarsely  dentate.  (V.  Thorii  A.  Nels.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  27:  193. 
1900.) — Mountains  of  Yellowstone  Park,  Montana,  and  probably  westward. 

4.  Viola  Nuttallii  Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  1:  174.  1814.     Roots  semifleshy, 
often  branched  or  fascicled:  stems  several,  short,  spreading:  leaves  oblong- 
lanceolate  to  nearly  linear,  3-6  cm.  long,  tapering  to  the  margined  petiole 
which  usually  exceeds  the  blade,  more  or  less  puberulent,  entire  or  obscurely 
repand-denticulate:  peduncles  mostly  shorter  than  the  leaves:  sepals  lanceo- 
late, acuminate:  petals  yellow,  8-12  mm.  long,  glabrous  or  slightly  bearded: 
stigma  bearded:  capsule  subglobose. — From  the  Rocky  Mountain  plains  into 
Nebraska  and  Kansas. 

5.  Viola  vallicola  A.  Nels.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  26:  128.  1899.    Low,  cau- 
lescent, glabrous  or  puberulent,  from  a  short  rootstock  with  fascicled  fleshy 
roots:  stems  few,  short  or  at  length  10-15  cm.  long:  leaves  entire,  ovate, 
mostly  obtuse,  the  base  rounded  or  (in  the  broadest)  subcordate,  2-5  cm. 
long,  on  petioles  as  long  or  longer:  peduncles  mostly  snorter  than  the  leaves: 
sepals  lanceolate:  petals  yellow,  streaked  with  purple,  10-14  mm.  long:  cap- 
sules oval  with  many  large  ovoid  seeds.    (V.  physalodes  Greene,  PL  Baker. 
3:  12.  1901.)— Moist  mountain  valleys;  Dakota  and  Colorado. 

ROCKY  MT.  BOT. 21 


322  VIOLACEAE  (VIOLET  FAMILY) 

6.  Viola  erectifolia  A.  Nels.  Bot.  Gaz.  29:  143.  1900.     Stems  short,  from 
a  single  taproot :  leaves  usually  erect,  elliptic  to  lance-oblong,  entire  or  repand- 
denticulate,  sparsely  pubescent  especially  on  margins  and  veins,  or  glabrate, 
3-8  cm.  long  on  somewhat  longer  petioles:  peduncles  6-12  cm.  long,  rarely 
surpassing  the  leaves:  flowers  large:  sepals  linear,  7  mm.  long:  petals  yellow, 
tinged  or  streaked  with  purple,  the  laterals  short-hirsute  below  the  middle. 
(V .  gomphopetala  Greene.  PI.  Baker.  3:  11.  1901.) — In  the  higher  mountains; 
from  Colorado  to  Montana. 

7.  Viola  linguaefolia  Nutt.  ex  T.  &  G.  Fl.  Ir41.  1838.    Mature  plant  2-3 
dm.  high,  subcaulescent,  from  a  slender  rootstock;  leaves  long-petioled,  ob- 
lanceolate,  obtuse,  decurrent  upon  the  petiole;  margins  ciliate  and  obscurely 
denticulate;  surfaces  more  or  less  white-hirsute:  flowers  surpassing  the  leaves, 
bright  yellow,  faintly  veined  with  purple,  the  lateral  petals  slightly  bearded: 
sepals  narrowly  linear,  finely  ciliate.     (  V.  flavovirens  Pollard,  Bull.  Torr.  Bot. 
Club  24:  405.  1897).— Utah  and  Idaho  to  Oregon. 

8.  Viola  blanda  Willd.  Hort.  Berol.  PI.  24.     1806.     Acaulescent  from  slen- 
der running  rootstocks,  and  more  or  less  stolonif erous :  leaf-blades  ovate, 
orbicular,  or  reniform,  crenate,  glabrous  or  nearly  so,  1-3  cm.  long,  on  longer 
petioles:  peduncles  3-10  cm.  long,  usually  surpassing  the  leaves;  flowers  white, 
fragrant:  the  sepals  lanceolate:  the  3  lower  petals  purple- veined  and  nearly 
beardless:  capsule  oval.     WHITE  SWEET- VIOLET.     (V.  LeConteana  Rydb.  Fl. 
Col.,  not  Don;  V.  Madoskeyi  Rydb.  Fl.  Col.,  not  Lloyd).— Wet  stream  banks 
in  the  mountains. 

9.  Viola  palustris  L.  Sp.  PI.  934.     1753.     Glabrous  and  acaulescent,  from 
slender  creeping  rootstocks,  stolonif  erous:  leaves  ovate  to  reniform,  crenate, 
3-4  cm.  long,  on  longer  petioles:  scapes  5-15  cm.  high,  generally  surpassing 
the  leaves:  flowers  lilac  to  white,  streaked  with  darker  veins;  sepals  ovate, 
mostly  obtuse;  spur  short  and  saccate. — Marshy  meadows;  Colorado,  north- 
ward and  eastward. 

10.  Viola    nephrophylla   Greene,  Pitt.  3:  44.  1896.     Closely  allied  to  the 
preceding,  but  larger  and  not  stoloniferous,  and  from  a  short,  thickened,  ver- 
tical rootstock:  leaves  firm,  glabrous,  reniform  to  orbicular,  crenate,  2-3  cm. 
broad,  on  somewhat  longer  petioles;  the  later  ones  much  larger,  often  tending 
to  ovate-cordate  in  outline,   on  lengthened  petioles:   scapes  slender,   from 
shorter  than  to  somewhat  surpassing  the  leaves:  sepals  oblong,  obtuse,  3-nerved, 
scarious-margined:  petals  purple  or  violet  but  white  at  base,  with  dark  veins, 
more  or  less  villous:  cleistogamous  flowers  on  short,  slender,  ascending  pe- 
duncles: seeds  large,   exactly  obovate. — Common  in  open  woods  on  moist 
bottom  lands  throughout  our  range. 

11.  Viola  retusa  Greene,  Pitt.  4:  6.  1899.    Low,  stout,  glabrous,  and  acau- 
lescent; the  erect  rootstock  short  and  thick:  the  early  leaves  small,  sub  reni- 
form; the  later  successively  cordate-ovate  and  deltoid-ovate  with  an  abrupt 
acumination,  all  with  broad,  open  sinus  and  with  the  blade  tapering  more  or 
less  to  the  petiole,  crenate-serrate :  peduncle  stout,  5-15  cm.  high,  about  as 
long  as  the  leaves,  with  triangular-subulate  bracteoles  above  the  middle:  se- 
pals  lanceolate,    scarious-margined,    nerveless:    petals   spatulate   or   oblong, 
retuse  or  obtuse  at  apex,  purple  or  violet  (blue  ?),  three  of  them  somewhat 
bearded  at  base. — Colorado  and  Wyoming. 

12.  Viola  canadensis  L.  Sp.  PL  936.     1753.     Nearly  glabrous,   1-3  dm. 
high,  from  an  ascending  rootstock:  leaves  thin,  cordate  or  broader,  either 
abruptly   or   gradually    acuminate;    stipules   entire,    lanceolate,    acuminate, 
scarious:  peduncles  shorter  than  the  leaves,  slender,  axillary:  sepals  linear- 
lanceolate,  scarcely  auricled:  petals  from  pale  violet  to  nearly  white,  purple- 
veined,  with  yellowish  base:  capsules  pubescent. — Seemingly  within  our  range; 
common  eastward. 

12a.  Viola  canadensis  Rydbergii  (Greene)  House.  Scabro-puberulent  -on 
the  veins  and  leaf-margins.  (V.  Rydbergii  Greene,  Pitt.  5:  27.  1902.) — The 
more  usual  Rocky  Mountain  form. 

126.  Viola  canadensis  scopulorum  Gray,  Bot.  Gaz.  11:  291.  1886.  A 
small,  depressed,  nearly  glabrous  form. — Canons  and  cliffs;  central  Colorado. 


VIOLACEAE  (VIOLET  FAMILY)  323 

13.  Viola  bellidifolia  Greene,  Pitt.  4:  292.  1901.     Dwarf  and  tufted,  ap- 
pearing as  if  acaulescent,  only  4-7  cm.  high,  glabrous:  leaves  more  or  less 
succulent,   ovate  to  subcordate,    5-10  mm.  long,   on  rather  long  petioles, 
entire  or  crenate:  peduncles  numerous,  from  shorter  than  the  leaves  to  much 
surpassing  them:  sepals  oblong-lanceolate,  acute:  corolla  less  than  1  cm.  long, 
the  spur  relatively  long,  violet-purple  above,  lighter  below  with  purple  veins. 
(V.   demissa   Greene,    PI.    Baker.    3:  10.  1901.) — Subalpine;   Colorado  and 
Wyoming. 

14.  Viola  adunca  Smith,  irt  Rees  Cycl.  37:  pi.  63.  1802-20.     Glabrous  or 
nearly  so,   1-3  dm.  high,  tardily  stoloniferous  with  cleistogamous  flowers: 
leaves  ovate,  more  or  less  cordate  at  base,  obscurely  crenate,  1-4  cm.  long: 
peduncles  usually  surpassing  the  leaves:  flowers  violet  to  purple,  or  almost 
white:  petals  10-15  mm.  long,  the  lateral  ones  bearded;  spur  as  long  as  the 
sepals,  rather  slender,  somewhat  curved  or  hooked. — Probably  coming  into 
our  range  from  the  northwest. 

14a.  Viola  adunca  longipes  (Nutt.)  Rydb.  Mem.  N.  Y.  Bot.  Card.  1:  163. 
1900.  Quite  glabrous,  the  long-peduncled,  dark  purple  flowers  with  a  short, 
straight,  thick  spur. — In  mountains  from  northwestern  Colorado  through  Utah 
and  Wyoming  to  Montana. 

15.  Viola  odontophora  Rydb.  Mem.  N.  Y.  Bot.  Gard.  1:  164.  1900.    The 
slender  woody  branches  of  the  caudex  from  a  woody  taproot:  stems  several, 
slender,  with  a  fine  puberulence  or  nearly  glabrous,  5-15  cm.  long,  quite 
leafy:  leaves  crenate,  ovate  or  ovate-trigonous,  obtuse  or  acute,  truncate  or 
subcordate  at  base,  sparsely  puberulent  on  both  faces  or  glabrate,  15-25  mm. 
long;  petioles  glabrous,  slender,  2-5  cm.  long:  peduncles  about  equaling  or 
sometime  surpassing  the  leaves:  sepals  lanceolate,  glabrous:  petals  purple  or 
violet,  the  lateral  ones  bearded;  the  spur  half  as  long  as  the  petals,  often 
somewhat  inflated  at  the  tip,   occasionally  with  an  inconspicuous  lateral 
tooth. — Moist  loamy  banks;  Colorado  to  Montana. 

16.  Viola  montanensis  Rydb.  Mem.  N.  Y.  Bot.  Gard.  1:  263.  1900.    Root- 
stock  slender,  woody:  stems  slender,  1-2  dm.  high,  subscabrous  with  sparse, 
short,  reflexed  hairs:   stipules  linear-lanceolate:  petals  blue  or  violet,  with 
yellowish- white  base  and  spur:  capsule  ovoid.     (V.  retroscahra  Greene,  Pitt. 
4:  290.  1901;  V.  inamoena  Greene,  PI.  Baker.  3:  11.  1901.) — From  Montana 
to  Colorado. 

17.  Viola    subvestita    Greene,    Erythea   5:  39.  1897.     Finely  puberulent 
throughout,  subcaespitose,  4-7  cm.  high:  leaves  broadly  ovate,  usually  sub- 
cordate,  1-2  cm.  long:   peduncles  scarcely  longer  than  the  leaves:   flowers 
small,  light  blue;  spur  half  as  long  as  the  petals.     (V.  monticola  Rydb.  Mem. 
N.  Y.  Bot.   Gard.   1:  264.  1900.) — Across  the  continent  through  northern 
Wyoming  and  Montana. 

18.  Viola  Rafinesquii  Greene,  Pitt.  4:  9.  1899.     Stems  slender,  glabrous, 
6-15  cm.  long:  leaves  oblong-lanceolate  to  ovate,  entire  or  crenate-dentate, 
1-2  cm.  long;  stipules  leaf-like,  pinnatifid  or  laciniate:  sepals  linear,  nearly  as 
long  as  the  small,  bluish  or  yellowish-white,  sometimes  purple-spotted  petals. 
WILD  PANSY. — Colorado  and  eastward. 

2.  HYBANTHUS  Jacq. 

Low  herbs  or  suffruticose  plants,  with  alternate  or  opposite  leaves  and 
solitary,  axillary  peduncles.  Sepals  more  or  less  unequal,  not  auricled.  Petals 
very  unequal;  the  two  upper  shorter;  the  lower  one  very  large,  with  dilated, 
more  or  less  gibbous  or  concave  claw.  Stamens  approximate,  the  anterior 
ones  each  furnished  with  a  nectariferous  gland  at  the  base.  Capsules  and 
seeds  much  as  in  Viola. — lonidium  Vent. 

1.  Hybanthus  verticillata  (Ort.)  A.  Nels.  Somewhat  pubescent,  stem 
branched:  leaves  opposite  or  more  rarely  alternate,  entire  or  remotely  serru- 
late; the  lower  from  lanceolate  to  oblong  or  obovate;  the  upper  linear,  obtuse 
or  acute,  usually  3-4  times  as  long  as  the  linear  stipules:  peduncles  slender, 


324  LOASACEAE  (LOASA  FAMILY) 

4-12  mm.  long,  articulated,  bibracteolate:  flowers  small:  capsules  glabrous: 
seeds  turning  black.  lonidium  linear e  Torr.:  Calceolaria,  verticillata  (Ort.) 
Kuntz,  Rev.  Gen.  PL  41.  1891. 


77.  LOASACEAE  Reichenb.    LOASA  FAMILY 

Herbaceous  plants  with  either  stinging  or  jointed  and  rough-barbed  hairs, 
no  stipules,  calyx- tube  adnate  to  a  1 -celled  ovary,  parietal  placentae,  and  a 
single  style.  Stamens  usually  very  numerous,  some  of  the  outer  occasionally 
petaloid.  Flowers  perfect,  often  showy. 

•^. 

MENTZELIA  L.* 

Erect,  the  stems  becoming  white  and  shining.  Leaves  alternate,  mostly 
coarsely  toothed  or  pinnatifid.  Flowers  cymose  or  solitary,  orange  or  golden- 
yellow  to  white.  Calyx-tube  cylindrical  or  turbinate;  the  limb  5-lobed. 
Petals  5  or  10.  Stamens  inserted  below  the  petals  on  the  throat  of  the  calyx. 
Ovary  truncate  at  the  summit;  style  3-cleft,  the  lobes  often  twisted.  Capsule 
opening  usually  irregularly  at  the  apex. 

Petals  5,  small;  filaments  all  filiform;  seeds  not  winged. 

Leaves  petioled      .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .1.  M.  oligosperma. 

Leaves  sessile.      • 
Seeds  tuberculate. 

Leaves  broad,  merely  toothed  .         .         .         .         .  2.  M.  latifolia. 

Leaves  narrow,  entire  to  sinuate-pinnatifid     .         .         .  3.  M.  albicaulis. 

Seeds  smooth  or  striate. 

Stems  slender  and  sparsely  branched      .         .         .         .  4.  M.  dispersa. 

Stems  low,  numerously  and  compactly  branched     .         .  5.  M.  compacta. 

Petals  5  or  10,  large;  filaments  often  dilatedrpetaloid. 
Flowers  white  or  merely  yellowish. 

Seeds  margined  but  not  winged 6.  M.  decapetala. 

Seeds  conspicuously  winged         .         .         .         .         .         .  7.  M.  nuda. 

Flowers  yellow. 

Seeds  margined  but  not  winged. 

Stems  smooth  .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .  8.  M.  chrysantha. 

Stems  puberulent    .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .       9.  M.  multiflora. 

Seeds  evidently  winged. 

Petals  10,  large;  filaments  filiform. 

Seeds  tuberculate 10.  M.  laevicaulis. 

Seeds  smooth 11.  M.  speciosa. 

Petals   5,    smaller;    some  of  the  filaments  dilated  and  an- 

theriferous        .........     12.  M.  pumila. 

1.  Mentzelia  oligosperma  Nutt.  T.  &  G.  Fl.  N.  A.  1:  533.  1840.    Rough 
with  multibarbate  hairs,   dichotomously  branched,  brittle,   2-8  dm.   high: 
leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  cuneate  at  the  base,  incisely  toothed  or  somewhat 
lobed  and  angled,   3-7  cm.  long,   short-petioled :  petals  5,  cuneate-oblong, 
cuspidate,  entire,  a  little  longer  than  the  20  or  more  stamens,  golden-yellow, 
expanding  in   sunshine,    evanescent:   filaments   all   linear:   capsule   narrow, 
6-12-seeded:    seeds   oblong,    irregular,    not   winged.      (M.   Nelsonii   Greene, 
Erythea  3:  70.  1895.) — Extending  into  our  range  from  the  Mississippi  valley. 

2.  Mentzelia  latifolia    (Rydb.)   A.   Nels.      Stout  annual,   3-5  dm.   high, 
branched:  leaves  sessile,  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  coarsely  toothed  or  entire, 
5-10  cm.  long,  2-3  cm.  wide:  sepals  lanceolate,  2.5-3  mm.  long:  petals  obovate- 
spatulate,  about  5  mm.  long:  capsule  linear,  cylindric,  2.5-3  cm.  long,  about 
2.5  mm.  thick,  sessile:  seeds  prismatic,  muriculate.     (Acrolasia  latifolia  Rydb. 
Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  31:  567.  1904.)— Mountains  of  Colorado. 

3.  Mentzelia  albicaulis  Dougl.  Hook.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  1:  222.  1833.     Low, 
nearly  simple  or  branching  from  the  base,  1-3  dm.  high:  stem  very  pale,  be- 

*  This  genus  has  been  the  subject  of  much  discussion  in  recent  years.  Naturally  readily 
separated  into  two  sections,  the  large-flowered  forms  were  erected  into  a  genus  under  the 
name  Hasperaster.  This  group  has  since  been  successively  referred  to  Touterea  and  to 
NuttaUia,  while  the  other  or  small-flowered  group  has  been  called  Acrolasia. 


LOASACEAE  (LOASA  FAMILY)  325 

coming  white  and  polished,  nearly  glabrous:  leaves  lanceolate  to- linear,  from 
nearly  entire  to  deeply  sinuate-pinnatifid,  sessile  or  nearly  so,  scabrous: 
flowers  small,  solitary  or  in  loose  clusters,  not  bracteolate:  petals  5,  yellow, 
obovate,  about  4  mm.  long,  scarcely  longer  than  the  subulate-lanceolate 
calyx-segments:  filaments  20-40,  subulate-filiform:  capsule  linear-clavate : 
seeds  numerous,  irregularly  angled  with  obtuse  margins,  rather  strongly 
tuberculate.  (M.  Tweedyi  and  M.  tenerrima  Rydb.  Mem.  N.  Y.  Bot.  Card. 
1:  271.  1900;  M.  ctenophora  Rydb.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  28:  33.  1901; 
M.  gracilis  Rydb.  1.  c.  566.  1904.) — Frequent;  on  slopes  and  dry  banks, 
often  in  partial  shade;  throughout  our  range  and  far  westward. 

4.  Mentzelia  dispersa  (Wats.)  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  11:  137.  1876.    A  slender 
annual,  usually  about  3  dm.  high:  leaves  narrowly  lanceolate,  sinuate-toothed 
or  sometimes  entire,  rarely  pinnatifid,  the  uppermost  often  ovate:  flowers 
small,  mostly  approximate  near  the  ends  of  the  branches:  calyx-lobes  2  mm. 
long,  little  snorter  than  the  five  spatulate  or  obovate  petals:  filaments  not  di- 
lated: capsule  narrowly  linear-clavate,  15-25  mm.  long:  seeds  very  often  in 
a  single  row,  angular  and  somewhat  rhombohedral,  more  or  less  grooved  upon 
the  angles,  very  nearly  smooth,  1  mm-  long. — Colorado  to  Montana  and  west 
to  Washington.  k~a~  *-  ^*n  • 

5.  Mentzelia  compacta  A.   Nels.   Bull.   Torr.    Bot.   Club   25:  275.  1898. 
Annual,  2-2.5  dm.  high,  numerously  and  compactly  branched:  stems  whitish, 
pubescent,  somewhat  brittle:  leaves  numerous,  sessile,  entire,  obtuse,  from 
broadly  linear  at  base  to  almost  oval  at  summit,  generally  ovate-oblong, 
2-3  cm.  long,  rough-hirsute,  more  coarsely  and  sparsely  so  above:  flowers 
yellow,  small,  numerous,  in  compact  cymes  at  the  ends  of  the  branches,  ses- 
sile, about  3  mm.  broad:  calyx-lobes  lanceolate-ovate,  shorter  than  the  corolla: 
petals  obovate,  about  4  mm.  long:  stamens  15,  anthers  small,  subspherical: 
capsule  linear-clavate,  10-13  mm.  long,  10-12-seeded:  seeds  in  one  compact 
row,  smooth,  longitudinally  groove-angled,  in  form  from  frustra  of  triangular 
prisms   to   rhomboidal   cuboids,    faces  about   1  mm.  long. — Wyoming  and 
northward. 

6.  Mentzelia  decapetala  (Pursh)  Urban  and  Gilg.  in  Engl.  &  Prantl  Nat. 
Pfl.  Fam.  3:  111.  1894.    Roughish-pubescent,  stout,  seldom  over  6  dm.  high: 
leaves  oval,   lanceolate  or  oblong,   acute  or  acuminate,   sinuate-pinnatifid, 
5-15  cm.  long,  the  upper  sessile,  the  lower  petioled:  flowers  mostly  solitary, 
terminal:  petals  10,  about  twice  as  long  as  the  lanceolate  calyx-lobes:  fila- 
ments all  filiform,  very  numerous  (200-300):  capsule  oblong,  3-5  cm.  long: 
seeds  numerous,   margined,    not  winged.     M.   ornata. — From   Montana   to 
New  Mexico  and  Texas. 

7.  Mentzelia  nuda  (Pursh)  T.  &  G.  Fl.  N.  A.  1:  535.  1840.    Rough  with 
minute  pubescence,  slender,  3-15  dm.  high,  the  stems  light-colored:  leaves 
lanceolate  or  oblong-lanceolate,  acute,  usually  sharply  and  deeply  dentate, 
or  the  upper  pinnatifid,  2-8  cm.  long:  petals  10,  about  twice  as  long  as  the 
lanceolate  calyx-lobes:  calyx-tube  usually  not  bracteolate:  stamens  100  or 
more,  the  outer  ones  somewhat  petaloid:  capsule  oblong,  1.6-2.5  cm.  long, 
about  6   mm.  thick:   seeds  numerous,  wing-margined.     (M.  stricta   Osterh. 
Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  29:  174.  1902;  M.  Rusbyi  Wooton,  Bull.  Torr.  Bot. 
Club  25:  261.  1898.) — Plains;  Montana  to  New  Mexico. 

8.  Mentzelia  chrysantha  Engelm.  Brand.  Bull.  U.  S.  Surv.  Terr.  2:  237. 
1876.     Stems  3-6  dm.  high,  branching:  leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  the  lower 
narrowed  towards  the  base:  flowers  subsessile:  petals  12-18  mm.  long,  acute, 
often  fewer  than  10,  the  innermost  smaller  and  antheriferous:  seeds  narrowly 
margined  but  not  winged. — Southern  Wyoming  to  Colorado  and  Utah. 

9.  Mentzelia  multiflora  (Nutt.)  Gray,  PI.  Fendl.  48.    1848.    Stems  scabrous, 
branching  freely,  2-4   dm.  high:   leaves  generally  deeply  sinuate-pinnatifid, 
attenuate  below:  petals  yellow,  abruptly  pointed,  12-20  mm.  long,  exceed- 
ing the  subulate  calyx-segments:  outer  filaments  noticeably  dilated:  capsule 
short,  obconic  with  broad  summit:  seeds  few,  broadly  winged.     (M.  laciniata 
Rydb.  I.  c.  31 :  566.) — Colorado  to  New  Mexico. 

9a.  Mentzelia  multiflora  densa  (Greene)  'A.  Nels.    Freely  branched,  short- 


326  CACTACEAE  ^CACTUS   FAMILY) 

lived  perennial;  scarcely  different  from  the  species.    (M.  densa  Greene,  Pitt. 
3:  99.  1900.)— Southern  Colorado. 

10.  Mentzelia  laevicaulis  (Dougl.)  T.  &  G.  Fl.  N.  A.  1:  533.  1840.    Stout, 
6-9  dm.  high,  branching:  leaves  lanceolate,  5-20  cm.  long:  flowers  sessile  on 
short  branchlets,  very  large,  light  yellow,  opening  in  sunshine:  calyx-tube 
naked,  the  lobes  24-30  mm.  long:  petals  acute  at  each  end,  5-7  cm.  long,  the 
filaments  and  slender  style  a  little  shorter:  capsule  30  mm.  long,  6-8  mm.  in 
diameter:  seeds  very  minutely  tuberculate. — Wyoming  and  Montana  to  the 
Pacific  States. 

11.  Mentzelia  speciosa  Osterh.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  28:  689.  1901.    Per- 
ennial, finely  pubescent,  glandular  on  the  pedicels  and  ovary,  corymbosely 
branched  from  near  the  base:  the  leaves  linear  to  oblong,  sinuate-dentate  to 
sinuate-pinnatifid,  the  lower,  including  the  narrowly  winged  petiole,  10-15  cm. 
long,  hispid  on  both  sides:  flowers  yellow,  numerous,  vespertine,  the  earlier 
ones  sessile,  the  others  on  pedicels  1-2  cm.  long:  petals  10,  the  5  outer  ones 
whitish  on  the  outside,  2  cm.  long  and  8  mm.  wide  at  the  widest  portion, 
narrowed  to  a  claw  which  is  nearly  half  the  length  of  the  whole  petal;  the  5 
inrier  ones  narrow  and  not  more  than  half  the  size  of  the  outer,  a  number  of 
the  outer  filaments  also  petaloid:  the  capsule  a  little  more  than  2  cm.  long, 
striate:  the  seeds  round,  winged,  mature  ones  smooth,  i.  e.,  not  punctate. 
(M.  sinuata  Rydb.  1.  c.  566.) — Colorado. 

12.  Mentzelia  pumila  Nutt.  T.  &  G.  1.  c.    Stems  2-3  dm.  high,  rough  with 
a 'minute  barbed  pubescence,  whitish,  branching  towards  the  summit:  leaves 
lanceolate,  sinuate,  toothed,  or  pinnatifid,  the  lower  ones  petioled,  the  upper 
sessile:  flowers  solitary  or  three  together,  terminating  the  loose  flowering 
branches,  slightly  pedicellate,  with  one  or  two  linear-setaceous  bracts  at  the 
base:  petals   10,   lanceolate,   acute,   spreading,   longer  than  the  lanceolate- 
subulate  calyx-lobes,  the  inner  ones  smaller:  stamens  very  numerous,  the 
outer  filaments  flat  and  somewhat  dilated:  capsule  clavate-cylindrical,   3- 
valved:  seeds  numerous,  winged. — Colorado. 

12a.  Mentzelia  pumila  multicaulis  (Osterh.)  A.  Nels.  Leaves  all  narrow, 
the  upper  entire:  stem  glabrate  below:  seeds  scarcely  winged.  (T outer ea  mul- 
ticaulis Osterh.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  30:  236.  1903.)— Wolcott,  Colorado. 


78.  CACTACEAE  Lindl.    CACTUS  FAMILY 

Green,  fleshy,  and  thickened,  persistent,  mostly  leafless  plants,  of  peculiar 
aspect.  Globular  or  columnar,  tuberculated  or  ribbed,  or  jointed  and  often 
flattened,  usually  armed  with  bundles  of  spines  from  areolae.  Flowers  with 
numerous  sepals,  petals,  and  stamens,  usually  in  many  rows,  the  cohering 
bases  of  all  of  which  coat  the  inferior,  1-celled,  many-ovuled  ovary,  and  above 
it  form  a  tube  or  cup  nectariferous  at  base.  Style  1,  with  several  or  numer- 
ous stigmas.  Fruit  a  pulpy  or  rarely  dry  1-celled  berry. 

Stems  globose,  oval  or  ovoid,  usually  not  jointed;  leaves  wanting;  spines 

not  barbed. 

Flowers  from  between  the  tubercles;  ovary  naked      .         .         .         .1.  Mamillaria. 
Flowers  from  the  tubercles  or  the  ribs;  ovary  scaly  (the  imbricated 

sepals). 
Flowers  nearly  terminal,  arising  near  the  young  or  just  forming 

areolae 2.  Echinocactus. 

Flowers  lateral,  arising  near  the  older  spine-bearing  areolae     .         .     3.  Echinocereus. 
Stems  flat  or  cylindrical  and  conspicuously  jointed;  leaves  small,  early 

deciduous;  bristles  barbed 4.  Opuntia. 

1.  MAMILLARIA  Haw.     BALL  CACTUS 

Small,  more  or  less  globose  or  oval,  simple  or  caespitose  plants,  the  spine- 
bearing  areolae  borne  on  cylindric,  oval,  conical,  or  angular  tubercles  which 
cover  the  body  of  the  plant.  Flowers  about  as  long  as  wide,  the  tube  cam- 


CACTACEAE  (CACTUS  FAMILY)  327 

panulate  or  funnel-shaped,  from  the  axils  of  the  tubercles,  fully  open  in  sun- 
light and  only  for  a  few  hours.  Ovary  often  hidden  between  the  bases  of  the 
tubercles  and  naked,  as  is  also  the  exserted  succulent  berry. 

Flowers  yellowish-green;  central  spine  mostly  solitary,  or  wanting. 

Plants  simple  (single) 1.  M.  missquriensis. 

Plants  caespitose  .         .         .         .         .         .         .  .  2.  M.  similis. 

Flowers  red  or  purple;  central  spines  3-12. 

Central  Opines  about  4,  brown        .         .         .         .         .         .         .  3.  M.  vivipara. 

Central  spines  3-1 2,  purple 4.  M.  neomexicana. 

1.  Mamillaria  missouriensis  Sweet,  Hort.  Brit.  171.     1827.     Globose,  3.5 
cm.  in  diameter,  simple  or  nearly  so:  tubercles  ovate-cylindrical,  12-14  mm. 
long,    slightly   grooved:    radial   spines    13-17,   straight,    whitish,    setaceous, 
somewhat  unequal,  8-10  mm.  long;  central  spine  more  robust,  straight  and 
porrect,  puberulent,  10-12  mm.  long,  often  wanting:  flowers  about  2.5  cm. 
long,  yellow  or  reddish:  stigmas  2-5:  fruit  globose,  scarlet,  6-8  mm.  in  diam- 
eter: seeds  globose,  black  and  pitted,  0.8-1.1  mm.  in  diameter. — On  the 
plains;  Montana  to  Kansas  and  Colorado. 

2.  Mamillaria    similis    Engelm.    Bost.    Journ.    Nat.    Hist.    5:  246.  1845. 
Closely  related  to  the  preceding  but  caespitose,  with   12-15  puberulent  ra- 
dial spines,  the  central  very  often  wanting,  larger  flowers  (2.5-5  cm.  long), 
fruit  and  seeds  (1.6-2.2  mm.  in  diameter),  and  5  stigmas.-— Colorado  (?)  to 
Oklahoma  and  Texas. 

3.  Mamillaria  vivipara  (Nutt.)  Syn.  Succ.  Suppl.  72.     1819.     Low  and 
depressed-globose,  usually  proliferous  and  caespitose  (forming  large  masses), 
but  sometimes  simple:  tubercles  terete  and  loose,   lightly  grooved:  radial 
spines  12-20,  stiff  and  white,  often  dark-tipped,  6-8  mm.  long;  central  spines 
usually  4,  brownish,  8-12  mm.  long,  3  spreading  upwards,  the  lowest  stouter 
and  shorter  and  deflexed:  flowers  about  3.5  cm.  long  and  even  broader  when 
expanded,  bright  purple:  stigmas  pointed  with  a  short  mucro:  fruit  oval,  pale 
green,  juicy,  12-18  mm.  long:  seeds  yellowish-brown. — On  the  foothills  and 
eastern  plains  of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  from  the  Canadian  border  to  Colorado. 

4.  Mamillaria  neomexicana   (Engelm.)   A.  Nels.     Globose  to  short-cylin- 
drical, simple  or  branched  from  the  base,  only  a  few  cm.  high:  radial  spines 
12-40,  white  with  dusky  apex;  centrals  3-12,  purplish:  flowers  3-5  cm.  long 
and  about  as  broad,  violet  to  dark  purple:  seeds  obovate,  pitted,  less  than 
2  mm.  long.    [Cactus  radiosus  neomexicanus  (Engelm.)  Coult.  Rev.  N.  A.  Sp. 
Cactus,  etc.,  120.  1894.] — Utah  and  Colorado,  southward  and  eastward  to 
Mexico. 

2.  ECHINOCACTUS  Link  &  Otto 

Mostly  larger  plants,  globose  or  depressed,  or  ovate,  or  rarely  subcylindric, 
simple  or  very  rarely  caespitose.  The  spines  on  the  more  or  less  vertical  ribs. 
Flowers  contiguous  to  and  above  the  spines  (on  the  new  growth  of  the  plant, 
often  from  the  nascent  woolly  areolae  and  therefore  more  or  less  vertical). 
Ovary  covered  with  sepaloid  scales  which  are  naked  or  woolly  in  their  axils. 
Fruit  succulent  (edible),  or  sometimes  dry,  covered  with  the  persistent  scales, 
sometimes  enveloped  in  copious  wool,  and  usually  crowned  with  the  persistent 
remnants  of  the  flower. 

Stems  with  tubercles,  mostly  in  spiral  rows. 

Radiating  spines  fewer  than  10;  centrals  fewer  than  5  .         .         .         .  1.  E.  glaucus. 

Radiating  spines  more  than  10;  centrals  more  than  5    .         .         .     '     .  2.  E.  Simpsonii. 

Stems  with  vertical  and  definite  ridges 3.  E.  Whipplei. 

1.  Echinocactus  glaucus  K.  Sch.  Gesamth.  Kakteen  438.     1899.    Simple, 
sometimes  proliferous,  depressed-globose  or  ellipsoidal:  ribs  entirely  broken 
up  into  glaucous  tubercles  arranged  in  about  8-13  rows:  radial  spines  8  or  9, 
centrals  1-3:  flowers  rose-color:  ovary  scaly,  glabrous. — Colorado. 

2.  Echinocactus  Simpsonii  Engelm.  Trans.  St.  Louis  Acad.  2:  197.  1863. 
Subglobose  or  depressed,  turbinate  at  base,  simple,  often  clustered,  7.5-12.5 
cm.  in  diameter:  ribs  8-13,  only  indicated  by  the  spiral  arrangement  of  the 


328  CACTACEAE    (CACTUS   FAMILY) 

prominent  tubercles,  which  are  12-16  mm.  long,  somewhat  quadrangular  at 
base  and  cylindric  above:  radial  spines  20-30,  slender,  rigid,  straight,  whitish, 
8-12  mm.  long,  with  2-5  additional  short  setaceous  ones  above;  central 
spines  8-10,  stouter,  yellowish  and  reddish  brown  or  black  above,  erect- 
spreading,  10-14  mm.  long:  flowers  16-20  mm.  long  and  nearly -as  broad, 
yellowish- green  to  pale  purple:  fruit  green  and  dry,  6-7  mm.  long  and  almost 
as  broad:  seeds  black,  obliquely  obovate,  tuberculate,  3  mm.  long. — Utah  to 
Nevada. 

3.  Echinocactus  Whipplei  spinosior  Engelm.  Globose,  7.5  cm.  in  diam- 
eter: ribs  13:  radial  spines  9-11,  12-36  mm.  long,  the  lower  ones  often  dusky, 
the  2  upper  ones  often  elongated,  flattened,  and  curved;  the  4  centrals  3.5-5  cm. 
long,  the  uppermost  one  flexuous  and  white,  the  other  3  a  little  shorter, 
dusky,  all  or  only  the  lower  one  hooked:  flowers  about  2.5  cm.  long:  fruit  oval, 
12  mm.  long. — -Southwestern  Colorado. 

a.  ECHINOCEREUS  Engelm. 

Globose  to  cylindrical,  simple  or  caespitose,  sometimes  very  large,  with 
spine-bearing  ribs.  Flower-bearing  areolae  close  above  fully  developed,  spine- 
bearing  areolae.  Ovary  bearing  bracts  which  are  naked  or  woolly  and  always 
spiny  in  the  axils;  stigmas  always  green.  Fruit  succulent.  Seeds  almost 
without  endosperm.  Embryo  mostly  hooked,  with  short  or  foliaceous  cotyle- 
dons.— Cereus. 

Flowers  yellowish-green;  ribs  12  or  more     .         .         .         .         .         .I.E.  viridiflorus. 

Flowers  not  yellowish-green;  ribs  5-12. 

Flowers  violet-purple;  central  spine  dark,  terete     .         .         .         .     2.  E.  Fendleri. 

Flowers  scarlet. 

Central  spine  angled. 

Ribs  5-7  .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .     3.  E.  gonacanthus. 

Ribs  9-11 •  4.  E.  Roemeri. 

Central  spine  terete 5.  E.  aggregatus. 

1.  Echinocereus  viridiflorus  Engelm.  Wisliz.  Mem.  91.     1848.     Subglobose, 
simple  or  sparingly  branched,  2.5-7.5  cm.  high:  ribs  13,  acute,  scarcely  in- 
terrupted: radial  spines  12-18  (with  2-6  setaceous  upper  ones),  straight  and 
strictly  radiant,  2-6  mm.  long,  laterals  longest  and  reddish-brown,  the  rest 
white  (rarely  purple) ;  central  none  or  a  single  stout,  straight  or  curved  spine 
(rarely  a  second  more  slender  one)  12-14  mm.  long,  variegated  purple  and 
white:   flowers  2.5  cm.  long  and  wide,  greenish-brown  outside,  yellowish- 
green  within;  petals  obtuse:  fruit  elliptical  and  greenish,  10-12  mm.  long: 
seeds  1-1.2  mm.  long,  tuberculate. — Wyoming  to  New  Mexico. 

2.  Echinocereus  Fendleri  Engelm.  PI.  Fendl.  50.     1849.     Ovate  or  ovate- 
cylindrical,  7.5-20  cm.  high,  5-7.5  cm.  in  diameter,  simple  or  branching  at 
base,  caespitose,  dark  green:  ribs  9-12,  straight  or  oblique,  tuberculate,  with 
areolae  8-14  mm.  apart:  spines  stout,  very  variable  in  length  and  color; 
radials  5-10  (mostly  7),  straight  or  curved,  lowest  stoutest,  white,  and  angu- 
lar, 12-25  mm.  long,  next  2  almost  as  long  (or  longer),  more  terete,  blackish 
above  and  white  beneath  or  all  blackish,  then  2  white  or  dark  or  variegated, 
then  2  weaker,  whiter,  and  shorter  (6-14  mm.),  often  2  more  upper  spines 
and  sometimes  a  slender  or  stout  dark  spine  (24-30  mm.  long)  on  upper  edge 
of  areola;  central  1,  stout  and  very  bulbous  at  base,  curved  upward,  reddish- 
black,  teretish,  2.5-5  cm.  long,  rarely  wanting:  flowers  deep  violet-purple, 
6-8.5  cm.  broad:  fruit  ovate-globose,  2.5-3  cm.  long,  purplish-green,  edible: 
seed  curved,  deeply  and  irregularly  pitted,  1.4  mm.  long. — Utah  and  Ari- 
zona. 

3.  Echinocereus   gonacanthus   Engelm.  &  Bigel.  Rumph.  in  Forst.  Hand. 
Cact.  Ed.  2.  806.    1886.    Ovate,  7.5-12.5  cm.  high,  simple  or  sparingly  branched 
at  base:  ribs  7  (sometimes  9),  tuberculate,  with  large  areolae  12-20  mm.  apart: 
spines  stout,  angular,  straight  or  variously  curved  and  flexuous;  radials  8, 
lower  16-24  mm.  long,  the  rest  20-30  mm.  long,  lower  and  laterals  quadran- 
gular, yellow  at  base  and  often  dark-tipped,  uppermost  one  much  larger  than 


CACTACEAE    (CACTUS   FAMILY)  329 

the  rest,  about  size  and  character  of  the  central,  which  is  solitary,  very  stout, 
6  or  7-angled  and  deeply  furrowed,  often  flexuous,  3-6  cm.  long,  2  mm.  broad: 
flower  scarlet,  about  6  cm.  long:  fruit  and  seed  unknown. — Colorado  to  New 
Mexico. 

4.  Echinocereus  Roemeri  (Muhlenpf.)  Engelm.  &  Bigel.  1.  c   792.     Ovate, 
conoid-acutish  at  apex,  7.5-10  cm.  high,  sparingly  branched  at  base:  ribs  9-11, 
obtuse,  tuberculate,  with  areolae  8-12  mm.  apart:  spines  whitish  or  straw- 
color,  translucent  with  bulbous  base;  radials  8-12,  slender  and  rigid,  straight- 
ish,  upper  4-10  mm.  long,  lateral  12-30  mm.;  centrals  3-5  (usually  4),  yery 
bulbous,  upper  hardly  longer  than  lateral  radials,  lowest  quadrangular,  often 
dusky  when  young,  2.5-7.5  cm.  long,  porrect  or  deflexed:  flower  crimson,  8- 
10  cm.  long,  3.5-5  cm.  broad:  fruit  and  seed  unknown.     Cereus  conoideus. — 
Colorado,  southward,  and  westward. 

5.  Echinocereus  aggregatus  (Engelm.)  Rydb.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  33:  146. 
1906.     Ovate  or  subglobose,  obtuse,  3.5-7.5  cm.  in  height,  3-5  cm.  in  diameter, 
caespitose  (mostly  in  dense  hemispherical  masses  30-100  cm.  in  diameter): 
ribs  8-11,  tuberculate,  with  areolae  6-8  mm.  apart:  spines  slender,  almost 
setaceous,  straight,  terete;  radials  8-12,  white,  6-12  mm.  long,  upper  much 
the  shorter;  centrals  1-3,  a  little  stouter,  white  or  horny,  10-20  mm.  long:  flower 
deep  crimson,  3.5-6  cm.  long,  2.5-3.5  cm.  broad:   fruit  and  seed  unknown. 
Cereus  phoeniceus. — Colorado  to  New  Mexico  and  Arizona. 

4.  OPUNTIA  Mill. 

Articulated,  much  branched  plants  of  various  shapes,  low  and  prostrate  or 
erect  and  shrub-like,  with  young  branches  bearing  small,  terete,  subulate,  early 
deciduous  leaves  and  in  their  axils  an  areola  with  numerous  short,  easily  de- 
tached barbed  bristles  and  (usually)  stouter  spines.  Flowers  mostly  large, 
diurnal,  with  very  short  cup-shaped  tubes  on  joints  of  the  previous  year  and 
on  the  same  areolae  with  the  spines.  Petals  widely  spreading.  Ovary  with 
bristle-bearing  areolae  in  the  axils  of  small,  terete,  deciduous  leaves.  Fruit  a 
succulent  or  dry  berry  marked  with  bristly  or  spiny  areolae. 

Joints  short  and  flat  (except  in  Nos.  8  and  9). 
Internodes  oval  or  orbicular. 

Fruit  pulpy,  unarmed  or  nearly  so. 

Spines  dissimilar  in  size,  1-3,  or  wanting     .         .         .         .       1.  O.  humifusa. 

Spines  similar,  1-8. 
Spines  not  twisted. 

Spines  1-3;  internodes  suborbicular     .         .         .  2.  O.  camanchica. 

Spines  5-7;  internodes  oblong      .         .         .         .  3.  O.  Schweriniana. 

Spines  twisted;  internodes  suborbicular    .         .         .  4.  O.  tortispina. 

Fruit  dry  and  more  or  less  spiny. 

Corolla  yellow      .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .  5.  O.  polyacantha. 

Corolla  red. 

Fruit  nearly  unarmed;  filaments  yellow    .         .         .  6.  O.  xanthostemma. 

Fruit  very  prickly;  filaments  red     .         .         .         .  7.  O.  rhodantha. 

Internodes  flattened  or  subterete,  the  stem  readily  disjointing. 

Flowers  yellowish  .         .         .         .         .         .         .  8.  O.  fragilis. 

Flowers  pink  or  reddish  .         .         .         .         .         .  9.  O.  rutila. 

Joints  long,  subcylindric. 

An  erect  tree-like  shrub      .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .     10.  O.  arborescens. 

Spreading  or  procumbent,  freely  branched          .         .         .         .     11.  O.  Davisii. 

1.  Opuntia  humifusa  Raf.  Med.  Bot.  2:  247.  1830.  Diffuse,  from  a  fibrous 
root,  with  obovate  or  suborbicular,  very  green  joints  7.5-12.5  cm.  long,  bearing 
elongated,  subulate,  spreading  leaves  6-8  mm.  long:  pulvini  1.8-2.5  cm. 
apart,  with  slender,  reddish-brown  bristles,  mostly  unarmed:  spines  (when 
present)  few,  mostly  only  marginal,  stout,  terete,  straight,  erect  or  spreading, 
whitish  (often  reddish  at  base  and  apex),  1.8-2.5  cm.  long,  single,  or  1  or 
2  smaller  deflexed  ones  in  addition:  flowers  sulphur-yellow  (often  with  red 
center),  6-8.5  cm.  broad:  fruit  clavate,  naked,  with  funnel-shaped  umbilicus, 
3.5-5  cm.  long  (less  than  half  that  in  diameter),  with  acid  or  sweetish  purplish 
pulp:  seeds  almost  regular,  compressed,  with  rather  narrow  and  thick  but 
acutish  margins,  5  mm.  broad.  0.  Rafinesquii. — In  the  Mississippi  valley, 
and  on  the  eastern  base  of  the  Rocky  Mountains, 


330  CACTACEAE  (CACTUS  FAMILY) 

2.  Opuntia  camanchica  Engelm.  &  Bigel.  Proc.  Amer.  Acad.  3:  293.    1856. 
Prostrate  and  extensively  spreading,  with  ascending,  obovate-orbicular  joints 
15-17.5  cm.  long  by  13.5-17.5  cm.  broad:  pulvini  about  3  cm.  apart,  with 
few  greenish  or  yellowish-brown  bristles,  mostly  armed :  spines  1-3  (or  mar- 
ginal ones  3-6),  compressed,  reddish-brown  to  blackish-brown,  paler  at  tip, 
3.5-7.5  cm.  long,  the  upper  one  elongated  and  suberect,  the  rest  deflexed:  fruit 
oval,  with  broad  umbilicus,  deep  red,  sweet  and  juicy,  3.5-5  cm.  long:  seeds 
angular,  with  broad,  thick,  acute  or  obtuse  margins  and  deeply  notched  at  the 
hilum,  4-6  m.  broad. — Colorado  to  Texas. 

3.  Opuntia  Schweriniana  K.  Sch.  Monatsschr.  Kakt.  9:  148.  1899.    Joints 
oblong,  tuberculate:  spines  5-7,  white:  flower  yellow. — Reported  from  our 
range. 

4.  Opuntia  tortispina  Engelm.  1.  c.  293.     Prostrate,  with  ascending,  or- 
bicular-obovate  joints  15-20  cm.  long:  pulvini  2.5-3.5  cm.  apart,  with  yel- 
lowish bristles:    spines  3-5,   white,   angular  and  channeled,   often  spirally 
twisted,  3.5-6  cm.  long,  with  2-4  more  slender  ones  (1-2.5  cm.  long)  added 
below:  flowers  sulphur-yellow,  6-7.5  cm.  broad:  fruit  ovate,  with  broad  um- 
bilicus, 4.5-5  cm.  long:  seeds  orbicular,  regular,  and  but  slightly  notched  at 
hilum,  4-6  mm.  broad. — Nebraska  and  Colorado  to  Oklahoma. 

5.  Opuntia  polyacantha  Haw.  Suppl.  PL  Succ.  82.     1819.    Prostrate,  form- 
ing large  spreading  masses:  joints  light  green,  orbicular,  tuberculate,  5-10  cm. 
(rarely  10-15  cm.)  long:  leaves  minute,  3-4  mm.  long:  pulvini  8-12  mm.  apart, 
with  reddish-brown  bristles  (fewer  but  longer  and  darker  than  in  other  forms), 
all  armed:  spines  8-15;  the  5-10  (generally  6-8)  exterior  ones  radiant,  seti- 
form,  whitish  or  reddish- variegated ;  the  3-5  interior  ones  stout,  reddish- 
brown   (paler-tipped),  3-5  cm.  long,  2-4  of  them  deflexed,  the  other  one 
spreading  or  suberect  and  very  stout:  flowers  yellow  (orange  within)  or  some- 
times purple:  stigmas  5-8:  fruit  ovate,  dry,  and  spiny,  with  shallow,  flat  um- 
bilicus, 2.5  cm.  long:  seeds  irregular,  large  (5-6  mm.  broad).    Very  variable; 
some  of  the  forms  have  been  described.     See  Coulter's  treatment  in  Contrib. 
U.  S.  Nat.  Herb.  3:  435. — Plains  on  the  eastern  base  of  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

6.  Opuntia  xanthostemma  K.  Sch.  Gesamtb.  Kakteen  735.  1899.     Very 
branching,  erect,  low,  obscurely  green  and  sometimes   purplish:   joints  ob- 
ovate,  tuberculate,  subareolate:  spines  2-4,  with  some  accessory  ones:  flower 
red,  stamens  yellow:  ovary  unarmed. — Colorado. 

7.  Opuntia  rhodantha  K.  Sch.  Gesamtb.  Kakteen  735.     1899.     Branching, 
erect,  low,  green:  joints  obovate  or  oblong,  subtuberculate :  spines  2-4,  some- 
times with  accessory  ones:   flowers  and  stamens  red:    ovary  very  spiny. — 
Colorado. 

8.  Opuntia  fragilis  (Nutt.)  Haw.  1.  c.     Subdecumbent,  with  small,  ovate, 
subcompressed  or  subglobose  (even  terete),  scarcely  tuberculate,  shining  green 
joints,  variable  in  size  and  shape  (fruit-bearing  ones  compressed,  3.5-5  cm. 
long  by  2.5-3  cm.  broad,  the  others  smaller  and  more  tumid) :  pulvini  large, 
8-12  mm.  apart,  with  white  wool,  and  very  few,  short,  whitish  bristles  (on  old 
joints  a  little  more  abundant,  coarser,  and  straw-colored):  spines  1-4  (mostly 
4  and  cruciate),   the  uppermost   one   stout,   angular,    suberect   or  porrect, 
yellowish-brown,    12-20  mm.   long,   the  others  weaker   (6-16  mm.),   paler, 
spreading  or  radiant,  and  2-6  additional  slender,  white  radiant  ones  below, 
4-8  mm.  long:  flowers  pale  yellow,  about  5  cm.  broad:  fruit  ovate,  almost 
naked,  with  funnelform  umbilicus,  about  2.5  cm.  long:  seeds  few,  large  (6  mm.), 
with  broad  and  thick,  obtuse,  corky  margin. — From  British  Columbia  to  Utah 
and  Kansas. 

9.  Opuntia  rutila  Nutt.  T.  &  G.  Fl.  1:  555.  1840.    Ascending  and  diffuse: 
joints  swollen,  ovate  or  teretish,  5-10  cm.  long  bv  2.5-7.5  cm.  broad  (some- 
times elongated  and  almost  cylindrical):  pulvini  very  crowded   (4-6  mm. 
apart),  with  white  wool,  and  at  length  straw-colored  bristles,   all  armed: 
spines  3-5,  slender,  reddish-gray,  1-4  cm.  long  (1-3  upper  shorter  and  erect, 
central  one  longer,  spreading  or  declined,  the  rest  deflexed,  sometimes  larger 
ones  flattened  and  often  twisted),   2-4  smaller  ones  added  below:  flowers 
rose-red  or  paler:  fruit  ovate,  dry,  and  spinulose,  with  a  deep  funnelform  urn- 


ELAEAGNACEAE    (OLEASTER   FAMILY)  331 

bilicus,  2.5-3  cm.  long:  seeds  large  (6  mm.  broad),  much  compressed,  with 
broad,  acute  margins. — Southwestern  Wyoming  to  Nevada. 

10.  Opuntia  arborescens  Engelm.  Wisliz.  Mem.  90.    1848.    Arborescent  and 
erect,  15-50  dm.  high,  12.5-25  cm.  in  diameter,  with  verticillate,  horizontally 
divaricate  or  pendulous,  very  spiny  branches:  joints  verticillate  (mostly  in 
threes  or  fours),  cylindrical  and  very  green,  5-15  cm.  long,  less  than  2.5  cm. 
in  diameter,  with  prominent,  elongated,  compressed-cristate  tubercles  14-18 
mm.  long,  and  terete,  elongated,  spreading  leaves  12-20  mm.  long:  pulvini 
with  short  wool,  but  scarcely  bristly:  spines  8-30,  terete,  horny  or  reddish- 
brown,  in  straw-colored  sheaths,  porrect  in  every  direction,  1-8  interior  ones 
longer  (16-28  mm.),  more  loosely  sheathed,  the  central  subdeflexed,  the  ex- 
terior ones  weaker,  closely  sheathed,  8-16  mm.  long,  all  sometimes  very  short: 
flower  purple,  6-7.5  cm.  broad:  fruit  globose  or  hemispherical,  2.5  cm.  in 
diameter,    prominently    cristate-tuberculate,    unarmed,    dry    or    nearly    so, 
yellow:  seeds  regular,  smooth,  3-4  mm.  broad,  with  narrow  commissure. — 
Colorado  to  New  Mexico  and  Texas. 

11.  Opuntia  Davisii  Engelm.  &  Bigel.  Proc.  Amer.  Acad.  3:  305.  1856. 
Stem  spreading  and  somewhat  procumbent,  with  dense  woody  and  divaricate 
branches,  4-5  dm.  high:  joints  attenuate  at  base,  rather  slender,  10-15  cm. 
long  (younger  ones  erect),  with  oblong-linear  tubercles  14-16  mm.  long:  inner 
spines  4-7,  subtriangular,  divergent,  reddish-brown,  in  a  loose  straw-colored 
sheath,  2.5-3.5  cm.  long;   lower  ones  5  or  6,  slender,  6-12  mm.  long:   flower 
yellowish  (?):  fruit  ovate,   spiny,  2.5cm.  long  or  more. — Texas,   extending 
north  into  Colorado. 


79.  ELAEAGNACEAE  Lindl.     OLEASTER  FAMILY 

Shrubs  or  small  trees  with  the  entire  leaves  scurfy  throughout,  with  scarious- 
silvery  or  brown  scales  or  with  silvery  stellate-pubescence.  Flowers  regular, 
perfect  or  dioecious,  clustered  in  the  axils  or  solitary.  Perianth  of  fertile 
flowers  with  a  deciduous  4-lobed  limb  and  a  persistent  base  inclosing  the 
ovary.  Perianth  of  sterile  flowers  4-parted,  bearing  the  4  or  8  stamens  on 
the  throat.  Pistil  simple,  with  slender  style,  the  solitary  ovule  becoming  a 
nut-like  achene  inclosed  in  the  finally  fleshy,  drupe-like  fruit  (the  perianth 
base) . 

Flowers  perfect;  stamens  4;  leaves  alternate       .         .         .         .         .         .1.  Elaeagnus. 

Flowers  dioecious;  stamens  8;  leaves  opposite 2.  Shepherdia. 

1.  ELAEAGNUS  L. 

Shrubs  with  silvery-scaly  alternate  leaves  and  brownish  or  silvery  branch- 
lets.  Perianth  tubular,  its  4-lobed  limb  deciduous,  its  tube  contracted  over 
the  ovary.  Stamens  4,  borne  on  the  throat  of  the  perianth  and  alternate 
with  its  lobes.  Fruit  drupe-like  with  an  8-striate  stone. 

1.  Elaeagnus  argentea  Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  114.  1814.  A  stoloniferous 
shrub  1-3  m.  high,  the  younger  branches  brownish  with  scurfy  scales,  becom- 
ing silvery:  leaves  from  broadly  to  narrowly  elliptic,  silvery-scurfy:  flowers 
numerous,  12-15  mm.  long,  1-3  in  the  axils,  deflexed,  silvery  without,  pale 
yellow  within,  fragrant,  the  lobes  ovate:  fruit  globose-ovoid,  silvery,  8-10  mm. 
long.  SILVERBERRY. — Moist  sandy  swales  and  banks;  from  Utah  through 
Wyoming  northward  and  eastward. 

2.  SHEPHERDIA  Nutt. 

Shrubs  or  small  trees  with  opposite  petioled  leaves  with  silvery-stellate  or 
scurfy-brownish  scales.  Flowers  small,  dioecious,  axillary  or  nodal,  fascicled, 


332  LYTHRACEAE    (LOOSESTRIFE   FAMILY) 

few  or  solitary,  short-pediceled.  The  staminate  flowers  larger,  4-parted,  the 
lobes  spreading;  stamens  alternate  with  as  many  lobes  of  a  thick  disk.  The 
pistillate  flowers  with  oblong,  tubular  perianth,  with  4-cleft  limb  and  the  throat 
nearly  closed  by  the  8-lobed  disk.  Fruit  berry-like,  with  a  smooth,  shining 
compressed  seed. — (Lepargyrea  Raf.) 

Tree-like  shrub,  thorny;  leaves  silvery 1.  S.  argentea. 

Low  shrub,  thornless;  leaves  green  .         .         .         .         .         .         .     2.  S.  canadensis. 

1.  Shepherdia  argentea  Nutt.  Gen.  2:  241.  1818.    A  stout  tree-like  shrub, 
2-5  mm.  high:  leaves  silvery  on  both  sides,  mostly  oblong,  obtuse,  cuneate 
at  base:  flowers  fascicled  at  the  nodes:  fruit  a  smooth,  ovoid,  scarlet  berry, 
about  5  mm.  long,  nearly  sessile,  acid,  and  edible.    BUFFALO  BERRY. — Stream 
banks;  from  the  Saskatchewan  south  through  the  mountains  to  New  Mexico. 

2.  Shepherdia  canadensis  (L.)  Nutt.  Gen.  2:  240.  1818.    A  more  or  less 
tufted  shrub,  1-2  m.  high,  brownish-scurfy  on  the  branchlets,  leaves,  and 
flowers :  leaves  elliptical  or  ovate,  nearly  naked  and  dark  green  above,  silvery- 
downy  beneath:  flowers  yellowish:  fruit  oval,  red  or  yellowish,  5-7  mm.  long, 
the  flesh  very  juicy  and  exceedingly  bitter. — Moist,  partly  wooded  mountain 
slopes;  throughout  the  Rocky  Mountains. 


80.  LYTHRACEAE  Lindl.    LOOSESTRIFE  FAMILY 

Herbs  (ours)  with  simple  and  entire  leaves,  calyx  tubular  or  campanulate 
and  free  from  the  ovary  and  capsule  but  inclosing  it,  the  petals  and  definite 
stamens  borne  in  its  throat,  a  single  style,  and  numerous  small  seeds  on  a 
central  placenta.  Distinguished  from  Haloragidaceae  and  Onagraceae  by  the 
free  ovary,  and  from  the  former  also  by  the  numerous  seeds. 

Annual;  leaves  opposite;  calyx  4-angled 1.  Ammannia. 

Perennial;  upper  leaves  alternate;  calyx  striate 2.  Lythrum. 

1.  AMMANNIA  L. 

Low  and  smooth  annuals,  with  4-angled  stems,  sessile  leaves,  and  small 
axillary  flowers.  Calyx  4-toothed,  with  as  many  intermediate,  small,  tooth- 
like  processes.  Petals  as  many,  small  and  fugacious,  or  none.  Stamens  4  or 
8.  Capsule  globular,  bursting  irregularly.  Seeds  numerous. 

1.  Ammannia  coccinea  Rottb.  PL  Hort.  Havn.  7:  1773.  Stems  erect: 
leaves  linear-lanceolate,  with  a  broad  auricled  base:  flowers  1-5  in  each  axil, 
mostly  closely  sessile:  petals  purple,  fugacious:  style  slender,  elongated. 
A.  latifolia. — From  the  Alleghanies  west;  infrequent;  possibly  within  our 
range. 

2.  LYTHRUM  L.     LOOSESTRIFE 

Erect  slender  herbs,  with  angled  stems,  and  axillary,  mostly  solitary,  di- 
morphous flowers.  Calyx  4-7-toothed,  with  intermediate  tooth-like  processes. 
Petals  oblong-ob ovate,  often  conspicuous.  Ovary  2-celled,  with  filiform 
style;  stigma  capitate.  Capsule  membranous,  inclosed  by  the  calyx.  Seeds 
flat  or  angular. 

1.  Lythrum  alatum  Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  334.  1814.  Tall  and  wand-like 
perennial,  smooth;  branches  with  margined  angles:  leaves  oblong-ovate  to 
lanceolate,  the  upper  scattered,  not  longer  than  the  flowers,  which  are  small 
and  nearly  sessile  in  the  axils:  proper  calyx-teeth  often  shorter  than  the  in- 
termediate processes:  petals  purple:  stamens  of  the  short-styled  flowers  ex- 
serted. — Colorado  and  Wyoming,  east  to  the  Atlantic  States. 


ONAGRACEAE    (EVENING   PRIMROSE   FAMILY) 


333 


81.  ONAGRACEAE  Dumort.    EVENING  PRIMROSE  FAMILY 

Annual  or  perennial  herbs,  rarely  shrubs,  with  alternate  or  opposite  leaves, 
no  stipules  or  mere  glands  in  their  place,  and  axillary,  spicate  or  racemose, 
generally  perfect,  regular  or  sometimes  irregular  flowers.  Calyx-tube  adnate 
to  the  ovary,  often  prolonged  beyond  it,  the  limb  2-6-lobed,  usually  4-lobed. 
Petals  2-9,  mostly  4,  convolute  in  the  bud,  rarely  none..  Stamens  commonly 
as  many  or  twice  as  many  as  the  petals  and  inserted  with  them  on  the  summit 
of  the  calyx-tube,  or  on  the  epigynous  or  perigynous  disk.  Ovary  1-6-celled, 
usually  4-celled;  styles  united;  stigma  capitate,  discoid  or  4-lobed.  Fruit 
usually  a  capsule;  ovules  many  in  each  cell.  Seeds  mostly  small,  sometimes 
with  a  coma. 


Flowers  4-merous.  • 

Fruit  a  many-seeded  capsule  opening  by  valves. 
Calyx-tube  not  prolonged  beyond  the  ovary. 

Annuals;  seeds  not  comose       ....... 

Perennials;  seeds  comose  ....... 

Calyx-tube  prolonged  beyond  the  ovary. 
Seeds  comose. 

Flowers  showy,  scarlet  .         .         *    '     .         .         .         . 

Flowers  small,  not  scarlet     ....... 

Seeds  naked  or  sometimes  tuberculate. 
Stigma  deeply  cleft  into  4  linear  lobes. 
Stamens  equal  in  length. 

Flowers  yellow;  seeds  in  2  rows     .         .         .         .        ..'' 

Flowers  white  or  pink;  seeds  in  1  row     ...        'V: 
Stamens  unequal,  the  alternate  ones  longer. 

Capsule  not  winged,  but  the  rounded  angles  often  more 
or  less  double  crested      ...... 

Capsule  winged  or  merely  sharply  angled. 

Plants  stemless  ....... 

Plants  with  diffuse  wiry  stems    ..... 

Stigma  entire  (discoid  or  capitate)  or  barely  4-toothed. 

Stigma   discoid;    stamens   equal;    calyx-tube   funnelform 

above. 
Calyx-tube  longer  than  the  ovary          .... 

Calyx-tube  shorter  than  the  ovary         .... 

Stigma  capitate. 

Calyx-tube  cylindrical,  longer  than  the  ovary;  capsule 
4-winged          ........ 

Calyx-tube  widened   above,   shorter  than   the  ovary; 

capsule  not  winged. 
Capsule  linear,  sessile          ...... 

Capsule  more  or  less  clavate,  pediceled  and  obtuse     . 
Fruit  indehiscent,  nut-like      .         .         .         .         .         .         . 

Flowers  2-merous;  fruit  indehiscent  and  bristly  with  hooked  hairs 


1.  Gayophytum. 

2.  Chamaenerion. 


3.  Zauschneria. 

4.  Epilobium. 


5.  Onagra. 

6.  Anogra. 


7.  Pachylophus. 

8.  Lavauxia. 

9.  Gaurella. 


10.  Galpinsia. 

11.  Meriolix. 


12.  Taraxia. 


13.  Sphaerostigma. 

14.  Chylisma. 

15.  Gaura. 

16.  Circaea. 


1.  GAYOPHYTUM  Juss. 

Very  slender  branching  annuals,  with  linear  entire  leaves  and  very  small 
axillary  flowers.    Calyx-lobes  reflexed.    Petals  white  or  rose-colored. 

Subsimple  or  paniculately  branched;  capsule  nearly  sessile      .         .  1.  G.  caesium. 
Usually  freely  branched  above;  capsules  on  elongated  pedicels. 

Flowers  large,  5-10  mm.  broad     .         .         .         .         .         .         .  2.  G.  diffusum. 

Flowers  small,  2-4  mm.  broad 3.  G.  ramosissimum. 

1.  Gayophytum  caesium  T.  &  G.  Fl.  1:  514.  1840.    Glabrous,  or  more  or 
less   canescent   with   short   appressed   pubescence,    the   elongated   branches 
mostly  simple:  flowers  1  mm.  long,  axillary  the  whole  length  of  the  branches: 
capsules  linear,  sessile  or  very  shortly  pediceled,  15-20  mm.  long,  usually 
many-seeded:  stamens  in  two  sets;  the  anthers  of  the  shorter  set  smaller. 
G.  racemosum.     (G.  Nuttallii  T.  &  G.  1.  c.)— The  western  half  of  the  United 
States. 

2.  Gayophytum  diffusum  T.  &  G.  I.  c.  513.    Loosely  dichotomously  branched, 
2-5  dm.  high,  somewhat  canescent  above  or  with  spreading  hairs  through- 


334  ONAGRACEAE    (EVENING    PRIMROSE    FAMILY) 

out:  flowers  large,  5-10  mm.  broad:  stamens  all  with  similar  and  perfect 
anthers:  capsules  thick,  subclavate,  torulose,  erect  or  refracted:  seeds  few, 
low-papillate. — In  the  western  part  of  our  range  to  the  Pacific  States. 

3.  Gayophytum  ramosissimum  T.  &  G.  1.  c.  Glabrous,  or  the  inflorescence 
puberulent,  diffusely  much  branched:  flowers  1-2  mm.  long,  mostly  near  the 
ends  of  the  branches:  capsule  oblong,  5-8  mm.  long,  on  pedicels  of  about  the 
same  length  or  shorter,  often  deflexed,  3-5-seeded:  stamens  in  two  sets;  the 
anthers  of  the  shorter  set  often  abortive.  (G.  intermedium  Rydb.  Bull.  Torr. 
Bot.  Club  31:  569.  1904.)— Throughout  the  western  United  States. 


2.  CHAMAENERION  Adans.     FIREWEED 

Perennials  from  a  stout  caudex,  bearing  sessile,  scaly,  winter  buds  with 
terete  stems  and  ample  leaves.  Calyx  cleft  almost  to  the  ovary.  Corolla 
slightly  irregular;  petals  widely  expanded,  ^bamens  inserted  in  a  single 
series;  the  filaments  dilated  below.  Style  at  first  recurved;  stigma  with  four 
ultimately  divergent  lobes.  Capsule  mostly  linear-fusiform,  many-seeded. 
Seeds  fusiform,  beakless,  comose. 

Stems  tall;  bracts  small;  style  pubescent  at  base      .         .         .  1.  C.  angustifolium. 

Stems  low  (2-5  dm.);  bracts  leaf-like;  style  glabrous  .         .         .         .2.  C.  latifolium. 

1.  Chamaenerion  angustifolium  (L.)  Scop.  Fl.  Cam.  Ed.  2.  1:  271.  1772. 
Stems  erect,   5-15  dm.  high,  subsimple,   glabrate  below:  leaves  lanceolate, 
acute,  nearly  entire,  1-2  mm.  long,  on  very  short  petioles,  thin,  pinnately 
veined,  with  the  evident  lateral  veins  confluent  in  submarginal  loops:  in- 
florescence elongated;  racemes  with  small  bracts;  young  flower  buds  soon  re- 
flexed,  but  again  spreading  or  ascending  before  expansion:  petals  9-15  mm. 
long:  style  exceeding  the  stamens,  hairy  at  base:  capsule  5-7  cm.  long:  seeds 
less  than  2  mm.  long,  with  very  long  dingy  coma.    Epilobium  spicatum. — 
Frequent  in  our  mountains;  across  the  continent  northward  and  in  Europe 
and  Asia. 

2.  Chamaenerion  latifolium  L.  Sweet,  Hort.  Brit.  Ed.  2. 198.    1830.    Stems 
2-4  dm.  high,  frequently  branched,  mostly  glabrate  below:   leaves  3-5  cm. 
long,  usually  opposite  and  connected  below  on  the  branches  and  rarely  on 
the  main  stem,  lanceolate  to  ovate,  acute  at  both  ends,  entire  or  sparingly 
and  minutely  denticulate,  scarcely  petioled,  rather  coriaceous,  the  mostly 
free  lateral  veins  inconspicuous:  inflorescence  usually  short  and  few-flowered, 
leafy  throughout,  the  buds  not  reflexed:  petals  1-2  cm.  long,  rather  narrow: 
styles  shorter  than  the  stamens,  glabrous.    Epilobium  latifolium. — Northern 
America  and  extending  south  to  Colorado  in  the  mountains. 

3.  ZAUSCHNERIA  Presl. 

Perennial  herbs  or  somewhat  suffrutescent.  Leaves  opposite,  except  those 
of  the  floral  branches.  Flowers  racemose,  large,  scarlet.  Calyx-tube  globose, 
inflated  just  above  the  ovary,  then  becoming  funnelform,  4-lobed,  bearing 
8  small  scales  within  at  the  upper  end  of  the  short  proper  tube,  4  erect  and  4 
reflexed.  Petals  4,  little  exceeding  the  calyx-lobes,  obcordate  or  deeply  cleft. 
Stamens  8,  the  4  alternate  with  the  petals  inserted  lower  down  and  appearing 
shorter;  anthers  linear-oblong.  Style  long,  exserted;  stigma  peltate  or  capi- 
tate, 4-lobed.  Capsule  slender-fusiform,  obtusely  4-angled,  4-valved,  many- 
seeded. 

1.  Zauschneria  Garrettii  A.  Nels.  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.  20:  36.  1907. 
Caudex  woody;  stems  simple,  slender,  suberect,  1.5-3  dm.  high,  hirsute,  the 
hairs  long  and  widely  spreading:  leaves  oval  or  ovate,  2-3  cm.  long,  with 
small,  rather  remote  and  irregular  teeth,  green  but  sparsely  soft-hirsute: 
calyx  puberulent,  its  tube  deep  red,  12-16  mm.  long:  petals  thick,  deep  red, 
obovate-cordate,  slightly  exceeding  the  calyx-lobes:  stigma  tardily  well  ex- 


ONAGRACEAE    (EVENING    PRIMROSE    FAMILY)  335 

serted;  ovary  and  capsule  minutely  glandular-pubescent. — Utah,  and  prob- 
ably in  northwestern  Colorado. 

4.  EPILOBIUM  L.     WILLOW  HERB 

Herbs  or  sometimes  shrubby  plants,  with  alternate  or  opposite  leaves,  and 
axillary  or  terminal,  solitary  or  racemose  flowers.  Calyx  linear,  produced  be- 
yond the  ovary,  the  limb  4-parted,  deciduous.  Petals  4,  mostly  obovate  or 
obcordate.  Stamens  8;  anthers  oblong  or  linear,  short.  Ovary  4-celled; 
united  styles  slender  or  filiform;  stigma  club-shaped  or  4-lobed.  Capsule 
elongated,  4-sided,  4-celled,  loculicidally  dehiscent  by  4  valves.  Seeds  small, 
numerous,  with  a  tuft  of  hairs  (coma)  at  the  summit. 

Annual          .         .         .         .  .        »         ...         .         .       1.  E.  paniculatum. 

Perennials. 

Stigma  deeply  4-lobed  or  4-cleft;  flowers  cream-colored    .         .       2.  E.  suffruticosum. 
Stigma  entire  or  only  notched;  flowers  never  yellow. 
Seeds  smooth  or  nearly  so  under  the  microscope. 
Leaves  medium  size,  more  or  less  toothed. 

Flowers  violet         .         .         .         .         .         .         .  3.  E.  Hornemannii. 

Flowers  white         ,          .         .         .         .         .         .         .  ,    4.  E.  alpinum. 

Leaves  small,  entire  or  nearly  so;  plants  3-10  cm.  high     .       5.  E.  anagallidifolium. 
See  Is  papillate-roughened  under  the  microscope. 
Plants  not  glandular;  leaves  linear. 

Foliage  and  lower  part  of  the  stem  glabrous    .         .  6.  E.  wyomingense. 

Foliage  and  stem  crisped-hairy      .         .         .         .  7.  E.  lineare. 

Plants  glandular  above  at  least. 

Plants  usually  less  than  3  dm.  high. 

Leaves  numerous  and  approximate;  plants  low,  less 

than  2  dm.  high. 
Plants  erect,  not  caespitose     .         .         .         .      ^  .       8.  E.  saximontanum. 

Plants  assurgent;  densely  caespitose       .         .  9.  E.  clavatum. 

Leaves  fewer,  remote,  suberect;   plants  2-3  dm.  high, 

with  turions  (if  any)  not  sessile. 

Leaves  narrow,   somewhat  petioled        .         .         .     10.  E.  Drummpndii. 
Leaves  oblong  to  ovate,  sessile      .         .         .         .     11.  E.  ovatifolium. 

Plants  tall,  4-10  dm.  high. 

Usually    freely    branched,    leafy,    very    glandular; 

petioles  short,   winged         .         .         .         .         .     12.  E.  adenocaulon. 

Usually   subsimple,    less   leafy   and   less   glandular; 

petiole  slender 13.  E.  perplexans. 

1.  Epilobium   paniculatum  Nutt.  T.   &   G.   Fl.   1:  490.  1840.     Annual, 
slender,  3-6  dm.  tall,  loosely  branched,  glandular-pubescent  above:  leaves 
alternate,  linear  to  linear-lanceolate,  2.5-7.5  cm.  long,  denticulate  or  nearly 

•  entire,  attenuate  into  slender- winged  petioles:  calyx  often  purple,  its  tube 
funnelform,  2-3  mm.  long,  shorter  than  the  lanceolate  segments:  petals  cune- 
ate,  notched,  6-8  mm.  long,  violet:  capsules  ascending,  linear-fusiform,  2-3 
cm.  long,  curved:  seeds  obovoid,  2  mm.  long,  black,  slightly  papillose. — Ap- 
parently in  most  parts  of  the  western  United  States. 

2.  Epilobium.  suffruticosum  Nutt.  1.  c.  488.     Stems  woody  and  freely 
branched  at  base,  10-16  cm.  high,  minutely  canescent  throughout  or  at  length 
glabrate  below:  leaves  numerous,  less  than  2  cm.  long,  mainly  opposite,  broadly 
lanceolate,  acutish,  entire,  narrowed  below  but  hardly  petioled,  thick,  with 
inconspicuous  veins:  flowers  rather  few,  in  the  axils  of  the  scarcely  reduced 
upper  leaves:  calyx-tube  broadly  funnelform:  petals  6-8  mm.  long:  capsule 
20-25  mm.  long,  short-stalked:  seeds  1  mm.  or  more  long,  coma  long  and 
very  dingy. — Western  Wyoming  to  Montana  and  Oregon. 

3.  Epilobium  Hornemannii  Reichenb.  Icon.  Crit.   2:  73.  1824.     Mostly 
2-3  dm.  high,  ascending,  unbranched,  somewhat  crisp-hairy  in  the  inflores- 
cence, or  slightly  glandular  at  top,  otherwise  glabrate:  leaves  about  25  mm. 
long,  subascending,  elliptical-ovate,  mostly  very  obtuse,  nearly  entire  to  re- 
motely serrulate,  the  lower  cuneately  narrowed,  the  upper  usually  abruptly 
rounded  to  the  short  petioles:  flowers  rather  few,  nearly  erect:  petals  5-8  mm. 
long,  Jilac  to  deep  violet:  capsules  as  much  as  5  cm.  long,  slender,  erect,  on 
slender  peduncles  about  equaling  the  gradually  reduced  subtending  leaves: 
seeds  rather  abruptly  short-appendaged,  from  nearly  smooth  to  very  rough.— 
Throughout  our  range  to  California  and  British  Columbia. 


336  ONAGRACEAE    (EVENING   PRIMROSE   FAMILY) 

4.  Epilobium  alpinum  L.  Sp.  PI.   1:  348.   1753.     Size  and  habit  of  E. 
Hornemannii  but  the  inflorescence  more  nearly  glabrous:  leaves  uniformly 
distributed,  thin   and   delicate,  pale   green,  4  cm.  long,  subelliptical,  rather 
obtuse,    subentire   to   somewhat   sharply   serrulate,    gradually   narrowed   to 
slender  petioles:  flowers  few,  suberect  in  the  upper  axils:  petals  about  3  mm. 
long,  white  or  rosy-tipped:  capsules  very  slender,  erect  or  ascending,  about 
50  mm.  long,  their  peduncles  rather  slender  and  about  equaling  the  subtend- 
ing leaves,  or  stouter  and  as  long  as  the  capsules:  seeds  smooth,  gradually 
attenuated  at  apex,   with  very  evident  beak. — Widely  distributed  through 
the  northern  part  of  the  continent  and  in  the  high  mountains. 

5.  Epilobium  anagallidifolium  Lam.  Diet.  2:  376.  1786.     About  1  dm. 
high,  rather  densely  caespitose,  the  very  slender  stems  curved  and  nodding 
at  apex,  somewhat  crisp-hairy  at  least  in  lines  and  occasionally  very  slightly 
glandular  in  the  inflorescence:  leaves  10-20  mm.  long,  ascending,  rather  uni- 
formly distributed,  all  but  the  lowermost  very  narrowly  ovate  or  oblong, 
rather  obtuse,  entire  or  remotely  very  low-denticulate,  cuneately  narrowed, 
the  lowest  mostly  wing-petioled,   rather  firm  and  inconspicuously  veined: 
flowers  few,  crowded  at  apex,  somewhat  nodding:  petals  lilac  to  violet,  about 
5  mm.  long:  capsules  25  mm.  long,  slender,  their  rather  slender  peduncles 
shorter  than  the  leaves  or,  when  only  one  or  two  are  present,  equaling  the 
capsules:  seeds  somewhat  obovoid-fusiform,  short-beaked,  coma  rather  dingy. 
— Circumpolar  and  extending  south  in  our  mountains  to  Colorado. 

6.  Epilobium  wyomingense   A.   Nels.   Bot.   Gaz.   30:  194.  1900.     Stems 
2-4  dm.  high,  strictly  erect,  simple  or  with  erect  opposite  branches,  glabrous 
or  obscurely  pubescent  above:  leaves  thin,  narrow,  tapering  to  both  ends, 
3-5  or  more  cm.  long,  in  4-7  equidistant  pairs,  often  shorter  than  the  inter- 
nodes:  flowers  small,  white:  capsule  linear,  4-7  cm.  long,  minutely  cinereous- 
puberulent;  the  pedicels  variable,  from  much  shorter  to  even  exceeding  the 
capsule:  seeds  numerous,  smooth,  fusiform,  scarcely  beaked;  the  coma  white, 
persistent. — Wyoming  and  Colorado. 

7.  Epilobium  lineare  Muhl.  Cat.  39.     1813.     Slender,  canescent  throughout 
with  incurved  hairs,  3-6  dm.  high,  at  length  much  branched :  leaves  linear  or 
linear-lanceolate,  mostly  short-petioled,  opposite  or  alternate,  acute  at  both 
ends,  2.5-5  cm.  long,  the  veins  obscure:  flowers  erect,  pink  or  whitish,  4-8  mm. 
broad;  pedicels  mostly  slender:  stigma  entire  or  slightly  notched:  capsules 
about  5  cm.  long:  seeds  less  than  2  mm.  long,  slightly  papillose. — Colorado 
and  Wyoming,  and  far  northward  and  eastward. 

8.  Epilobium   saximontanum   Hausskn.   Oesterr.   Bot.  Zeitschr.  29:  119.  • 
1879.    Somewhat  crisp-hairy,  at  least  along  the  elevated  lines,  and  glandular 
above:  leaves  about  20  mm.  long,  mostly  crowded  and  ascending  or  suberect, 
oblong  to  elliptical,  the  upper  rather  acute,  very  minutely  denticulate  or 
subentire,    cuneately    narrowed    to   the    sessile   base,   or   the    lowest  3  cm. 
long,  more  lanceolate,  and  with  somewhat  elongated  winged  base:  flowers 
few,  pale  to  deep  violet:   capsules   short-stalked:    seeds  slightly  larger  and 
often   less   papillate. — Said    to    occur  in   the   mountains    of  Colorado  and 
Nevada. 

9.  Epilobium  clavatum  Trelease,  Rep.  Mo.  Bot.  Gard.  2:  111.  1891.'    One 
dm.  or  more  high,  mostly  densely  caespitose,  the  slender  stems  ascending, 
glabrate  to  sparingly  glandular  throughout:  leav.es  15-20  mm.  long,  diver- 
gent, broadly  ovate,  very  obtuse,   subentire  to  remotely  serrulate,  mostly 
rounded  to  evident  petioles,  firm:  flowers  rather  few,  suberect:  petals  rose- 
colored,  about  5  mm.  long:  capsules  25  mm.  long,  subclavate,  arcuately  diver- 
gent, their  slender  peduncles  equaling  the  subtending  leaves:  seeds  fusiform, 
tapering  into  a  pale  beak,  nearly  smooth  to  coarsely  papillate. — Utah  and 
Colorado,  northward  and  westward  to  Washington. 

10.  Epilobium  Drummondii  Haussk.  Monog.  271.     1884.     Plant  2-3  dm. 
high,  glandular   above,  the  decurrent  lines  subglabrate:   leaves  2.5-^  cm. 
long,    typically    remote   and    erect,    lanceolate   to   almost   linear-lanceolate, 
rather  acute,  the  upper,  especially;  denticulate,  mostly  rounded  to  the  sub- 
sessile  base:   flowers  erect:  petals  3-4  mm.  long,  usually  pale:   capsules  3-5 


ONAGRACEAE    (EVENING   PRIMROSE    FAMILY)  337 

cm.  long,  slender-stalked. — Frequent  in  the  mountains  from  Montana  to 
Colorado. 

11.  Epilobium  ovatifolium  Rydb.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  31:  567.  1904. 
Plant  2-6  dm.  high,  propagating  by  turions:  stem  glabrous  except  the  de- 
current  lines  which  are  more  or  less  crisp-hairy,  especially  above:   leaves 
sessile  or  nearly  so,  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate  and  acute,  or  the  lowest  oval 
and  obtuse,  3-4  cm.  long,  entire  or  denticulate,  glabrous:  petals  purple  or 
rarely  rose,  5-7  mm.  long:  pods  5-6  cm.  long,  1.5-2  mm.  in  diameter,  sessile, 
more  or  less  crisp  and  glandular-hairy:  seed  a  little  over  1  mm.  long,  abruptly 
contracted  above,  but  without  neck;  coma  white,  about  6  mm.  long.     (E. 
Drummondii  latiusculum  Rydb.  Mem.  N.  Y.  Bot.  Card.   1:  276.  1900;  E. 
brevistylum;  E.  Halleanum;  and  E.  glandulosum  probably,  but  only  as  to 
plants  of  pur  range.) — Colorado  to  Montana. 

12.  Epilobium  adenocaulon   Hausskn.    Oesterr.    Bot.    Zeitschr.    29:  119. 
1877.    With  upcurving  branches  throughout,  the  inflorescence,  capsules,  etc., 
very  glandular-pubescent  and  with  few  if  any  incurved  hairs:    leaves  5  cm. 
or,   exceptionally,  7   cm.  long,  frequently  erect,  elliptical  to  mostly  ovate- 
lanceolate,  obtuse,  only  slightly  serrulate  or  denticulate,  abruptly  rounded 
to  short-winged  petioles,  rather  pale  green  and  glossy,  glabrous  except  the 
uppermost,  which  are  gradually  reduced  and  but  slightly  rugose:  flowers  very 
numerous,  nodding  at  first:  petals  3-5  mm.  long,  rosy:  fruiting  peduncles 
slender,  mostly  short:  seeds  obovoid,  abruptly  short-beaked;  coma  white. 
E.  coloratum.    (E.  rubescens  Rydb.  1.  c.  568.) — The  commonest  of  our  species, 
variable;  wet  banks  everywhere. 

13.  Epilobium  perplexans  Trel.  in  Herb,  ex  Tweedy  (1900),  Greene  (1902). 
Slender,  subsimple  or  with  few  ascending  remotely  leafy  branches,  less  glan- 
dular, the  inflorescence  sometimes  canescent  with  incurved  hairs :  leaves  scarcely 
5   cm.    long,    divergent,   lanceolate,  rather  obtuse  and  sparingly  undulate- 
serrulate,  thin  and  light  green,  the  upper  acutely  tapering  to  slender  some- 
times elongated  petioles.     (E.  adenocaulon  perplexans  Trelease,  Rep.  Mo.  Bot. 
Gard.  2:  96.  1891;  E.  stramineum  Rydb.  1.  c.,  in  part;  E.  Palmeri  Rydb.  1.  c. 
569.) — Frequent  in  our  range. 

6.  ONAGRA  Adans.    EVENING  PBIMKOSE 

Annual  or  biennial  herbs,  with  mostly  erect  stems.  Leaves  alternate,  un- 
dulate or  toothed.  Buds  erect.  Flowers  yellow,  nocturnal,  in  terminal 
spikes.  Calyx-tube  elongated.  Ovary  4-celled;  ovules  in  2  or  more  rows, 
horizontal.  Capsule  4-angled,  more  or  less  tapering,  opening  loculicidally. 
Seeds  prismatic-angled. — Oenothera  in  part. 

Calyx-tube  slender,  2.5-5  cm.  long. 

Plant  somewhat  strigose;  petals  yellow,  1-2  cm.  long     .         .         .  1.  O.  strigosa. 

Plant  somewhat  hirsute;  petals  yellow  or  pinkish,  2.5-4  cm.  long  .     2.  O.  Hookeri. 

Calyx-tube  stout,  5-10  cm.  long       .        ..         .         .         .         .         .  .     3.  O.  Jamesii. 

1.  Onagra  strigosa  Rydb.  Mem.  N.  Y.  Bot.  Gard.  1:  278.  1900.    Strigose 
and  somewhat  villous  above  with  grayish  hairs,  4-10  dm.  high:  leaves  various, 
the  basal  obovate  or  spatulate,  obtuse;  stem  leaves  oblanceolate  to  lanceo- 
late, 5-10  cm.  long  or  the  upper  shorter,  acute,  undulate:  spike  leafy-bracted, 
many-flowered:   calyx-segments  with  short  free  tips:   corollas  pure  yellow, 
3-4.5  cm.  broad:  capsules  2.5-3  cm.  long.     Oenothera  biennis. — Along  the 
eastern  base  of  the  mountains  to  Montana,  S.  Dakota,  and  Nebraska. 

2.  Onagra  Hookeri  (T.  &  G.)  Small,  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  23:  171.  1896. 
Stems  erect,  usually  stout  and  mostly  simple,  canescently  pubescent  and  more 
or  less  hirsute:  leaves  lanceolate  to  ovate-lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate,  re- 
pandly  denticulate,  the  lowest  petioled:  flowers  sessile,  in  a  leafy  spike:  calyx 
villous,  the  tube  twice  the  length  of  the  ovary,  rather  shorter  than  the  slightly 
acuminate   segments:   petals  obcordate,  about   3   cm.  long:   stigma   linear, 
somewhat  thickened:  capsule  more  or  less  pubescent. — From  the  Rocky 
Mountains  to  the  Pacific  coast. 

ROCKY  MT.  BOT. — 22 


338  ONAGRACEAE    (EVENING   PRIMROSE   FAMILY) 

3.  Onagra  Jamesii  (T.  &  G.)  Small,  1.  c.  840.  Stems  stout,  canescently 
strigillose,  decumbent,  1-4  m.  long,  more  or  less  branched:  leaf-blades  nar- 
rowly oblong  or  lanceolate,  5-20  cm.  long,  often  curved,  acute,  repandly 
denticulate,  the  lower  ones  narrowed  into  short  petiole-like  bases,  the  upper 
sessile  or  nearly  so:  calyx-tube  stout,  5-11  cm.  long:  calyx-lobes  nearly  linear, 
about  half  as  long  as  the  tube:  corolla  showy,  yellow,  turning  to  rose:  cap- 
sules tapering  upward,  35-40  mm.  long. — Southern  Colorado  and  southward. 

6.  ANOGRA  Spach.    WHITE  EVENING  PEIMHOSE 

Caulescent  annual  or  perennial  herbs,  often  with  a  papery  bark.  Stems  some- 
times somewhat  woody.  Leaves  alternate;  blades  usually  pinnatifid.  Buds 
drooping.  Flowers  usually  axillary,  diurnal.  Calyx-tube  elongated;  sepals 
narrow.  Corolla  white  or  pink.  Ovary  slender;  ovules  numerous,  in  1  row 
in  each  cavity,  ascending.  Capsules  elongated,  spreading  or  ascending,  lo- 
culicidal.  Seeds  terete.— -Oenothera  in  part. 

Calyx  in  bud  merely  acutish,  the  tips  of  its  lobes  not  free. 

Capsule  erect  or  ascending;  seeds  pitted 1.  A.  albicaulis. 

Capsule  divaricate;  seeds  smooth  .         .         .         .         .         .     2.  A.  violacea. 

Calyx  in  bud  acuminate  or  acute,  the  tips  of  its  lobes  free. 
Capsule  linear-cylindric;  throat  of  the  calyx  glabrous. 

Calyx  glabrate,  or  sparsely  hairy,  or  glandular-puberulent. 

Leaves  deeply  pinnatifid 3.  A.  rhizomata. 

Leaves  subentire  or  toothed  or  some  of  them  short-lobed. 

Capsule  straight,  ascending;  leaves  pubescent  beneath       .     4.  A.  Nuttallii. 
Capsules  divaricate,   usually  some  of  them  contorted  or 

twisted;  leaves  glabrous       .         .         .         .         .         .     5.  A.  pallida. 

Calyx  villous  or  densely  strigose. 

Leaves,  at  least  some  of  them,  deeply  pinnatifid     .         .         .     6.  A.  trichocalyx. 
Leaves  subentire  or  sinuately  toothed. 

Silvery-canescent 7.  A.  cinerea. 

Dark  green  and  hispid- villous 8.  A.  neo-mexicana. 

Capsule  oblong;  throat  of  the  calyx  hairy;  leaves  rather  finely 

pinnatifid 9.  A.  coronopifolia. 

1.  Anogra  albicaulis  (Pursh)  Brit.  Mem.  Torr.  Club  5:  234.  1894.     Stems 
diffusely  branched,  the  branches  decumbent  or  ascending,  1-3  dm.  long,  more 
or  less  hirsute  or  puberulent,  with  whitish  and  often  shreddy  bark:  leaves  al- 
ternate; blades  oblanceolate  or  lanceolate,  deeply  pinnatifid  or  the  lower  ones 
repand-dentate  (rarely  entire),  2.5-10  cm.  long:  sepals  lanceolate,  acuminate, 
hirsute,  the  tips  not  free  in  the  bud:  corolla  3.5-7.5  cm.  broad,  white,  becom- 
ing rose-color:  capsules  linear-cylindric,  2.5-3.5  cm.  long:  seeds  finely  pitted. 
Oenothera  pinnatifida.     (A.  Buffumii  A.  Nels.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  27:  267. 
1900.) — On  the  plains  east  of  the  mountains,  Dakota  to  New  Mexico. 

2.  Anogra  violacea  A.  Nels.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  31:  242.  1904.    Stems 
several  to  many,  decumbent  at  base,  2-3  dm.  high,  usually  violet  or  purplish 
(broadly  splotched),  appearing  smooth  but  puberulent  under  a  lens:  crown 
leaves  rather  small,  linear-ob lanceolate,  entire  or  toothed;  stem  leaves  pu- 
berulent, dark  green,  numerous,  4-8  cm.  long,  linear-oblong  or  narrowly  ob- 
lanceolate, coarsely  sinuate-dentate  and  some  of  them  deeply  pinnatifid;  the 
lobes  acute,  triangular  to  oblong:  buds  drooping,  oblong  or  slightly  enlarged 
towards  the  obtusish  tip,  pubescent  with  flat,  crinkled  hairs:  calyx-lobes  a 
little  more  than  half  as  long  as  the  tube:  petals  triangular-obcordate,  sinus 
broad  and  shallow,  15-20  mm.  long,  scarcely  longer  than  the  calyx-lobes, 
white,  drying  pink:  capsule  subangulate,  sinuate- tubercled  on  the  margins. — 
Sandy  slopes  and  washes;  Wyoming  and  Colorado. 

3.  Anogra  rhizomata  A.  Nels.  1.  c.  26:  240.  1899.     Perennial:  rhizome 
horizontal,  long,  thick,  giving  rise  at  intervals  to  short,  obliquely  ascending 
stems:  stems  several,  1-2  dm.  high,  from  pinkish  to  light  violet,  puberulent: 
leaves  from  nearly  entire  to  deeply  pinnatifid,  linear-oblong,  3-5  cm.  long, 
more  or  less  hispid-ciliate  and  puberulent:  buds  acute  at  apex,  sometimes 
glabrate:  calyx- tips  free,  lobes  snorter  than  the  petals,  usually  much  shorter 
than  the  tube:  petals  white  or  pink,  suborbicular:  capsule  linear,  somewhat 


ONAGRACEAE    (EVENING   PRIMROSE   FAMILY)  339 

angled,  2-3  cm.  long,  divergent  or  becoming  deflexed. — Habitat  and  range  of 
the  last. 

4.  Anogra  Nuttallii  (Sweet)  A.  Nels.  Bot.  Gaz.  34:  368.  1902.    Stems  one 
to  several  from  the  crown,  erect,  5-10  dm.  high:  leaves  very  numerous,  some- 
what fascicled  in  the  axils,  softly  and  minutely  puberulent  on  the  lower  sur- 
face, broadly  linear,  margin  entire  or  merely  denticulate:  flowers  drooping 
in  bud:  calyx  glandular-puberulent  on  the  tube;  calyx-lobes  narrowly  lanceo- 
late, 2-3  cm.  long,  about  as  long  as  the  tube,  the  tips  free:  petals  white,  broadly 
obovate,  nearly  as  long  as  the  reflexed  calyx-lobes:  stigmas  exserted,  linear, 
about  10  mm.  long:  mature  capsule  cylindrical,  about  3  cm.  long,  pale,  mi- 
nutely puberulent  except  on  the  rather  broad,  whitish  sutures,  not  contorted: 
seeds  narrowly  ovate,  light  green,  copiously  speckled  with  purple,  indistinctly 
striate  under  a  lens,  about  2  mm.  long. — Throughout  our  range  and  westward 
and  northward. 

5.  Anogra  pallida  (Lindl.)  Brit.  1.  c.    Much  resembling  the  preceding  but 
the  leaves  usually  narrow,  nearly  entire  and  wholly  glabrous,  more  rarely 
broader,  minutely  pubescent   (especially  on  the  margins)   and  runcinately 
toothed  or  pinna  tifid  toward  the  base:  calyx  glabrous  or  with  scattered  hairs; 
the  tube  much  longer  than  the  ovary  and  often  twice  or  thrice  the  length  of 
the  segments:  style  not  exserted:  capsules  spreading,  at  least  some  of  them 
more  or  less  contorted.     (A.  Vreelandii  Rydb.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  31:  570. 
1904.) — Less  frequent;  Wyoming  and  western  Nebraska  and  northward  and 
westward. 

6.  Anogra  trichocalyx  (Nutt.)  Small,  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  23:  174.  1896. 
Stems  usually  several  from  the  crown,  1-3  dm.  long:  leaves  pinnatifid,  some- 
what canescent  and  sprinkled  with  rather  long  flattish  hairs;  the  terminal 
lobe  of  the  basal  leaves  oblong  and  entire:  calyx  rather  densely  villous  with 
long  crisped  hairs;  the  segments  shorter  than  the  tube  and  the  roundish  petals 
which  exceed  the  stamens  and  the  short  style:  capsule  cylindrical:  seeds  lan- 
ceolate, acute,  smooth,  with  minute  purple  spots. — Frequent  in  sandy  soil; 
Nebraska  to  Nevada. 

7.  Anogra  cinerea  Rydb.  1.  c.  31:  570.  1904.     Branched  perennial ;  the  stem 
3-4  dm.  high,  whitish  cinereous,  strigose  when  young:   leaves  lanceolate  to 
ovate-lanceolate,  mostly  subsessile,  3-5  cm.  long,  sinuate-dentate  or  dentic- 
ulate, cinereous:  calyx  glabrous  or  sparingly  long-hairy,  acuminate;  tips  free 
and  rather  long:  petals  15-18  mm.  long:  pods  divergent  at  right  angles  to  the 
stem,  3-3.5  cm.  long,  almost  straight.     (A.  latifolia  Rydb.  1.  c.  33:  146.)— 
Nebraska,  Colorado,  and  Wyoming. 

8.  Anogra  neo-mexicana  Small,    1.   c.    176.     Stout,    hispid-villous,  dark 
green:  stem  6-7  dm.  tall,  flexuous,  clothed  with  a  pale  papery  bark:  leaves 
oblong  or  lanceolate,  4-8  cm.  long,  sinuate-toothed,  puberulent,  with  some 
hispid-villous  hairs  on  the  midrib  and  lateral  nerves :  calyx  hispid-villous,  the 
tube  stoutish,  4-4.  5cm.  long,  nearly  thrice  longer  than  the  ovary;  the  segments 
nearly  linear,  one  half  as  long  as  the  tube,  the  tips  free  in  the  bud:  petals 
broadly  deltoid,  1.8  cm.  long,  2  cm.  broad:   style  slender,  longer  than  the 
petals:  capsule  nearly  cylindric,  2-2.5  cm.  long,  somewhat  narrowed  at  the 
base  and  the  apex,  hispid-villous:  seeds  "oblong  and  perfectly  smooth." — 
New  Mexico  and  probably  southern  Colorado. 

9.  Anogra  coronopifolia    (T.  &  G.)  Brit.  1.  c.    Stems  erect  or  nearly  so, 
branched,  1.5-3  dm.  tall,  more  or  less  hispid  or  canescent:  leaf-blades  lanceo- 
late or  oblanceolate  in  outline,  1.5-5  cm.  long,  usually  finely  and  deeply  pin- 
natifid into  linear-oblong  lobes:  sepals  linear:  corolla  white,  turning  pink, 
2-3  cm.  broad:   capsules  oblong,  abruptly  constricted  at  the  top,  straight, 
8-20  mm.  long,  about  4  mm.  thick:  seeds  tuberculate. — Plains  and  prairies; 
from  Montana  to  Texas. 

7.  PACHYLOPHUS  Spach,    FRAGRANT  PRIMROSE 

Perennial,  acaulescent  or  somewhat  caulescent  herbs.    Leaves  basal,  pinnati- 
fid or  pinnately-toothed.    Calyx-tube  linear-funnelform,  the  segments  shorter 


340  ONAGRACEAE    (EVENING   PRIMROSE   FAMILY) 

than  the  tube.  Petals  white  or  pink.  Capsules  basal,  woody,  pyramidal,  their 
angles  retuse  or  obtuse,  transversely  wrinkled,  and  sometimes  tuberculate- 
crested.  Seeds  sessile,  in  1  or  2  rows,  deeply  furrowed  along  the  raphe.  This 
has  been  considered  a  monotypic  genus,  and  it  must  be  said  that  the  following 
species  are  far  from  sharply  distinct. — Oenothera  in  part. 

Wholly  glabrous  throughout;  calyx-tube  several  times  longer  than  its 

Capsule  tuberculate-crested  on  the  angles;  flowers  large,  surpassing 

the  leaves 1.  P.  caespitosus. 

Capsule  with  smooth  rounded  angles;  flowers  small,  surpassed  by 

the  leaves 2.  P.  glaber. 

More  or  less  pubescent  or  hirsute. 

Strictly  acaulescent;  calyx-tube  only  twice  as  long  as  its  lobes         .     3.  P.  montanus. 
Acaulescent  or  caulescent;  calyx-tube  three  to  several  times  as  long 

as  its  lobes. 
Capsule  sessile. 

Acaulescent  or  nearly  so,  sparingly  pubescent    .         .         .         .     4.  P.  macrpglottis. 
Acaulescent  and  conspicuously  pubescent  or  villous  .         .         .     5.  P.  eximius. 
Capsule  stipitate;  caulescent          .         .         .         .         .         .         .     6.  P.  marginatus. 

1.  Pachylophus  caespitosus  (Nutt.)  Raimann,  Eng.  &  Prantl.  Nat.  Pfl. 
Fam.  37:  215.  1893.      Wholly  glabrous,   stemless  or  subcaulescent:  leaves 
lanceolate,  acute,  repandly  toothed  or  nearly  entire,  attenuate  into  a  long 
margined  petiole :  tube  of  the  calyx  4  times  as  long  as  the  carinate,  acumi- 
nate segments:  corolla  very  large,  6-8  cm.  broad;  petals  obcordate,  white, 
with  yellowish  veins,  reddish  in  withering,  longer  than  the  declined  stamens 
and    style:    capsules   nearly    sessile,    oblong-conical,    conspicuously   doubly 
tuberculate-cristate  along  the  sutures.     Oenothera  caespitosa.     "The  typical 
form  only  on  the  upper  Missouri  in  Dakota  and  Nebraska." — Reported  doubt- 
fully from  Wyoming  and  Colorado. 

2.  Pachylophus   glaber   A.   Nels.    Bull.   Torr.    Bot.   Club   31:  242.  1904. 
Acaulescent   and   completely   glabrous   throughout:   root  thick,    semifleshy, 
caespitosely  branched  at  summit:  leaves  crowded,  nearly  linear,  7-12  cm. 
long,  remotely  and  irregularly  toothed,  tapering  to  both  ends,  acute;  slender 
petiole  about  half  as  long  as  the  blade:  flowers  not  equaling  the  leaves:  the 
calyx-tube  slender,  1  dm.  or  less  long;  calyx-lobes  about  2  cm.  long:  petals 
somewhat  inequilateral,  broad,  deeply  cleft-cordate,  about  2  cm.  long:  fruits 
small,  12-15  mm.  long,  strictly  basal,  not  tubercled  and  but  slightly  angled. 
— The  region  of  the  Platte,  in  Wyoming. 

3.  Pachylophus  montanus   (Nutt.)   A.   Nels.  1.  c.  26:  128.  1899.     Root 
large,  woody  with  fleshy  cortex,  crowns  one  or  more,  strictly  acaulescent:  leaves 
3-8  cm.  long,   oblong  or  oblanceolate,  irregularly  pinnately  toothed,  from 
sparsely  hirsute  to  green  and  glabrous  on  the  faces,  canescently  hirsute  on 
the  margins  and  midrib:  flowers  few:  calyx-tube  equaling  or  shorter  than 
the   leaves,  hirsute-pubescent;   segments   pinkish,   lanceolate,    glabrous  but 
for  a  pubescent  line  down  the  middle:  petals  white  (drying  pink),  broadly 
obcordate,  2-3  cm.  long:  capsule  sessile,  oblong  or  narrowly  ovate,  obscurely 
tubercled  on  the  obtuse  sutures,  15-20  mm.  long:  seeds  in  two  rows,  brown 
or  nearly  black,  irregularly  obovate. — On  otherwise  naked  red  clay  soils; 
Colorado  to  Montana. 

4.  Pachylophus  macroglottis  Rydb.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  30:  259.  1903. 
Acaulescent  or  nearly  so:  leaves  8-15  cm.  long,  tapering  into  a  margined 
petiole;  blades  broadly  oblanceolate,  acute,   sinuate-dentate,  more  or  less 
pubescent,  and  villous-ciliate  on  the  margins  and  the  veins:  calyx-tube  long 
and  slender,   14  cm.  long,   sparingly  villous  or  nearly  glabrous,   gradually 
widening  into  a  funnelform  throat,  more  than  twice  as  long  as  the  lanceolate 
lobes:  petals  obcordate,  about  3.5  cm.  long,  at  first  white  but  turning  pink 
in  age:  capsule  with  rather  strong,  smuately  lobed  ridges.    The  species  as  here 
described  comprises  most  of  the  forms  long  known  in  literature  and  in  herbaria 
as  Oenothera  caespitosa.     (P.  hirsutus  Rydb.  1.  c.  31:  571.  1904.) — Frequent 
throughout  our  range. 

5.  Pachylophus  eximius  Gray,  PI.  Fendl.  45.     1848.     More  or  less  caules- 
cent, the  stem  rather  fleshy  and  leafy:  leaves  1-2  dm.  long,  pinnatifid-sinuate, 


ONAGRACEAE    (EVENING   PRIMROSE   FAMILY)  341 

pubescent  or  villous,  especially  on  the  margins  and  midrib :  calyx-tube  very 
long  (12-20  cm.),  villous  as  are  also  its  lobes  (5-7  cm.  long):  corolla  large  and 
showy:  capsule  glabrate  or  villous,  sessile,  oblong-cylindrical  or  lance-ovoid, 
3-4  cm.  long,  sinuately  ridged  or  low-tuberculate  on  the  sutures.  (P.  cau- 
lescens  Rydb.  1.  c.) — Colorado  and  Utah  to  New  Mexico. 

6.  Pachylophus  marginatus  (Nutt.)  Rydb.  1.  c.  33.  1906.  Subcaulescent 
or  stem  sometimes  1  or  2  dm.  high,  from  hirsute  to  villous  throughout  (in- 
cluding the  capsule):  leaves  pinnatifid,  toothed,  or  runcinate:  calyx-tube 
about  twice  as  long  as  its  long  lobes:  petals  broad,  4-5  cm.  long:  capsule 
lance-ovate,  about  3  cm.  long,  usually  conspicuously  pediceled,  somewhat 
tuberculate-cristate  on  the  obtuse  angles. — Probably  extending  into  our  range 
from  the  northwest. 

8.  LAVAUXIA  Spach. 

Perennial  or  annual,  usually  low  acaulescent  herbs.  Leaves  mostly  basal; 
blades  pinnatifid.  Flowers  few.  Calyx-lobes  narrow.  Corolla  white,  pink 
or  pale  yellow.  Ovary  short,  4-angled;  ovules  few.  Capsule  stout,  the  acute 
angles  sometimes  winged  above.  Seeds  few. — Oenothera  in  part. 

Capsule  beaked;  flowers  3-4  cm.  broad      .         .         .         .         .         .     1.  L.  flava. 

Capsule  obtuse;  flowers  8-10  cm.  broad 2.  L.  brachycarpa. 

1.  Lavauria  flava  A.  Nels.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  31:  243.  1904.    Stemless 
perennial  (?),  nearly  glabrous:  leaves  crowded,  oblong-lanceolate,  deeply  and 
irregularly  runcinate-pinnatifid,    10-25  cm.  long:   flowers  shorter  than  the 
leaves:  calyx-tube  4-7  cm.  long,  the  lobes  about  2  cm.  long:  petals  yellow, 
invariably  turning  pink  with  age  and  in  drying,  obovate:  stamens  shorter 
than  the  petals:  capsule  oblong,  narrowly  wing-angled,  2-3  cm.  long,  one  third 
as  broad:   seeds  numerous,   cuneate-obovate.     Oenothera  triloba.— Colorado 
and  Wyoming  and  probably  of  wider  range. 

2.  Lavauxia  brachycarpa   (Gray)    Brit.  Mem.  Torr.  Club   5:   235.    1904. 
Perennial,  caespitose,  acaulescent  or  subcaulescent,  at  first  canescent  through- 
out, glabrate  with  age:  leaves  ovate  to  oblong-linear,  from  nearly  entire  to 
lyrate-pinnatifid :  calyx-tube  7-14  cm.  long,  the  lobes  nearly  half  as  long, 
reflexed:    petals  golden-yellow,   3-5  cm.   long,   somewhat  broader:    capsule 
ovate,  2.5-3.5  cm.  long,  wing-angled.    [L.  Howardii  (Jones)  A.  Nels.  Bot.  Gaz. 
34:  368.  1902.J — Nebraska  to  Nevada  and  to  Texas  and  New  Mexico. 

9.  GAURELLA  Small 

Low  perennial  herbs,  with  wiry,  diffusely  branched  stems.  Leaves  alter- 
nate; blades  nearly  entire  or  distantly  toothed.  Flowers  axillary,  sessile. 
Calyx-tube  slightly  dilated  at  the  throat,  scarcely  as  long  as  its  lobes.  Petals 
white  or  pink,  spotted  or  striped  with  red.  Ovary  short;  style  stout,  en- 
larged above.  Capsule  sessile,  with  a  curved  beak,  the  faces  swollen.  Seeds 
angled,  delicately  striate. — Oenothera  in  part. 

1.  Gaurella  canescens  (Torr.)  A.  Nels.  Stems  1-5  dm.  long,  canescent  with 
appressed  hairs,  the  branches  decumbent  or  ascending:  leaf-blades  lanceolate 
or  linear-lanceolate,  8-16  mm.  long,  repand-denticulate  or  entire:  corolla  white 
or  pink,  18-25  mm.  wide;  petals  obovate,  entire:  capsules  canescent,  8-10 
mm.  long,  angled,  not  winged:  seeds  angled,  slipper-shaped.  Oenothera  canes- 
cens Torr.  in  Frem.  Rept.  315.  1845.  [G.  guttulata  (Geyer)  Small,  Fl.  844. 1903.] 
— Prairies  and  plains;  Colorado,  Nebraska,  and  New  Mexico. 

10.  GALPINSIA  Britton 

Perennial  herbs  or  shrubby  plants  with  much-branched  stems.  Leaves  al- 
ternate. Flowers  yellow,  axillary.  Calyx-tube  slender,  longer  than  the 
ovary.  Ovary  4-celled,  elongated;  stigma  disk-like,  entire.  Capsules  elon- 


342  ONAGRACEAE    (EVENING   PRIMROSE   FAMILY) 

gated,  narrowed  at  the,base,  more  or  less  curved.     Seeds  sometimes  tubercu 
late.— Oenothera  in  part. 

1.  Galpinsia  lavandulaefplia  (T.  &  G.)  Small,  Fl.  S.  E.  U.  S.  845.  1903. 
Stems  copiously  tufted,  radially  spreading  and  seldom  rising  more  than  1  dm., 
the  internodes  very  short:  leaves  very  numerous  and  crowded;  blades  linear 
or  linear-spatulate,  on  the  lower  part  of  the  stem  entire  or  essentially  so, 
finely  but  closely  pale-pubescent:  flowers  few:  calyx-tube  elongated,  rather 
gradually  dilated,  lobes  10-16  mm.  long:  petals  12-18  mm.  long:  capsules 
narrow,  2-2.5  cm.  long.  Oenothera  Hartwegii  lavandulaefolia. — Wyoming  to 
New  Mexico. 

11.  MERIOLIX  Raf. 

Biennial  or  perennial  herbs  with  branched  stems,  or  sometimes  shrubby. 
Leaves  alternate,  narrow,  entire  or  sharply  serrate.  Flowers  regular,  axil- 
lary, yellow.  Calyx-tube  funnelform,  shorter  than  the  ovary.  Calyx-segments 
keeled  on  the  back.  Petals  often  blotched  at  the  base.  Stigma  disk-like, 
4-toothed.  Capsules  linear,  4-angled,  sessile.  Seeds  longitudinally  grooved. 
— Oenothera  in  part. 

1.  Meriolix  serrulata  (Nutt.)  Walp.  Repert.  2:  79.  1843.  Stems  often  co- 
piously branched  at  the  base,  the  branches  canescent,  1-5  dm.  high:  leaf- 
blades  spatulate  to  linear-oblong  or  linear,  2-5  cm.  long,  serrate:  calyx-tube 
3-4  mm.  broad  at  the  mouth,  the  free  portion  yellow  within:  sepals  5-7  mm. 
long:  petals  obovate,  8-12  mm.  long,  crenulate:  anthers  2.5-3  mm.  long: 
capsules  linear-cylindric,  1.5-2  cm.  long,  about  1.5  mm.  thick. — From  Mani- 
toba to  New  Mexico  and  Texas. 

12.  TARAXIA  Nutt. 

Acaulescent  plants  with  pinnatifid  or  entire  leaves  and  yellow  or  white 
axillary  flowers.  Calyx  4-parted,  the  tube  filiform,  longer  than  the  ovary, 
marcescent  or  tardily  deciduous.  Petals  4,  deciduous.  Stamens  8,  erect; 
anthers  oval  or  oblong  and  fixed  near  the  base,  or  linear  and  fixed  near  the 
middle.  Style  usually  adherent,  to  the  calyx-tube;  stigma  capitate,  entire 
or  rarely  4-toothed.  Capsule  sessile. — Oenothera  in  part. 

Leaves  pinnatifid    .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .     1.  T.  breviflora. 

Leaves  subentire  or  repand-denticulate 2.  T.  subacaulis. 

1.  Taraxia  breviflora  Nutt.  in  T.  &  G.  Fl.  1:  506.  1840.    Stemless,  minutely 
pubescent  or  somewhat  canescent:  leaves  lanceolate,  interruptedly  pinnati- 
fid, somewhat  petioled;  the  segments  short,   1-2-toothed  or  entire:  flowers 
(small)  scarcely  longer  than  the  petioles:  tube  of  the  calyx  subulate,  rather 
longer  than  the  linear-lanceolate  segments:  style  shorter  than  the  calyx- 
segments:  capsules  ovoid-oblong,  deeply  4-grooved,  subulate  with  the  per- 
sistent calyx-tube. — Utah  and  Wyoming  to  Northwest  Territory. 

2.  Taraxia  subacaulis  (Pursh)  Rydb.  Mem.  N.  Y.  Bot.  Gard.  1:  281.  1900. 
Glabrous  perennial:  leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  tapering  into  a  slender  petiole, 
entire  or  repand,  5-10  cm.  long:  tube  of  the  calyx  much  shorter  than  the 
leaves,  the  segments  linear-lanceolate:  petals  broadly  obovate,  retuse:  cap- 
sule 15-20  mm.  long,  ob ovoid-oblong,  tetragonal,  attenuate  above  into  the 
persistent  calyx-tube,    the   sides  nearly  flat,   ribbed,    sub  reticulated :   seeds 
numerous,  minutely  pitted. — From  Colorado  and  Wyoming  to  Oregon. 

13.  SPHAEROSTIGMA  Nutt. 

Annual  or  perennial  herbs  with  erect  branching  or  spreading  stems,  the 
bark  often  exfoliating  and  shiny.  Leaves  alternate,  entire  or  dentate,  pet- 
ioled or  sessile.  Flowers  solitary  in  the  axils  or  in  terminal  spikes,  usually 
yellow,  rarely  white  or  rose-color,  often  with  a  brownish  spot  at  the  base, 


ONAGRACEAE    (EVENING   PRIMROSE   FAMILY)  343 

turning  green  or  reddish  in  age.  Stamens  8;  anthers  versatile,  oblong.  Style 
filiform;  stigma  capitate.  Capsule  4-celled,  usually  linear,  4-angled,  often 
contorted,  sessile,  dehiscent  loculicidally.  Seeds  in  1  row  in  each  cell. 

Flowers  yellow,  sometimes  turning  red  or  green. 

Capsules  straight         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .     1.  S.  andinum. 

Capsules  more  or  less  curved  or  contorted. 

Capsules  merely  curved,  less  than  2  cm.  long 2.  S.  Nelsonii. 

Capsules  contorted,  2-3  cm.  long    .         .         .         .         .         .         .     3.  S.  contortum. 

Flowers  white  or  rose-color. 

Foliage  glabrous .         .         .4.  S.  tortum. 

Foliage  tomentose 5.  S.  utahense. 

1.  Sphaerostigma   andinum    (Nutt.)    Walp.  Repert.  2:  70.  1843.      Only 
3-7  cm.  high,  becoming  diffusely  branched,  canescently  puberulent  through- 
out: leaves  linear-spatulate,   1-2  cm.  long,  attenuate  into  slender  petioles: 
spikes  mostly  dense,  many-flowered,  erect;  flowers  2  mm.  long,  yellow:  cap- 
sules 6-12  mm.  long,  attenuate  upward  from  near  the  base:  seeds  linear- 
oblong,  1  mm.  long,  nearly  smooth. — From  Western  Wyoming  to  Washing- 
ton and  California. 

2.  Sphaerostigma  Nelsonii  Heller,   Muhl.   1:  1.  1900.     Stems  simple  or 
two  or  more  from  the  base,  erect,  3-10  cm.  high,  minutely  puberulent  or  at 
length    glabrous:    leaves    linear  to  oblong  or  broader,   entire,    12-25  mm. 
long,    mostly    short-petioled :    flowers    yellowish,    minute,    axillary,    mostly 
crowded  near  the  end  of  the  stems:  calyx-tube  very  short,  about  as  long  as 
the  narrowly  ovate,  obtusish  segments:  petals  oval  with  acutish  ends,  scarcely 
exceeding  the  sepals  and  equaled  by  the  pistil  and  the  longer  stamens,  about 
1.5  mm.  long:  capsule  nearly  straight,  spreading  or  erect,  linear,  striate  at 
maturity,  obscurely  puberulent. — Shale  cliffs,  Green  River,  Wyoming. 

3.  Sphaerostigma  contortum  flexuosum  A.  Nels.  Bot.  Gaz.  40:  58.  1905. 
Small,  about  1  dm.  high;  branches  few,  divaricate,  ascending,  usually  a  pair 
near  the  base:  leaves  linear:  flowers  yellow;  calyx-tube  obconic:  capsule  cy- 
lindrical, sessile,  linear,  2-3  cm.  long,  variously  curved,  usually  deflexed  and 
again  upturned,  producing  S-shaped  forms:  seeds  smooth.    [S.  pubens  (Wats.) 
Rydb.  as  to  Fl.  Colo.;  not  S.  contortum  pubens  (Wats.)  Small.] — Western 
Colorado  and  Wyoming  and  Utah. 

4.  Sphaerostigma  tortum  (Levl.)  A.  Nels.  1.  c.  60.     Branched  from  the  base 
and  spreading,  becoming  at  length  nearly  prostrate:  leaves  glabrous,  mostly 
basal,  oblanceolate  and  tapering  into  slender  petioles:  capsules  about  2  -cm. 
long,  cinereous,  variously  contorted.     [S.  minutiflora  (Wats.)  Rydb.  Bull. 
Torr.   Bot.   Club   33:  146.  1906.]— Western  Wyoming,   through   Utah  and 
Wyoming  to  Idaho. 

4a.  Sphaerostigma  tortum  Eastwoodae  A.  Nels.  1.  c.  61.  Leafy  through- 
out, the  leaves  oblong-linear:  flowers  very  small:  capsule  tapering  into  a  slen- 
der beak,  spirally  coiled  at  base. — Glenwood,  Colorado. 

5.  Sphaerostigma  utahense  Small,  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  23:  191.  1896. 
Whitened  with  a  tomentose  pubescence,  branching  from  the  base  upward, 
15  cm.  or  more  high:  leaves  ovate,  obovate,  or  oblanceolate,  2-4  cm.  long, 
generally  tapering  to  a  short  petiole:  flowers  crowded  in  terminal  somewhat 
corymbose  racemes,  white:  calyx-tube  longer  than  the  lanceolate  lobes:  petals 
obovate,  5  mm.  long,  longer  than  the  stamens  but  surpassed  by  the  pistil:  cap- 
sule linear,  less  than  2  cm.  long,  more  or  less  contorted. — Utah  and  probably 
in  western  Colorado. 

14.  CHYLISMA  Nutt. 

Caulescent  annuals  with  pinnate  or  simple  leaves  and  yellow  flowers  in  ter- 
minal racemes.  Calyx-tube  funnelform  or  obconic,  the  limb  4-parted.  Petals 
4,  entire.  Stamens  8,  unequal;  anthers  oblong,  attached  near  the  middle. 
Stigma  capitate,  entire.  Capsule  linear,  subcylindrical  or  subclavate,  obtuse, 
membranaceous,  not  sessile. — Oenothera  in  part. 

1.  Chylisma   scapoidea   (Nutt.)   Small,   Bull.  Torr.   Bot.   Club   23:  193. 


344  ONAGRACEAE    (EVENING   PRIMROSE   FAMILY) 

1896.  Puberulent  or  nearly  glabrous:  leaves  low  on  the  stem,  usually  lyrately- 
pinnatifid:  calyx-tips  not  free:  capsule  10-25  mm.  long. — Wyoming  and  Colo- 
rado and  far  northwestward. 

15.  GAURA  L. 

Annual,  biennial,  or  perennial  herbs,  with  alternate  narrow  leaves,  and 
white,  pink,  or  red  flowers  in  terminal  spikes  or  racemes.  Calyx-tube  narrow, 
prolonged  beyond  the  ovary,  the  limb  4-lobed.  Petals  clawed,  unequal. 
Stamens  usually  8,  declined,  each  with  a  small  scale  at  the  base.  Ovary 
4-celled;  united  styles  declined;  stigma  4-lobed,  surrounded  by  a  cup-like 
border;  ovules  usually  4,  pendulous.  Fruit  nut-like,  ribbed  or  angled,  in- 
dehiscent  or  nearly  so,  1-4-seeded. 

Anthers  oval;  fruits  fusiform,  8-ribbed     .         .         .         .         .         .  1.  G.  parviflora. 

Anthers  linear  or  nearly  so;  fruit  strongly  4-angled,  at  least  above. 
Plants  tall,  erect,  herbaceous. 

Fruit  sessile 2.  G.  neo-mexicana. 

Fruit  with  a  slender  stipe-like  base    .         .         .         .         .         .  3.  G.  coloradensis. 

Plants  low,  with  assurgent  stems  from  a  subligneous  base     .         .  4.  G.  coccinea. 

1.  Gaura  parviflora  Dougl.  Hook.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  1:  208.  1832.    Perennial 
herbs  or  shrubby  plants  with  much-branched  stems :  leaves  alternate :  flowers 
yellow,  axillary:  calyx-tube  slender,  longer  than  the  ovary:  ovary  4-celled, 
elongated;  stigma  disk-like,  entire:  capsules  elongated,  narrowed  at  the  base, 
more  or  less  curved;  seeds  sometimes  tuberculate. — In  dry  soil;  rather  infre- 
quent; from  the  Missouri  to  Oregon. 

2.  Gaura  neo-mexicana  Wooton,   Bull.  Torr.   Bot.  Club   25:   307.  1898. 
Stems  virgately  branched  above:  leaves  lanceolate,  subsessile,  entire  or  sin- 
uate:   pubescence   subvillous   and  viscid    glandular  above:   calyx-segments 
oblong-spatulate,  barely  longer  than  the  tube:  petals  obovate,  1  cm.  long, 
rose-pink:  style  villous  below  the  middle:  fruit  obovate-pyramidal,  sessile. — 
New  Mexico  and  also  reported  from  Colorado. 

3.  Gaura  coloradensis  Rydb.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  31:  572.  1904.     Her- 
baceous biennial  with  fusiform  root:  stem  5-7  dm.  high,  finely  strigose:  leaf- 
blades    narrowly    oblanceolate,    5-10    cm.    long,    callous-denticulate,    finely 
strigose:  inflorescence  slender  and  rather  lax,  1.5-2  dm.  long:  calyx-tube  about 
2  cm.  long,  finely  strigose;   segments  about  1  cm.  long,  linear-lanceolate,  re- 
flexed:  petals  about  8  mm.  long,  spatulate,  pink,  short-clawed:  fruit  8-10  mm. 
long,  fusiform,  4-angled,  tapering  below  into  a  short  and  rather  slender  stipe- 
like  base. — Northern  Colorado. 

4.  Gaura  coccinea  Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  733.     1814.     Erect  or  ascending, 
much  branched,  canescent  or  glabrate,  1.5-4  dm.  high:  leaves  oblong,  lanceo- 
late, or  linear-oblong,  denticulate,  repand,  or  entire,  acute  or  obtuse  at  the 
apex,  1.5-3.5  cm.  long:  flowers  red,  turning  scarlet:  fruit  terete  below,  4-sided 
and  narrowed  above,  canescent,  6-8  mm.  long.     (G.  glabra  Lehm.,  a  nearly 
glabrous  form;  G.  parvifolia  Torr.,  glabrate  and  with  numerous  small  linear 
leaves;   G.  marginata  Lehm.,   puberulent,   and  the   leaves  and  calyx-lobes 
rather  narrower  than  in  the  typical  species.) — Manitoba  and  Minnesota  to 
Arizona  and  Texas. 

16.  CIRCAEA  L. 

Low,  slender,  perennial  herbs,  with  opposite  petioled  leaves  and  small  white 
flowers  in  racemes.  Calyx-tube  slightly  prolonged  beyond  the  ovary,  its 
limb  2-parted.  Petals  2,  notched.  Stamens  2,  alternate  with  the  petals. 
Ovary  1-2-celled;  ovules  usually  1  in  each  cavity.  Fruit  obovoid,  indehis- 
cent,  bristly  with  hooked  hairs. 

Leaves  undulate-denticulate;  raceme  bractless 1.  G.  pacifica. 

Leaves  sharply  dentate;  bracts  present .     2.  C.  alpina. 

1.  Circaea  pacifica  Ach.  &  Mag.  Bot.  Zeit.  29:  392.  1871.    Mostly  glabrous; 


HALORAGIDACEAE    (WATER  MILFOIL   FAMILY)  345 

stems  usually  simple,  1.5-3  dm.  high,  from  a  small  tuber:  leaves  ovate, 
rounded  or  cordate  at  base,  acute  or  acuminate,  repandly  denticulate,  3-7  cm. 
long;  the  slender  petiole  about  as  long:  racemes  without  bracts:  calyx  white, 
with  a  very  short  tube:  fruit  rather  loosely  covered  with  soft  hairs,  1-celled, 
1-seeded. — In  close  damp  woods;  Wyoming  to  California  and  Washington. 

2.  Circaea  alpina  L.  Sp.  PL  9.  1753.  Glabrous,  stems  weak,  1-2  dm.  high, 
often  branching  above:  leaves  cordate,  shining,  rather  coarsely  toothed, 
2-4  cm.  long,  on  slender  petioles  nearly  as  long  as  tiie  blade:  pedicels  sub- 
tended by  minute  setaceous  bracts;  flowers  reddish,  especially  before  open- 
ing: fruit  pubescent  but  scarcely  hispid. — Colorado  to  Northeastern  America. 


82.  HALORAGIDACEAE  Kl.  &  Garcke.    WATER  MILFOIL 

FAMILY 

Perennial  aquatic  herbs,  with  alternate  or  verticillate  leaves,  which  if  im- 
mersed are  usually  dissected.  Flowers  inconspicuous,  sessile  in  the  axils 
of  the  leaves  or  bracts,  perfect,  monoecious,  or  dioecious.  Calyx-tube  entire 
or  4-lobed.  Corolla  small  or  wanting.  Stamens  1-8.  Ovary  1-4-celled,  ad- 
nate  to  the  calyx-tube.  Fruit  indehiscent,  nut-like,  of  2-4  one-seeded  carpels. 

Leaves  entire,  in  whorls  of  6-12 1.  Hippuris. 

Leaves  dissected,  in  whorls  of  3-5       .......     2.  Myriophyllum. 

1.  HIPPURIS  L.     MARE'S-TAIL.     BOTTLE  BRUSH 

Smooth  erect  herbs  from  running  rootstocks,  growing  in  shallow  ponds  and 
on  muddy  banks.  Leaves  simple,  entire,  linear,  in  whorls  of  8-12.  Flowers 
solitary,  perfect.  Calyx-tube  entire.  Petals  wanting.  Stamen  one.  Ovary 
1-celled,  1-seeded,  indehiscent  and  drupe-like. 

1.  Hippuris  vulgaris  L.  Sp.  PI.  4.  1753.  Glabrous,  slender,  2-5  dm.  high: 
leaves  1-3  cm.  long,  or  the  submerged  ones  often  longer:  the  stamen  with  a 
short,  thick  filament:  style  filiform,  stigmatic  throughout. — Across  the  north- 
ern part  of  the  continent  and  south  in  the  mountains  to  New  Mexico. 

2.  MYRIOPHYLLUM  L.     WATER  MILFOIL 

Smooth,  leafy  herbs.  Leaves  whorled  in  threes  or  fours.  Upper  flowers 
usually  staminate,  the  lower  pistillate,  and  the  intermediate  ones  perfect. 
Limb  of  the  calyx  4-lobed  in  the  sterile  flowers,  wanting  or  minutely  toothed 
in  the  others.  Petals  2-4,  minute  or  wanting  in  the  pistillate  flowers.  Sta- 
mens 8  (in  ours).  Ovary  4-celled;  stigmas  recurved  and  plumose. 

Floral  leaves  (bracts)  shorter  than  the  flowers 1.  M.  spicatum. 

Floral  leaves  (bracts)  longer  than  the  flowers     .         .         .         .         .     2.  M.  verticillatum. 

1.  Myriophyllum  spicatum  L.  Sp.  PI.  992.     1753.    Leaves  in  whorls  of  4-5, 
all  pinnately  parted  into  capillary  divisions,  except  the  floral  ones  or  bracts; 
these  ovate,  entile  or  toothed  and  mostly  shorter  than  the  flowers,  which 
thus  form  an  interrupted  spike:  petals  deciduous:  stamens  8:  carpels  rounded 
on  the  back,  with  a  deep  groove  between  them. — Common  in  our  range,  and 
across  the  continent;  also  in  the  Old  World. 

2.  Myriophyllum  verticillatum  L.  1.  c.    Very  similar  but  the  whorls  mostly 
of  3-4  leaves;  the  floral  also  pinnately  parted  into  linear  segments  and  very 
many  times  longer  than  the  flowers:  petals  of  the  staminate  flowers  4,  pur- 
plish: otherwise  much  like  the  preceding. — Rare  in  our  range;  across  the 
continent;  also  in  Europe  and  Asia. 


346  UMBELLIFERAE    (PARSNIP  FAMILY) 

83.  ARALIACEAE  Vent.    GINSENG  FAMILY 

Herbs,  shrubs,  or  trees,  with  alternate  or  verticillate  rarely  opposite  leaves, 
and  perfect  or  polygamous,  variously  clustered  flowers.  Calyx-tube  adnate  to 
the  ovary,  its  limb  truncate  or  toothed.  Petals  usually  5,  valvate  or  slightly 
imbricate,  inserted  on  the  margin  of  the  calyx.  Stamens  as  many  as  the  petals 
and  alternate  with  them,  rarely  none,  inserted  on  the  epigynous  disk;  fila- 
ments filiform  or  short;  anthers  introrse.  Ovary  inferior,  1 -several-celled ; 
styles  as  many;  ovules  1  in  each  cell.  Fruit  a  berry  or  drupe.  Seeds  flattened 
or  somewhat  3-angled. 

Stem  very  prickly;  flowers  in  racemosely  disposed  umbels      ....     1.  Fatsia. 
Stem  not  prickly;  flowers  in  one  or  more  simple  umbels    .         .         .         .         .2.  Aralia. 

1.  FATSIA.     Decaisne  &  Planch. 

Densely  prickly  shrubs  with  large  palmately  lobed  leaves  and  greenish- 
white  flowers  in  dense  paniculate  umbels.  Calyx-teeth  obsolete.  Petals  5, 
valvate  in  the  bud.  Stamens  5,  alternate  with  the  petals;  filaments  filiform; 
anthers  ovate  to  oblong.  Ovary  2-3-celled;  styles  2,  filiform;  stigma  termi- 
nal. Fruit  laterally  compressed,  drupaceous,  the  endocarp  indurated. 

1.  Fatsia  horrida  (Sm.)  B.  &  H.  Gen.  1:  939.  1867.  Stem  stout  and  woody, 
1-3  m.  long,  creeping  at  base,  leafy  at  the  summit,  and  very  prickly  through- 
out, making  the  forests  in  places  almost  impassable. — Cascade  and  Coast 
Ranges,  from  the  Columbia  northward,  and  extending  into  the  Bitter-Root 
Mountains. 

2.  ARALIA  L.     WILD  SARSAPARILLA 

Perennial  herbs  or  shrubs.  Leaves  alternate,  digitate  or  compound,  with 
serrate  leaflets.  Umbels  mostly  simple,  solitary,  racemed  or  panicled.  Calyx 
5-toothed  or  entire.  Petals  5,  ovate.  Stamens  5.  Disk  depressed  or  rarely 
conical.  Ovary  2-5-celled;  styles  free  or  connate  at  base,  at  length  divaricate. 
Fruit  laterally  compressed,  becoming  3-5-angled. 

1.  Aralia  nudicaulis  L.  Sp.  PI.  274.  1753.  Stem  somewhat  woody,  short, 
scarcely  rising  out  of  the  ground,  bearing  a  single  long-stalked  compound 
leaf  and  a  shorter  naked  scape  with  2-7  umbels :  leaflets  oblong-ovate  or  oval, 
serrate,  5  on  each  of  the  3  divisions. — In  the  Rocky  Mountains,  and  from  Can- 
ada to  the  southern  States. 


84.  UMBELLIFERAE  *  B.  Juss.    PARSNIP  FAMILY 

Herbs,  commonly  with  hollow  stems.  Leaves  mainly  alternate,  mostly 
compound,  often  decompound,  the  petiole  expanded  or  sheathing  at  base. 
Flowers  small,  mostly  in  umbels  (rarely  in  heads) ;  umbels  usually  compound, 
forming  umbellets;  the  bracts  under  the  general  umbel  form  an  involucre, 
under  an  umbellet  an  involucel.  Calyx- tube  adnate  to  the  2-celled  ovary, 
its  margin  truncate  or  5-toothed.  Petals  5,  inserted  on  the  margin  of  the 
calyx.  Stamens  5,  epigynous,  on  slender  filaments  with  versatile  anthers. 
Ovary  inferior;  the  two  filiform  styles  often  borne  on  a  depressed  or  a  conical 
stylopodium;  ovules  1  in  each  cavity,  pendulous.  Fruit  either  flattened 
laterally  (at  right  angles  to  the  commissure),  or  dorsally  (parallel  to  the 
commissure),  or  nearly  terete  (not  flattened).  Carpels  after  parting  from 

*  Adapted  from  Coulter  and  Rose's  Monograph  of  the  Umbelliferae,  Contrib.  Nat.  Herb. 
7:  1900,  and  Supplement,  1.  c.  12:  1909. 


UMBELLIFERAE    (PARSNIP   FAMILY) 


347 


each  other  supported  on  the  summit  of  a  slender  axis  (the  carpophore),  each 
with  5  primary  ribs  in  their  pericarps  (rarely  ribless),  and  in  some  genera 
with  4  additional  secondary  ones,  the  ribs  or  some  of  them  often  winged. 
Pericarp  membranous  or  corky-thickened,  usually  containing  oil-tubes  be- 
tween the  ribs  or  under  the  ribs,  and  on  the  commissural  side;  oil-tubes  some- 
times irregularly  scattered,  sometimes  none. 


3ly  divided;  the  fruit  covered  with  hooked  bristles 
Leaves  various;  fruit  not  bristly  (except  in  No.  2). 

Leaves  simple  and  perfoliate 

Leaves,  or  some  of  them,  not  simple;  oil-tubes  present. 

Fruit  more  or  less  bristly  on  the  margins     .... 
Fruit  smooth. 

Fruit  strongly  flattened  dorsally. 
Oil-tubes  solitary  in  the  intervals. 
Stylopodium  conical. 

Plants  with  small  glabrous  pinnate  or  ternate 

leaves  or  some  of  the  leaves  simple    . 
Plants  stout,  with  large  rough  ternately  compound 


Stylopodium  flat  or  wanting. 
Plants  tall  and  often  branching. 

Flowers  white 

Flowers  yellow     ....... 

Plants  acaulescent  or  nearly  so. 

Calyx-teeth  and  Stylopodium  wanting 
Calyx-teeth  and  Stylopodium  evident 
Oil-tubes  more  than  one  in  the  intervals. 
Plants  caulescent  and  branching. 

Leaves  ternately  or  pinnately  compound 

Leaves  decompound         ...... 

Plants  acaulescent  or  nearly  so. 
Lateral  wings  thin. 

Calyx-teeth  and  Stylopodium  wanting         .         . 
Calyx-teeth  and  Stylopodium  evident  . 
Lateral  wings  thick. 

Dorsal  ribs  very  prominent  or  slightly  winged     . 
Dorsal  ribs  filiform. 

Leaves  small,  pinnate  or  lobed 

Leaves  large,  decompound      .... 

Fruit  not  strongly  flattened  dorsally,  usually  more  or  less 

flattened  laterally. 
Oil-tubes  solitary  in  the  intervals. 
Flowers  white;  Stylopodium  conical. 

Leaflets  linear  or  nearly  so;  involucre  present 
Leaflets  broader;  involucre  wanting 
Flowers  yellow;  Stylopodium  flat  or  wanting. 
Ribs  equal,  broad  and  corky. 

Low  caespitose  plants;  alpine  or  subalpine  . 
Taller  (2-4  dm.);  middle  elevations     . 
Ribs  winged  or  filiform. 

Wings  conspicuous      ...... 

Ribs  filiform. 

Tall  and  branching,  with  broad  leaflets   . 
Acaulescent  and  caespitose      .... 

Oil-tubes  more  than  one  in  the  intervals. 
Stylopodium  conical. 

Fruit  round;  ribs  inconspicuous     .... 

Fruit  ovate  to  oblong. 

Ribs  conspicuous;  caulescent       .... 

Ribs  filiform;  acaulescent    ..... 

Stylopodium  flat  or  wanting. 

Seed   face   sulcate   or  concave;   carpels  flattened 
dorsally. 

Ribs  filiform 

Ribs  with  broad  thin  wings  0 

Seed  face  plane  or  nearly  so. 

All  the  ribs  conspicuously  winged. 

Leaves  pinnate;  flowers  white  or  purplish 
Leaves  ternate;  flowers  yellow 
Ribs  not  winged. 

Lateral  ribs  thick  and  corky;  the  dorsal  filiform 
All  the  ribs  corky  and  equally  prominent. 
Oil-tubes  continuous  about  seed  cavity 
OU-tubes  1-3  in  the  intervals        . 


1.  Sanicula. 
5.  Bupleurum. 

2.  Washingtonia. 


24.  Oxypolis. 
28.  Heracleum. 


17.  Angelica. 
29.  Pastinaca. 


26.  Ccgswellia. 

27.  Cynomarathrum. 


17.  Angelica. 
16.  Conioselinum. 


26.  Cogswellia. 

27.  Cynomarathrum. 

23.  Pseudocymopterus. 

22.  Cymopterus. 
25.  Leptotaenia. 


9.  Carum. 
8.  Cicuta. 


15.  Oreoxis. 
7.  Harbouria. 

20.  Thaspium. 

6.  Zizia. 
10.  Aletes. 


12.  Berula. 

13.  Ligusticum. 

14.  Ligusticella. 


4.  Musineon. 
21.  Aulospermum. 


18.  Phellopterus. 

19.  Pteryxia. 

3.  Orogenia. 

5.  Bupleurum. 
11.  Sium. 


348  UMBELLIFERAE    (PARSNIP   FAMILY) 

1.  SANICULA  L. 

Smooth  perennials,  with  nearly  naked  stem?.  Leaves  palmately  divided; 
the  lobes  more  or  less  pinnatifid  or  incised.  Umbels  involucrate  with  sessile, 
leafy,  usually  toothed  bracts;  the  bractlets  of  the  involucels  small  and  entire. 
Calyx-teeth  foliaceous,  persistent.  Fruit  subglobose  or  obovoid;  ribs  obso- 
lete; oil-tubes  numerous.  Seed  hemispherical. 

1.  Sanicula  marylandica  L.  Sp.  PI.  1:  235.  1753.  Stem  3-5  dm.  high: 
leaves  all  5-7-parted:  sterile  flowers  numerous,  on  slender  pedicels:  styles 
elongated  and  conspicuous,  recurved:  fruit  subglobose,  covered  with  hooked 
bristles  or  tubercles. — In  the  eastern  part  of  our  range  and  extending  to  the 

Atlantic  States. 

• 

2.     WASHINGTONIA  Raf . 

Glabrous  to  hirsute  perennials,  from  thick  aromatic  roots,  3-9  dm.  high, 
with  ternately  decompound  leaves,  broad-ovate  to  lanceolate  variously  toothed 
leaflets,  involucre  and  involucels  few-leaved  or  wanting,  and  white  or  purple 
flowers  in  few-rayed  and  few-fruited  umbels.  Calyx-teeth  obsolete.  Fruit 
linear-oblong,  more  or  less  attenuate  at  base,  obtuse,  acute,  or  beaked  at 
apex,  glabrous  or  bristly  on  ribs.  Carpel  slightly  flattened  dorsally  or  not 
at  all,  often  tapering  into  a  long  caudate  attenuation  at  base. — Osmorhiza. 

Fruit  with  bristly  ribs  and  carpel  with  long  caudate  attenuation. 

Involucel  present;  style  evident        .         .         .         .         .         .         .  1.  W.  longistylis. 

Involucel  wanting. 

Fruit  obtuse  at  apex 2.  W.  obtusa. 

Fruit  with  a  sharp  beak        ........  3.  W.  divaricata. 

Fruit  glabrous,  the  carpel  without  caudate  attenuation    .         .         .  4.  W.  occidentalis. 

1.  Washingtonia  longistylis  (Torr.)  Brit.  I11.F1.  2:  530.  1897.    Stout,  from 
sweet  aromatic  roots,  glabrous  or  glabrate  (sometimes  quite  pubescent  when 
young):   leaves   2-3-ternate;   leaflets  acuminate,   much   cleft   and   toothed: 
umbel  4-6-rayed,  with  involucre  and  involucels  of  few  bracts;  rays  stout  and 
spreading,  3-5  cm.  long:  fruit  (not  including  the  attenuation)  12  mm.  long, 
bristly  on  the  ribs;  stylopodium  slender,  conical,  terminated  by  a  style  2  mm. 
long. — In  the  eastern  part  of  our  range  to  the  Atlantic  States. 

2.  Washingtonia  obtusa  C.  &  R.  Contr.  Nat.  Herb.  7:  64.  1900.     Slender, 
3-5 dm.  high,  nearly  glabrous:  leaflets  ovate  to  lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate, 
sharply  toothed:  umbel  with  very  wide-spreading  rays  (lateral  ones  even  de- 
flexed)  ;  the  2-4  pedicels  12-25  mm.  long:  fruit  about  16  mm.  long,  obtuse  (often 
slightly  pointed  just  at  the  tip),  somewhat   hispid-pubescent;   stylopodium 
very  short.     Osmorhiza   nuda. — Throughout  the   Rocky  Mountains  and  far 
westward. 

3.  Washingtonia  divaricata  Brit.  1.  c.  531.     Resembles  the  preceding,  but 
3-7  dm.  high,  nearly  glabrous:  leaflets  thin  and  larger,  becoming  6  cm.  long, 
lanceolate  to  ovate,  acute  to  acuminate,  coarsely  toothed  and  usually  incised: 
umbels  with  2-9  spreading  rays,  and  pedicels  10-18  mm.  long,  usually  about 
as  long  as  the  fruit,  sometimes  longer  or  shorter:  fruit   16-20  mm.  long,  with 
a  distinct  beak  2  mm.  long;  stylopodium  and  style  1  mm.  long,  the  former  not 
so  broad  as  high  and  longer  than  the  very  short  style. — Wyoming  and  Utah 
to  Alaska. 

4.  Washingtonia  occidentalis  (Nutt.)  C.  &  R.  1.  c.  67.     Rather  stout,  pu- 
berulent:  leaves  2-  or  3-ternate;  leaflets  lanceolate-oblong,  3.5-10  cm.  long, 
acute,  coarsely  serrate,  rarely  incised:  umbel  5-1 2-rayed,  naked  or  with  1  or 
2  involucral  bracts;  fruiting  rays  2.5-12.5  cm.  Rmg,  usually  erect  and  forming 
a  somewhat  compact  cluster  of  fruits;  pedicels  2-8  mm.  Ions;:   fruit   12-16 
mm.  long,  obtuse  at  base,  glabrous,  distinctly  beaked,  and  with  prominent 
acute  ribs;  stylopodium  and  style  1-2  mm.  long,  the  former  mostly  conical: 
seed  face  strongly  concave. — Throughout  our  range,  westward  and  north- 
ward. 


UMBELLIFERAE    (PARSNIP   FAMILY)  349 

3.  OROGENIA  Wats. 

Dwarf,  glabrous,  nearly  acaulescent  plants,  from  tuberous  or  fusiform  roots, 
with  ternate  leaves  and  linear  segments,  no  involucre,  involucels  of  few  lin- 
ear bractlets,  and  white  flowers  in  subcompound  umbels  with  very  unequal 
rays.  Calyx-teeth  minute.  Fruit  oblong,  very  slightly  flattened  laterally, 
glabrous.  Carpel  much  flattened  dorsally,  with  filiform  dorsal  and  inter- 
mediate ribs;  laterals  excessively  corky-thickened,  involute  (that  is,  extended 
toward  the  other  carpel,  leaving  between  the  commissural  faces  a  cavity, 
which  is  divided  longitudinally  by  a  thick  corky  projection  from  the  middle 
of  each  face). 

1.  Orogenia  Hnearifolia  Wats.  Bot.  King's  Rep.  120.  1871.  Stem  (or 
scape)  slender,  rising  2-12  cm.  above  ground  from  a  deep-seated  round  tuber: 
leaves  2  or  3,  once .  or  twice  ternate  upon  slender  petioles ;  leaflets  entire, 
2.5-5  cm.  long,  2-6  mm.  wide,  obtuse:  umbels  2-10-rayed,  with  nearly  sessile 
flowers:  fruit  3-4  mm.  long,  lateral  ribs  and  commissural  projection  rather 
strongly  developed. — Southwestern  Colorado  and  to  tke  far  northwest. 

4.  MUSINEON  Raf. 

Glabrous  or  scabrous,  dwarf,  resiniferous,  dry-ground  perennials,  from  thick 
elongated  roots,  acaulescent  or  dichotomously  branching  at  base,  with  pin- 
nately  decompound  leaves,  no  involucre,  involucels  of  a  few  narrow  bractlets, 
and  yellow  flowers.  Calyx-teeth  prominent  (in  ours).  Fruit  ovate  or  ovate- 
oblong,  flattened  laterally.  Carpel  flattened  dorsally,  with  equal  filiform  ribs 
and  thin  pericarp  with  no  distinct  strengthening  cells;  carpophore  entire; 
stylopodium  depressed ;  oil-tubes  usually  3  in  the  intervals,  very  unequal  in 
size  (middle  one  largest),  2-4  on  the  commissural  side.  Seed  face  broadly 
concave. — Musenium. 

Stems  usually  dicKotomously  branching  from  the  base;  leaf-segments 

toothed. 
Fruit  smooth;  stems  glabrous. 

Peduncles  slender,  scarcely  longer  than  the  leaves  .         .         .     1.  M.  divaricatum. 
Peduncles  stout,  2-3  times  as  long  as  the  leaves         .         .         .     2.  M.  pedunculatum. 
Fruit  scabrous. 

Stem  scabrous  .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .     3.  M.  Hookeri. 

Stem    smooth  .         .         .         .'         .         .         .  I      .         .     4.  M.  vaginatum. 

Acaulescent,  the  simple  peduncles  exceeding  the  leaves;  flowers  yel- 
low or  sometimes  white  .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .     5.  M.  tenuifolium. 

1.  Musineon  divaricatum  (Pursh)  C.  &  R.  Bot.  Gaz.  20:  259.  1895.    De- 
cumbent, glabrous:   leaves  bipinnatifid,  with  winged  rachis;  segments  3-5- 
toothed:  peduncles  5-12. 5  cm.  long;  umbel  10-25-rayed;  rays  6-18  mm.  long; 
pedicels  short:  fruit  smooth,  about  4  mm.  long;  oil-tubes  3  in  the  intervals, 
with  accessory  ones  beneath  the  ribs,  4  on  the  commissural  side :  seed  terete, 
with  rather  deeply  concave  face. — From  Colorado  and  Nebraska  to  Alberta 
and  Assiniboia. 

2.  Musineon  pedunculatum  A.  Nels.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  25:  225.  1901. 
Root  large,  fleshy:  stems  nearly  acaulescent:  leaves  thick,  usually  ternate;  the 
segments  pinnate  or  bipinnate,  ovate  in  outline,  the  alternate  segments  broad 
and  short,  variously  cut  and  toothed:  peduncles  prostrate,  stout,  12-20  cm. 
long,  2-3  times  as  long  as  the  leaves;  umbel  12-20-rayed;  rays  15-25  mm. 
long;  pedicels  1-4  mm.  long:  fruit  smooth;  oil-tubes  3  in  the  intervals  and  4 
on  the  commissural  side:  seed  slightly  flattened  dorsally,  with  plane  face. — 
Naked  clay  soils;  central  Wyoming. 

3.  Musineon  Hookeri  (T.  &  G.)  Nutt.  T.  &  G.  Fl.  1 :  642. 1840.    Resembling 
M .  divaricatum,  but  more  or  less  scabrous  throughout:  fruit  scabrous,  smaller, 
2-3  mm.  long,  with  more  prominent  ribs;  oil-tubes  mostly  solitary  in  the  in- 
tervals, often  with  smaller  accessory  ones  Li  the  intervals  or  beneath  the  ribs, 
2  on  the  commissural  side :   seed  sulcate  beneath  the  oil-tubes,  with  more 
shallow  concavity.     (Includes  both  M.  trachyspermum  and  M.  anjustifolium 
Nutt.  T.  &  G.  Fl.  1:  642.  1840.)— From  Colorado  to  Canada. 


350  UMBELLIFERAE    (PARSNIP   FAMILY) 

4.  Musineon  vaginatum  Rydb.  Mem.  N.  Y.  Bot.   Gard.    1:  288.  1900. 
Stems  becoming  slender,  glabrous,  more  or  less  purple  tinged:  basal  leaves 
twice  or  thrice  ternate;  stem  leaves  two  or  three:  involucre  none;  involucels 
of  linear  bractlets:  petals  white,  sometimes  tinged  with  yellow:  fruit  slightly 
scabrous. — Montana. 

5.  Musineon  tenuifolium  Nutt.  1.  c.     Acaulescent,  somewhat  caespitose, 
glaucous:  leaves  tripinnatifid,  with  narrowly  linear  segments:  peduncles  much 
longer  than  the  leaves,  1-2  dm.  long;  umbel  12-20-rayed:  fruit  nearly  glabrous, 
3-4  mm.  long;  oil-tubes  large,  2-3  in  the  intervals;  flowers  apparently  some- 
times white. — Eastern  Wyoming  and  adjacent  Nebraska  and  Dakota. 

6.  BUPLEURUM  L. 

Annuals  or  perennials,  with  simple,  entire,  clasping  or  perf oliate  stem  leaves, 
with  or  without  an  involucre,  and  involucels  of  5  or  more  ovate  bractlets. 
Calyx-teeth  obsolete.  Fruit  oblong,  flattened  laterally,  with  rather  broad  com- 
missure. Carpel  with  equal  very  slender  or  prominent  ribs ;  stylopodium  prom- 
inent and  flat;  oil-tubes  wanting  or  continuous  about  the  seed  cavity. 

Flowers  yellow    .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .     1.  B.  americanum. 

Flowers  purple    .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .     2.  B.  purpureum. 

1.  Bupleurum  americanum  C.  &  R.  Rev.  N.  Am.  Umbell.  115.     1888. 
Basal  leaves  linear-lanceolate;  cauline  ones  very  variable,  oblong  to  linear, 
more  or  less  clasping:  rays  unequal,  1.5-5  cm.  long;  pedicels  short.    B.  ranun- 
cvloides. — Wyoming  to  Alaska. 

2.  Bupleurum  purpureum  Blankinship,  Mont.  Agric.  Coll.  Sci.   Studies 
1:  89.  1905.     Differs  from  J3.  americanum  in  its  low  subacaulescent  habit, 
shorter  leaves,  wider  obtuse  bractlets  of  the  involucels,  smaller  dark  purple 
flowers,  shorter  fruit  with  fewer  oil-tubes  in  the  intervals,  and  in  its  alpine 
situation. — High  mountains  of  Montana. 

6.  ZIZIA  Koch 

Smooth  perennials  of  open  prairies  an4  upland  meadows,  with  simple  to 
ternately  compound  leaves,  no  involucre,  involucels  of  small  bractlets,  yellow 
flowers,  and  the  central  fruit  of  each  umbellet  sessile.  Calyx-teeth  prominent. 
Fruit  flattened  laterally,  ovate  to  oblong,  glabrous.  Carpel  with  filiform  ribs; 
stylopodium  wanting;  styles  long;  oil-tubes  large  and  solitary  in  the  broad 
intervals,  2  on  the  commissural  side,  and  a  small  one  in  each  rib.  Seed  terete, 
sulcate  beneath  the  oil-tubes. 

1.  Zizia  cordata  (Walt.)  Koch,  DC.  Prodr.  4:  100.  1830.  Basal  leaves 
mostly  long-petioled,  cordate  or  even  rounder,  crenately  toothed,  very  rarely 
lobed  or  divided;  stem  leaves  simply  ternate  or  quinate;  the  leaflets  ovate  to 
lanceolate,  serrate,  incised,  or  even  parted:  fruit  ovate,  3  mm.  long.  Thaspiwn 
trifoliatum  in  part. — Throughout  our  range  and  across  the  continent. 

7.  HARBOURIA  C.  &  R. 

Glabrous  perennials,  with  1-3  leaves  which  are  ternately  decompound  and 
with  narrowly  linear  or  filiform  segments,  involucre  and  involucels  of  few 
subulate  bracts,  and  long-peduncled  umbels  (mostly  in  pairs)  of  yellow  flowers. 
Calyx -teeth  evident.  Fruit  flattened  laterally,  ovate,  with  narrow  commis- 
sure, tuberculate-roughened.  Carpel  with  equal,  obtuse,  broad,  very  promi- 
nent ribs,  a  small  group  of  strengthening  cells  in  each ;  the  narrow  commissure 
prominently  corky- thickened,  partly  divided  by  a  groove;  stylopodium  de- 
pressed or  wanting;  oil-tubes  large,  solitary  in  the  intervals,  2  on  the  commis- 
sural side.  Seed  section  nearly  round. 

1.  Harbouria  trachy pleura  (Gray)  C.  &  R.  Rev.  N.  A.  Umbell.  125.     1888. 


UMBELLIFERAE    (PARSNIP   FAMILY)  351 

Plant  3-6  dm.  high:  leaf -segments  mucronulate:  umbels  (mostly  2  long- 
peduncled  ones)  15-25-rayed;  rays  1-2.5  cm.  long;  pedicels  4-6  mm.  long: 
fruit  4  mm.  long.  Cicuta  (?)  trachy pleura. — Throughout  our  range. 

8.  CICUTA  L. 

Smooth,  poisonous,  marsh  perennials,  with  pinnately  compound  leaves  and 
serrate  leaflets,  involucre  of  few  bracts  or  none,  involucels  of  several  slender 
bractlets,  and  white  flowers.  Calyx-teeth  rather  prominent.  Fruit  flattened 
laterally,  oblong  to  orbicular,  glabrous.  Carpel  with  strong  flattish  corky 
ribs,  the  laterals  largest  (at  least  in  section),  without  strengthening  cells; 
stylopodium  low,  sometimes  low-conical;  oil-tubes  solitary  in  the  intervals, 
2  on  the  commissural  side.  Seed  nearly  terete  or  somewhat  dorsally  flattened, 
with  face  plane  to  slightly  concave. 

1.  Cicuta  occidentalis  Greene,  Pitt.  2:  7.  1889.  Stout,  9-18  dm.  high: 
rootstock  short,  giving  rise  to  slender  roots  above,  and  a  fascicle  of  thick  and 
elongated  ones  below:  leaves  twice  pinnate ;  leaflets  linear-lanceolate  to  lanceo- 
late, 5-8  cm.  long,  sharply  serrate  and  conspicuously  reticulate  beneath:  fruit 
oblong,  3  mm.  long,  constricted  at  the  commissure,  the  ribs  approximately 
equal  in  surface  display  (laterals  largest  in  section),  the  intervals  broad; 
oil-tubes  large.  C.  maeulata. — Throughout  our  range. 

9.  CARUM  L. 

Smooth,  erect,  slender  herbs,  with  tuberous  or  fusiform-fascicled  roots,  pin- 
nate leaves  with  few  linear  leaflets,  involucels  of  few  to  many  bracts,  and 
white  flowers.  Calyx-teeth  prominent  for  the  size  of  the  fruit.  Fruit  flat- 
tened laterally,  orbicular  to  oblong,  glabrous.  Carpel  with  filiform  or  incon- 
spicuous ribs,  with  or  without  strengthening  cells;  stylopodium  conical;  oil- 
tubes  large  and  solitary  in  the  intervals,  2-6  on  the  commissural  side.  Seed 
dorsally  flattened,  more  or  less  sulcate  beneath  the  oil-tubes;  the  face  plane 
or  slightly  concave. 

Leaves  twice  pinnately  divided  .  •  ,  •  •  •  •  «  .1.  C.  Carui. 
Leaves  once  pinnately  divided. 

Leaflets  mostly  not  pinnate  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .     2.  C.  Gairdneri. 

Leaflets  pinnately  incised  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .3.C.  montanum. 

1.  Carum  Carui  L.  Sp.  PI.  1:  263.  1753.     Leaves  pinnately  compound, 
with  very  narrow  and  often  filiform  entire  or  toothed  divisions. — The  common 
garden  caraway,  naturalized  from  Europe. 

2.  Carum  Gairdneri  (H.  &  A.)  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  7:  344.  1867.    Stem 
3-12  dm.  high,  from  fascicled,  tuberous  or  fusiform  roots:  leaves  few,  usually 
simply  pinnate,  with  3-7  linear  leaflets  5-15  cm.  long  (the  lower  rarely  pin- 
nate); upper  leaves  usually  simple:  umbels  6-1 5-rayed,  with  involucre  of 
several  bracts  or  none,  and  involucels  of  linear-acuminate  bractlets;   rays 
2.5-4  cm.  long:  fruit  broadly  ovate  or  nearly  orbicular,  small,  1-2  mm.  long, 
with  small  ovate  calyx-teeth,  low  conical  stylopodium,  and  long  slender  styles: 
seed  terete. — From  the  Rocky  Mountains  to  the  Pacific  States. 

3.  Carum  montanum  Blankinship,  Mont.  Agric.  Coll.  Sci.  1:  89.  1905. 
Differs  from  C.  Gairdneri  in  its  larger  size,  larger  leaves,  pinnately  incised 
leaflets,  large  fruit,  and  longer  styles. — Montana. 

10.  ALETES  C.  &  R. 

Acaulescent  glabrous  mountain  perennials,  with  pinnate  leaves,  broad 
sharply  toothed  or  cut  rather  distant  leaflets,  mostly  no  involucre,  involucels  of 
linear  to  lanceolate  bractlets,  and  yellow  flowers.  Calyx-teeth  prominent. 
Fruit  flattened  laterally,  oblong,  glabrous.  Carpel  with  equal  and  prominent 
ribs;  stylopodium  wanting;  oil-tubes  large  and  solitary  in  the  broad  intervals, 


352  UMBELLIFERAE    (PARSNIP   FAMILY) 

2  on  the  commissural  side  and  a  small  one  in  each  rib.    Seed  sulcate  beneath 
the  oil-tubes,  with  face  plane  or  slightly  concave. 

Peduncles  longer  than  the  leaves 

Leaflets  rhombic,  deeply  cut  into  lanceolate  lobes    .          .          .         .         .  1.  A.  acaulis. 

Leaflets  broadly  obovate,  more  or  less  cleft     ...  .          .  2.  A.  obovata. 

Peduncles  much  shorter  than  the  leaves 3.  A.  humilis. 

1.  Aletes  acaulis  (Torr.)  C.  &  R.  Contrib.  U.  S.  Nat.  Herb.  7:  106.  1900. 
Caespitose,  with  peduncles  10-30  cm.  high,  often  much  longer  than  the  leaves: 
leaflets  rhombic,  deeply  cut  into  lanceolate  acuminate  lobes:  umbels  8-15- 
rayed;  rays    stiff,  19-20  mm.  long:   fruit  almost   sessile,  narrowly   oblong, 
4  mm.  long.   *Carum  Hallii. — Rocky  foothills  of  Colorado  and  New  Mexico. 

2.  Aletes  obovata  Rydb.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  31:  573.  1904.    Caespitose, 
with  peduncles  10-30  cm.  high:  leaflets  broadly  obovate,  1-2  cm.  long,  more 
or  less  cleft,  with  short  ovate  teeth,  strongly  veined  beneath:  fruiting  rays 
2-2.5  cm.  long;  pedicels  very  short  or  none:  fruit  5-6  mm.  long. — Colorado. 

3.  Aletes  humilis  C.  &  R.  1.  c.  107.     Caespitose,  with  peduncles  much  shorter 
than  the  leaves,  2-5  cm.  long:  petioles  slender,  longer  than  the  blade;  leaflets 
generally  5,  entire  to  few-toothed,  slightly  scabrous  on  the  margin,  linear  to 
obovate:  rays  4-6,  rather  weak  and  spreading,  2.5-3  cm.  long;  pedicels  very 
short;  involucels  of  linear,  distinct  bractlets:  fruit  ovate,  3  mm.  long. — Type 
locality  only;  Dale  Creek,  Colorado,  near  the  Wyoming  line. 

11.  SIUM  L. 

Smooth  perennials  growing  in  water  or  wet  places,  with  pinnate  leaves  and 
serrate  or  pinnatifid  leaflets,  involucre  and  involucels  of  numerous  narrow 
bracts,  and  white  flowers.  Calyx-teeth  minute.  Fruit  flattened  laterally, 
ovate  to  oblong,  glabrous.  Carpel  with  prominent,  corky,  nearly  equal  ribs, 
each  with  a  prominent  group  of  strengthening  cells  at  tip;  stylopodium  de- 
pressed ;  styles  short ;  oil-tubes  1-3  in  the  intervals  (never  solitary  in  all  the 
intervals),  2-6  on  the  commissural  side.  Seed  subangular,  with  plane  face. 

1.  Sium  cicutaefolium  Gmelin,  Syst.  2:  482.  1791.  Stout.  6-8  dm.  high; 
leaflets  3-8  pairs,  linear  to  lanceolate,  sharply  serrate  and  mostly  acuminate, 
5-13  cm.  long  (lower  leaves  sometimes  submersed  and  finely  dissected) :  umbel 
many-rayed;  rays  2.5-4  cm.  long;  pedicels  2-6  mm.  long:  fruit  3  mm.  long, 
with  prominent  ribs;  oil-tubes  2-6  on  the  commissural  side. — Throughput  our 
range  and  across  the  northern  half  of  the  United  States. 

12.  BERULA  Hoffm. 

Smooth  aquatic  perennial,  with  simply  pinnate  leaves  and  variously  cut 
leaflets,  usually  conspicuous  involucre  and  involucels  of  narrow  bractlets,  and 
white  flowers.  Calyx- teeth  minute.  Fruit  flattened  laterally,  nearly  round, 
emarginate  at  base,  glabrous.  Carpel  nearly  globose,  with  very  slender,  in- 
conspicuous ribs,  thick  corky  pericarp,  and  no  strengthening  cells;  stylo- 
podium  conical;  oil-tubes  numerous  and  contiguous,  closely  surrounding  the 
seed  cavity.  Seed  terete. 

1.  Berula  erecta  (Huds.)  Coville,  Contrib.  Nat.  Herb.  4:  115.  1893.  Erect, 
1.5-9  dm.  high  or  even  smaller:  leaflets  5-9  pairs,  linear  to  oblong  or  ovate, 
serrate  to  cut-toothed,  often  laciniately  lobed,  sometimes  crenate,  1-7.5  cm. 
long:  umbel  many-rayed;  rays  5  cm.  long  or  less;  pedicels  4-6  mm.  long:  fruit 
scarcely  2  mm.  long. — Very  widely  distributed. 

13.  LIGUSTICUM  L. 

Smooth  perennials  from  large  aromatic  roots,  with  usually  large,  ternately 
or  pinnately  compound  leaves  mostly  no  involucre,  usually  involucels  of  nar- 
row bractlets,  and  white  or  pinkish  flowers  in  large,  many-rayed  umbels. 


UMBELLIFERAE    (PARSNIP   FAMILY)  353 

Calyx-teeth  small  or  obsolete.  Fruit  oblong  or  ovate,  flattened  laterally  if  at 
all,  glabrous.  Carpel  with  all  the  ribs  prominent  and  equal  (intervals  broad), 
acute  or  sometimes  slightly  winged,  a  group  of  strengthening  cells  beneath 
each  rib;  stylopodium  conical;  oil-tubes  2-6  (mostly  3-5)  in  the  intervals, 
6-10  on  the  commissural  side.  Seed  with  round  or  angled  back;  face  from 
plane  to  deeply  concave,  with  or  without  a  central  longitudinal  ridge. 

Stems  more  or  less  leafy;  fruit  more  or  less  winged. 
Fruit  4-5  mm.  long. 

Foliage  dark  green;  oil-tubes  mostly  3  in  the  intervals  and  6-8 

on  the  commissure          .          .         .         .         .         .         .         .     1.  L.  simulans. 

Foliage  light  green;  oil-tubes  mostly  5  in  the  intervals  and  about 

10  on  the  commissure  .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .     2.  L.  affine. 

Fruit  6-7  mm.  long. 

Ultimate  leaf-segments  narrowly  linear          .         .         .         .         .     3.  L.  filicinum. 

Ultimate  leaf-segments  not  linear 4.  L.  Ported. 

Stems  naked  or  nearly  so,  giving  an  acaulescent  appearance         .         .     5.  L.  tenuifolium. 

1.  Ligusticum  simulans  C.  &  R.  Contrib.  Nat.  Herb.  7:  135.  1900.    Gla- 
brous except  some  slight  roughness  in  the  inflorescence;  rather  stout,  6-9  dm. 
high:  leaves  nearly  all  basal,  varying  greatly  in  size,  ternate,  then  once  or 
twice  pinnate;  segments  narrowly  oblong  to  ovate,  variously  toothed  or  lobed: 
•umbel  many-rayed,  with  involucels  of  linear  bractlets;  rays  (fruiting)  2.5-7.5 
cm.  long;  pedicels  6-10  mm.  long;  flowers  white:  fruit  oblong,  4-5  mm.  long, 
the  ribs  with  narrow  and  very  thin  wings;  stylopodium  low-conical. — South- 
ern Wyoming. 

2.  Ligusticum  affine  A.  Nels.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  25:  223.  1901.    Similar 
but  larger,  pale  green:  root  leaves  large,  biternate  and  then  once  or  twice 
pinnate;  the  ultimate  segments  linear-oblong  to  lanceolate,  entire  or   few- 
toothed;  stem  leaves  1-3,  much  smaller:  peduncles  long,  much  surpassing  the 
foliage;  involucels  of  few  linear-subulate,  early  deciduous  bractlets:  fruit  ellip- 
tic, about  5  mm.  long,  the  ribs  distinctly  winged;   oil-tubes  usually  5  in  the 
intervals,  and  10  on  the  commissural  side ;  stylopodium  flattened,  hemispheri- 
cal.— In  the  mountains;  southern  Wyoming  and  adjacent  Colorado. 

3.  Ligusticum  filicinum  Wats.  Proc.  Am.  Acad.   11:  140.  1876.      Stem 
4-9  dm.  high,  more  or  less  leafy,  with  glabrous  inflorescence:  lower  leaves 
often  very  large,  once  or  twice  ternate,  then  bipinnate;  the  segments  or  their 
pinnatifid  divisions  narrowly  linear:  umbel  of  numerous  rays,  with  involucels 
of  one  or  few  small  linear  bractlets;  rays  (fruiting)  2.5-^5  cm.  long;  pedicels 
6-10  mm.  long:  fruit  narrowly  oblong,  6-7  mm.  long,  with  somewhat  promi- 
nent conical  stylopodia,   and  prominent  somewhat  winged  ribs;   oil-tubes 
3-5  in  the  intervals,  6-8  on  the  commissural  side. — Mountains  of  Utah  and 
extending  into  Wyoming  and  Montana. 

4.  Ligusticum  Porteri  C.  &  R.  Rev.  N.  Am.  Umbel.  86.     1888.     Rather 
stout,  6-9  dm.  high,  leafy,  with  glabrous  or  puberulent  inflorescence:  leaves 
large,  biternate  then  bipinnate;  the  numerous,  rather  crowded  segments  lan- 
ceolate to  lanceolate-ovate,  laciniately  pinnatifid,  toothed  to  entire,  varying 
greatly  in  the  degree  and  character  of  cutting,  the  lobes  ranging  from  very 
narrow  and  sharp  to  broad  and  obtuse:   umbel  of  numerous  rays,  mostly 
with  neither  involucre  nor  involucels;  rays  (fruiting)  2.5-5  cm.  long;  pedi- 
cels 6-8  mm.  long;   flowers  white  or  pinkish:   fruit  oblong-ovate,  6-7  mm. 
long,  with  rather  prominent  winged  ribs;  stylopodium  broad  and  low;  oil- 
tubes  4-6  in  the  intervals,  8-10  on  the  commissural  side. — Throughout  our 
range. 

5.  Ligusticum  tenuifolium  Wats.  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  14:  293.  1879.     Stem 
slender,  3-6  dm.  high,  naked  above  the  base  or  with  a  single  leaf,  bearing  1-3 
glabrous  umbels:  leaves  small,  ternate,  then  pinnately  decompound,  finely 
dissected  with  laciniately  divided  leaflets,  the  ultimate  segments  narrowly 
linear  to  filiform:  umbel  few-rayed  (6-12),  with  involucels  of  1  or  2  narrowly 
linear  bractlets;  rays  about  2.5  cm.  long;  pedicels  4-6  mm.  long:  fruit  oblong, 
with  narrow  ribs;  oil-tubes  3-5  in  the  intervals,  6-8  on  the  commissural  side.— 
Colorado  to  Idaho  and  Oregon. 

ROCKY  MT.  BOT. — 23 


354  UMBELLIFERAE    (PARSNIP   FAMILY) 

14.  LIGUSTICELLA  C.  &  R. 

Low,  glabrous,  acaulescent  perennials,  with  small  simply  pinnate  leaves, 
no  involucre  (rarely  1  or  2  caducous  bracts),  involucels  of  broad  toothed 
bractlets,  and  yellowish  green  flowers  in  few-rayed  compact  umbels.  Calyx- 
teeth  evident.  Fruit  ovate,  flattened  laterally,  glabrous.  Carpel  with  fili- 
form ribs,  the  laterals  no  more  prominent  than  the  dorsals;  stylopodium 
conical;  oil-tubes  2  or  3  in  the  intervals,  4  on  the  commissural  side.  Seed 
considerably  broader  than  thick,  with  nearly  plane  face. 

1.  Ligusticella  Eastwoodae  C.  &  R.  Contr.  Nat.  Herb.  12:  445.  1909.  Low, 
acaulescent,  10-30  cm.  high,  glabrous:  leaves  pinnate,  10-15  cm.  long;  leaflets 
7-13,  opposite,  oval,  2-3-lobed,  and  lobes  2-3-cleft  into  linear-acute  segments: 
umbel  few-rayed,  compact,  with  involucre  of  1  or  2  bracts  or  none,  and  con- 
spicuous involucels  of  bractlets  longer  than  the  fruit;  rays  4-6  mm.  long; 
pedicels  about  2  mm.  long:  fruit  ovate,  glabrous,  3  mm.  long,  with  small 
ribs.  Ligusticum  Eastwoodae  C.  &  R.  1.  c.  3:  320.  1895. — In  the  high  moun- 
tains of  southwestern  Colorado. 

15.  OREOXIS  Raf. 

Alpine  caespitose  perennials,  with  pinnate  leaves  usually  shorter  than  the 
peduncles,  no  involucre,  and  involucels  of  narrow  bractlets  equaling  the 
yellow  flowers.  Calyx-teeth  prominent.  Fruit  globose,  slightly  flattened  lat- 
erally if  at  all,  glabrous  or  puberulent.  Carpel  with  very  thick  and  prom- 
inent equal  corky  ribs,  each  with  a  large  group  of  strengthening  cells;  car- 
pophore none ;  stylopodium  wanting ;  oil-tubes  1-3  in  the  very  narrow  in- 
tervals, 2  on  the  commissural  side,  and  a  small  one  in  each  dorsal  rib.  Seed 
sulcate  beneath  the  oil-tubes,  with  flat  or  somewhat  concave  face. 

Glabrous  or  nearly  so;  oil-tubes  more  than  1  in  the  intervals. 

Involucels  linear      .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .  .  .  1.  O.  humilis. 

Involucels  conspicuous  and  toothed         .         .         .         .  .  .  2.  O.  Bakeri. 

Puberulent;  oil-tubes  solitary  in  the  intervals     .         .         .  .  .         .  3.  O.  alpina. 

1.  Oreoxis  humilis  Raf.  Ser.  Bull.  Bot.  217.     1830.    Glabrous  (sometimes 
slightly  puberulent  just  below  umbel),  caespitose,  from  a  somewhat  slender 
elongated  root:  leaves  pinnate,  the  leaflets  cut  into  3-7  linear-lanceolate  seg- 
ments: peduncles  2-7.5  cm.  high;  umbels  few-rayed,  with  involucels  of  linear, 
distinct  bractlets;  flowers  bright  yellow:   fruit  3-4  mm.  long;  oil-tubes  2-3 
(rarely  1)  in  the  intervals. — High  mountains  of  Central  Colorado. 

2.  Oreoxis  Bakeri  C.  &  R.  Contrib.  Nat.  Herb.  7:  144.  1900.     Glabrous 
throughout  except  some  puberulence  at  the  top  of  peduncle  and  on  rays, 
caespitose,  from  thickish  elongated  roots:  leaflets  opposite,  3-5  pairs,  some- 
what distant,  3-5-cleft  into  linear  or  linear-lanceolate  entire  lobes:  peduncles 
longer  than  the  leaves,  3-8  cm.  long,  erect,  or  more  or  less  inclined;  flowering 
umbel  very  compact,  almost  head-like;  fruiting  rays  nearly  equal,  3-5  mm. 
long;  pedicels  2  mm.  or  less  long;  involucel  of  numerous  distinct  obovate 
bractlets  strongly  3-toothed  at  apex:  fruit  3-4  mm.  long,  usually  purplish; 
oil-tubes  2-5  in  the  intervals. — High  mountains  of  Colorado. 

3.  Oreoxis  alpina  (Gray)  C.  &  R.  1.  c.    Puberulent  (rarely  glabrous),  with 
paler,  more  dissected  leaves  and  shorter,  more  crowded  leaflets:  involucels  of 
somewhat  broader  bractlets  more  or  less  united  at  base;  flowers  paler:  fruit 
4-5  mm.  long,  puberulent  (at  least  when  young);   oil-tubes  solitary  in  the 
intervals.    Cymopterus  alpinus. — Colorado  and  Utah  to  Wyoming. 

16.  CONIOSELINUM  Hoffm. 

Glabrous  perennials  (or  inflorescence  sometimes  puberulent),  with  ternate 
then  pinnately  decompound  leaves,  ovate-acute ,  laciniately  toothed  or  lobed 
leaflets,  involucre  more  or  less  conspicuous  or  none,  involucels  of  numerous 
more  or  less  elongated  narrow  bractlets,  and  white  flowers.  Calyx-teeth  ob- 


UMBELLIFERAE    (PARSNIP   FAMILY)  355 

solete.  Fruit  oblong,  dorsally  flattened,  glabrous.  Carpel  with  prominent 
dorsal  and  intermediate  ribs  (sometimes  narrowly  winged),  and  the  laterals 
broadly  winged  and  thickish ;  stylopodium  slightly  conical ;  oil-tubes  usually 
solitary  in  the  dorsal  intervals,  1  to  several  in  the  lateral,  2-8  on  the  commis- 
sural  side.  Seed  with  plane  or  slightly  concave  face. 

1.  Conioselinum  scopulorum  (Gray)  C.  &  R.  Contrib.  Nat.  Herb.  7:  151. 
1900.  Nearly  simple,  6-9  dm.  high,  more  or  less  leafy,  with  puberulent  in- 
florescence: lower  leaves  often  very  large,  twice  to  thrice  ternate,  then  once  or 
twice  pinnate;  leaflets  (sometimes  small)  laciniately  pinnatifid;  upper  leaves 
often  ternate-pinnate  or  simply  pinnately  compound:  umbel  of  numerous 
rays,  with  involucels  of  several  narrowly  linear  elongated  bractlets;  rays 
(fruiting)  5-7.5  cm.  long;  pedicels  12  mm.  long:  fruit  about  6  mm.  long;  oil- 
tubes  usually  1  in  the  dorsal  intervals  and  2  in  the  lateral,  2-4  on  the  com- 
missural  side.  Ligusticum  scopulorum. — From  New  Mexico  through  our  range 
to  Oregon. 

17.  ANGELICA  L. 

Stout  perennials,  with  ternate-pinnate  (rarely  simply  pinnate)  compound 
leaves,  scanty  involucre  or  none,  involucels  of  small  bractlets  or  none,  and 
large  umbels  of  white  flowers  (greenish-yellow  or  purplish  in  two  or  three 
species).  Calyx-teeth  mostly  obsolete.  Fruit  flattened  dorsally,  ovate  or 
oblong,  glabrous  or  pubescent,  with  prominent  crenulate  disk.  Carpel  with 
strong  ribs,  each  with  a  group  of  strengthening  cells;  laterals  usually  broadly 
winged,  distinct  from  those  of  the  other  carpel,  forming  a  double-winged 
margin  to  the  fruit;  stylopodium  conical;  oil-tubes  1 -several  in  the  intervals 
or  indefinite,  2-10  on  the  commissural  side.  Seed  face  plane  or  somewhat 
concave. 

Oil-tubes  solitary  in  all  the  intervals. 
Leaves  once  or  twice  pinnate. 

Involucels  of  conspicuous  bractleta     .         .         .         .         .         .         .     1.  A.  Grayi. 

Involucels  none 2.  A.  pinnata. 

Leaves  ternate,  then  pinnate. 

Fruit  glabrous;  flowers  white     .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .     3.  A.  Lyallii. 

Fruit  scabrous  or  hirsute. 

Flowers  greenish  or  purplish  .  4.  A.  Roseana. 

Flowers  white          .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .     5.  A.  dilatata. 

Oil-tubes  numerous  and  contiguous  about  the  seed;  plant  tall,  stout,  and 

widely  branched         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .     6.  A.  ampla. 

1.  Angelica  Grayi  C.  &  R.  Contrib.  Nat.  Herb.  7:  154.  1900.    Usually  very 
stout,  3-6  dm.  high,  glabrous  except  the  more  or  less  scabrous  inflorescence, 
leaf -margins,  and  veinlets  (beneath) :  leaves  once  or  twice  pinnate,  with  much- 
dilated  petioles;  leaflets  oblong  to  ovate,  2.5  cm.  long,  acute,  toothed  (some- 
times laciniately  toothed  or  lobed):  umbel  with  involucels  of  conspicuous, 
lanceolate-ovate,  long-acuminate  bractlets;  rays  2.5-3.5  cm.  long;   pedicels 
2-4  mm.  long:  fruit  oblong,  smooth,  4-5  mm.  long,  with  prominent  thin  wings, 
the  laterals  decidedly  broadest:  seed  face  dorsally  sulcate. — High  mountains 
of  Colorado  and  southern  Wyoming. 

2.  Angelica  pinnata  Wats.  Bot.  King's  Rep.  126.    1871.    Glabrous,  6-9  dm. 
high:  leaves  simply  pinnate,  with  2-4  pairs  of  ovate  to  narrowly  lanceolate, 
sharply  serrate  to  entire  leaflets  (lowest  pair  sometimes  pinnate):  umbels 
10-20-rayed,  with  neither  involucre  nor  involucels;  rays  5-10  cm.  long;  ped- 
icels 4  mm.  long;  flowers  greenish-yellow  or  dull  purple:  stylopodium  slightly 
conical;  fruit  oblong,  glabrous  (at  maturity),  4-6  mm.  long;  dorsal  and  inter- 
mediate ribs  thick  and  prominent;  laterals  with  wings  hardly  as  broad  as 
body. — Extending  from  New  Mexico  to  Utah  and  Montana. 

3.  Angelica  Lyallii  Wats.  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  17:  374.  1882.    Glabrous  except 
the  sometimes  puberulent  inflorescence,  stout,  6-15  dm.  high:  leaves  ternate 
then  once  or  twice  pinnate,  the  uppermost  reduced  to  large  inflated  petioles; 
leaflets  extremely  variable  in  size,  ovate  to  lanceolate,  rather  acute,  serrate 
or  dentate:  umbel  many-rayed,  with  neither  involucre  nor  involucels;  rays 


356  UMBELLIFERAE    (PARSNIP   FAMILY) 

2.5-25  cm.  long;  pedicels  2-10  mm.  long,  coalescent  at  base  (giving  a  "web- 
footed  "  appearance):  fruit  oblong  to  obovate,  glabrous,  4-6  mm.  long;  dorsal 
and  intermediate  ribs  thick  and  slightly  elevated;  lateral  wings  as  broad  as 
the  often  much  flattened  body  or  broader. — Northwestern  Wyoming  to  Oregon 
and  northward. 

4.  Angelica  Roseana  Henderson,  Contrib.  Nat.  Herb.  5:  2Q1.  1899.    Low 
and  very  stout,  5-6  dm.  high,  with  glabrous  and  usually  purplish  stems,  and 
more  or  less  scabrous  inflorescence:  leaves  twice  or  thrice  ternate  then  pinnate; 
upper  stem  leaves  reduced,  with  large  inflated  petioles;  leaflets  broadly  ovate 
to  lanceolate,  thick,  with  prominent  veins,  laciniately  mucronate-toothed, 
2.5-3.5  cm.  long,  obtuse  or  acute,  glabrous  or  more  or  less  scabrous:  umbels 
with  very  unequal  rays,  no  involucre  (or  sometimes  1  or  2  bracts),  and  in- 
volucels  of  few  filiform  and  very  scabrous  bractlets :  flowers  greenish  or  tinged 
with  purple:  ovaries  glabrous  or  puberulent:  fruit  broadly  oblong-elliptic, 
more  or  less  scabrous,  4-5  mm.  long;  dorsal  and  intermediate  ribs  often  nearly 
as  prominent  as  the  lateral,  thick  and  corky;  stylopodium  conical;  oil-tubes 
mostly  solitary  in  the  intervals. — Subalpine  or  alpine,  among  the  broken 
rocks  of  the  cliffs;  throughout  our  range. 

5.  Angelica  dilatata  A.  Nels.  Contrib.  U.  S.  Nat.  Herb.   12:  446.  1909. 
Glabrous,  5-10  dm.  high:  lower  leaves  ternate,  then  pinnate;  the  upper  simply 
pinnate  or  reduced  to  the  greatly  dilated  petiole  which  is  sometimes  tipped 
with  a  diminutive  biternate  leaf;  leaflets  obovate  or  ovate,  nearly  or  quite 
sessile,  obscurely  and  somewhat  irregularly  serrate,  or  sometimes  with  a  basal 
lobe  on  one  side;  dilated  petioles  10-20  cm.  long:  umbel  about  30-rayed,  the 
involucre  wanting  or  of  1-2  bracts;  involucels  none;  rays  5-8  cm.  long:  fruit 
oblong-elliptic,  obscurely  and  sparsely  hirsute,  less  than  5  mm.  long;  lateral 
wings  broader  than  the  dorsal  and  intermediate  ones;  oil-tubes  solitary  in  all 
the  intervals;  pedicels  unequal,  usually  much  longer  than  the  fruits. — Type 
locality,  City  Creek  Canon,  Utah. 

6.  Angelica  ampla  A.  Nels.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  25:  375.  1898.    Tall  and 
stout,  15-25  dm.  high,  with  purplish,  glabrous  stems  and  puberulent  inflores- 
cence: leaves  large,  ternate  then  twice  pinnate;  leaflets  ovate  to  obovate, 
short-acuminate,  serrate  or  toothed,  5-20  cm.  long:   umbels  with  very  nu- 
merous, nearly  equal  rays,  no  involucre,  and  usually  involucels  of  setaceous 
bractlets;  rays  5-10  cm.  long;  pedicels  10-12  mm.  long:  fruit  broadly  oblong, 
glabrous,  5-7  mm.   long,   the   dorsal  and  intermediate  ribs  sharp  (hardly 
winged),  narrower  than  the  thin,  very  narrow  lateral  wings;  oil-tubes  small 
and  numerous,  contiguous  about  the  seed  and  adhering  to  it  with  the  break- 
ing down  of  the  pericarp. — On  stream  banks;  from  southern  Wyoming  to 
central  Colorado. 

18.  PHELLOPTERUS  Nutt. 

Acaulescent  or  short  caulescent  plants,  with  pale  once  or  thrice  pinnate 
leaves  (segments  usually  short,  broad,  crowded,  and  more  or  less  confluent), 
mostly  conspicuous  and  similar  more  or  less  hyaline  involucre  and  involucels, 
and  purple  flowers  (except  in  P.  montanus}.  Calyx-teeth  evident.  Fruit 
oblong  to  orbicular  in  outline,  glabrous.  Carpel  with  3-5  broad  wings,  thin 
throughout  or  slightly  thickened  at  insertion,  the  laterals  distinct  from  those 
of  the  carpel ;  stylopodium  wanting ;  oil-tubes  usually  more  than  one  in  the 
intervals,  4-8  on  the  commissural  side.  Seed  more  or  less  dorsally  flattened, 
the  face  with  a  shallow  and  broad  concavity. — Cymopterus  in  part. 

Flowers  white 1.  P.  montanus. 

Flowers  pinkish  or  purple. 

Involucels  with  1-3-nerved  bractlets. 

Fruit  oblong,  8  mm.  long 2.  P.  bulbosus. 

Fruit  orbicular,  10-12  mm.  long         .         .         .         .         .         .  3.  P.  purpurascens. 

Involucels  with  many-nerved  bractlets 4.  P.  multinervatus. 

1.  Phellopterus  montanus  Nutt.  T.  &  G.  Fl.  1:  624.  1840.  Flowering  um- 
bels compactly  clustered  at  the  base  of  the  rosette  of  much  longer  leaves, 


UMBELLIFERAE    (PARSNIP   FAMILY)  357 

often  appearing  sessile,  somewhat  elongated  in  fruit:  involucre  inconspicuous, 
hyaline,  and  lobed,  sometimes  reduced  to  a  cup;  invplucels  conspicuous,  the 
bractlets  distinct,  obovate,  entire,  with  very  broad,  white,  and  hyaline  margins, 
with  more  or  less  distinct  green  central  region:  pedicels  shorter  than  the 
bractlets:  flowers  white,  sometimes  purplish:  fruit  broadly  oblong  to  nearly 
orbicular,  6-8  mm.  long,  with  broad,  thin  wings  somewhat  thickened  at  in- 
sertion; oil-tubes  1-3  in  the  intervals,  4-8  on  the  commissural  side:  seed  some- 
what flattened,  with  broadly  concave  face.  Cymopterus  montanus. — Kansas 
to  Dakota  and  west  to  Colorado  and  Wyoming. 

2.  Phellopterus  bulbosus  (A.  Nels.)  C.  &  R.  Contrib.  Nat.  Herb.  7:  168. 
1900.     Leaf-segments  more  crowded  than  in  P.  montanus:  flowering  umbel 
more  elongated,  in  fruit  equaling  or  exceeding  the  leaves;  involucre  con- 
spicuous, of  broad  hyaline  bracts  united  at  base;  involucels  more  conspic- 
uous, the  broad  hyaline  bracts  sometimes  with  a  greenish  central  region; 
pedicels  longer  than  in  P.  montanus;  flowers  purplish:  fruit  oblong,  much 
narrower  than  in  P.  montanus,  8  mm.  long,  with  broad  thin  wings  not  thick- 
ened at  insertion;  oil-tubes  3-5  in  the  intervals,  6-10  on  the  commissural 
side:  seed  face  with  rather  deep  and  broad  concavity. — Green  river  region 
of  Wyoming. 

3.  Phellopterus  purpurascens  (Gray)  C.  &  R.  1.  c.    Peduncles  longer  than 
in  P.  montanus,  in  fruit  equaling  or  exceeding  the  leaves;  umbels  more  or  less 
compacted;  involucre  conspicuous,  composed  of  white  or  purplish  hyaline 
bracts  which  have  1-3  green  or  purplish  nerves  and  are  united  at  base,  or 
sometimes  reduced  to  a  hyaline  sheath;  involucels  resembling  the  involucres: 
flowers  purple:  fruit  orbicular,  with  broad  wings  and  oblong  body  10-12  mm. 
long :  carpels  somewhat  flattened,  with  5  broad,  thin  wings  scarcely  thickened 
at  insertion;  oil-^tubes  2  or  3  in  the  intervals,  4  on  the  commissural  side:  seed 
somewhat  flattened,  with  broadly  concave  face. — Mostly  west  of  our  range. 

3a.  Phellopterus  purpurascens  Eastwoodae  (Jones)  C.  &  R.  1.  c.  169. 
More  robust,  2-3  dm.  high,  with  usually  long  peduncles:  umbels  and  umbel- 
lets  more  open,  with  prominent  rays  and  pedicels:  wings  of  fruit  much  nar- 
rower, resulting  in  a  narrow  fruit. — More  eastern  in  range;  central  and  western 
Colorado. 

4.  Phellopterus  multinervatus  C.  &  R.  1.  c.    Peduncles  as  in  P.  purpuras- 
cens; involucre  a  low,  hyaline  more  or  less  lobed  sheath,  or  developing  one  or 
more  conspicuous  bracts  resembling  those  of  the  involucel;  involucels  con- 
spicuous, composed  of  broad  purplish  bractlets  united  at  base,  which  are 
rounded  at  apex,  many-nerved,  and  with  narrow  hyaline  margins;  flowers 
purple:  fruit  orbicular,  with  very  broad  wings  and  oblong  body,  12-15  mm. 
long:  carpels  somewhat  flattened,  with  5  broad  thin  wings  more  or  less  thick- 
ened at  insertion;  oil-tubes  2-4  in  the  intervals,  8  on  the  commissural  side: 
seed  somewhat  flattened,  with  broadly  concave  face.     (P.  camporum  Rydb. 
Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  31:  574.  1904.) — Colorado  and  New  Mexico  and  west 
to  Utah  and  Arizona. 

19.  PTERYXIA  Nutt. 

Plants  of  acaulescent  habit  or  nearly  so,  and  clothed  at  base  with  persist- 
ent leaf-sheaths,  leaves  clustered  at  base  with  main  divisions  ternate  then 
pinnately  finely  dissected  into  short-linear  more  or  less  pungent  segments, 
mostly  no  involucre,  involucels  of  narrow  bractlets  (not  at  all  hyaline),  and 
yellow  flowers.  Calyx-teeth  evident.  Fruit  oblong  to  orbicular  in  outline, 
glabrous.  Carpel  usually  strongly  flattened  dorsally,  with  wings  thin  through- 
out, lateral  ribs  with  broad  wings,  dorsal  and  intermediates  from  strongly 
ribbed  to  broadly  winged ;  stylopodium  wanting;  oil-tubes  several  in  the  in- 
tervals. Seed  face  plane  or  with  a  shallow  and  broad  concavity. — Cymopterus 
in  part. 

Flowers  yellow;  fruit  oblong 1.  P.  calcarea. 

Flowers  white;  fruit  orbicular 2.  P.  albiflora. 

1.  Pteryxia  calcarea  (Jones)  C.  &  R.  1.  c.  173.    Short  caulescent,  giving 


358  UMBELLIFERAE    (PARSNIP  FAMILY) 

rise  to  a  tuft  of  leaves  and  longer  peduncles  (occasionally  bearing  a  small 
leaf):  leaves  with  the  ultimate  divisions  linear:  peduncles  reaching  a  height 
of  2-3  dm. ;  umbel  of  unequal  rays,  no  involucre,  and  involucels  of  small  linear 
bractlets;  rays  1-3.5  cm.  long;  pedicels  2-4  mm.  long;  flowers  yellow:  fruit 
oblong,  6-7  mm.  long,  the  dorsal  and  intermediate  wings  sometimes  reduced 
in  breadth;  oil-tubes  3-5  in  the  intervals,  6  or  more  on  the  commissural  side: 
seed  face  with  broad  and  shallow  concavity,  but  in  immature  specimens 
sometimes  appearing  plane. — Interior  Wyoming  to  Nevada  and  Oregon. 

2.  Pteryxia  albi&ora  Nutt.  T.  &  G.  Fl.  1:  625.  1840.  Low,  very  leafy  at 
base:  leaves  pale,  the  ultimate,  segments  divaricate  and  often  3-cleft,  short, 
acute:  peduncles  slender,  more  or  less  spreading,  1-1.5  dm.  high,  consid- 
erably longer  than  the  leaves;  umbels  with  unequal  rays,  no  involucre,  and 
involucels  of  several  linear  bractlets;  rays  4-12  mm.  long;  fruiting  pedicels 
3  mm.  long;  flowers  white:  fruit  nearly  orbicular,  4  mm.  long,  each  carpel 
with  usually  5  more  or  less  undulate  wings. — Northern  Wyoming,  Idaho,  and 
Montana. 

20.  THASPIUM  Nutt. 

Perennials,  with  ternately  compound  leaves  and  broad  serrate  or  toothed 
leaflets  (or  lower  leaves  simple),  mostly  no  involucre,  involucels  of  small 
bractlets,  mostly  yellow  flowers,  and  all  the  fruits  pediceled.  Calyx-teeth 
conspicuous.  Fruit  ovoid  to  oblong,  mostly  glabrous.  Carpel  with  3  or  4 
or  all  the  ribs  strongly  winged;  stylopodium  wanting;  style  long;  oil-tubes 
solitary  in  the  intervals,  2  on  the  commissural  side.  Seed  face  plane. 

1.  Thaspium  trifoliatum  aureum  (Nutt.)  Brit.  Mem.  Torr.  Club  5:  240. 
1894.  Glabrous,  6-15  dm.  high:  basal  leaves  mostly  cordate,  serrate;  stem 
leaves  simply  ternate  (rarely  biternate);  leaflets  ovate  to  lanceolate,  rounded 
or  tapering  at  base,  serrate:  umbels  8-12-rayed;  rays  1-2.5  cm.  long;  pedicels 
about  2  mm.  long;  flowers  yellow:  fruit  globose-ovoid,  about  4  mm.  long,  all 
the  ribs  equally  winged.  T.  trifoliatum  in  part. — Wyoming  and  eastward. 

21.  AULOSPERMUM  C.  &  R. 

Caulescent  or  acaulescent  plants,  with  more  or  less  pinnately  dissected 
leaves  (or  primary  division  ternate),  mostly  no  involucre,  involucels  of  small 
narrow  bractlets,  which  are  not  at  all  hyaline,  and  white,  yellow,  or  purple 
flowers.  Calyx-teeth  evident.  Fruit  oblong  to  orbicular  in  outline,  glabrous. 
Carpel  with  3-5  usually  broad  wings  which  are  sometimes  thickened  at  in- 
sertion, and  with  narrow  or  broad  intervals;  stylopodium  wanting;  oil-tubes 
several  in  the  intervals,  2  or  more  on  the  commissural  side.  Seed  not  dor- 
sally  flattened  or  but  slightly  so,  the  face  usually  with  a  narrow  and  deep 
sulcus. — Cymopterus  in  part. 

Stems  becoming  caulescent,  crowned  with  a  cluster  of  leaves  and  pe- 
duncles. 
Flowers  yellow.   . 

Leaves  coarsely  dissected        .  .         .         .         .         .         .         .     1.  A.  longipes. 

Leaves  more  finely  dissected 2.  A.  angustum. 

Flowers  white  or  purplish. 

Flowers  white         .         .         .  .         .         .         .         .         .         .     3.  A.  ibapense. 

Flowers  purple        .         .         .  .         .         .         .         .         .         .     4.  A.  planosum. 

Stems  acaulescent          .         .         .  .         .         .         .         .         .         .     5.  A.  purpureum. 

1.  Aulospermum  longipes  (Wats.)  C.  &  R.  Contrib.  Nat.  Herb.  7:  175. 
1900.  Glabrous  and  glaucous:  leaves  pinnate  to  bipinnate,  the  ultimate  seg- 
ments oval  and  mucronulate:  fruiting  peduncles  longer  than  the  leaves, 
10-25  cm.  long;  umbels  5-10-rayed,  with  no  involucre,  and  involucels  of  sub- 
ulate acuminate  bractlets;  rays  12-40  mm.  long;  pedicels  4-6  mm.  long; 
flowers  yellow:  fruit  6-8  mm.  long,  the  5  carpel  wings  broad  and  thin,  some- 
what unequal;  oil-tubes  3-4  in  the  intervals,  6  on  the  commissural  side:  seed 
face  with  deep  and  narrow  sulcus,  which  broadens  into  a  central  cavity. — 
Naked  clay  soils  in  the  desert  areas;  Colorado,  Utah,  and  Wyoming. 


UMBELLIFERAE    (PARSNIP   FAMILY)  359 

2.  Aulospermum  angustum  Osterh.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  31:  358.  1904. 
Glabrous  and  glaucous,  20  cm.  or  more  high:  leaves  glaucous  throughout, 
bipinnate,  with  crowded  small  segments:  fruiting  peduncles  10-20  cm.  long; 
umbels  5-rayed  or  more,  with  no  involucre  and  involucels  of  few  subulate 
bractlets;  rays  about  1  cm.  long;  pedicels  3-4  mm.  long;  flowers  yellow:  fruit 
6-7  mm.  long,  the  5  carpel  wings  narrow  and  subequal;  oil-tubes  4-5  in  the 
intervals,  6  on  the  commissural  side. — Habitat  and  range  of  last. 

3.  Aulospermum  ibapense  (Jones)  C.  &  R.  Contrib.  U.  S.  Nat.  Herb.  7:  176. 
1900.      Glabrous   and   glaucous:   leaves   tripinnate,   the   ultimate   divisions 
crowded,  oblong,  obtuse,  with  re  volute  margins:  fruiting  peduncles  longer 
than  the  leaves;  umbels  6-8-rayed,  with  no  involucre  and  involucels  of  linear 
acute  bractlets;  rays  about  1  cm.  long;  pedicels  4  mm.  long;  flowers  white: 
fruit  4-5  mm.  long,  the  5  carpel  wings  broad  and  thin;  oil-tubes  3  in  the  in- 
tervals, 6  on  the  commissural  side.     (Cymopterus  ibapensis  Jones,  Zoe  3:  302. 
1893.) — Habitat  and  range  of  last. 

4.  Aulospermum  planosum  Osterh.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  30:  236.  1903. 
Shortly  caulescent,  crowned  by  the  numerous  widely  spreading  leaves  and 
peduncles  longer  than  the  leaves:  flowers  purplish:  fruit  oblong,  6  mm.  long. — 
Colorado. 

5.  Aulospermum  purpureum  (Wats.)  C.  &  R.  1.  c.  178.     Whole  plant 
purplish,  nearly  acaulescent,  glabrous:  leaves  broadly  triangular  in  outline, 
twice  or  thrice  pinnate,  the  segments  coarsely  mucronate-dentate :  peduncles 
stout,  exceeding  the  leaves;  umbel  unequally  8-12-rayed,  with  more  or  less 
elongated  rays  and  pedicels,  mostly  no  involucre,  and  involucels  of  lanceolate 
bractlets  united  near  the  base  and  nearly  equaling  the  yellowish-purple  flowers: 
fruit  8-10  mm,  long,  each  carpel  with  3-5  broad  wings  scarcely  thickened  at 
insertion;  oil- tubes  4  or  5  in  the  intervals,  8  on  the  commissural  side:  seed 
somewhat  flattened,  with  broadly  concave  face. — New  Mexico  to  Colorado 
and  west  to  Utah  and  Arizona. 

22.  CYMOPTERUS  Raf. 

Dwarf,  acaulescent,  xerophytic  plants,  with  small  pinnate  or  bipinnate 
leaves,  often  no  involucre,  usually  foliaceous  and  conspicuous  involucels, 
and  white  or  yellow  flowers.  Calyx-teeth  obsolete  or  evident.  Fruit  flat- 
tened dorsally,  ovate,  glabrous.  Carpel  with  dorsal  and  intermediate  ribs 
filiform  or  winged  and  approximate;  lateral  wings  broad,  very  thick  and 
corky,  with  neither  nerves  nor  strengthening  cells,  coherent  till  maturity 
with  those  of  the  other  carpel,  forming  a  broad  corky  margin  to  the  fruit 
usually  thicker  than  the  much-flattened  fruit  body  and  in  cross  section  show- 
ing a  neck-like  connection;  stylopodium  wanting;  oil-tubes  very  small,  4—8 
in  the  intervals,  8-14  on  the  commissural  side.  Seed  very  flat,  with  plane 
face. 

Umbels  globose,  flowers  white. 

Fruit  with  3-5  broad  wings  on  each  carpel. 

Ultimate  leaf-segments  narrow  and  acute       .         .         •         .         .     1.  C.  acaulis. 
Ultimate  leaf-segment  short-oblong,  obtuse     .         .         .         .         .     2.  C.  Parryi. 

Fruit  with  only  the  lateral  nerves  broadly  winged     .         .         .         .     3.  C.  lapidosus. 

Umbels  open,  flowers  yellow. 

Leaf-segments  narrow          .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .     4.  C.  Fendleri. 

Leaf-segments  broad 5.  C.  Newberryi. 

1.  Cymopterus  acaulis    (Pursh)    Rydb.    Bot.   Surv.   Nebr.    3:  38.   1894. 
Low  (7-20  cm.)  and  glabrous,  with  a  short  caudex  bearing  a  cluster  of  leaves 
and  peduncles:  leaves  merging  from  pinnate  to  bipinnate;  ultimate  segments 
mostly  small  and  narrow:  peduncles  mostly  shprter  than  the  leaves;  rays 
and  pedicels  very  short,  making  a  rather  compact  cluster;  involucel  of  linear 
and  entire  more  or  less  united  foliose  bractlets;  flowers  white:  fruit  6-8  mm. 
in  diameter,  with  3-5  broad  wings  on  each  carpel;  oil-tubes  small,  4-8  in  the 
intervals  (or  double  the  number  where  a  rib  has  been  suppressed),  8-14  on 
the  commissural  side. — From  Colorado  to  Assiniboia. 

2.  Cymopterus  Parryi  (C.  &  R.)  Jones,  Zoe  4:  48.  1893,    Resembling  C. 


360  UMBELLIFERAE    (PARSNIP   FAMILY) 

acaulis,  but  the  leaf-segments  shorter  and  more  obtuse:  involucre  small,  hy- 
aline: fruit  somewhat  larger,  the  lateral  wings  moderately  thickened. — 
Gravelly  bench  lands;  western  Wyoming  and  adjacent  Montana. 

3.  Cymopterus  lapidosus  Jones,  Contrib.  Western  Bot.  No.  8:  31.     1898. 
Glabrous:  leaves  and  peduncles  borne  in  a  cluster  at  the  summit  of  a  more 
or  less  elongated  subterranean  stem  arising  from  a  long  branching  root: 
leaves  5-10  cm.  long,  pinnate  to  bipinnate,  the  pinnae  rather  crowded,  ovate, 
lower  ones  incised,  upper  ones  entire:  peduncles  sometimes  shorter  than  the 
leaves,  or  becoming  1.5-2  cm.  high,  bearing  a  nearly  equally  rayed  umbel, 
with  involucels  of  several  linear  bractlets;  rays  1-2  cm.  long;  pedicels  4  mm. 
long;  flowers  white:  fruit  oblong,  glabrous,  6-7  mm.  long,  2-2.5  mm.  broad, 
with  wings  half  as  broad  as  body  or  less,  and  prominent  dorsal  and  inter- 
mediate ribs  (more  or  less  winged) ;  oil-tubes  several  in  the  intervals. — South- 
ern Wyoming  and  adjacent  Utah. 

4.  Cymopterus  Fendleri  Gray,  PL  Fendl.  56.     1849.    Low  (5-10  cm.)  and 
glabrous,  the  cluster  of  leaves  and  peduncles  springing  from  a  slender  sub- 
terranean stem  which  arises  from  an  elongated  thick  root:  leaves  usually 
exceeding  the  peduncles,  2-3-pinnate;  pinnae  and  segments  5  or  7,  oblong 
and  incised:  umbels  with  few  and  unequal  rays  and  yellow  flowers,  sterile 
flowers  with  longer  pedicels  than  the  fertile;  involucre  represented  by  a  short 
sheath  whose  teeth  are  occasionally  prolonged  into  small  linear  bracts,  and 
involucels  of  bractlets  united  at  base  and  exceeding  the  flowers:  fruit  oblong, 
6-10  mm.  long;  each  carpel  with  3  or  4  wings  which  are  thin  at  the  margin 
and  also  next  to  the  body;  oil-tubes  several  in  the  intervals,  4-8  on  the  com- 
missural  side. — Gravelly  soil;  New  Mexico,  Colorado,  and  Utah. 

5.  Cymopterus  Newberryi  (Wats.)  Jones,  Zoe  4:  47.  1893.     Often  more 
robust  than  the  other  species  (5-18  cm.  high),  but  with  the  same  habit:  leaves 
shorter  than  the  peduncles,  pinnately  3-5-foliolate  or  simply  lobed,  lobes  and 
leaflets  broad;  terminal  leaflet  3-lobed,  the  lower  mostly  2-lobed,  all  the  lobes 
sparingly  incised:  umbel  unequally  4-13-rayed,  with  yellow  flowers,  and  con- 
spicuous involucels  of  more  or  less  unequal  oblong  to  ovate  foliaceous  bract- 
lets:  fruit  sessile  or  nearly  so,  6-8  mm.  long,  with  very  thick  lateral  wings 
and  dorsal  and  intermediate  ribs  filiform  or  winged;  oil- tubes  4-8  in  the  in- 
tervals, 8-10  on  the  commissural  side. — Colorado  and  New  Mexico  and  west 
to  Utah  and  Arizona. 

23.  PSEUDOCYMOPTERUS  C.  &  R. 

Caulescent  or  acaulescent  plants,  with  bipinnate  leaves,  no  involucre  (very 
rarely  a  bract  or  two),  involucels  of  mostly  linear  bractlets,  and  variously 
colored  flowers.  Calyx-teeth  evident.  Fruit  oblong,  glabrous.  Carpel  with 
very  prominent  and  acute  (sometimes  narrowly  winged)  dorsal  and  inter- 
mediate ribs,  and  rather  broad  and  thickish  lateral  wings  (sometimes  not 
much  more  prominent  than  the  dorsals  and  intermediates),  which  are  dis- 
tinct from  those  of  the  other  carpel;  stylopodium  wanting;  oil-tubes  1-4  in 
the  intervals,  2-8  on  the  commissural  side.  Seed  more  or  less  flattened,  with 
plane  face  (except  in  P.  bipinnatus). 

More  or  less  caulescent. 
Flowers  yellow. 

Ultimate  divisions  of  leaves  short,  ovate  to  lanceolate     .         .         .     1.  P.  montanus. 
Ultimate  divisions  of  leaves  elongated,  linear    . 

Leaves  (at  least  basal  ones)  ovate      .         .         .         .         .         .     2.  P.  sylvaticus. 

Leaves  (at  least  basal  ones)  broadly  rhombic. 

Plant  slender;  leaves  mostly  compound,  with  very  long  and 

few  divisions     .   •    .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .     3.  P.  tenuifolius. 

Plant  low;  leaves  thrice  pinnate,  with  shorter,  crowded,  nu- 
merous divisions 4.  P.  multifidus. 

Flowers  purple  .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .     5.  P.  purpureus. 

Acaulescent. 

Leaves  on  long  petioles,  green. 

Segments  linear       .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .     6.  P.  anisatus. 

Segments  obovate  to  rhombic-cuneate     .         .         .         .         .         .     7.  P.  aletifolius. 

Leaves  on  short  petioles,  very  pale  or  glaucous  .  .         .     8.  P«  bipinnatus. 


UMBELLIFERAE    (PARSNIP   FAMILY)  361 

1.  Pseudocymopterus  montanus  (Gray)  C.  &  R.  Rev.  N.  Am.  Umbell.  74. 
1888.    Stem  erect,  slender,  3-6  dm.  high,  more  or  less  leafy,  glabrous  except 
at  the  base  of  the  umbel  or  on  the  rays:  the  bipinnate  leaves  mostly  with  broad 
outline;  leaflets  exceedingly  variable,  variously  cut  or  entire:  umbel  6-12- 
rayed,  with  involucels  of  linear  or  setaceous  bractlets  longer  than  the  yellow 
flowers;  rays  12-30  mm.  long;  pedicels  about  2  mm.  long:  fruit  broadly  ob- 
long, 4-5  mm.  long,  with  lateral  wings  almost  as  broad  as  body,  the  dorsal 
and  intermediates  very  variable  (either  ribbed  or  narrowly  winged) ;  oil-tubes 
1-4  in  the  intervals,  4-6  on  the  commissural  side:  seed  much  flattened. — 
Open  mountain  sides;  Colorado  to  New  Mexico  and  Arizona. 

2.  Pseudocymopterus  sylvaticus  A.  Nels.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  28:  224. 
1901.    Similar  but  the  stems  more  slender,  the  leaf-segments  long-linear,  the 
fruiting  peduncle  elongated  and  naked:   fruit  broader  and  with  thin,  con- 
spicuous, lateral  wings  as  broad  as  the  body;  oil-tubes  mostly  1  in  the  inter- 
vals and  2-4  on  the  commissural  sides. — Wet  woods  and  thickets;  Wyoming 
and  Colorado. 

3.  Pseudocymopterus  tenuifolius   (Gray)  Rydb.   Bull.  Torr.   Bot.  Club 
33:  147.  1906.    Resembling  P.  montanus,  but  often  larger  and  more  branch- 
ing, and  the  bipinnate  leaves  with  very  few  and  narrowly  linear  leaflets  1-4 
cm.  long.    (P.  montanus  tenuifolius  C.  &  R.  Rev.  N.  Am.  Umbell.  74.  1888.) — 
In  mountain  woods;  Colorado  to  New  Mexico. 

4.  Pseudocymopterus  multifidus  Rydb.  1.  c.     Resembling  P.  montanus, 
but  low,  about  2  .dm.  high:  lower  leaves  broadly  rhombic  in  outline,  thrice 
pinnate;  the  upper  twice  pinnate;  ultimate  divisions  linear:  fruit  smaller  and 
more  rounded. — High  mountains;  Colorado  and  New  Mexico. 

5.  Pseudocymopterus  purpureus  (C.  &  R.)  Rydb.  1.  c.     Resembling  P. 
montanus,  but  short  caulescent,  with  rather  weak  ascending  peduncles  7.5-15 
cm.  long,  and  purple  flowers.     (P.  montanus  purpureus  C.  &  R.  1.  c.) — Moist 
places  in  the  mountains;  Colorado  to  New  Mexico  and  Utah. 

6.  Pseudocymopterus  anisatus  (Gray)  C.  &  R.  1.  c.    Acaulescent,  caespi- 
tose  from  a  much  branched  caudex,  which  is  more  or  less  covered  with  the 
remains  of  old  leaves:  leaves  on  long  petioles,  narrow,  somewhat  rigid,  pin- 
nate, and    the  leaflets  pinnately    parted  into    linear    (sometimes  broader) 
pungently  acute  segments:    peduncles  1-3  dm.  high,  exceeding  the  leaves; 
umbel  unequally  5-12-rayed,  with  involucels  of   linear-subulate  (sometimes 
lobed)  bractlets  exceeding  the  white   or  yellow  flowers;    rays   1-7.5  cm. 
long;  pedicels  2-6  mm.  long:  fruit  about  4  mm.  long,  the  carpel  irregularly 
2-5-winged;  oil-tubes  1-3  in  the  intervals,  2-4  on  the  commissural  side:  seed 
face  plane. — Dry   hills    and  mountains;  throughout  our   range  and  to  the 
northwestward. 

7.  Pseudocymopterus  aletifolius  Rydb.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  31:  574. 
1904.    Densely  caespitose,  with  the  habit  of  P.  anisatus:  leaves  once  or  twice 
pinnate,  stiff  and  shining,  with  petioles  about  as  long  as  the  blades;  segments 
obovate  to  rhombic-cuneate,  deeply  cleft  into  usually  3-toothed  lobes:  pe- 
duncles 1-1.5  dm.  high,  about  equaling  the  leaves;  rays  of  the  umbel  very 
unequal,  in  fruit  1-5  cm.  long;  pedicels  also  very  unequal,  1-8  mm.  long  in 
fruit;  flowers  yellow:  fruit  5-6  mm.  long;  lateral  wings  evident  but  rather 
narrow;  dorsal  ribs  acute  or  slightly  winged;  oil-tubes  usually  solitary  in  the 
intervals. — In  the  mountains  of  Colorado,  among  rocks. 

8.  Pseudocymopterus  bipinnatus  (Wats.)  C.  &  R.  1.  c.  75.    Caespitose,  the 
short  branches  of  the  rootstock  covered  with  the  crowded  remains  of  dead 
leaves,  glaucous,  puberulent:  leaves  pinnate  with  few  pairs  of  short  segments, 
which  are  pinnately  divided  into  short  linear  lobes:  peduncles  1-2  dm.  high, 
much  exceeding  the  leaves;  rays  2-8  mm.  long;  involucels  of  conspicuous 
linear-lanceolate  or  broader  bractlets,  with  hyaline  margins,  and  more  or  less 
united  at  base  ;  flowers  white:  fruit  nearly  sessile,  ovoid,  3-4  mm.  long,  mod- 
erately flattened  dorsally,  the  5  thickish  carpel  wings  equal  and  narrow  (often 
being  but  very  prominent  acute  ribs) ;  oil-tubes  3-4  in  the  intervals,  6-8  on 
the  commissural  side:  seed  face  slightly  concave. — Western  Wyoming  to 
Montana  and  Oregon. 


362  UMBELLLFERAE    (PARSNIP  FAMILY) 

24.  OXYPOLIS  Raf. 

Smooth,  erect,  swamp  herbs,  with  fascicled  tubers,  leaves  simply  pinnate  or 
ternate  or  reduced  to  petioles,  involucre  of  few  bracts  or  none,  involucels  of 
numerous  small  bractlets  or  none,  and  white  flowers.  Calyx-teeth  evident. 
Fruit  flattened  laterally,  ovate  to  obovate,  glabrous.  Carpel  with  dorsal  and 
intermediate  ribs  filiform;  lateral  wings  closely  contiguous  to  those  of  the 
other  carpel  and  nerved  dorsally  at  the  inner  margin  (giving  the  appearance 
of  5  filiform  ribs  on  the  back  of  each  carpel) ;  strengthening  cells  beneath  the 
dorsal  ribs  and  nerves  of  the  lateral  wings;  stylopodium  thick,  short-conical; 
oil-tubes  solitary  in  the  intervals,  2-6  on  the  commissural  side.  Seed  face 
plane . — A  rchemora. 

1.  Oxypolis  Fendleri  (Gray)  Heller,  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  24:  478.  1897. 
Stem  slender,  simple,  3-6  dm.  high,  from  a  large  fascicle  of  tubers  (2.5  cm. 
long):  leaves  pinnate,  5-9-foliolate;  leaflets  ovate  or  oblong  (or  lanceolate  in 
upper  leaves),  obtuse,  2.5-5  cm.  long,  incisely  serrate:  umbel  unequally 
5-12-rayed,  with  neither  involucre  nor  involucels;  rays  1-3.5  cm.  long;  ped- 
icels 4-8  mm.  long:  fruit  ovate,  scarcely  4  mm.  long,  with  rather  prominent 
dorsal  and  intermediate  ribs  and  narrower  lateral  wings;  oil-tubes  2-4  on  the 
commissural  side. — In  the  mountains  of  our  range. 

26.  LEPTOTAENIA  Nutt. 

Usually  tall  and  stout,  glabrous,  nearly  acaulescent  perennials,  with  thick 
often  very  large  fusiform  roots,  usually  large  pinnately  decompound  leaves, 
involucre  of  few  bracts  or  none,  involucels  of  numerous  small  bractlets,  and 
yellow  or  purple  flowers.  Calyx-teeth  obsolete  or  sometimes  evident.  Fruit 
flattened  dorsally,  oblong-elliptical,  glabrous.  Carpel  with  dorsal  and  inter- 
mediate ribs,  filiform  or  obscure;  lateral  wings  very  thick  and  corky,  with 
large  groups  of  thick-walled  strengthening  cells;  commissural  face  with  a 
prominent  central  longitudinal  ridge  left  after  separation  from  the  carpo- 
phore; stylopodium  wanting;  oil- tubes  3-6  in  the  intervals,  4-6  on  the  com- 
missural side,  mostly  small,  sometimes  obsolete.  Seed  very  flat,  with  plane 
or  slightly  concave  face. 

Leaves  finely  dissected;  oil-tubes  mostly  wanting     .         .         .         .         .1.  L.  multifida. 
Leaves  less  dissected;  oil-tubes  present     .         .         .         .         .         .         .     2.  L.  Eatonii. 

1.  Leptotaenia  multifida  Nutt.  T.  &  G.  Fl.  1:  630.  1840.     Leaves  finely 
dissected:  umbels  mostly  without  involucre;  pedicels  of  the  fruit  6-24  mm. 
long;  flowers  purple  or  yellow:  fruit  8-12  mm.  long,  and  with  no  strengthening 
cells  in  the  almost  obsolete  dorsal  and  intermediate  ribs:  seed  face  concave, 
the  carpel  section  being  crescentic. — Montana  to  New  Mexico. 

2.  Leptotaenia  Eatonii  C.  &  R.  Rev.  N.  Am.  Umbell.  52.  1888.     Like  L. 
multifida,  but  with  less  dissected  leaves:  umbels  few-rayed;  pedicels  of  fruit 
8-12  mm.  long:  fruit  16-18  :nm.  long,  8-10  mm.  broad,  flatter  and  thinner 
than  in  any  other  species;  oil-tubes  4-6  in  the  intervals,  4  on  the  commissural 
side,  a  prominent  corky  nerve  on  the  commissural  face  of  the  lateral  wing 
near  the  inner  margin:  seed  face  plane. — Western  Wyoming,  Utah,  and  Idaho. 

26.  COGSWELLIA  Raf. 

Acaulescent  or  short  caulescent,  dry  ground  perennials,  with  fusiform  or 
tuberous  roots,  ternate  (sometimes  pinnate)  to  dissected  leaves,  no  involucre, 
involucels  mostly  present,  and  yellow,  white,  or  purple  flowers.  Calyx-teeth 
obsolete  (very  rarely  evident).  Fruit  strongly  flattened  dorsally,  oblong  to 
orbicular.  Carpel  with  filiform  and  approximate  dorsal  and  intermediate  ribs, 
and  winged  laterals  coherent  till  maturity  with  those  of  the  other  carpel;  peri- 
carp thin,  with  strengthening  cells  beneath  each  rib  and  nerve;  stylopodium 
wanting;  oil-tubes  one  to  several  in  the  intervals  (rarely  obsolete),  2-10  on 
the  commissural  side.  Seed  dorsally  flattened,  with  plane"  face  (rarely  slightly 
concave) . — Peucedanum, 


UMBELLIFERAE    (PARSNIP   FAMILY)  3G3 

Flowers  yellow. 

Roota  tuberous  or  moniliform. 

Umbellets  open;  pedicels  slender          .         ,         .         .         .         •       *.  C.  ambigua. 
Umbellets  compact;  fruit  nearly  sessile         .         .         .         .  2.  C.  leptocarpa. 

Roots  more  or  less  thickened. 

Plant  glabrous  or  nearly  so;  fruit  glabrous. 

Oil-tubes  several  in  the  intervals  .        .         .         ,  3.  C.  montana. 

Oil-tubes  large  and  solitary. 

Glabrous  throughout  4.  C.  Grayi. 

Slightly  puberulent  on  the  herbage        ...  .       5.  C.  bicolor. 

Plant  pubescent,  at  least  when  young. 

Leaves  finely  dissected,  ternate  then  pinnate. 

Bractlets  ot  involucels  lanceolate,  conspicuous  and  united 

at  base  .         .         ,          .         .         .         .         .  6.  C.  foeniculacea. 

Bractlets  linear,  smaller,  distinct          .         .         .         .  7.  C.  Jonesii. 

Leaves  ternate  or  biternate,  with  long  linear  segments  .       3.  C.  platycarpa. 

Flowers  white. 

Bractlets  not  scarious  ,  ;.      ...         .         .         .         .         .9.  C.  macrocarpa. 

Bractlets  scarious-margined 10.  C.  orientalis. 

1.  Cogswellia  ambigua  (Nutt.)  Jones,  Contrib.  West.  Bot.  12:  32.   L908. 
Glabrous,  from   low  acaulescent  to  3  dm.  high  and  caulescent,  with  tuber- 
ous sometimes  moniliform  roots:    petioles    much  dilated    at  base;   leaves 
once  to  twice  pinnate,  with  more  or  less  elongated  linear  leaflets,  the  upper 
often  more  dissected:  umbel  unequally  8-18-rayed,  with  no  involucels;  rays 
2.5-8.5  cm.  long;  pedicels  4-8  mm.  long;  flowers  yellow:  fruit  narrowly  ob- 
long, glabrous,  6-8  mm.  long,  2  mm.  broad,  very  narrowly  winged;  oil-tubes 
solitary  in  the  intervals,  2  (broad  and  thin)  on  the  commissural  side. — Wyo- 
ming and  Montana  to  Oregon. 

2.  Cogswellia  leptocarpa    (Nutt.)   Jones  1.  c.   33.    Acaulescent,  becoming 
3  dm.  high,  from  deep-seated  tuberous  roots,  glabrous:  leaves  ternate  then 
pinnate,  the  ultimate  segments  linear  and  usually  much  elongated:  umbels 
with  few  very  unequal  rays,  and  involucels  of  small  linear  bractlets ;  rays  from 
almost  wanting  to  7.5  cm.  long;  flowers  yellow:  fruit  nearly  sessile,  forming 
a  dense  cluster,  linear,  9-10  mm.  long,  2  mm.  broad,  with  very  narrow  wings*; 
oil-tubes  solitary  in  the  intervals. — Reported  from  Steamboat  Springs,  Col- 
orado; mostly  to  the  northwest  of  our  range. 

3.  Cogswellia  montana  Jones  1.  c.  34.     Acaulescent,  from  a  slender  or 
somewhat  enlarged  and  elongated   rootstock,   glabrous  except  the  slightly 
puberulent  inflorescence,  5-20  cm.  high:  leaves  usually  twice  pinnate,  the 
leaflets  short-oblong,   obtuse,  much  crowded:  umbel  unequally  3-8-rayed, 
with  involucels  of  distinct,  obovate,  more  or  less  purplish  bractlets;  rays  4-30 
mm.  long;  pedicels  2-4  mm.  long;  flowers  yellow:  fruit  oblong,   glabrous, 
5-6  mm.  long,  2-3  mm.  broad,  with  wings  about  half  as  broad  as  body;  oil- 
tubes  several  in  the  intervals.     (Lomatium  purpureum  A.  Nels.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot. 
Club  28:  226.  1901.) — The  western  Dakotas  to  Wyoming  and  Oregon. 

4.  Cogswellia  Grayi  C.  &  R.  Contrib.  IT.  S.  Nat.  Herb.  12:  450.  1909.    Gla- 
brous throughout,  with  peduncles  7.5-22.5  cm.  lorfg:  leaves  ternate  then  pin- 
nately  decompound,  the  ultimate  segments  linear-filiform,  elongated  or  short- 
cuspidate,   exceedingly  numerous:   umbel  rather  equally   6-16-rayed,   with 
involucels  of  distinct  linear  subulate  bractlets;  rays  2.5-7.5  cm.  long;  pedi- 
cels 10-16  mm.  long;  flowers  yellow:  fruit  oblong,  8-16  mm.  long,  5-9  mm. 
broad,  with  wings  usually  more  than  half  as  broad  as  body,  and  filiform  dor- 
sal and  intermediate  ribs:  oil-tubes  usually  solitary  in  the  intervals  (some- 
times 2  in  the  lateral  intervals),  2-4  on  the  commissural  side. — Frequent  in 
our  range  and  westward  to  Oregon  and  Washington. 

5.  Cogswellia  bicolor   (Wats.)  Jones  1.  c.  38.    Caulescent   or  scarcely  so, 
1-4.5  dm.   high,   glabrous  or  slightly  puberulent:   petioles  wholly  dilated; 
leaves  ternate  then  pinnately  decompound,  the  ultimate  segments  very  nu- 
merous and  filiform:  umbel  very  unequally  2-10-rayed,  with  involucels  of  1-8 
linear-subulate   bractlets;   rays   2.5-12.5   cm.   long;   pedicels   short;   flowers 
yellow:  fruit  linear-oblong,  glabrous,  10-12  mm.  long,  2-5  mm.  broad,  with 
very  narrow  wings  and  nearly  obsolete  dorsal  and  intermediate  ribs;  oil- 
tubes  large  and  solitary  in  the  intervals,  2  on  the  commissural  side. — West- 
ern Wyoming  and  in  Utah  and  Idaho. 


364  UMBELLIFERAE    (PARSNIP  FAMILY) 

6.  Cogswellia  foeniculacea   (Nutt.)   C.  &  R.  1.  c.  449.     Acaulescent,  at 
first  densely  villous  but  becoming  more  or  less  glabrate,  1-3  dm.  high:  leaves 
finely  dissected,  ternate  then  pinnately  decompound,  with  very  numerous 
narrow   crowded   segments:   umbel  somewhat   equally  5-15-rayed,  with  in- 
volucels  of  conspicuous,  lanceolate,  more  or  less  united  and  usually  very  to- 
mentose  bractlets;  rays  2-4  cm.  long;  pedicels  2-6  mm.  long;  flowers  yellow, 
the  ovaries  densely  pubescent:  fruit  orbicular  to  oblong,  somewhat  pubescent, 
5-8  mm.  long,  4-5  mm.  broad,  with  wings  half  as  broad  as  body;  oil-tubes  3 
or  4  in  the  intervals,  4  on  the  commissural  side:  seed  face  plane. — From  the 
plains  of  Assipiboia  to  Texas. 

7.  Cogswellia  Jonesii  (C.  &  R.)  Jones  1.  c.  34.    Resembling  C.  foeniculacea, 
but  lower,  more  inclined  to  branch  at  base,  at  least  the  foliage  persistently  vil- 
lous: leaves  smaller,  with  more  crowded  segments:  involucels  of  less  conspic- 
uous linear,  usually  distinct  and  villous  bractlets;  rays  1-3  cm.  long;  pedicels 
3-12  mm.  long;  flowers  yellow  or  tinged  with  purple:  fruit  elliptical  or  broadly 
oblong,  pubescent,  8  mm.  long,  6-7  mm.  broad,  with  broader  wings  (more 
than  half  as  broad  as  body). — From  Utah  and  Wyoming  to  the  Northwest 
Territory. 

8.  Cogswellia  platycarpa  (Torr.)  Jones  1.  c.  32.    Caulescent  or  acaulescent, 
puberulent,  often  tall  and  stout:   leaves  ternate  or  biternate;  leaflets  very 
narrowly  linear  (almost  filiform)  to  linear-lanceolate,  5-10  cm.  long:   umbel 
unequally  3-15-rayed,  with  involucels  of  lanceolate  or  setaceous  bractlets; 
rays  1-7.5  cm.  long;  pedicels  2-6  mm.  long;  flowers  yellow:  fruit  broadly  ob- 
long to  nearly  orbicular,  sometimes  emarginate  at  each  end,  6-12  mm.  long, 
4-10  mm.  broad,  with  wings  broader  than  body  (also  extending  below  body), 
and  prominent  dorsal  and  intermediate  ribs;   oil-tubes  large  and  solitary  in 
the  intervals,  2  on  the  commissural  side:  seed  face  slightly  concave.      Pence- 
danum  simplex. — In  the  western  part  of  our  range  to  Montana  and  Wash- 
ington. 

9.  Cogswellia  macrocarpa  (Nutt.)  Jones  1.  c.  33.    Somewhat  caulescent  or 
nearly  acaulescent,  1-6  dm.  high,  more  or  less  pubescent,  much  branched  at 
base,  from  a  more  or  less  elongated  thick  root:  leaves  pinnately  (or  first  di- 
vision ternate)   compound;   segments  pinnately  incised,  ultimate  divisions 
ovate  or  short-linear:   umbel  somewhat  equally  3-10-rayed,  with  involucels 
of  conspicuous,  somewhat  f oliaceous,  lanceolate  or  linear  bractlets  often  united 
and  unilateral;  rays  2-10  cm.  long;  pedicels  2-10  mm.  long;  flowers  white: 
calyx-teeth  evident:  fruit  linear-oblong  to  broadly  oblong,  elliptical  or  ovate, 
glabrous,  6-20  mm.  long,  3-7  mm.  broad,  with  wings  from  very  narrow  to  as 
broad  as  body,  and  filiform  dorsal  and  intermediate  ribs;  oil-tubes  solitary 
in  the  intervals  (often  obscure,  rarely  2-3),  2  or  4  on  the  commissural  side: 
seed  face  with  a  slight  central  longitudinal  ridge. — Throughout  the  western 
part  of  our  range  and  west  to  the  Pacific  States. 

10.  Cogswellia  orientalis  Jones  1.  c.  33.    Acaulescent  or  shortly  caules- 
cent, with  short  and  soft  pubescence:  peduncles  1-3  cm.  high,  and  a  thick 
elongated  root  (often  swollen  in  places):  leaves  bipinnate,  the  small  oblong 
segments  entire  or  toothed:  umbel  unequally  5-8-rayed,  with  involucels  of 
scarious-margined  (of ten  purplish)  lanceolate,  distinct  bractlets;  rays  1-3.5  cm. 
long;  pedicels  glabrous,  5-7  mm.  long;  flowers  white  or  pinkish,  with  glabrous 
ovaries:  fruit  almost  round,  emarginate  at  base,  glabrous,  5  mm.  long,  4  mm. 
broad,  with  wings  not  as  broad  as  body,  and  indistinct  or  obsolete  dorsal  and 
intermediate  ribs;  oil-tubes  solitary  in  the  intervals  (rarely  2  in  the  lateral 
intervals),  4  on  the  commissural  side:  seed  face  plane.     Peucedanum  nudi- 
caule. — On  the  plains  and  foothills;  N.  Dakota  to  Kansas  and  far  westward. 

27.  CYNOMARATHRUM  Nutt. 

Acaulescent  plants  or  nearly  so,  from  a  stout  caudex  becoming  multicipital 
and  densely  clothed  with  old  leaf-sheaths,  with  leaves  narrow  in  outline  (the 
first  division  pinnate),  and  yellow  flowers.  Calyx-teeth  evident.  Fruit 
strongly  flattened  dorsally,  oblong.  Carpel  with  sharp  or  winged  dorsal  and 


CORNACEAE    (DOGWOOD   FAMILY)  365 

intermediate  ribs  and  broader  winged  laterals;  stylopodium  flat  but  evi- 
dent, in  dry  specimens  appearing  spongy;  oil-tubes  mostly  several  in  the  in- 
tervals or  obscure.  Seed  dorsally  flattened,  with  plane  face. 

Foliage  glabrous  .         . 1.  C.  Nuttallii. 

Foliage  scabrous „         .         .         .     2.  C.  Eastwoodae. 

1.  Cynomarathrum  Nuttallii  (Gray)  C.  &  R.  Contrib.  Nat.  Herb.  7:  245. 
1900.    Acaulescent,  glabrous:  scape  1.5-4.5  dm.  high,  a  little  exceeding  the 
leaves,  arising  from  a  stout  caudex  becoming  multicipital :  leaves  pinnate  or 
bipinnate;  leaflets  linear,  elongated,  cuspidate,  sometimes  5  cm., long:  umbel 
somewhat  equally  4-20-rayed,  with  involucels  of  linear-lanceolate  bractlets; 
rays  3-3.5  cm.  long;  pedicels  2-6  mm.  long;  flowers  yellow:  calyx-teeth  evi- 
dent: fruit  oblong,  8-10  mm.  long,  4  mm.  broad,  narrowly  winged,  the  dorsal 
and  intermediate  ribs  also  sometimes  irregularly  winged;  oil-tubes  3-5  in  the 
intervals,  6-10  on  the  commissural  side:  seed  somewhat  sulcate  on  the  back 
with  slightly  concave  face.    Peucedanum  graveolens. — From  Nebraska  through 
Wyoming  to  Utah. 

2.  Cynomarathrum  Eastwoodae  C.  &  R.  1.  c.  247.     Stems  low,  much 
tufted  at  base:  leaves  shorter  than  the  peduncles,  very  narrow  in  outline,  once 
to  twice  pinnate,  very  scabrous;  segments  short  and  narrow,  apiculate:  rays 
few,  nearly  equal,  2-2.5  cm.  long;  pedicels  12-18  mm.  long,  usually  longer 
than  the  fruit;  involucels  of  several  linear,  entire  bractlets:  fruit  glabrous, 
oblong,  8-10  mm.  long,  with  wings  nearly  as  broad  as  body:  calyx-teeth 
evident. — Colorado. 

28.  HERACLEUM  L. 

Tall,  stout  perennials,  with  large,  ternately  compound  leaves,  deciduous 
involucres,  involucels  of  numerous  bractlets,  large  many-rayed  umbel  of  white 
flowers,  and  obcordate  petals  (the  outer  ones  often  dilated  and  2-clef t) .  Calyx- 
teeth  small  or  obsolete.  Fruit  broadly  obovate.  very  much  flattened  dorsally, 
somewhat  pubescent.  Carpel  with  dorsal  and  intermediate  ribs  filiform;  the 
broad  lateral  wings  contiguous  to  those  of  the  other  carpel,  strongly  nerved 
toward  the  outer  margin;  strengthening  cells  continuous  about  seed  cavity 
and  under  the  nerves;  stylopodium  thick-conical;  oil-tubes  solitary  in  the 
intervals,  conspicuous,  about  half  as  long  as  the  carpel,  2-4  on  the  commis- 
sural side.  Seed  very  much  flattened  dorsally. 

1.  Heracleum  lanatum  Michx.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  1:  166.  1803.  Very  stout, 
12-24  dm.  high,  pubescent  or  woolly  above:  petioles  much  dilated;  leaflets 
petiolulate,  round-cordate,  10-25  cm.  broad,  irregularly  cut-toothed:  rays 
5-15  cm.  long:  fruit  8-12  mm.  long,  somewhat  pubescent. — On  wet  banks; 
hi  most  parts  of  the  northern  United  States. 

29.  PASTINACA  L. 

A  genus  of  stout  plants  resembling  Heracleum,  with  thick  roots,  pinnate 
leaves,  and  compound  umbels  of  yellow  flowers.  Seeds  very  flat.  Oil-tubes 
solitary  in  the  intervals,  and  2-4  on  the  commissural  side. 

1.  Pastinaca  sativa  L.  Sp.  PI.  1:  262.  1753.  The  common  parsnip,  a  na- 
tive of  Europe.  It  has  become  widely  dispersed  as  a  weed  in  North  America. 

85.  CORNACEAE  Link.    DOGWOOD  FAMILY 

Trees  or  shrubs,  rarely  herbs,  with  simple  and  entire,  mainly  opposite  leaves, 
no  stipules,  and  flowers  in  cymes  or  involucrate  heads.  Petals  and  stamens  4 
and  epigynous.  Calyx  adherent  to  the  1-2-celled  ovary,  which  becomes  a 
1-2-seeded  drupe  or  berry. 


366         PYROLACEAE  (WINTERGREEN  FAMILY) 

1.  CORNUS  L.  DOGWOOD 

Shrubs  or  perennial  herbs,  with  opposite  entire  leaves  and  small  flowers  in 
open  naked  cymes  or  in  close  heads  surrounded  by  a  corolla-like  involucre. 
Flowers  perfect.  Calyx  minutely  4-toothed.  Petals  4,  oblong,  spreading. 
Stamens  4,  with  slender  filaments.  Style  slender,  with  terminal  stigma.  Fruit 
a  small  drupe  with  a  2-celled  and  2-seeded  stone. 

A  low  herb,  from  a  creeping  rootstock    .         .         .         .         .  .  .  1.  C.  canadensis. 

Shrubs. 

Pubescence  straight;  stone  irregular  and  scarcely  flattened  .  .  2.  C.  stolonifera. 

Pubescence  partly  woolly;  stone  flattened  .         .         .  .  .  3.  C.  Baileyi. 

1.  CornuscanadensisL.Sp.Pl.  117.    1753.    Stems  low  and  simple,  1-2  dm. 
high,  from  a  slender  creeping  trunk:  leaves  scarcely  petioled,  the  upper 
crowded  into  an  apparent  whorl  of  six  or  four,  ovate  or  oval:  flowers  green- 
ish, in  a  head  or  close  cluster,  which  is  surrounded  by  a  large  and  showy, 
4-leaved,  corolla-like,  white  or  rarely  pinkish  involucre:  fruit  bright  red. 
(Cornelia  Rydb.) — Colorado  and  northward,  thence  eastward  across  the  con- 
tinent. 

2.  Cornus  stolonifera  Michx.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  1:  92.  1803.    Shrub  1-2  m.  high; 
branches,  especially  the  osier-like  annual  shoots,  bright  red-purple,  smooth: 
leaves  ovate,  rounded  at  the  base,  abruptly  short-pointed,  roughish  with  a 
minute  close  straight  pubescence  on  both  sides,  whitish  underneath:  flowers 
white,  in  open  and  flat,  spreading  cymes;  involucre  none:  fruit  white  or  lead- 
color. — Same  range  as  the  last. 

3.  Cornus  Baileyi  Coult.  &  Evans.  Bot.  Gaz.  15:  37.  1890.    Erect  shrub, 
with  reddish-brown  mostly  smooth  branches;  branchlets  and  inflorescence 
pubescent  to  woolly:  leaves  from  lanceolate  to  ovate,  acute  or  short-acuminate, 
appressed-pubescent  to  glabrate  above,  white  beneath  and  with  woolly  hairs 
variously  intermingled  with  appressed  ones:  flowers  in  small,  rather  compact 
cymes:  calyx- teeth  from  small  to  prominent:  fruit  white;  stone  decidedly 
compressed,  flat-topped,  rarely  oblique,  with  a  very  prominently  furrowed 
edge,  much  broader  than  high.     (Suida  interior  Rydb.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club 
31:  572.  1904.) — Colorado  to  northeastern  Wyoming  and  the  Great  Lakes. 

86.  PYROLACEAE  Agardh.    WINTERGREEN  FAMILY 

Mostly  low  perennials,  with  simple,  petioled,  dark  green  leaves.  Flowers  per- 
fect, solitary,  racemose,  or  corymbose,  nearly  regular,  white  or  purple.  Calyx 
4-5-lobed.  Corolla  of  5  distinct  or  but  slightly  united  petals.  Stamens  twice 
as  many  as  the  corolla  lobes;  the  anthers  opening  introrsely  by  pores  or  short 
slits,  inverted  in  anthesis  so  that  the  real  base  with  its  pores  becomes  apical. 
Ovary  superior;  the  style  often  declined.  Fruit  a  loculicidal  capsule  with 
numerous  seeds. 

Flowers  racemose;  leaves  basal          .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .1.  Pyrola. 

Flowers  solitary-terminal;  leaves  whorled  near  the  base     .         .         .         .2.  Moneses. 

Flowers  umbellately  corymbose;  stem  leafy 3.  Chimaphila. 

1.  PYROLA  L.    WINTERGREEN 

Acaulescent  evergreens,  with  a  cluster  of  round  or  roundish  leaves,  and  some 
scarious  scales  on  the  ascending  summit  of  slender  subterranean  rootstocks. 
Scape  more  or  less  scaly-bracted,  bearing  a  raceme  of  white,  greenish,  or  pur- 
plish nodding  flowers,  in  summer.  Stamens  10 ;  anthers  emarginate  or  2-beaked 
at  the  base.  Disk  usually  obsolete.  Ovary  5-valved  from  the  base,  the  valves 
with  cobwebby  margins. 

Style  and  stamens  declined. 

Flowers  white  or  greenish;  plants  of  dry  ground. 
Leaf-blades  shorter  than  the  petioles,  leathery. 

Orbicular,  not  mottled .     1.  P.  chlorantha 


PYROLACEAE    (WINTERGREEN   FAMILY)  367 

Ovate  to  oblong,  usually  mottled  or  blotched      .         .         .         .  2.  P.  picta. 

Leaf-blades  oval  or  elliptic,  membranous 3.  P.  elliptica. 

Flowers  pink  or  purple;  bog  plant      .         .         .         .         .         .         .  4.  P.  uliginosa. 

Style  straight;  anthers  connivent. 

Raceme  regular;  style  short        .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .  5.  P.  minor. 

Raceme  1-sided;  style  elongated 6.  P.  secunda. 

1.  Pyrola  chlorantha  Sw.  Act.  Holm.  190,  PL  5.     1810.     Leaves  small, 
1-3  cm.  in  diameter,  orbicular  or  nearly  so,  coriaceous,  not  shining,  shorter 
than  the  petiole:  scape  1-2  dm.  high,  3-10-flowered :  calyx-lobes  very  short 
and  obtuse  or  rounded,  appressed  to  the  greenish- white  corolla:  anther-cells 
with  distinctly  beaked  tips:  style  strongly  declined  or  decurved  and  toward 
the  apex  more  or  less  curved  upward,  longer  than  the  concave,  somewhat 
campanulate-connivent  or  partly  spreading  petals;  stigma  much  narrower 
than  the  truncate  and  usually  excavated  apex  of  the  style,  which  forms  a 
ring  or  collar. — Mountains  of  Colorado,  northward  and  eastward. 

2.  Pyrola  picta  Smith,   Rees,  Cycl.  29:  No.  8.     Leaves  firm-coriaceous, 
dull,  commonly  veined  or  blotched  with  white  above,  pale  or  sometimes  pur- 
plish beneath,  3-5  cm.  long,  broadly  ovate  to  spatulate  or  narrowly  oblong, 
all  longer  than  the  petiole,  the  margins  quite  entire  or  rarely  remotely  denticu- 
late: scapes  1-2  dm.  high,  7-15-flowered;  bracts  few  and  short:  calyx-lobes 
ovate,  not  half  the  length  of  the  greenish- white  petals:  style  as  in  the  preced- 
ing.— Western  Wyoming  to  Utah  and  California  and  thence  northward. 

3.  Pyrola  elliptica  Nutt.  Gen.  1:  273.  1818.     Leaves  oval  or  broadly  ob- 
long, 4-6  cm.  long,  membranaceous,  acute  or  merely  roundish  at  base,  longer 
than  their  petioles,  plicately  serrulate:  scape  1-2  dm.  high,  loosely  several  to 
many-flowered:  calyx-lobes  ovate  and  acute,  short:   corolla  greenish- white: 
anther-tips  hardly  at  all  beaked:  style  as  in  the  preceding. — Mountains  of  New 
Mexico  to  British  Columbia,  the  northern  Atlantic  States,  and  Canada. 

4.  Pyrola  uliginosa  Torr.  Fl.  N.  Y.  1:  453.  pi.  60.  1843.    Scape  1.5-4  dm. 
high,    7-15-flowered:  blades  broadly  oval  or   orbicular,  dull,  rather  thick, 
obscurely  crenulate,  obtuse  at  both  ends:  flowers  10-16  mm.  broad:  calyx- 
lobes  oblong  or  ovate-lanceolate,  one  fourth  to  one  third  the  length  of  the 
petals:  anther-sacs  beaked:  capsule  about  5  mm.  in  diameter;  style  slightly 
exserted.     (P.  asarifolia  Michx.  is  very  similar  and  scarcely  distinguishable 
except  by  the  somewhat  smaller  subcordate  leaves.) — In  bogs;  across  the 
continent  northward  and  south  in  the  mountains  to  Colorado. 

5.  Pyrola  minor  L.  Sp.  PL  396.     1753.     Leaves  orbicular,  thinnish,  ob- 
scurely serrulate  or  crenulate,  about  2  cm.  long:  scape  10-15  cm.  high,  7-15- 
flowered:  petals  white  or  flesh-colored,  orbicular,  naked  at  the  base,  globose 
connivent:  stigma  peltate,  large,  obscurely  5-lobed;  hypogynous  disk  none; 
style  straight,  much  narrower  than  the  expanded,  depressed,  5-rayed  stigma: 
anthers  not  narrowed  below  the  openings. — Mountains;  from  New  Mexico  to 
Oregon  and  northward,  thence  eastward  across  the  continent. 

6.  Pyrola  secunda  L.  1.  c.    Inclined  to  be  caulescent  from  a  branching  base: 
leaves  thin,  ovate,  serrulate  or  crenate,  3-5  cm.  long:  scape  10-15  cm.  long, 
bearing  numerous  flowrers  in  a  secund,  spike-like  raceme :  petals  greenish- white, 
oblong,  each  with  a  pair  of  tubercles  on  the  base,  equally  connivent:  stigma 
peltate,  large,  5-lobed;  hypogynous  disk  10-lobed. — Mountains  of  Colorado, 
California,  and  far  northward  and  eastward. 

2.  MONESES  Salisb. 

Petals  5,  widely  spreading,  orbicular.  Filaments  awl-shaped,  naked; 
anthers  as  in  Pyrola,  but  conspicuously  2-horned.  Style  straight,  exserted; 
stigma  large,  peltate,  with  5  narrow  and  conspicuous  radiating  lobes.  Valves 
of  the  capsule  naked.  (Flowers  occasionally  tetramerous) .  Scape  1-flowered. 
Otherwise  as  Pyrola;  intermediate  between  it  and  Chimaphila. 

1.  Moneses  uniflora  (L.)  Gray,  Man.  273.  1848.  Herb  with  1-flowered 
scape  5-10  cm.  high,  a  cluster  of  roundish  and  serrulate  thin  leaves  at  base 
on  a  short  stem  or  the  ascending  summit  of  a  filiform  rootstock :  corolla  white 


368  MONOTROPACEAE    (INDIAN   PIPE   FAMILY) 

or  tinged  with  rose-color,  15-18  mm.  in  diameter. — Deep  moist  woods;  Col- 
orado and  Utah  to  Oregon,  Pennsylvania,  and  northward. 

3.  CHIMAPHILA  Pursh.     PIPSISSEWA 

Low,  nearly  herbaceous  plants,  with  long  running  underground  shoots,  and 
evergreen  thick  and  shining  leaves  somewhat  whorled  or  scattered  along  the 
short  ascending  stems.  The  fragrant  (white  or  purplish)  flowers  corymbed 
or  umbelled  on  a  terminal  peduncle.  Petals  5,  concave,  orbicular,  widely 
spreading.  Stamens  10;  filaments  enlarged  and  hairy  in  the  middle;  anthers 
as  in  Pyrola,  but  more  or  less  conspicuously  2-horned.  Style  very  short, 
inversely  conical,  nearly  immersed  in  the  depressed  summit  of  the  globular 
ovary;  stigma  broad  and  orbicular,  disk-shaped,  the  border  5-crenate.  Cap- 
sule, etc.,  as  in  Pyrola,  but  splitting  from  the  apex  downward,  the  edges  of 
the  valves  not  woolly. 

1.  Chimaphila  umbellate  Nutt.  Gen.  1:  274.  1818.  Stem  stout,  1-3  dm. 
high,  very  leafy,  often  branched:  leaves  cuneate-oblanceolate  with  tapering 
base,  sharply  serrate,  not  spotted,  bright  green  and  shining,  2-7  cm.  long: 
flowers  several,  umbellate  or  subcorymbose,  white  or  pinkish;  bracts  narrow, 
deciduous:  filaments  hairy  on  the  margins  only. — In  dry  woods;  across  the 
continent;  also  in  Europe  and  Asia. 


87.  MONOTROPACEAE  Lindl.    INDIAN  PIPE  FAMILY 

Fleshy  herbs,  parasitic  or  more  often  saprophytic,  usually  pale  (tawny  or 
flesh-color),  the  leaves  reduced  to  mere  scales  upon  the  scapes.  Flowers  much 
as  in  Pyrolaceae. 

Petals  united  (sympetalous),  persistent      .         .         .         .         .         .         .1.  Pterospora. 

Petals  distinct,  deciduous. 

Flowers  solitary,  inodorous     .........     2.  Monotropa. 

Flowers  racemose,  odorous      .........     3.  Hypopitys. 

1.  PTEROSPORA  Nutt.     PINEDROPS 

Scape  tall,  scaly-bracted,  from  a  thick  base  with  matted  fibrous  roots. 
Calyx  deeply  5-parted.  Corolla  globular  urn-shaped.  Stamens  10,  included. 
Disk  none.  Stigma  5-lobed.  Capsule  depressed-globular,  5-lobed.  Seeds 
innumerable,  broadly  winged  from  the  apex. 

1.  Pterospora  Andromeda  Nutt.  Gen.  1:  269.  1818.  Stems  simple,  stout, 
purplish-brown,  3-8  dm.  high  or  more,  glandular  and  viscid-pubescent  through- 
out, bearing  numerous  lanceolate  or  linear  scales  and  many  flowers  in  a  long 
raceme:  pedicels  slender,  spreading,  soon  recurved,  7-20  mm.  long:  sepals  ob- 
long, 2-4  mm.  long:  corolla  white,  6  mm.  long,  viscid. — In  rich  woods;  prob- 
ably parasitic  on  the  roots  of  conifers;  the  Rocky  Mountains  and  across  the 
continent  northward. 

2.  MONOTROPA  L.     INDIAN  PIPE 

Low  fleshy  plants  with  many  scattered  scale-like  bracts  and  a  solitary  nod- 
ding white  flower.  Calyx  of  2-4  irregular  sepals,  or  perhaps  bracts,  the  lower 
ones  rather  distant  from  the  flower,  deciduous.  Petals  5,  rarely  6,  erect,  not 
saccate  at  base,  tardily  deciduous.  Stamens  twice  as  many  as  petals;  filaments 
filiform-subulate;  anthers  somewhat  reniform,  opening  at  first  by  two  trans- 
verse chinks,  at  length  2-yalved,  the  valves  almost  equal  and  equally  spread- 
ing. Style  short  and  thick;  stigma  funnelform  with  naked  edge.  Capsule 
ovoid,  erect  in  fruit.  Seeds  small,  very  numerous,  with  loose  cellular  coat. 


ERICACEAE    (HEATH   FAMILY)  369 

1.  Monotropa  uniflora  L.  Sp.  PI.  387.  1753.  Smooth,  waxy-white  (turning 
blackish  in  drying),  1-flowered  inodorous  plant,  7.5-20  cm.  high:  calyx  of 
2-4  irregular  scales  or  bracts:  anthers  transverse,  opening  equally  by  2 
chinks:  style  short  and  thick;  stigma  naked. — Damp  woods  throughout  the 
continent. 

3.  HYPOPITYS  Dill.     PINESAP 

Plant  often  scented,  commonly  pubescent,  at  least  above,  racemosely  3- 
several-flowered.  Terminal  flower  earliest  and  usually  5-merous  and  the 
lateral  3-4-merous.  Sepals  less  bract-like,  as  many  as  the  petals;  the  latter 
saccate  at  base.  Anthers  more  reniform;  the  cells  completely  confluent  into 
one,  which  opens  by  very  unequal  valves,  the  larger  broad  and  spreading,  the 
other  remaining  erect  and  contracted.  Stigma  glandular  or  hairy  on  the  mar- 
gin. 

1.  Hypopitys  multiflora  Scop.  Fl.  Cam.  Ed.  II.  1:  285.  1772.  Somewhat 
pubescent  or  downy,  tawny,  whitish,  or  reddish,  commonly  fragrant  plants, 
10-30  cm.  high:  flowers  several  in  a  scaly  raceme;  the  terminal  one  usually 
5-merous,  the  rest  3-or  4-merous :  bract-like  sepals  mostly  as  many  as  the  petals: 
anthers  opening  by  a  continuous  line  into  2  very  unequal  valves:  styles  longer 
than  the  ovary,  hollow;  stigma  ciliate:  ppcfr  globular  or  oval.  Monotropa 
Hypopitys. — Under  coniferous  trees  in  temperate  regions. 


88.  ERICACEAE  DC.    HEATH  FAMILY 

Shrubs,  perennial  herbs,  or  trees,  with  simple  exstipulate  leaves  and  mostly 
perfect  sympetalous  or  rarely  choripetalous  flowers.  Calyx  free  from  the 
ovary,  4-5-parted  or  4-5-cleft,  mostly  persistent.  Corolla  regular  or  rarely 
somewhat  2-lipped  and  irregular,  usually  4-5-toothed,  lobed,  or  divided. 
Stamens  hypogynous,  usually  as  many  or  twice  as  many  as  the  corolla-lobes; 
filaments  mostly  separate;  anthers  2-celled,  attached  to  the  filament  by  the 
back  or  base,  the  sacs  often  prolonged  above  into  tubes,  dehiscent  by  ter- 
minal pores  or  chinks,  often  awned.  Disk  crenate-lobed  or  often  none.  Ovary 
2-5-celled;  style  elongated  or  short:  stigma  peltate  or  capitate;  ovules  usu- 
ally numerous.  Fruit  a  capsule,  berry  or  drupe.  Seeds  numerous  or  some- 
times only  1  in  each  cavity. 

Fruit  a  dry  capsule. 

Anther-cells  each  tipped  with  a  recurved  awn;  leaves  opposite         .     1.  Cassiope. 
Anther-cells  not  appendaged;  leaves  alternate. 
Corolla  sympetalous. 

Leaves  heath-like  (linear,  obtuse) 2.  Phyllodoce. 

Leaves  lanceolate  to  elliptic. 

Corolla  urn-shaped          ........     3.  Menziesia. 

Corolla  saucer-shaped 4.  Kalmia. 

Corolla  of  separate  petals 5.  Ledum. 

Fruit  more  or  less  fleshy. 

Fruit  a  capsule  inclosed  in  the  fleshy  calyx 6.  Gaultheria. 

Fruit  a  berry  or  drupe,  not  inclosed  in  the  calyx     .         .         .         .7.  Arctostaphylos. 

1.  CASSIOPE  D.  Don. 

Low,  tufted,  heath-like,  evergreen  shrubs,  with  small,  sessile,  imbricated,  en- 
tire leaves,  and  solitary  peduncled  white  or  pink  nodding  flowers.  Sepals  4  or 
5.  Corolla  campanulate,  4-5-lobed.  Stamens  8-10,  included;  anthers  at- 
tached to  the  filaments  near  the  apex,  the  sacs  opening  by  large  terminal 
pores  and  tipped  with  a  recurved  awn.  Capsule  globose  or  ovoid,  4-5-valved. 
Seeds  minute,  numerous. 

ROCKY  MT.  BOT. 24 


370  ERICACEAE    (HEATH   FAMILY) 

1.  Cassiope  Mertensiana  (Bong.)  Don.  Hirt.  Dichl.  PI.  3:  829.  1834.  A 
low  Lycopodium-like  plant  with  small  imbricate  4-ranked  carinate  glabrous 
leaves  (2-4  mm.  long),  lateral  peduncles,  and  pinkish  bell-shaped  corolla. — 
Mountain  sides;  Montana  to  the  Pacific  States  and  northward. 

2.  PHYLLODOCE  Salisb.     MOUNTAIN  HEATH 

Low  branching  shrubs,  with  small,  crowded,  linear,  obtuse,  evergreen  leaves. 
Flowers  long-pediceled,  nodding,  mostly  pink,  blue,  or  purple,  in  terminal 
umbels.  Calyx  5-parted,  persistent.  Corolla  contracted  at  the  throat,  5- 
toothed.  Stamens  10,  included;  anthers  oblong,  obtuse,  the  sacs  dehiscent  by 
oblique  chinks.  Ovary  5-celled;  ovules  numerous;  stigma  obscurely  5-lobed, 
or  capitate.  Capsule  subglobose  or  globose-oblong. — Bryanthus. 

Corolla  campanulate,  red;  sepals  obtuse     .         .         .         .         .  1.  P.  empetriformis. 

Corolla  ovoid,  yellowish;  sepals  usually  acute     .         .         .         .         .     2.  P.  glanduliflora. 

1.  Phyllodoce  empetriformis  (Smith)  Don,  Edinb.  New  Phil.  Journ.  17:  160. 
1834.    Densely  branched  from  the  base,  2-5  dm.  high,  often  forming  clumps 
1  m.  in  diameter:  leaves  6-14  mm.  long,  with  strongly  revolute,  thickened,  and 
rough  margins:  pedicels  several,  somewhat  umbellate,  minutely  glandular, 
subtended  by  foliaceous  and  rfgid  bracts:  corolla  rose-color,  5-8  mm.  long, 
campanulate,  barely  5-lobed,  the  lobes  much  shorter  than  the  tube:  stamens 
included. — In  the  mountains  from  Wyoming  and  Colorado  to  California  and 
Alaska. 

2.  Phyllodoce  glanduliflora  (Hook.)  Coville,  Mazama  1:  196.  1897.    Stems 
rather  rigid,   fastigiately  branched,    1-3  dm.  high:    leaves    numerous    and 
crowded  but  somewhat  spreading,  linear-oblong,  obtuse,  6-12  mm.  long,  thick, 
with  a  white  line  through  the  center  below  and  a  deep  furrow  above,  narrowed 
at  base  to  a  short  petiole,  the  margins  thick  and  scabrous:  pedicels  15-25  mm. 
long,  glandular-hirsute:  sepals  lanceolate,  acutish  to  acuminate,  4  mm.  long, 
glandular-hirsute:  corolla  yellowish,  ovoid,  3-4  lines  long;  the  short  lobes 
glabrous. — On  rocky  banks  and  cliffs  near  perpetual  snow;  Oregon  to  Alaska 
and  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

2a.  Phyllodoce  glanduliflora  intermedia  (Hook.)  A.  Nels.  Probably  a  hy- 
brid between  the  two  foregoing  and  hence  variable,  but  usually  with  yellowish 
or  pale  red  corolla,  moderately  glandular,  and  sepals  either  obtuse  or  acute. 
[P.  intermedia  (Hook.)  Rydb.  Mem.  N.  Y.  Bot.  Card.  1:  298.  1900;  P.  hy- 
brida  Rydb.  1.  c.  299.] — The  two  species  and  the  hybrid  frequently  occur  near 
each  other. 

3.  MENZIESIA  Smith 

Shrubs  with  alternate  deciduous  leaves  and  small  mostly  dull-colored  flow- 
ers on  nodding  pedicels.  Calyx  bristly-hirsute,  usually  4-lobed.  Corolla  glob- 
ular-urceolate  to  cylindraceous,  4-toothed  or  lobed.  Stamens  not  exserted, 
usually  8;  filaments  subulate;  anthers  mostly  linear-sagittate,  the  cells  open- 
ing by  an  oblique  pore  or  short  chink.  Style  not  exserted;  stigma  truncate. 
Capsule  short. 

1.  Menziesia  ferruginea  Smith  Ic.  PI.  3:  pi.  56.  1791.  Erect  or  straggling 
shrub,  1-2  m.  high:  leaves  oblong  or  elliptic,  acute  at  both  ends,  often  with 
strigose-chaffy,  ferruginous  scales,  more  or  less  rusty  strigose  above,  paler 
beneath,  usually  mucronate  and  ciliate  with  glandular  bristtes:  filaments 
glabrous  or  ciliate  below:  capsule  ovate:  seeds  apiculate  or  appendaged  at 
each  end.  (M.  urceolaria  Salisb.;  M.  glabella  Gray.) — Yellowstone  Park  to 
Oregon  and  Alaska. 

4.  KALMIA  L.     AMERICAN  LAUREL 

Leaves  evergreen  and  entire.  The  showy  flowers  umbellate-clustered,  rose- 
colored,  purple,  or  white.  Limb  of  the  corolla  in  bud  strongly  10-keeled  from 


ERICACEAE    (HEATH   FAMILY)  371 

the  pouches  upward,  the  salient  keels  running  to  the  apex  of  the  lobes  and  to 
the  sinuses. 

1.  KalmiapolifoliaWang.Ges.  Naturf.  Fr.  Berl.Sohr.  2:  130.  1788.  Shrub 
2-5  dm.  high,  glabrous,  mostly  glaucous,  branchlets  2-edged:  leaves  all  oppo- 
site or  rarely  in  threes,  almost  sessile;  oblong  or  linear-oblong,  or  appearing 
narrower  by  the  usually  strong  revolution  of  the  edges,  glaucous-white  be- 
neath: flowers  in  spring  in  a  simple  terminal  umbel  or  corymb,  lilac-purple, 
12-1 5  mm.  in  diameter.  K.glauca.  [Var.  microphyllaRook.;  K .  microphylla 
(Hook.)  Heller,  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  25:  581.  1898.]— Bogs;  Colorado  and 
northward,  thence  eastward  across  the  continent.  The  forms  extending  south- 
ward into  the  Colorado  mountains  are  depauperate  alpine  forms,  1-2  dm.  high, 
and  with  leaves  about  12  mm.  long. 

5.  LEDUM  L.     LABRADOR  TEA 

Low  shrubs,  with  alternate,  persistent  leaves,  which  are  entire  and  more  or 
less  resinous-dotted,  slightly  fragrant  when  bruised.  Flowers  white,  developed 
in  early  summer  from  terminal  or  sometimes  lateral  buds;  pedicels  recurved 
in  fruit. 

1.  Ledum  glandulosum  Nutt.  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  8:  270.  1843.  Shrub 
5-15  dm.  high,  stout:  leaves  oblong  or  oval,  or  approaching  lanceolate,  3-5  cm. 
long,  glabrous  both  sides,  pale  or  whitish  and  minutely  resinous-atomiferous 
beneath:  inflorescence  often  compound  and  crowded:  capsules  oval,  retuse. — 
From  California  northward  and  eastward  into  British  America;  occurring  in 
the  northwestern  border  of  our  range. 

6.  GAULTHERIA  L.     CREEPING  WINTERGREEN 

Shrubs,  with  alternate  evergreen  leaves,  and  small  axillary  white,  red,  or 
pink  flowers.  Calyx  5-parted  or  5-cleft,  persistent.  Corolla  urn-shaped  or 
campanulate,  5-toothed  or  5-lobed.  Stamens  10,  included;  anther-sacs  open- 
ing by  a  terminal  pore,  commonly  awned.  Stigma  obtuse,  entire;  ovary 
5-celled,  5-lobed.  Calyx  becoming  fleshy  and  at  length  surrounding  the  cap- 
sule, forming  a  berry-like  fruit. 

1.  Gaultheria  humifusa  (Graham)  Rydb.  Mem.  N.  Y.  Bot.  Gard.  1:  300. 
1900.  Caespitose-procumbent  or  depressed,  glabrous,  the  flowering  branches 
3-10  cm.  long:  leaves  oval  or  rounded,  mostly  only  12-14  mm.  long:  pedicels 
solitary  in  the  axils,  very  short,  3-5-bracteolate:  corolla  depressed-campan- 
ulate,  little  surpassing  the  calyx:  fruit  scarlet,  5-6  mm.  in  diameter.  G 
myrsinites. — In  the  woods  in  the  mountains;  our  range  and  northwestward. 


7.  ARCTOSTAPHYLOS  Adans.     BEARBERRY 

Shrubs.  Leaves  alternate,  petioled,  firm  or  coriaceous,  evergreen.  Flowers 
small,  nodding,  pediceled,  white  or  pink.  Calyx  4-5-parted,  persistent. 
Corolla  4-5-lobed,  the  lobes  recurved.  Stamens  10,  rarely  8,  included;  an- 
thers short,  with  2  recurved  awns  on  the  back,  the  sacs  opening  by  a  termi- 
nal pore.  Ovary  4-10-celled;  ovules  solitary  in  the  cavities;  style  slender. 
Fruit  a  berry-like  drupe,  with  4-10  seed-like  nutlets  coherent  into  a  solid 
stone. 

1.  Arctostaphylos  uva-ursi  (L.)  Spreng.  Syst.  2:  287.  1825.  Depressed- 
trailing  or  creeping,  green:  leaves  coriaceous  and  evergreen,  oblong-spatulate, 
retuse,  1-2  cm.  long,  tapering  into  a  petiole:  flowers  rather  few  in  simple 
small  clusters,  4-5  mm.  long:  ovary  and  reddish  fruit  glabrous:  nutlets  1- 
nerved  on  the  back. — From  New  Mexico  to  Pennsylvania,  California,  and 
northward.  Often  called  KINNIKINNICK  as  well  as  BEARBERRY. 


372  PRIMULACEAE    (PRIMROSE    FAMILY) 

89.  VACCINIACEAE  Lindl.     HUCKLEBERRY  FAMILY 

Shrubs  with  alternate  leaves,  and  small  white,  pink,  or  red  flowers  in  racemes 
or  clusters,  or  solitary  in  the  axils.  Calyx-tube  globose,  hemispheric,  or  tur- 
binate,  not  angled,  adnate  to  the  ovary,  the  limb  4-5-toothed  or  4-5-lobed, 
persistent.  Corolla  sympetalous,  urn-shaped  or  cylindric,  rarely  subglobose, 
its  limb  4-5-toothed  or  4-5-lobed.  Stamens  twice  as  many  as  the  lobes  of 
the  corolla;  anthers  upwardly  prolonged  into  tubes,  opening  by  terminal 
pores  or  chinks.  Ovary  4-5-celled,  or  8-10-celled  by  false  partitions;  ovules 
several  or  numerous;  stigma  small.  Fruit  a  many-seeded  berry. 

VACCINIUM  L.     BLUEBERRIES 
Characters  of  the  family. 

Flowers  in  clusters  of  2-4;  corolla  4-lobed      .         .         .         .         .     1.  V.  occidentals. 
Flowers  solitary;  corolla  5-lobed. 
Plants  low,  rarely  3  dm.  high. 
Branches  sharply  angled. 

Berries  red;  leaves  usually  less  than  1  cm.  long  .         .          .     2.  V.  scoparium. 

Berries  blue-black;  leaves  more  than  1  cm.  long  .         .         .     3.  V.  oreophilum. 

Branches  terete;  berries  blue  with  bloom          .         .         .         .     4.  V.  caespitosum. 

Plants  taller,  3-12  dm.  high;  berries  black  .          .         .         .         .     5.  V.  membranaceum. 

1.  Vaccinium  occidentale  Gray,  Bot.  Cal.  1:  451.. 1876.     Glabrous  shrub, 
3-8  dm.  high:    leaves  rather    thin,   glaucescent,   obscurely  veiny,   oval   to 
obovate-oblong  or  oblanceolate,  obtuse  or  acutish,  12-20  mm.  long:  flowers 
2-4,  or  rarely  solitary:  corolla  oblong-ovate:  berries  small,  5-6  mm.  in  diam- 
eter.— Extending  to  Wyoming  from  California  and  Washington. 

2.  Vaccinium   scoparium  Leiberg,  Mazama  1:  196.  1897.     Low,  branches 
sharply  angled  and  green:  leaves  small,  glabrous,  ovate  or  oval,  thin,  shining, 
serrate,  conspicuously  reticulated-veiny,  and  with  a  prominent  narrow  mid- 
rib (7-15  mm.  long):  limb  of  calyx  almost  entire:  corolla  globular-ovate:  berries 
black,  nodding.    V.  Myrtillus  microphyllum.     (V.  erythrococcum  Rydb.  Mem. 
N.  Y.  Bot.  Gard.  1:  301.  1900.) — Common  throughout  our  range,  and  far 
northwestward. 

3.  Vaccinium  oreophilum  Rydb.   Bull.  Torr.   Bot.   Club   33:  148.  1906. 
Slender-branched,  2-6  dm.  high,  glabrous  throughout;  branchlets  more  or  less 
angled:  leaves  ovate  or  oval,  1-3  cm.  long,  minutely  serrate,  reticulate- veiny, 
with  prominent  narrow  midrib :  limb  of  calyx  nearly  obsolete:  corolla  globular: 
berry  blue-black  or  black.    V.  Myrtillus. — Colorado  to  Montana  and  westward. 

4.  Vaccinium   caespitosum   Michx.   Fl.    1:  234.  1803.      Nearly    glabrous 
throughout:  leaves  12-25  mm.  long,  green  and  shining  both  sides,  nearly 
sessile,  serrulate:  flowers  longer  than  their  pedicels:  corolla  obovoid  or  obovoid- 
oblong,  pink  or  white,  rarely  4-toothed:  stamens  rarely  8:  berry  blue  with  a 
bloom,  sweet,  about  6  mm.  in  diameter. — Across  the  continent  northward; 
extending  south  in  the  mountains  to  Colorado. 

5.  Vaccinium  membranaceum  Dougl.  Hook.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  2:  32.  1834. 
Nearly  or  quite  glabrous,  3-12  dm.  high,  the  branchlets  more  or  less  angled: 
leaves  thin,  1-3  cm.  long,  oblong  or  ovate,  obtuse  or  acute,  paler  beneath, 
reticulate,   finely  serrate:   calyx-teeth  nearly  .obsolete:   corolla   subglobose, 
yellowish-green  or  purplish:  berry  purplish-black  or  black,  6-7  mm.  in  diam- 
eter, rather  acid.     [V.  globulare  Rydb.  Mem.  N.  Y.  Bot.  Gard.  1:  300.  1900; 
V.  macrophyllum  (Hook.)  Piper,  Contrib..Nat.  Herb.  11:  443.  1906.] — North- 
ern Wyoming  and  Montana  and  far  westward. 

90.  PRIMULACEAE  Vent.    PRIMROSE  FAMILY 

Herbs  with  simple  leaves  and  symmetrical  flowers.    Calyx  usually  5-parted, 
free,  or  rarely  adnate  to  the  base  of  the  ovary,  imbricated  in  the  bud,  usually 


PRIMULACEAE    (PRIMROSE    FAMILY)  o73 

persistent.  Corolla  hypogynous,  except  in  Samolus  in  which  it  coheres  below 
with  the  base  of  the  ovary,  usually  5-parted,  wanting  in  Glaux.  Stamens  as 
many  as  the  lobes  of  the  corolla  and  opposite  to  them,  inserted  on  the  tube  or 
base  of  the  corolla,  rarely  perigynous;  anthers  introrse.  Ovary  1-celled,  with 
a  free  central  placenta.  Fruit  capsular. 

Ovary  wholly  superior. 
Corolla  present. 

Scapose  plants  with  basal  leaves. 

Corolla-lobes  erect  or  spreading;  stamens  included,  distinct. 
Corolla-tube  equaling  or  exceeding  the  calyx. 

Corolla-lobes  obcordate  or  emarginate;  capsule  many-seeded     1.  Primula. 
Corolla-lobes  entire;  capsule  few-seeded  (1-2)       .         .         .2.  Douglasia. 
Corolla-tube  shorter  than  the  calyx. 

Perennials;  umbel  subcapitate;  capsule  few-seeded         .         .     3.  Drosace. 
Annuals;  umbel  open;  capsules  many-seeded          .         .         .4.  Androsace. 
Corolla-lobes  reflexed;  stamens  exserted,  connivent  in  a  cone  and 

somewhat  monad elphous .5.  Dodecatheon. 

Leafy-stemmed  plants. 

Flowers  solitary  in  the  axils  .......     6.  Steironema. 

Flowers  in  short  axillary  spikes 7.  Naumbergia. 

Corolla  wanting;  calyx  petaloid;  leaves  opposite        .         .         .         .8.  Glaux. 
Ovary  adnate  to  the  calyx      .........     9.  Samolus. 

1.  PRIMULA  L.     PRIMROSE 

Perennial  scapose  herbs  with  leaves  all  radical  and  flowers  umbellate  or  in 
involucrate  or  bracted  racemose,  whorls  at  the  summit  of  a  scape.  Calyx 
tubular,  funnelform,  or  campanulate,  persistent,  often  angled,  5-lobed,  the 
lobes  imbricated.  Corolla  funnelform  or  salverform,  the  tube  longer  than  or 
at  least  equaling  the  calyx.  Stamens  5,  distinct,  inserted  on  the  tube  or  at 
the  throat  of  the  corolla.  Style  filiform;  stigma  capitate.  Capsule  5-valved  at 
the  summit,  many-seeded. 

Leaves  white-mealy  beneath          .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .  1.  P.  americana. 

Leaves  green. 

Plants  small,  3-10  cm.  high 2.  P.  angustifolia. 

Plants  with  large  leaves;  scapes  1.5-4  dm.  high         .         .         .         .  3.  P.  Parryi. 

1.  Primula  americana  Rydb.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  28:  500.  1901.     Per- 
ennial: leaves  oblong  or  oblong-oblanceolate  or  spatulate,  2-8  cm.  long,  ob- 
tuse, gradually  contracted  at  the  base,  sinuate-dentate  or  subentire,  thin, 
more  or  less  mealy:  scape  1-2  dm.  high,  mealy  when  young;  bracts  6-10  mm. 
long,  linear-lanceolate;  pedicels  in  flower  little  if  any  exceeding  the  bracts, 
in  fruit  sometimes  2  cm.  long:  calyx  6-8  mm.  long;  lobes  oblong-obtuse: 
corolla  lilac;  tube  8-9  mm.  long,  only  slightly  exceeding  the  calyx;  the  lobes 
obcordate,  2-3  mm.  long.     P.  farinosa. — Wet  meadows;  Colorado  to  Mon- 
tana. 

2.  Primula  angustifolia  Torr.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  1:  34.  1824.    Small:  scape 
1-flowered,  3-10  cm.  high,  equaling  or  surpassing  the  lanceolate-spatulate 
obtuse  entire  short-petioled  leaves:  involucre  of  1  or  2  minute  bracts:  lobes 
of  the  lilac-purple  corolla  obovate,  emarginate  6-8  mm.  long;  the  tube  hardly 
exceeding  the  narrow  teeth  of  the  oblong  calyx. — Alpine  in  Colorado  and  Wyo- 
ming. 

3.  Primula  Parryi  Gray,  Am.  Journ.  Sci.  II.  34:  257.  1862.    Large:  leaves 
rather  succulent,  spatulate-oblong  or  oblanceolate,  1-3  dm.  long,  often  den- 
ticulate: scape  1.5-4  dm.  high,  3-12-flowered;  bracts  of  the  involucre  sub- 
ulate: calyx  ovoid-campanulate,  glandular,  commonly  reddish;  the  lanceolate- 
subulate  lobes  as  long  as  the  tube:  corolla  crimson-purple  with  yellow  eye; 
the  round,  obovate  lobes  about  10  mm.  long,  emarginate  or  obcordate. — A 
handsome  plant  but  very  rank  smelling;  along  subalpine  brooks;  Colorado  to 
Montana. 

2.  DOUGLASIA  Lindl. 

Depressed  and  tufted  small  herbs  with  suffrutescent  or  at  least  persistent 
stems,  imbricated  or  crowded  leaves,  and  solitary  or  somewhat  umbellate 


374  PRIMULACEAE    (PRIMROSE   FAMILY) 

small  flowers.  Calyx  campanulate,  5-lobed,  persistent.  Corolla-tube  equaling 
or  surpassing  the  calyx,  somewhat  inflated  above;  the  throat  more  or  less 
contracted  and  5-crested  beneath  the  sinuses.  Stamens  included,  distinct, 
with  short  filaments  and  blunt  anthers.  Ovary  5-ovuled;  style  filiform. 
Capsule  turbinate,  1  or  2-seeded. 

Flowers  solitary;  leaves  dark  green,  subulate,  imbricated  on  the  shoots 

from  the  slender  branches  of  the  caudex    .         .         .         .         .         .     1.  D.  montana. 

Flowers  2-3  (sometimes  solitary);  leaves  pale,  closely  rosulate  on  the 
•     crowns  of  the  low-caespitose  caudex        .          .         .         .         .         .     2.  D.  biflora. 

1.  Douglasia  montana  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  7:  371.  1868.    Caespitose, 
the  caudex  slender-branched  and  terminating  in  short  leafy  shoots:   leaves 
subulate,  somewhat  interruptedly  imbricate-clustered,  sparsely  and  minutely 
ciliate,  about  4  mm.  long:  peduncles  short,   slender,   1-flowered,  with  1-2 
minute   bractlets:    corolla-tube   equaling   the   calyx;    corolla-lobes   obovate- 
cuneate,  about  4  mm.  long. — In  the  mountains  of  northern  Wyoming  and 
in  Montana. 

2.  Douglasia  biflora  A.  Nels.  Bull.  Tor.  Bot.  Club  25:  277.  1898.    Broadly 
caespitose,   the  numerous  suffrutescent  branches  of  the  depressed  caudex 
crowned  with  a  rosulate  cluster  of  leaves:  leaves  lanceolate-linear,  blunt, 
9-12  mm.  long:  peduncles  pubescent,  fascicled,  3-5  from  the  terminal  rosette 
of  leaves,  1-3  cm.  long,  bearing  usually  a  terminal,  nearly  sessile  flower  and  1 
or  2  lateral,  slender-pediceled  ones  (sometimes  only  the  terminal  one) :  calyx- 
tube  subscarious,  turbinate;  calyx-lobes  about  as  long  as  the  tube:  corolla- 
tube  as  long  or  longer  than  the  calyx,  ecfualed  by  the  obovate,  truncate, 
emarginate  or  denticulate  lobes:  capsule  subspherical  (turbinate  at  base). — 
Northern  Wyoming  and  in  Montana. 

3.  DROSACE  A.  Nels. 

Perennials  with  depressed-caespitose  branched  caudex.  Leaves  rosulate- 
imbricated  on  the  crowns  of  the  caudex.  Scapes  (peduncles)  solitary  from 
each  of  the  several  crowns,  few  to  several-flowered.  Flowers  in  a  subcapitate 
umbel.  Corolla  white  or  yellowish.  Capsule  few-seeded. 

1.  Drosace  carinata  (Torr.)  A.  Nels.  A  depressed  perennial,  the  short 
branches  of  the  caudex  terminating  in  a  close  rosulate  cluster  of  leaves:  leaves 
small,  usually  less  than  1  cm.  long,  mostly  oblong,  subacute,  white-ciliate, 
somewhat  keeled:  scape  and  umbel  moderately  ciliate-hirsute :  calyx-tube 
campanulate,  as  long  as  the  lanceolate  lobes:  corolla-lobes  obovate,  as  long 
as  the  tube:  stamens  near  the  middle  of  the  tube:  capsule  globose.  An- 
drosace  Chamaejasme.  (Probably  not  A.  Chamaejasme  Willd.  Sp.  PI.  1:  799; 
Douglasia  Johnstonii  A.  Nels.  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.  20:  57.  1907.) — Colo- 
rado and  far  northward  in  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

4.  ANDROSACE  L. 

Small  annual  herbs  with  tufted  leaves  and  small  white  or  pink  flowers. 
Calyx  persistent,  5-lobed  to  5-parted.  Corolla  salverform  or  funnelform;  the 
tube  short,  not  longer  than  the  calyx;  the  limb  5-lobed,  imbricated  in  bud. 
Stamens  5,  included,  distinct,  with  short  filaments  and  short  blunt  anthers. 
Style  mostly  short;  stigma  capitellate.  Capsule  short,  5-valved  from  the  apex, 
few  to  many-seeded. 

Corolla  shorter  than  or  barely  equaling  the  calyx. 

Bracts  of  the  involucre  ovate  or  oblong 1.  A.  occidentalis. 

Bracts  of  the  involucre  lance-subulate. 

Calyx-lobes  densely-puberulent,  exceeding  the  capsule     .         .     2.  A.  puberulenta. 

Calyx-lobes  glabrous,  shorter  than  the  capsule       .         .          .     3.  A.  diffusa. 
Corolla  longer  than  the  calyx. 

Capsule  exceeded  by  the  calyx-lobes. 

Scape  long  (9-20  cm.),  usually  much  longer  than  the  pedicels     4.  A.  septentrionalis. 

Scape  short  (2-5  cm  ),  often  equaled  or  exceeded  by  the  pedicels     5.  A.  subumbellata. 
Capsule  much  exceeding  the  calyx-lobes     .  ...     6.  A.  filiformis. 


PRIMULACEAE    (PRIMROSE   FAMILY)  375 

1.  Androsace  occidentals  Pursh,   Fl.  Am.  Sept.  137.     1814.     Minutely 
pubescent,  not  over  1  dm.  high:  radical  leaves  and  those  of  the  conspicuous 
involucre  oblong-ovate  or  spatulate,  entire,  sessile:  scapes  diffuse:  lobes  of  the 
calyx  as  long  as  the  tube:  lobes  of  the  corolla  oblong,  shorter  than  the  calyx: 
calyx-tube  obpyramidal  in  fruit,  whitish  with  conspicuous  green  teeth  which 
surpass  the  capsule. — From  Illinois  to  the  eastern  base  of  the  Rocky  Moun- 
tains. 

2.  Androsace  puberulenta  Rydb.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  30:  260.  1903.  A 
puberulent,  rosulate  annual:  leaves  oblanceolate,  1-3  cm.  long,  acute,  entire x>r 
sinuately  denticulate,  densely  puberulent:  peduncles  several,  3-10  cm.  long; 
bracts  narrowly  lanceolate,  3-4  mm.  long;  pedicels  1-5  cm.  long,  spreading, 
densely  puberulent:  calyx  3-4  mm.  long,  cleft  to  the  middle;  tube  glabrous, 
turbinate;  lobes  lanceolate,  strongly  keeled,  densely  puberulent,  in  fruit  much 
exceeding  the  short  capsule:  corolla  white,  about  equaling  the  calyx. — From 
New  Mexico  to  Manitoba. 

3.  Androsace  diffusa  Small,  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  25:  318.  1898.    Leaves 
oblanceolate  to  spatulate  or  nearly  linear,  1-4  cm.  long,  obtuse  or  acute, 
sharply  serrate  or  sparingly  toothed:  scapes  erect  and  spreading,  5-10  cm. 
long  or  shorter;  pedicels  filiform,  very  variable  in  length, -of ten  1-8  cm.  long 
in  the  same  cluster:  corolla  white  or  pink,  included;  segments  oblong,  obtuse 
or  retuse  at  apex:  capsules  sub  globose,  about  3  mm.  in  diameter. — In  rocky 
soil;  western  arctic  America  to  the  Dakotas,  New  Mexico,  and  Arizona. 

4.  Androsace    septentrionalis   L.  Sp.  PL  142.     1753.     Almost   glabrous: 
leaves  lanceolate  or  oblong-lanceolate,  narrowed  at  base,  from  irregularly 
denticulate  to  laciniate-toothed :  scapes  erect,  8-20  cm.  high;  bracts  of  the 
small  involucre  subulate:  lobes  of  the  calyx  mostly  shorter  than  the  tube: 
lobes  of  the  corolla  obovate,  longer  than  the  calyx.     (A.  pinetorum  Greene, 
Pitt.  4:  149.  1900.) — From  New  Mexico  far  northward  and  westward;  also 
in  Europe. 

*    5.  Androsace  subumbellata  (A.  Nels.)  Small,  1.  c.  319.     Similar  to  the 

E receding  but  greatly  reduced  in  size,  only  a  few  cm.  high:  leaves  5-10  mm. 
>ng,  oblong,  rather  thick,  mostly  entire:  scapes  few-flowered,  short,  some- 
times shorter  than  the  pedicels. — In  the  alpine  regions  of  our  range. 

6.  Androsace  filiformis  Retz.  Obs.  2:  10.  1779-91.  Annual:  leaves  ovate, 
obtuse,  narrowed  at  base  to  a  winged  petiole,  entire,  5-10  mm.  long:  scapes 
filiform,  5-20  cm.  high;  bracts  of  the  involucre  minute,  subulate;  pedicels 
filiform:  calyx-tube  hemispherical,  green,  with  short  triangular  lobes:  tube 
of  the  corolla  at  length  much  longer  than  the  calyx,  the  short  ovate  lobes 
closely  reflexed:  capsule  ovoid,  much  longer  than  the  calyx:  seeds  globular, 
minutely  tuberculate.  (A.  capillaris  Greene,  1.  c.  148.) — Cold  wet  banks,  in 
the  mountains  and  in  the  arctic  regions. 

5.  DODECATHEON  L.    SHOOTING  STAR.    AMERICAN  COWSLIP 

Low  acaulescent  perennial  herbs,  with  entire  leaves  and  few  or  numerous 
flowers  in  an  umbel  terminating  a  naked  scape.  Calyx  deeply  5-lobed,  the 
lobes  reflexed  in  flower,  erect  in  fruit.  Corolla  5-parted,  with  very  short 
tube  and  dilated  thickened  throat,  the  long  and  narrow  divisions  reflexed. 
Stamens  inserted  on  the  throat  of  the  corolla;  filaments  short  and  flat,  mona- 
delphous,  but  separable  in  age.  Style  filiform,  exserted;  stigma  small.  Pla- 
centa columnar,  many-ovuled. 

Capsule  dehiscing  by  valves  from  the  apex;  filaments  united  and  yel- 
low, or  wanting. 
Filaments  short  or  wanting,  the  stamineal  tube,  if  any,  rarely  more 

than  1  mm.  long. 

Scape  stout;  leaves  thickish;  flowers  many;  bracts  acute     .         .     1.  D.  radicatum. 
Scape  slender;  leaves  thin;  flowers  few;  bracts  obtuse  or  acute       .     2.  D.  philoscia. 
Filaments  evident,  the  stamineal  tube  from  one  half  to  as  long  as  the 

anthers. 
Anthers  and  stamineal  tube  subequal. 

Plant  more  or  less  puberulent;  bracts  lanceolate,  acute     .         .     3.  D.  Cusickii. 
Plant  wholly  glabrous:  bracts  oblong,  mostly  obtuse        ,        .    4.  P.  salinum. 


376  PRIMULACEAE    (PRIMROSE   FAMILY) 

Anthers  at  least  twice  as  long  as  the  stamineal  tube     .         .         .     5.  D.  pauciflorum. 
Capsule  circumscissile;  filaments  short,  free  or  nearly  so    ,         .         .     6.  D.  conjugens. 

1.  Dodecatheon  radicatum  Greene,  Erythea  3:  37.  1895.    Glabrous:  conn 
short,  fibrous-rooted  or  with  a  semblance  of  a  taproot:  leaves  few,  rather  large 
and  thin,  8-20  cm.  long,  mostly  oblanceolate  or  spatulate,  obtuse:  scape 
moderately  stout,  2-4  dm.  high;  bracts  lanceolate;  flowers  several  to  many: 
calyx-lobes  lanceolate,  about  equaling  the  tube:  corolla  pinkish  or  bluish- 
violet;  the  lobes  oblong,  obtuse:  stamineal  tube  very  short,  or  wanting;  anthers 
acute,  6-8  mm.  long:  capsule  narrowly  ovate,  but  slightly  surpassing  the  calyx- 
lobes.     (D.  multiflorum  Rydb.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  31:  631.  1904.)— Wet 
copses  and  shaded  banks;  New  Mexico  to  Wyoming. 

2.  Dodecatheon  philoscia  A.  Nels.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  28:  227.  1901. 
Glabrous  throughout:    scape    1.5-3   dm.   high,   very  slender,   few-flowered: 
leaves  few,   elliptic  to  oblong,   mostly  obtuse:   bracts  oblong:   calyx-lobes 
lanceolate,  2-3  mm.  long,  longer  than  the  tube:  united  part  of  the  corolla  with 
a  purple  wavy  line;  lobes  deep  sky-blue,  narrowly  oblong:  united  filaments 
1  mm.  or  less  long,  yellow;  anthers  broadly  subulate;  connective  linear- 
acuminate:  capsules  on  slender  erect  pedicels  (which  are  2-4  cm.  long),  sub- 
cylindric,  about  4  mm.  in  diameter  and  1  cm.  long,  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx, 
splitting  only  at  the  summit.     (D.  sinuatum  Rydb.  1.  c.  33:  148.) — Borders  of 
shaded  mountain  streams;  Wyoming  and  Colorado. 

3.  Dodecatheon  Cusickii  Greene,  Pitt.  2:  73.  1890.    More  or  less  pubescent 
and  glandular:  leaves  broadly  to  narrowly  lanceolate,  entire,   or  dentate 
toward  the  apex,  usually  obtuse,  3-9  cm.  long,  narrowed  below  to  a  winged 
petiole:  scapes  7-15  cm.  high,  few-flowered;  bracts  lanceolate:  lobes  of  the 
calyx  lanceolate,  acute,  but  little  longer  than  the  tube:  corolla-lobes  dark 
purple  with  yellow  base  and  a  dark  purple  line  at  the  mouth  of  the  tube: 
stamen-tube  less  than  2  mm.  long;  anthers  yellow  with  a  black  stripe  through 
the  center:  capsule  ovoid,  acute,  scarcely  surpassing  the  calyx,  5-valved  from 
the  apex.     [D.  puberulenta  Heller,  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  24:  311.  1897;  D. 
puberulum  (Nutt.)  Piper,  Contrib.  Nat.  Herb.  11:   445.  1906.] — Extending 
into  Wyoming  and  Montana  from  Oregon  and  Washington. 

4.  Dodecatheon  salinum  A.  Nels.  1.  c.  26:  131.  1899.    Crown  short;  roots 
numerous,  fascicled,  slender  but  somewhat  fleshy:  leaves  widely  spreading  or 
ascending,    glabrous,    elliptic,    sometimes   obovate   or   oblanceolate,    obtuse, 
2-4  cm.  long,  on  slender  petioles:  scape  slender,  10-20  cm.  high,  glabrous  as 
is  also  the  inflorescence;  bracts  few,  oblong  or  spatulate,  mostly  obtusish; 
flowers  few  to  several:  segments  of  the  corolla  lilac-purple,  the  undivided 
part  yellowish- white  with  an  indistinct  purplish  ring  near  the  base:  anthers 
purple  with  whitish  margins:  capsule  elliptic,  somewhat  exceeding  the  calyx, 
splitting  from  the  obtuse  summit  into  two  equal  valves. — Wet  alkali  soils; 
western  Wyoming  and  in  Utah  and  Idaho. 

5.  Dodecatheon  pauciflorum  (Durand)  Greene,  1.  c.  72.     1890.     The  short, 
perpendicular  crown  solitary,  simple,  producing  neither  bulbets  nor  offsets; 
herbage  glabrous,  glandless:  leaves  deep  green,  entire,  suberect,  one  fourth 
or  one  third  as  long  as  the  scape:  bracts  of  the  few-flowered  umbel  lanceo- 
late: segments  of  corolla  rich  lilac-purple,  the  undivided  part  yellow,  with  a 
narrow  scalloped  ring  of  deep  purple  midway  between  the  base  of  the  seg- 
ments and  the  stamen-tube:  stamen-tube  about  half  as  long  as  the  anthers, 
yellow;  anthers  purple :^  capsule  crustaceous,  10-14  mm.  long,  slender,  nearly 
cylindrical,  acute,  opening  by  5  short  teeth.     [D.  cylindrocarpum  Rydb.  Mem. 
N.  Y.  Bot.  Gard.  1:  305.  1900;  D.  vulgare  (Hook.)  Piper,  1.  c.]— The  common- 
est species  of  our  range  and  extending  far  to  the  northwestward. 

6.  Dodecatheon  conjugens  Greene,  Erythea  3:  40.  1895.     Short  crown 
with  a  dense  fascicle  of  fleshy  fibrous  roots  that  are  deciduous  from  it  after 
the  flowering;  whole  plant  glabrous:  leaves  obovoid  and  elliptic,  5-14  cm. 
long  including  the  distinct  petiole,  obtuse,  entire:  scape  stoutish,  1-2  dm. 
high;  umbel  few-flowered;  flowers  large:  corolla  deep  purple,  varying  to  rose- 
red  and  to  white:  anthers  distinct,  obtuse,  the  connective  lanceolate, 


PRIMULACEAE    (PRIMROSE    FAMILY)  377 

nate,  often  delicately  rugulose:  capsule  cylindric,  circumscissile.    (D.  pulchrum 
Rydb.  1.  c.) — Montana  and  western  Wyoming  to  Oregon  and  Washington. 

6.  STEIRONEMA  Raf.    FRINGED  LOOSESTRIFE 

Leafy-stemmed  perennial  herbs,  with  opposite  or  verticillate  simple  leaves 
and  axillary  yellow  flowers  nodding  on  slender  pedicels.  Flowers  5-merous. 
Corolla  rotate,  with  no  proper  tube,  deeply  5-parted  the  sinuses  rounded;  the 
divisions  ovate,  cuspidate-pointed,  each  separately  involute  or  convolute 
around  its  stamen.  Stamens  5,  alternating  with  5  sterile  filaments,  distinct 
or  nearly  so,  inserted  on  a  ring  at  the  base  of  the  corolla.  Capsule  10-20- 
^seeded. 

1.  Steironema  ciliatum  (L.)  Raf.  Ann.  Gen.  Phys.  7:  192.  1820.  Glabrous 
throughout  except  the  petioles:  stems  erect,  4-10  dm.  high,  mostly  simple: 
leaves  ovate-lanceolate  to  oblong-ovate,  gradually  acuminate,  5-12  cm.  long, 
mostly  with  rounded  or  subcordate  base,  minutely  ciliate,  membranaceous, 

E innately  veined;    the   long   petioles   hirsutely  ciliate:    calyx-lobes  linear- 
mceolate,  acuminate:  lobes  of  the  corolla  obovate,  obtuse,  nearly  twice  as 
long  as  the  calyx,  erose-denticulate,  8-12  mm.  long:  capsule  longer  than  the 
calyx. — Low  moist  grounds;  Colorado  and  Wyoming  and  thence  across  the 
continent. 

7.  NAUMBERGIA  Moench. 

Erect  perennial  herbs,  with  opposite  entire  leaves,  the  lower  reduced  to 
scales,  and  small  yellow  flowers  in  short  axillary  spikes.  Calyx  5-7-divided, 
the  sepals  linear,  slightly  imbricated.  Corolla  deeply  5-7-parted,  with  very 
short  tube  and  narrow  segments.  Stamens  5-7,  exserted;  filaments  slender, 
glabrous,  slightly  united  at  base,  alternating  with  as  many  small  tooth-like 
staminodia  at  each  sinus  of  the  corolla.  Style  slender,  equaling  the  stamens; 
stigma  capitate.  Capsule  5-7-valved,  few-seeded. 

1.  Naumbergia  thyrsiflora  (L.)  Duby,  in  DC.  Prodr.  8:  60.  1844.  Glabrous 
or  becoming  so:  stem  3-6  dm.  high,  from  a  slender  rootstock:  leaves  lanceo- 
late, sessile,  3-6  cm.  long,  the  lower  smaller  and  the  lowest  reduced  to  ovate 
scales :  peduncles  from  only  2  or  3  pairs  of  leaves  near  the  middle  of  the  stem, 
axillary,  shorter  than  the  subtending  leaf,  bearing  several  or  numerous  small 
flowers  in  a  dense  head  or  oblong  spike:  lobes  of  the  calyx  linear-lanceolate, 
acute,  half  as  long  as  the  narrow  purple-dotted  lobes  of  the  corolla:  capsule 
globose,  glandular-dotted,  few-seeded. — In  boggy  ground;  across  the  con- 
tinent; also  in  Europe  and  Asia. 

8.  GLAUX  L. 

Small  leafy-stemmed  herbs,  with  opposite  entire  leaves  and  small,  axillary, 
white  or  pink  apetalous  flowers.  Calyx  5-parted,  the  lobes  petaloid,  about  as 
long  as  the  campanulate  tube.  Stamens  5,  inserted  at  the  base  of  the  calyx 
and  alternate  with  its  lobes;  filaments  subulate-filiform;  anthers  cordate.  Cap- 
sule 5-valved  at  the  top,  few-seeded. 

1.  Glaux  maritima  L.  Sp.  PI.  237.  1753.  Glabrous  and  glaucous  or  pale 
perennial  by  slender  running  roptstocks:  stems  5-10  cm.  high,  erect  or 
spreading:  leaves  oval  to  oblong-linear,  6-12  mm.  long,  entire,  sessile:  calyx- 
lobes  oval,  purplish  or  white. — Salt  marshes  along  both  seacoasts;  also  in  sub- 
saline  soil  in  the  interior  west  of  the  Mississippi. 

9.  SAMOLUS  L.     BROOKWEED 

Low  glabrous  annuals,  with  alternate  entire  leaves  and  small  white  flowers 
in  simple  or  panicled  racemes.  Calyx  persistent,  its  tube  adnate  to  the  ovary 
below.  Corolla  perigvnous,  nearly  campanulate  ~f  the  rounded  lobes  imbri- 


378  OLEACEAE    (OLIVE    FAMILY) 

cated  in  the  bud.  Fertile  stamens  5;  staminodia  5,  in  the  sinuses  of  the 
corolla,  or  wanting.  Style  short;  stigma  obtuse  or  capitate.  Capsule  ovate 
or  globular,  5-valved  at  the  top,  many-seeded.  Seeds  minute. 

1.  Samolus  floribundus  H.B.K.  Nov.  Gen.  2:  224.  1817.  Stem  erect, 
slender,  leafy,  becoming  diffusely  branched:  leaves  obovate:  racemes  often 
panicled;  bracts  none;  bractlets  on  the  middle  of  the  slender,  spreading  pedi- 
cels. -S.  Vcderandi  americanus. — In  wet  places;  across  the  continent. 


91.  OLEACEAE  Lindl.    OLIVE  FAMILY 

Trees  or  shrubs  with  opposite  or  rarely  alternate  simple  or  pinnate  exstipu- 
late  leaves  and  regular  2-4-parted  flowers  in  panicles,  cymes,  or  fascicles. 
Calyx  inferior,  usually  small,  sometimes  none.  Stamens  2-4;  filaments  sep- 
arate; anthers  ovate,  oblong  or  linear,  2-celled,  the  sacs  longitudinally  de- 
hiscent. Ovary  superior,  2-celled;  ovules  few  in  each  cavity;  style  usually 
short  or  none.  Fruit  a  capsule,  samara,  berry,  or  drupe. 

Leaves  pinnate;  fruit  a  samara        '     .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .1.  Fraxinus. 

Leaves  simple;  fruit  a  drupe 2.  Forestiera. 

1.  FRAXINUS  L.     ASH 

Trees,  with  rather  light  tough  wood,  petioled  odd-pinnate  leaves  of  3-15- 
toothed  or  entire  leaflets,  and  small  flowers  in  crowded  panicles,  which  in 
ours  are  from  the  axils  of  last  year's  leaves.  The  oblong  seed  fills  the  cell  of 
the  samara  or  key-fruit.  Ours  are  apetalous  and  dioecious,  with  a  minute 
calyx  or  none,  and  the  fruit  winged  only  from  the  summit  or  upper  part  of  the 
terete  body,  which  tapers  gradually  from  summit  to  base  and  is  more  or  less 
margined  upward  by  the  decurrent  wing. 

Leaves  lanceolate 1 .  F.  lanceolata. 

Leaves  broadly  ovate  or  cordate     .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .     2.  F.  anomala. 

1.  Fraxinus  lanceolata  Borck.  Handb.  Forst.  Bot.  1:  826.  1800.    A  tree 
sometimes  20  m.  tall,  with  glabrous  foliage:  leaves  1-3  dm.  long;  leaflets  firm, 
5-7,  the  blades  of  the  lateral  ones  lanceolate  or  elliptic-lanceolate  and  some- 
times elliptic,  5-20  cm.  long,  pale  or  light  green,  usually  acuminate  at  both 
ends,  entire  or  serrate,  especially  near  the  apex:  samaras  3.5-6  cm.  long,  each 
with  a  slender  linear  body  and  a  linear  or  linear-oblong  wing  which  is  much 
longer  than  the  body  or  rarely  about  equal  in  length  and  decurrent  to  the 
middle  or  near  it.     F.  viridis.     GREEN  ASH. — Wyoming  (on  the  Platte)  to 
N.  W.  Territory  and  to  Vermont. 

2.  Fraxinus  anomala  Torr.  ex.  Wats.  King's  Rep.  283.    1871.    A  small  tree 
3-6  dm.  high;  branchlets  and  petioles  pubescent:  leaves  simple,  broadly  cor- 
date or  ovate,  abruptly  acute  or  emarginate,  3-4  cm.  in  diameter,  longer  than 
the  petiole,  entire,  more  or  less  pubescent  beneath:  fruit  wing-margined  the 
entire  length,  12-20  mm.  long,  oblong,  cuneate  at  base  and  acutish  or  emar- 
ginate above:  calyx  1-2  mm.  long,  persistent  at  the  base  of  the  fruit:  seeds 
1  or  2,  6-8  mm.  long. — Southern  Colorado  through  Utah  to  Nevada. 

2.  FORESTIERA  Poir. 

Shrubs,  with  inconspicuous  flowers,  in  early  spring,  from  imbricated-scaly 
axillary  buds,  and  small  dark-colored  drupes.  Fascicles  or  panicles  very  short, 
few-flowered;  the  staminate  sessile  and  in  a  sessile,  globular,  scaly  glomerule. 
Branches  minutely  warty. 

1.  Forestiera  neo^mexicana  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  12:  63.  1877.    Shrub 


GENTIANACEAE    (GENTIAN   FAMILY)  379 

1-3  m.  high,  glabrous:  leaves  spatulate-oblong,  obtuse  or  obtusely  acuminate, 
short-petioled,  obtusely  or  obsoletely  serrulate,  2-3  cm.  long:  fertile  flowers 
in  sessile  fascicles:  drupe  obtuse,  short-oblong  or  ovoid. — Southern  Colorado 
to  New  Mexico  and  Texas. 


92.  GENTIANACEAE  Dumort.    GENTIAN  FAMILY 

Smooth  herbs  with  bittar,  colorless  juice.  Leaves  opposite,  rarely  alternate 
or  verticillate,  without  stipules.  Flowers  perfect,  regular.  Calyx  mostly 
4-12-lobed  or  -toothed,  often  marcescent.  Corolla  sympetalous,  4-12-lobed 
or  -toothed,  convolute  or  imbricated  and  usually  twisted  in  the  bud,  often 
marcescent.  Stamens  as  many  as  the  lobes  of  the  corolla,  alternate  with  them, 
inserted  on  its  tube;  the  2-celled  anthers  opening  longitudinally.  Ovary 
free,  1-celled,  rarely  2-celled,  with  2  parietal  placentae,  or  the  whole  wall  ovu- 
liferous;  style  single,  with  usually  2-lobed  or  2-lamellate  stigma.  Capsule 
dehiscent  through  the  placentae.  Seeds  indefinitely  numerous,  rarely  few, 
commonly  small. 

Style  filiform,  deciduous;  anthers  recurved  or  twisted  in  age. 

Corolla-tube  exceeding  the  calyx        ,:..     ...         .         .         .1.  Erythraea. 

Corolla-tube  shorter  than  the  calyx          .         .         .         .         .         .2.  Eustoma. 

Style    short    and    persistent    or   wanting;    the    stamens   remaining 

straight. 
Corolla  without  nectariferous  pits  or  large  glands. 

Corolla  rotate,  with  the  stamens  on  its  base          .     '    .    * '  '.         .     3.  Pleurogyne. 
Corolla  not  rotate,  the  stamens  on  its  tube. 

Flowers  solitary-terminal;  anthers  versatile      .        ..         .-.        .     4.  Chondrophylla. 

Flowers  cymose;  anthers  not  versatile      .         .         .         .         .     5.  Gentiana. 

Corolla  with  1  or  2  nectariferous  pits  or  scales  at  the  base  of  each  lobe. 

Leaves  not  yerticillate;  style  wanting     .         .         .     '    .         «         .6.  Swertia. 
Leaves  verticillate;  style  evident 7.  Frasera. 

1.  ERYTHRAEA  Neck.     CENTAURY 

Low  and  small  branching  annuals,  chiefly  with  rose-purple  or  reddish 
flowers.  Calyx  4-5-parted,  the  divisions  slender.  Corolla  funnslform  or 
salyerform,  with  slender  tube  and  4-5-parted  limb.  Anthers  exserted,  erect, 
twisting  spirally.  Style  slender,  single;  stigma  capitate  or  2-lipped. 

1.  Erythraea  arizonica  (Gray)  Rydb.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  33:  148.  1906. 
Paniculately  or  somewhat  racemosely  branched,  2-3  dm.  high:  leaves  nar- 
rowly oblong  to  lanceolate  or  linear:  pedicels  as  long  as  or  longer  than  the 
calyx:  corolla-tube  longer  than  the  calyx,  its  lobes  obtuse  and  somewhat 
shorter  than  its  tube:  seeds  globular.  E.  Douglasii. — Colorado  to  Ufcah  and 
Arizona. 

2.  EUSTOMA  Salisb. 

Glaucous,  large-flowered  annuals  or  perennials,  with  more  or  less  clasping  and 
connate  leaves,  and  slender  terminal  and  more  or  less  paniculate  1-flowered 
peduncles.  Calyx  5  (rarely  6)-parted;  its  lobes  long-acuminate,  with  carinate 
midrib.  Corolla  campanulate-funnelform,  deeply  5-6-lobed.  Anthers  oblong, 
versatile,  straight  or  recurving  in  age.  Stye  filiform,  nearly  persistent;  stigma 
of  2  broad  lamellae. 

1.  Eustoma  Andrewsii  A.  Nels.  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.  17:  177.  1904. 
Perennial  from  short,  vertical,  semifleshy  roots,  with  a  somewhat  enlarged 
crown  or  caudex;  the  old  stems  occasionally  persisting;  stems  simple  below, 
more  or  less  fasciculately  branched  above,  2-4  dm.  high:  leaves  elliptic- 
oblong  below  to  lanceolate  and  acute  above,  mostly  3-nerved,  2-4  cm.  long; 
the  next  year's  crown  leaves  appearing  in  the  autumn  as  rosettes  which  are 
persistent  and  evergreen:  peduncles  ebracteate,  3-8  cm.  long:  calyx  deeply 


380  GENTIANACEAE    (GENTIAN    FAMILY) 

cleft,  less  than  half  as  long  as  the  corolla:  corolla  deep  purple,  3-4  cm.  long, 
the  lobes  elliptic-obovate :  stamens  short;  anthers  sagittate,  erect:  style  stout- 
ish,  scarcely  longer  than  the  ovary  and  shorter  than  the  mature  capsule. — 
Colorado. 

3.  PLEUROGYNE  Eschsch. 

Small  annuals  of  cold  regions,  with  blue  or  whitish  flowers,  and  distinguished 
by  the  remarkable  decurrent  stigmas. 

1.  Pleurogyne  fontana  A.  Nels.  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.  17:  177.  1904. 
Glabrous  throughout;  stems  slender,  simple  or  with  a  few  narrower  erect 
branches,  1-4  dm.  high:  leaves  linear,  mostly  narrowly  so,  thin,  with  distinct 
midrib  and  two  faint  lateral  nerves,  20-25  mm.  long:  flowers  in  a  narrow 
somewhat  panicled  raceme,  having  long,  very  slender  pedicels,  pentamerous : 
sepals  green,  linear,  resembling  the  bracts  but  shorter,  usually  3-nerved  as 
are  also  the  bracts:  corolla  often  surpassed  by  the  sepals,  its  lobes  elliptic- 
oblong,  subacute,  about  5-nerved:  stamens  half  as  long  as  the  corolla-lobes; 
the  anthers  oblong:  mature  capsule  translucent,  with  numerous  ovules,  ulti- 
mately as  long  as  the  sepals.  P.  rotata. — Colorado  and  Wyoming. 

4.  CHONDROPHYLLA  A.  Nels. 

Small  annuals  or  biennials,  from  a  few  cm.  to  1  dm.  high,  the  stems  single 
or  several  from  the  slender  root.  Leaves  numerous,  small,  opposite,  seem- 
ingly imbricated  below  because  of  the  short  internodes,  the  margins  white 
and  scarious  or  cartilaginous.  Flowers  solitary  and  terminal.  Calyx  narrow, 
4  or  5-toothed.  Corolla  salverform  when  expanded,  plicate  at  the  sinuses 
with  broad  emarginate  lobes  or  plates,  without  crown  or  glands.  Anthers 
cordate,  versatile.  Seeds  oblong,  with  a  close  coat. 

Leaves  broadly  scarious-margined;  capsule  at  maturity  exsert-stipitate     1.  C.  Fremontii. 
Leaves  narrowly  margined;  capsule  short-stipitate          .         .         .         .     2.  C.  americana. 

1.  Chondrophylla  Fremontii  (Torr.)  A.  Nels.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  31:  245. 
1904.     Stems  few-many,  erect  or  ascending,  5-10  cm.  high,  somewhat  suc- 
culent: leaves  with  a  broad  white  margin,  pale,  cuspidate  or  mucronate;  the 
lower  rosulate,  orbicular  or  ovate;  the  cauline  linear-oblong,  connate-sheathing: 
flowers  rotate,  short-pediceled,  white  or  dull-colored :  capsule  clavate-obovate, 
at  length  exserted  beyond  the  flower  on  a  stout  stipe.     Gentiana  humilis. — 
Grassy  banks  in  the  mountains  of  Colorado  and  Wyoming. 

2.  Chondrophylla  americana  (Engelm.)  A.  Nels.  1.  c.     Stems  weaker  than 
in  the  preceding,  and  when  elongated  the  lateral  ones  often  procumbent: 
leaves  ovate,  less  erect,  greener,  and  less  white-margined:  flower  4-merous: 
corolla  azure-blue,  in  fruit  inclosing  the  linear-oblong,  rather  short-stipitate 
capsule.    Gentiana  prostrata. — Alpine  in  our  range. 

6.  GENTIANA  L.     GENTIAN 

Bitter  herbs  with  conspicuous  cymose  or  rarely  solitary  flowers  of  various 
colors,  in  summer  or  autumn.  Calyx  4-5-cleft.  Corolla  4-5-lobed,  regular, 
often  with  intermediate  plaited  folds,  which  bear  appendages  or  teeth  at  the 
sinuses.  Style  short  or  none;  stigmas  2,  persistent.  Capsule  oblong,  2- 
valved;  the  innummerable  seeds  either  borne  on  placentae  at  or  near  the 
sutures,  or  in  most  of  our  species  covering  nearly  the  whole  inner  face  of  the 
pod. 

Annuals  (except  no.  2);  corolla  without  extended  plaits  or  lobes  or 

teeth  at  the  sinuses. 
Flowers  large  (3-6  cm.  long),  4-merous;  corolla-lobes  more  or  less 

fringed. 
Annual        .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .       1.  G.  elegans. 

Perennial 2.  G.  barbellata. 


GENTIANACEAE    (GENTIAN   FAMILY)  381 

« 

Flowers  smaller  (less  than  3  cm.  long);  corolla-lobes  never  fringed. 

Flowers  solitary  on  a  long  terminal  peduncle     .          .  3.  G.  monantha. 

Flowers  few-many. 

Sepals  very  unequal,  two  of  them  foliaceous  and  overlapping 

the  others         k 4.  G.  heterosepala. 

Sepals  somewhat  unequal  but  none  foliaceous. 

Flowers    very    numerous,    in    a    spike-like    thyrse,    short- 

pediceled;  leaves  generally  as  long  as  the  internodes     .       5.  G.  strictiflora. 
Flowers  fewer,  oiten  long-pediceled;  some  of  the  internodes 

much  exceeding  the  leaves  .         .         .         .         .  6.  G.  plebeja. 

Perennials;  corolla  plicate  at  the  sinuses,  the  folds  more  or  less  ex- 
tended into  thin  teeth  or  lobes. 
Anthers  distinct. 

Corolla  open-campanulate  or  funnelform,  the  lobes  spreading; 

the  subtending  leaves  broad. 

Flowers  always  yellowish  but  freely  spattered  with  purplish- 
brown  spots;  the  basal  leaves  persistent    .         .         .  7.  G.  Romanzovii. 
Flowers  blue  or  blue-purple,  or  rarely  ochroleucous,  the  basal 

leaves  deciduous. 
Flowers  solitary       •/   .  •        .    .'..         .         .         .         .         .       8.  G.  calycosa. 

Flowers  1-5 9.  G.  Parryi. 

Corolla  funnelform,  its  lobes  but  slightly  divergent;  the  subtend- 
ing leaves  narrow. 
Leaves  oblong-lanceolate  to  ovate. 

Calyx-lobes  present      .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .     10.  G.  affinis. 

Calyx-lobes  wanting  or  minute  and  irregular       .         .         .     11.  G.  Forwoodii. 
Upper  leaves  linear  to  lance-linear  .         .         .      '    .:    '".     12.  G.  Bigelovii. 

Anthers  cohering  in  a  ring     ........     13.  G.  Andrewsii. 

1.  Gentiana  elegans  A.  Nels.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  25:  276..  1898.    Annual, 
2-3  dm.  high,  branched  from  the  base,  the  2-20  stems  simple  or  nearly  so, 
each  stem  or  branch  terminated  by  a  single  flower:  leaves  3-6  pairs  on  each 
stem,  mostly  obtuse;  the  lower  petioled,  obovate  to  broadly  spatulate;  the 
upper  sessile,  oblong  or  narrower:  calyx-lobes  nearly  equal  and  similar,  equal- 
ing the  tube:  corolla  4-5  cm.  long,  deep  blue  with  lighter  patches  or  streaks 
downward;  the  lobes  obovate-oblong,  dentate  around  the  summit,  fimbriate 
on  the  sides:  capsule  stipitate:  style  nearly  as  long  as  the  capsule  proper,  the 
stigma  suborbicular,  dentate.    G.  serrata.    ROCKY  MOUNTAIN  FRINGED  GEN- 
TIAN.— Frequent  in  moist  subalpine  parks;  throughout  our  range. 

la.  Gentiana  elegans  unicaulis  A.  Nels.  1.  c.     Reduced,  simple-stemmed 
alpine  form. — Same  range. 

2.  Gentiana  barbellata   Engelm.   Trans.   Acad.  St.    Louis   2:   216.   1863. 
Perennial  from  slender  fleshy  rootstocks,  about  1  dm.  high,  glabrous  through- 
out, 1-2-flowered:   leaves  about  4  pairs,  narrowly  oblanceolate  to   broadly 
linear,  2-3  cm.  long:  calyx  green  with  purple  streaks,  about  15  mm.  long;  the 
lobes  triangular-lanceolate,  equaling  or  exceeding  the  tube :  corolla  dark  blue, 
about  25  mm.  long;  the  lobes  oblong,  obtuse,  exceeding  the  tube,  conspic- 
uously long  setaceous-lacerate  on  the  sides  and  often  nearly  to  the  summit 
which  is  obscurely  dentate;  the  tube  arachnoid  woolly  within  especially 
toward  the  base:  filaments  stout,  flattened,  equaling  the  tube:  stipe  half  as 
long  as  the  elliptic-oblong  capsule:  style  almost  wanting.     (G.  Moseleyi  A. 
Nels.  Bot.  Gaz.  31:  396.  1901.)     PERENNIAL  FRINGED  GENTIAN. — Rare;  in 
the  Colorado  mountains. 

3.  Gentiana  monantha  A.  Nels.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  31:  244.  1904.    An 
alpine  annual,  mostly  much  less  than  1  dm.  high;  stem  simple  or  with  one  or 
two  branchlets  from  the  base,  only  1-3  cm.  high,  terminated  by  a  slender, 
naked,  1-flowered  peduncle  very  much  longer  than  the  stem:  leaves  oblong  to 
spatulate,  5-10  mm.  long:  calyx  one  fourth  shorter  than  the  corolla  and  some- 
what exceeding  the  tube ;  sepals  4,  equal,  oblong-lanceolate,  subacute,  distinct 
nearly  to  the  base:  corolla  about  12  mm.  long;  the  tube  twice  as  long  as  the 
4  lance-ovate,  subacute  lobes;  the  fimbriae  of  the  crown  rather  coarse  and 
short:  stamens  shorter  than  the  corolla-tube.    G.  tenella. — In  the  high  moun- 
tains of  Colorado. 

4.  Gentiana  heterosepala  Engelm.  1.  c.  115.    Annual,  1-3  dm.  high,  mostly 
simple,  with  few  pairs  of  leaves  and  long  internodes:  flowers  terminal  and 
axillary,  either  solitary  and  long-peduncled  or  else  in  threes  with  shorter 
pedicels,  15-20  mm.  long:  calyx  with  two  greatly  enlarged,  foliaceous,  ovate 


382  GENTIANACEAE    (GENTIAN   FAMILY) 

sepals;  these  more  or  less  enfolding  the  three  small  linear-lanceolate  ones: 
corolla  blue  or  purplish,  the  tube  equaling  the  calyx,  a  crown  of  setaceous  fila- 
ments at  the  base  of  its  lobes.  (G.  distegia  Greene,  Pitt.  4:  182.  1900.) — Rare; 
mountains  of  Colorado,  Utah,  and  Wyoming. 

5.  Gentiana  strictiflora  (Rydb.)  A.  Nels.  Bot.  Gaz.  34:  26.  1902.     Stem 
simple  or  branched,  very  strict,  1-4  dm.  high:  leaves  often  rather  remote, 
thickish,   mostly  lanceolate-linear,   light   green:   flowers  numerous,   spicate- 
thyrsiform  on  stem  and  branches,  4-merous:  calyx-lobes  unequal,  mostly 
shorter  than  the  tube:  corolla  ochroleucous,  sometimes  tinged  with  blue,  but 
little  longer  than  the  calyx,  8-12  mm.  long;  the  setae  of  the  crown  often  few 
or  even  wanting.    G.  Amarella  stricta. — Frequent;  throughout  our  range. 

6.  Gentiana  plebeja  Cham.  Linnaea  1:  181.  1826.    Stem  simple  or  branched 
from  the  base,  slightly  angular,  1-3  dm,  high,  the  internodes  often  much 
longer  than  the  leaves:  basal  leaves  oval-spatulate ;  middle  stem  leaves  oblong 
or  oblong-lanceolate,   obtuse,   2-4  cm.   long;   the  uppermost  oblong-linear, 
acute:  flowers  several  in  each  axil,  often  on  a  short  branch,  more  numerous 
at  summit:  calyx  deeply  cleft,  its  longer  linear  lobes  almost  equaling  the 
corolla  tube:  corolla  12-18  mm.  long,  pale  blue,  the  lobes  fringed  at  base.     G. 
Amarella  acuta.      (A marella  scopulorum  Greene,  Leaflets  1 :   55.    1904;  Gentia- 
nella  dementis  Rydb.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  31:  631.  1904.)— Throughout  our 
range. 

6a.  Gentiana  plebeja  Holmii  Wettst.  Oester.  Bot.  Zeitsch.  50:  195.  1900. 
Slender  and  low^  simple  or  nearly  so,  few-flowered. — A  reduced  alpine  state 
of  the  species. 

7.  Gentiana  Romanzovii   Ledeb,  Nouv.  Mem.  Soc.   Nat.   Mosc.    1:  215. 
1829.     Stems  5-15  cm.  high,  often  tufted,  each  1-3-flowered:  leaves  linear, 
varying  to  lanceolate  or  spatulate,  thickish;  the  cauline  2-4  pairs,  connate- 
sheathing  at  base:  calyx-tube  obconical,  the  lobes  somewhat  unequal,  about 
half  as  long  as  the  corolla:  corolla  funnelform,  3-4  cm.  long,  yellowish,  often 
streaked  with  blue,  liberally  spattered  with  purplish  dots;  the  lobes  short 
and  broad,  the  plaits  entire  and  broad,  only  slightly  extended  at  summit: 
seeds  with  a  loose  cellular  coat  having  crested  longitudinal  ridges.    G.  frigida. 
— Alpine  regions  in  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

8.  Gentiana  calycosa  Griseb.  Gent.  292.     1839.    Stems  erect,  1-3  dm.  high: 
leaves  ovate,  15-30  mm.  long,  commonly  equaling  or  exceeding  the  inter- 
nodes,  the  lowest  pairs  smaller  and  with  connate.-sheathing  base,  the  upper 
hardly  so;  the  uppermost  involucrate  and  somewhat  exceeding  the  calyx  of 
the  commonly  solitary  flower:  lobes  of  the  calyx  ovate  or  oblong,  or  even  sub- 
cordate,  about  as  long  as  the  turbinate  tube:  corolla  blue,  oblong-funnelform, 
the  appendages  in  the  sinuses  triangular-subulate,  laciniate  or  2-cleft  at  tip, 
shorter  than  the  broadly  ovate  lobes:  seeds  lanceolate,  acuminate,  wingless. — 
On  the  highest  mountains;  western  Wyoming  to  California  and  Oregon. 

8a.  Gentiana  calycosa  xantha  A.  Nels.  1.  c.  Leaves  about  5  pairs,  longer 
than  the  internodes:  flowers  yellow  or  yellowish- white  with  numerous  green 
dots. — Teton  Mountains,  Wyoming. 

9.  Gentiana  Parryi  Engelm.  1.  c.  218.    Stems  numerous  from  the  crown  of 
a  somewhat  woody  root,  1-3  dm.  high:  leaves  glaucescent,  thickish,  ovate, 
varying  to  oblong-lanceolate,  18-36  mm.  long,  most  of  the  pairs  with  some- 
what sheathing  base;  the  upper  two  or  three  pairs  involucrate  around  the 
1-5  flowers,  concealing  the  calyx  and  sometimes  almost  equaling  the  bright 
blue  corolla:  lobes  of  the  calyx  small,  moderately  or  much  shorter  than  the 
campanulate  tube:  appendages  in  the  sinuses  of  the  corolla  narrow,  deeply 
2-cleft,  but  little  shorter  than  the  obovate  lobes:  seeds  lanceolate,  wingless, 
with  obtuse  or  acutish  edge. — Alpine  and  subalpine  in  the  Cascade  and 
Rocky  Mountains. 

9a.  Gentiana  Parryi  bracteosa  (Greene)  A.  Nels.  Leaves  narrower,  the 
floral  ones  thin  and  somewhat  scarious:  calyx-lobes  small  and  inserted  at  the 
base  of  the  membranous  summit  of  the  tube.  (G.  bracteosa  Greene,  Pitt. 
4:  180.  1900.)— Colorado. 

10.  Gentiana  affinis  Griseb.  1.  c.  289.     Stems  clustered,   1-3  dm.  high: 


GENTIANACEAE    (GENTIAN   FAMILY)  383 

leaves  6-16  pairs,  ovate  or  oblong-lanceolate:  flowers  from  numerous  and 
thyrsoid-racemose  to  few  or  rarely  almost  solitary;  bracts  lanceolate' or  linear: 
calyx-lobes  linear  or  subulate,  unequal  and  variable,  the  longest  rarely  equal- 
ing the  tube,  the  shorter  sometimes  minute:  corolla  2-3  cm.  long,  rather 
narrowly  funnelform;  the  lobes  ovate,  acutish  or  mucronulate-pointed,  spread- 
ing; the  laciniate-toothed  or  cleft  appendages  at  the  sinuses  sometimes  almost 
equaling  the  lobes.  (G.  interrupta  Greene,  1.  c.  182.) — Very  frequent  at  mid- 
dle elevations  in  our  range. 

11.  Gentiana  Forwoodii  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  19:  86.  1883.    Resembling 
G.  affinis,  but  the  corolla  decidedly  smaller,  about  18  mm.  long,  narrow,  and 
with  shorter  and  rounder  lobes,  these  little  surpassing  the  plicate  append- 
ages: stems  equably  leafy  to  the  very  top:  calyx  subcampanulate,  with  no 
vestige  of  lobes  or  teeth. — Rare  in  Colorado  and  Utah  but  frequent  in  north- 
western Wyoming. 

12.  Gentiana  Bigelovii  Gray,  1.  c.  87.     Near  G.  affinis,  very  leafy:  leaves 
thick;  the  lower  lanceolate-oblong;  the  upper  linear  and  the  floral  often  much 
exceeding  the  flowers:  stems  1-3  dm.  high,  somewhat  scabrous:  flowers  densely 
spicate:  calyx-teeth  very  slender,  as  long  as  the  tube:  corolla  20-25  mm. 
long,  slightly  scabrous  on  the  outside;  the  lobes  short,  broadly  ovate,  twice  as 
long  as  the  bifid  appendages:  stipe  of  the  capsule  short  and  fistulous. — 
Colorado  to  New  Mexico  and  Arizona. 

13.  Gentiana  Andrewsii  Griseb.  in  Hook.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  2:  55.  1834.    Stems 
upright,  smooth:  leaves  ovate-lanceolate:  calyx-lobes  lanceolate,  half  as  long 
as  the  tube:  corolla  blue,   with  pale  streaks,   somewhat  cylindric-clavate, 
nearly  closed  at  the  mouth,  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx,  nearly  truncate  at  the 
summit  with  the  lacerate  appendages  as  long  as  the  lobes. — Infrequent; 
stream  banks  of  northern  Colorado.     Apparently  our  plants  are  not  identical 
with  the  eastern  form  of  this  species. 

6.  SWERTIA  L. 

Simple-stemmed  perennials,  occasionally  with  alternate  leaves,  the  lower 
at  least  tapering  into  margined  petioles.  Inflorescence  thyrsoid;  flowers  blue 
or  purple,  varying  to  white.  Corolla  rotate,  4-  or  5-lobed.  Style  very  short 
or  none;  stigma  2-lobed  or  2-lamellate.  Capsule  ovate. 

Flowers  4-merous      .         .         .         .         .         .         •    >,    •         •  •  .1.  S.  scopulina. 

Flowers  5-merous. 

Inflorescence  elongated;  corolla-lobes  oblong  or  narrower     .  .  .     2.  S.  palustris. 

Inflorescence  capitate-congested;  corolla-lobes  elliptic  to  oval  .  .     3.  S.  congesta. 

1.  Swertia  scopulina  Greene,  Pitt.  4:  184.  1900.     Plant  1-4  dm.  high: 
inflorescence  very  strict :  leaves  broadly  ob lanceolate  or  spatulate-oblanceolate; 
radical  leaves  very  large,  often  more  than  half  the  length  of  the  subscapi- 
form  stem,  usually  all,  even  the  lowest  and  largest  cauline  ones,  alternate,  with 
broad- winged  petioles  and  half-clasping:  flowers  4-merous:  sepals  lanceolate- 
subulate,  often  3-nerved,  and  three  fourths  as  long  as  the  corolla-lobes;  these 
10-14  mm.  long,  dark  blue-purple:   glands  subulate-fringed:   seeds  round- 
obovate  varying  to  somewhat  quadrangular,  very  distinctly  winged  on  one, 
two,  or  three  sides,  the  testa  wrinkled. — Colorado  and  New  Mexico. 

2.  Swertia  palustris  A.  Nels.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  28:  227.  1901.    Stems 
simple,  erect,  glabrous,  2-3  dm.  high:  leaves  glabrous,  thin,  entire  or  rarely 
denticulate;  radical  leaves  oblong  to  elliptic,  obtuse,  5-10  cm.  long;  stem  leaves 
several,  generally  in  pairs  but  not  rarely  alternate,  spatulately  oblanceolate 
or  broader:  inflorescence  very  strict;  peduncles  erect,  axillary  to  the  bracts 
and    uppermost    leaves,    1-3-flowered;    flowers    5-merous:    sepals    subulate- 
lanceolate,  delicately  nerved,  about  half  as  long  as  the  petals:  corolla-lobes 
dark  blue  shading  to  purple,  oblong,  obtuse,  about  10  mm.  long,  3-4  mm. 
broad;   glands  orbicular,  the  appendages  few  (10  or  less),  short-subulate: 
seeds   lenticular,   wing-margined. — Shaded   mountain  bogs;   Wyoming  and 
Colorado. 


384  MENYANTHACEAE    (BUCKBEAN   FAMILY) 

3.  Swertia  congesta  A.  Nels.  1.  c.  Commonly  less  than  2  dm^high:  leaves 
alternate,  rarely  more  than  3  or  4,  usually  on  the  basal  half  of  the  stem, 
elliptic  to  oblanceolate,  obtuse  or  subacute,  3-6  cm.  long:  inflorescence  con- 
gested, usually  subtended  by  a  pair  of  foliar  bracts;  flowers  5-merous,  3-7, 
dark  bluish-purple:  sepals  as  in  the  preceding:  corolla-lobes  elliptic,  obtuse, 
usually  emarginate,  8-10  mm.  long,  nearly  half  as  broad;  glands  cup-shaped, 
the  setaceous  appendages  as  long  as  the  cup:  filaments  flat  and  thin,  their 
bases  involved  in  a  ring  of  very  short,  sparse,  subulate  setae  in  the  base  of  the 
corolla:  seeds  small,  very  numerous,  narrowly  wing-margined  on  the  angles. — 
Open  subalpine  swales;  Wyoming  and  Colorado. 

7.  FRASERA  Walt. 

Smooth  herbs  with  erect  stems,  opposite  or  verticillate  leaves,  and  nu- 
merous flowers  in  thyrsoid  or  paniculate  cymes.  Corolla  rotate,  4-parted,  the 
lobes  bearing  a  single  or  double  fringed  gland,  and  sometimes  a  fimbriate 
crown  at  base.  Stamens  inserted  on  the  very  base  of  the  corolla;  filaments 
subulate,  often  united  at  base,  occasionally  with  some  interposed  small  bris- 
tles or  scales.  Ovary  ovate,  tapering  into  a  distinct  and  often  slender,  per- 
sistent style;  stigma  small,  2-lobed  or  nearly  entire.  Capsule  coriaceous. 

1.  Frasera  specie sa  Griseb.  Gent.  329.  1839.  Stems  6-14  dm.  high,  very 
leafy:  leaves  in  fours  and  sixes;  the  radical  and  lowest  cauline  ob ovate  or  ob- 
long, 2-3  dm.  long;  the  upper  lanceolate  and  at  length  linear:  flowers  very 
numerous  in  a  long  leafy  thyrsus:  lobes  of  the  greenish-white  or  barely  bluish 
and  dark-spotted  corolla  oval-oblong,  bearing  a  pair  of  contiguous  and  densely 
long-fringed  glands  about  the  middle,  and  a  distant,  transversely  inserted  and 
setaceously  multifid  scale-like  crown  near  the  base.  (F.  macrophylla  Greene, 
Pitt.  4:  186.  1900.) — In  the  mountains  from  Wyoming  to  Oregon  and  south- 
ward to  New  Mexico  and  Arizona. 

la.  Frasera  speciosa  scabra  Jones,  Zoe  4:  277.  1893.  More  or  less  puberu- 
lent  or  scabro-puberulent  on  stem  and  leaves.  (F.  scabra,  F.  stenopetala,  F. 
angustifolia  Rydb.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  33:  149.  1906.)— Seemingly  the  more 
usual  state  in  our  range,  and  may  therefore  be  recognized  as  a  variety. 


93.  MENYANTHACEAE  G.  Don.    BUCKBEAN  FAMILY 

Perennial  aquatic  or  marsh  herbs,  with  basal  or  alternate  leaves,  and 
clustered,  regular,  perfect  flowers.  Calyx  deeply  5-parted,  persistent.  Co- 
rolla 5-lobed  or  5-cleft,  the  lobes  induplicate-valvate,  at  least  in  the  bud. 
Stamens  5,  borne  on  the  corolla,  and  alternate  with  its  lobes;  anther-sacs 
longitudinally  dehiscent;  pollen-grains  3-angled.  *  Ovary  1-celled,  the  2  pla- 
centae sometimes  intruded.  Fruit  a  capsule,  or  indehiscent. 

1.  MENYANTHES  L. 

Leaves  trifoliolate;  other  characters  as  given  under  the  single  species  of  the 
genus. 

1.  Menyanthes  trifoliata  L.  Sp.  PI.  145.  1753.  Rootstocks  thick,  scaly, 
sometimes  3  dm.  long:  petioles  sheathing  at  the  base;  leaflets  oblong  or  obo- 
vate,  entire,  obtuse,  narrowed  to  the  sessile  base,  3-8  cm.  long:  raceme  10-20- 
flowered;  pedicels  6-25  mm.  long,  bracteolate  at  the  base;  flowers  10-12  mm. 
long:  calyx  shorter  than  the  white  or  purplish  corolla:  capsule  ovoid,  obtuse, 
about  8  mm.  long. — In  bogs;  circumpolar;  south  in  our  mountains  to  Col- 
orado. 


APOCYNACEAE    (DOGBANE    FAMILY)  385 

94.  APOCYNACEAE  Lindl.     DOGBANE  FAMILY 

Perennial  herbs  (ours),  mostly  with  acrid,  milky  juice,  simple,  opposite  or 
alternate  leaves,  and  perfect,  regular,  cymose,  solitary,  or  paniculate  flowers. 
Calyx  5-parted,  persistent,  the  lobes  imbricated  in  the  bud.  Corolla  5-parted, 
the  lobes  convolute  in  the  bud.  Stamens  as  many  as  the  lobes  of  the  corolla 
and  alternate  with  them,  inserted  in  the  tube  or  throat ;  anthers  linear-oblong, 
sagittate,  2-celled.  Ovary  superior  or  its  base  adherent  to  the  calyx,  of  2 
distinct  carpels;  ovules  few  or  numerous;  style  simple  or  2-divided;  stigma 
simple.  Fruit  of  2  follicles.  Seeds  often  appendaged  by  a  coma. 

Leaves  alternate;  anthers  free  from  the  stigma 1.  Amsonia. 

Leaves  opposite;  anthers  converging  around  the  stigma  and  slightly  ad- 
herent to  it          'tv  ."•<;    •...,'        .         .         .         .         .         .2.  Apocynum. 

1.  AMSONIA  Walt. 

Herbs.  Leaves  alternate;  blades  entire.  Flowers  in  terminal  thyrsoid  or 
corymbose  cymes.  Calyx-lobes  5,  acuminate ;  disk  wanting.  Corolla  mainly 
salverform;  tube  slightly  dilated  upward,  villous  within;  lobes  narrow.  Sta- 
mens included;  anthers  unappendaged.  Carpels  2,  connected  by  the  slender 
styles;  stigma  appendaged  by  a  reflexed  membrane.  Follicles  2  together, 
erect,  several-seeded.  Seeds  unappendaged. 

1.  Amsonia  texana  (Gray)  Heller,  Muhl.  1:  2.  1900.  Stems  1.5-7  dm. 
tall,  often  sparingly  branched,  glabrous:  leaves  numerous;  blades  oblong  to 
narrowly  elliptic  or  linear,  conspicuously  narrower  on  the  upper  part  of  the 
plant,  2.5-6  cm.  long,  acute  or  blunt,  often  somewhat  lustrous  above,  glabrous 
at  least  at  maturity:  calyx-lobes  acuminate,  the  longer  about  2  mm.  long: 
corolla  glabrous;  tube  9- 11  mm.  long;  lobes  usually  about  as  long  as  the  tube: 
follicles  6-10  cm.  long,  glabrous. — Colorado  to  Texas. 

2.  APOCYNUM  L.     DOGBANE.     INDIAN  HEMP 

Pale  perennial  herbs,  with  very  tough-fibrous  bark  and  opposite  mucronate- 
tipped  leaves.  Flowers  small,  in  terminal  cymes,  white  or  rose-color.  Calyx 
small,  deeply  5-cleft,  the  tube  by  means  of  a  thickish  disk  adnate  to  the  back 
of  the  ovaries  below.  Corolla  campanulate,  5-lobed,  toward  the  base  bearing 
5  small,  triangular-subulate  appendages  alternate  with  the  stamens.  Fila- 
ments very  short  and  broad;  anthers  sagittate.  Follicles  slender,  5-15  cm. 
long,  terete.  Seeds  numerous,  with  a  long  coma  at  apex. 

Corolla  pink,  its  lobes  spreading  or  revolute       .         .         .  1.  A.  androsaemifolium. 

Corolla  greenish-white,  its  lobes  mostly  erect. 

Leaves  petioled,  cuneate  or  cuneately  rounded  at  base          .     2.  A.  cannabinum. 

Leaves  sessile  or  nearly  so,  subcordate  or  broadly  rounded  at 

base  .         .         .         .'»..'.         .         .         .3.  A.  hypericifolium. 

1.  Apocynum  androsaemifolium  L.  Sp.  213.  1753.    Stems  3-15  dm.  tall, 
with  widely-spreading  branches,  mostly  glabrous:  leaf-blades  ovate,  oblong 
or  oval,  4-11  cm.  long,  deep  green  and  glabrous  above,  pale  and  more  or  less 
pubescent  beneath,  short-petioled :   cymes  rather  lax:  calyx-lobes  ovate  to 
ovate-lanceolate,  2-2.5  mm.  long:  corolla  pink,  5-7  mm.  long;  lobes  revolute: 
follicles  10-15  cm.  long.     (A.  scopulorum  Greene;  A.  ambigens  Greene,  PI. 
Baker.  16.  1901,  the  glabrate  form.) — Throughout  our  range,  and  very  widely 
distributed  in  the  United  States. 

2.  Apocynum  cannabinum  L.  1.  c.    Stems  8-18  dm.  tall,  the  branches  erect 
or  ascending,  glabrous  at  maturity:  leaf -blades  oblong  to  ovate-oblong  or 
oblong-lanceolate,  5-12  cm.  long,  glabrous,  or  slightly  pubescent  beneath, 
short-petioled:  cymes  rather  dense:  calyx-lobes  lanceolate,  2.5-3  mm.  long: 

ROCKY  MT.  EOT. 25 


386  ASCLEPIADACEAE    (MILKWEED   FAMILY) 

corolla  greenish- white,  3-3.5  mm.  long;  lobes  erect  or  nearly  so:  follicles 
12-15  cm.  long. — Throughout  the  United  States. 

2a.  Apocynum  cannabinum  lividum  (Greene)  A.  Nels.  Habit,  size,  and 
leaf  characters  the  same,  glabrous:  calyx-lobes  only  half  as  long  as  the  nar- 
rowly campanulate  corolla.  (A.  lividum  Greene,  PI.  Baker.  16.  1901.) — 
Wyoming  and  Colorado. 

3.  Apocynum  hypericifolium  Ait.  Hort.  Kew  1:  304.  1789.  Not  strongly 
differentiated  from  A.  cannabinum:  leaves  usually  broader,  with  rounded  or 
subcordate  base,  subsessile,  often  abruptly  apiculate. — New  Mexico  to  Mon- 
tana and  the  Great  Lakes. 


95.  ASCLEPIADACEAE  Lindl.    MILKWEED  FAMILY 

Mostly  herbs  with  milky  juice,  usually  opposite  leaves  without  stipules, 
and  regular  perfect  flowers  in  terminal  or  pseudo-axillary  or  sometimes  axil- 
lary cymes  (often  umbelliform) .  Calyx  free  from  the  ovary  or  nearly  so,  im- 
bricated in  the  bud.  Corolla  5-merous,  convolute,  or  often  nearly  valvate 
in  the  bud.  Stamens  5,  borne  on  the  tube  of  the  corolla  and  alternate  with 
its  lobes ;  anthers  surrounding  the  stigma ;  pollen  in  1  or  2  waxy  masses,  in 
ours  all  the  pollen  in  each  cell  in  one  mass  and  attached  to  the  stigmatic 
disk  by  the  glands  that  alternate  with  the  anthers.  A  crown  of  5  parts  or 
lobes  usually  present  between  the  corolla  and  the  mostly  monadelphous 
stamens,  and  adnate  either  to  the  one  or  the  other.  Ovary  of  2  cells  that 
become  several  to  many-seeded  follicles.  Seeds  almost  always  bearing  a 
long  and  soft  coma. 

Lobes  of  the  corolla  reflexed  at  anthesis. 

Leaves  alternate  or  opposite;  hoods  of  the  crown  crestless    .         .         .1.  Acerates. 

Leaves  mostly  opposite;  hoods  of  the  crown  each  with  an  incurved  horn     2.  Asclepias. 
Lobes  of  the  corolla  erect  at  anthesis;  leaves  alternate;  hoods  of  the 

crown  prominently  crested       ........     3.  Asclepiodora. 

1.  ACERATES  Ell.     GREEN  MILKWEED 

Perennial  herbs,  with  thick  leaves  and  green  or  purplish  flowers  in  short- 
peduncled  or  sessile  umbels.  Calyx  5-parted  or  5-divided,  the  segments  acute, 
glandular  within.  Corolla  deeply  5-cleft,  the  segments  valvate,  reflexed  in 
anthesis.  Crown-column  very  short;  crown  of  5  involute-concave  or  some- 
what pitcher-shaped  hoods,  neither  horned  nor  crested  within,  or  in  one  species 
having  a  small  interior  crest  and  usually  a  few  small  processes  at  the  base  of 
the  anther- wings,  forming  an  obscure  inner  crown.  Stigma  5-lobed. 

Leaves  numerous,  alternate-scattered;  auricles  of  the  hoods  conspicuous  1.  A.  auriculata. 
Leaves  in  part  opposite;  auricles  of  the  hoods  concealed  or  wanting. 

Hoods  entire      .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .  2.  A.  viridiflora. 

Hoods  trilobed 3.  A.  angustifolia. 

1.  Acerates  auriculata  Engelm.  Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  160.     1859.    Glabrous  up 
to  the  inflorescence;  stem  5-8  dm.  high,  slender:  leaves  linear-filiform,  with 
scabrous  margins:   umbels  several,   lateral:   column  below  the  hoods  very 
short;  hoods  oval  or  quadrate,  emarginately  or  sometimes  3-crenately  trun- 
cate, the  involute  margins  at  base  appendaged  with  a  pair  of  remarkably  large 
and  broad  auricles:  anther- wings  narrow  and  of  equal  breadth  from  top  to 
bottom. — Colorado  and  Kansas  to  Texas  and  New  Mexico. 

2.  Acerates  viridiflora  (Raf.)  Eaton,  Man.  Ed.  5.  90.     1829.     Tomentose- 
puberulent;  stem  2-5  dm.  high:  leaves  oval  or  oblong  and  obtuse  or  retuse, 
or  sometimes  narrower  and  acute:  umbels  2-5  or  sometimes  solitary,  dense, 
mostly  lateral  and  subsessile;  pedicels  little  over  twice  the  length  of  the  re- 
flexed  narrowly  oblong  lobes  of  the  greenish  corolla:  hoods  somewhat  fleshy, 


ASCLEPIADACEAE    (MILKWEED   FAMILY)  387 

with  small  auricles  at  base  much  involute  and  concealed,  alternated  by  as 
many  short  and  roundish  or  gland-like,  small  internal  teeth:  anther-wings 
semi-rhomboid  above,  with  a  much  longer  tapering  base. — From  Colorado  to 
the  Saskatchewan  and  eastward  across  the  continent. 

\2a.  Acerates  viridiflora  Ivesia  Brit.  Mem.  Torr.  Club  5:  265.  1894.  Leaves 
lanceolate  or  oblong-lanceolate,  5-12  cm.  long. — Same  range  and  often  with 
the  species. 

26.  Acerates  viridiflora  linearis  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  2:  90.  1878.  Leaves 
elongated-linear,  stems  low,  and  umbels  usually  solitary. — New  Mexico  to 
Canada. 

3.  Acerates  angustifolia  (Nutt.)  Dec.  in  DC.  Prodr.  8:  522.  1844.  Stem 
puberulent  but  foliage  glabrous,  slender,  3-5  dm.  high,  simple:  leaves  long 
and  narrowly  linear,  with  scabrous  and  more  or  less  revplute  margins  and  a 
strong  midrib;  the  upper  alternate  and  the  lower  opposite:  umbels  several, 
10-15-flowered;  flowers  greenish:  hoods  whitish,  erect,  equaling  the  anthers, 
conduplicate-concave,  the  base  of  each  inner  margin  appendaged  by  a  cuneate, 
erosely  truncate  lobe,  the  apex  2-lobed  and  the  narrow  internal  crest  exserted 
in  the  sinus  in  the  form  of  an  intermediate  tooth;  interior  crown  of  5  very 
small  2-lobed  processes  between  the  bases  of  the  anthers:  follicles  long- 
acuminate,  erect  on  the  ascending  pedicel.  Acerates  stenophylla  Decaisne. — 
From  Colorado  and  Nebraska  to  Texas. 

2.  ASCLEPIAS  L.     MILKWEED 

Herbs  with  erect  or  merely  spreading  stems,  opposite  or  sometimes  verticil- 
late  or  alternate  leaves,  and  terminal  and  lateral  umbellate  inflorescence. 
Calyx  5-parted,  commonly  bearing  some  minute  processes  at  the  base  within. 
Corolla  rotate,  5-parted,  dextrorsely  valvate-convolute  in  the  bud;  crown 
consisting  of  5  distinct  cucullate  or  hollowed,  nectariferous  appendages,  op- 
posite the  anthers,  that  are  involute  or  complicate  and  bearing  a  horn  or  crest- 
like  process  from  the  back  or  toward  the  base  within,  either  sessile  or  elevated 
on  a  column  which  is  shorter  than  the  anthers.  Anthers  tipped  with  an  in- 
flexed  or  sometimes  erect  membrane;  the  polliniferous  cells  lower  than  the 
stigma;  pollen  masses  suspended,  attached  in  pairs  to  the  glands  of  the 
stigmatic  ring. 

Corolla  and  crown  orange  or  bright  red. 

Leaves  nearly  all  alternate;  corolla  orange      .         .         .  1.  A.  tuberosa. 

Leaves  opposite;  corolla  red      . 2.  A.  incarnata. 

Corolla  greenish,  purplish,  yellowish,  or  white. 
Leaves  lanceolate  or  broader  (not  linear). 

Leaves  sessile,  very  broad  (suborbicular),  soon  glabrous. 

Horns  concealed;  leaves  obtuse  .         .         .         .  3.  A.  cryptoceras. 

Horns  exserted;  leaves  retuse     .         .         .         .         .  4.  A.  latifolia. 

Leaves  petioled,  lanceolate  or  broader,  canescent  or  tomen- 

tose,  or  in  No.  7  nearly  glabrous. 

Leaves  obtuse;  follicle  with  soft  spinose  processes     .         .       5.  A.  speciosa. 
Leaves  lanceolate   or  obovate;    follicle  without   spinose- 

processes. 
Leaves  obovate-retuse,  densely  tomentose-canescent       .       6.  A.  arenaria. 

Leaves  lanceolate,  glabrate 7.  A.  Hallii. 

Leaves  linear. 

Leaves  opposite     .          .         .         .         .         .         .         .  8.  A.  brachystephana. 

Leaves  verticillate  or  scattered. 

Plant  tall,  4-6  dm.  high;  leaves  verticillate. 

Hoods  entire  .         .         .         .         .         .         .  9.  A.  verticillata 

Hoods  dorsally  hastate-sagittate     .          .         .         .         .     10.  A.  galioides. 

Plant  low,  1-2  dm.  high;  leaves  crowded,  filiform-linear      .     11.  A.  pumila. 

1.  Asclepias  tuberosa  L.  Sp.  PI.  217.  1753.  Hirsute  or  roughish-pubescent, 
4-8  dm.  high,  very  leafy  to  the  top:  leaves  lanceolate-oblong  to  linear- 
lanceolate,  sessile  or  slightly  petioled:  umbels  several  and  mostly  cymose  at 
the  summit  of  the  stem:  hoods  narrowly  oblong,  erect,  deep  bright  orange, 
much  surpassing  the  anthers,  almost  as  long  as  the  purplish-  or  slightly 
greenish-orange,  oblong  corolla-lobes,  nearly  equaled  by  the  filiform-subulate 


388  ASCLEPIADACEAE    (MILKWEED   FAMILY) 

horn:  follicles  cinereous-pubescent. — From  southern  Colorado  and  Arizona  to 
Texas,  thence  eastward  to  Florida  and  Canada.  Known  commonly  as  BUTTER- 
FLY-WEED or  PLEURISY  ROOT. 

2.  Asclepias  incarnate  L.  1.  c.  215.     Stem  slender,  6-12  dm.  high,  leafy 
to  the  top:  leaves  acuminate,  8-15  cm.  long,  the  primary  nerves  not  wide- 
spreading:   umbels   usually  numerous,   many-flowered;   pedicels   pubescent: 
corolla  red  or  rose-purple,  rarely  white,  its  lobes  oblong,  about  4  mm.  long; 
horns  incurved,  longer  than  the  hoods,  obtuse,  pink  or  purplish:  anther-wings 
entire,  or  obscurely  notched  at  the  base:  fruiting  pedicels  erect  or  incurved; 
follicles  erect,  5-9  cm.  long,  sparingly  puberulent. — Within  our  range  and 
thence  far  eastward  and  southward. 

3.  Asclepias  cryptoceras  Wats.  King's  Rep.  283.     1871.     Glabrous;  stems 
decumbent,  2-3  dm.  long,  simple:  leaves  3-4  pairs,  rounded-ovate,  3-5  cm. 
long,  on  very  short  petioles:  umbels  axillary  and  terminal,  sessile,  few-flowered: 
corolla-lobes  ovate-lanceolate,  spreading,  greenish-yellow,  10mm.  long;  hoods 
of  the  crown  6  mm.  long,  equaling  the  disk,  purple,  ovate,  abruptly  pointed 
with  two  short  recurved  beaks;  horn  short,  incurved,  not  at  all  exserted:  fol- 
licles 3-5  cm.  long. — Western  Wyoming  to  Nevada  and  Oregon. 

4.  Asclepias   latifolia    (Torr.)  Raf.   Atl.  Journ.  146.     1832.      Puberulent 
when  young,  soon  green  and  glabrous:  leaves  about  5  pairs,  approximate,  very 
thick  and  large,  orbicular  or  broadly  oval,  often  emarginate  and  with  a  mucro, 
subcordate  at  base,  nearly  sessile,  copiously  transversely  veined:  umbels  2 
or  3,  all  or  mostly  lateral,  densely  many-flowered;  flowers  greenish:  column 
very  short  but  distinct;  hoods  barely  equaling  the  anthers,  broad,  with  a 
truncate  entire  summit,  which  is  equaled  by  the  upper  margin  of  the  falci- 
form triangular  crest,  the  apex  of  which  extends  into  a  short  subulate  horn 
partly  over  the  top  of  the  stigmatic  disk.    A.  Jamesii. — Plains  of  Colorado  to 
Arizona  and  Texas. 

5.  Asclepias  speciosa  Torr.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  2:  218.  1826.    Finely  canescent- 
tomentose:  leaves  subcordate-oval  to  oblong,  thickish:  pedicels  of  the  many- 
flowered  dense  umbel  and  the  calyx  densely  tomentose;  flowers  purplish, 
large:  corolla-lobes  ovate-oblong;  hoods  spreading,  the  dilated  body  and  its 
short  inflexed  horn  not  surpassing  the  anthers,  but  the  center  of  its  truncate 
summit  abruptly  produced  into  a  lanceolate-ligulate,  thrice  longer  termination; 
column  hardly  any:  wings  of  the  anthers  notched  and  obscurely  corniculate 
at  base. — From  Nebraska  and  Arkansas  westwaid  across  the  continent. 

6.  Asclepias  arenaria  Torr.  Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  162.     1859.     Lanuginous- 
tomentose,  in  age  glabrate;  stems  thickly  leaved:  leaves  smaller,  coriaceous 
when  old,  obovate  or  oval  and  retuse  or  the  lower  ovate,  with  rounded  or 
subcordate  base,  somewhat  undulate,  distinctly  petioled:  umbels  all  lateral, 
rather  densely  many-flowered:  corolla  greenish-white;  column  nearly  half  the 
length  of  the  anthers;  hoods  about  as  broad  as  high,  surpassing  the  anthers, 
truncate  at  base  and  summit,  the  latter  oblique  and  notched  on  each  side 
near  the  inner  angle,  which  forms  an  obtuse  tooth;  horn  with  included  ascend- 
ing portion  or  crest  broadly  semilunate,  as  high  as  the  hood;  the  abruptly  in- 
curved apex  subulate-beaked,  horizontally  exserted,  or  the  slender  termina- 
tion ascending. — On  sandbanks;  southeastern  Colorado  to  New  Mexico. 

7.  Asclepias  Hallii   Gray,   Proc.  Am.  Acad.   12:  69.  1876.     Puberulent- 
glabrate;  stem  stout:  leaves  thickish,  ovate-lanceolate  or  oblong-lanceolate, 
with  rounded  base  and  rather  acute  apex,  short-petioled,  the  stout  midrib 
and  straight  veins  prominent  underneath:  umbels  few  and  corymbose,  many- 
flowered,  on  peduncles  somewhat  longer  than  the  pedicels:  corolla  greenish- 
white  and  purplish;  hoods  elongated-oblong  in  outline,  entire,  hastately  2- 
gibbous  above  the  narrower  base,  a  little  surpassing  the  sickle-shaped  horn: 
anther-wings  unappendaged  at  base.      (A.  curvipes  A.  Nels.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot. 
Club  28:  229.  1901.) — Southern  Wyoming  and  Colorado. 

8.  Asclepias  brachystephana  Engelm.  Torr.  Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  163.     1859. 
Stems  2-3  dm.  high,  very  leafy,  cinereous-puberulent  or  tomentose  when 
young,  the  inflorescence  more  floccose-tomentose :   leaves  lanceolate  with  a 
broader  rounded  base  to  linear,  short-petioled,  very  much  surpassing  the 


CUSCUTACEAE    (DODDER   FAMILY)  389 

(3-8)  few-flowered  umbels:  flowers  lurid-purplish:  hoods  only  half  the  length 
of  the  anthers,  erect,  strongly  angulate-toothed  at  the  front;  the  tip  of  the 
erect  subulate  horn  exserted. — Dry  sandy  soil;  from  Wyoming  and  Colorado 
to  Arizona  and  Texas. 

9.  Asclepias  verticillata  L.  1.  c.  217.     Stems  3-6  dm.  high,  slender,  very 
leafy:  leaves  mostly  in  whorls  of  3-6,  or  some  scattered,  filiform-linear,  with 
revolute   margins:   umbels  numerous,   small,   many-flowered,    on   peduncles 
longer  than  the  pedicels:  corolla  greenish-white;  hoods  white,  broadly  ovate 
and  entire,   with  somewhat  auriculate  involute  base,   barely  equaling  the 
anthers,  much  shorter  than  their  elongated-subulate,  falcate-incurved  horn. — 
In  dry  soil;  from  New  Mexico  and  Colorado  to  Nebraska,  and  eastward  across 
the  continent. 

10.  Asclepias  galioides  H.B.K.  Nov.  Gen.  &  Sp.  3:  148.  1815.     Glabrous, 
except  the  minutely  pubescent  stems  and  pedicels;  stems  erect,  3-5  dm.  high 
from  a  horizontal  rootstock:  leaves  erect  or  spreading,  in  whorls  of  2-6,  nar- 
rowly linear,  5-8  cm.  long,  the  margins  revolute:  peduncles  longer  than  the 
pedicels  and  shorter  than  the  leaves;  umbels  19-26  mm.  in  diameter;  flowers 
greenish-white:  corolla-segments  4  mm.  long;  hoods  as  high  as  the  anthers, 
broadly  rounded  at  the  summit,  dorsally  hastate-sagittate,  the  ventral  mar- 
gins slightly  involute,  entire;  horn  arising  from  the  base  of  the  hood,  long- 
exserted  over  the  anthers:  anther- wings  minutely  notched  at  the  base:  folli- 
cles erect  on  erect  fruiting  pedicels,  attenuated,  5-7  cm.  long,  glabrous  or 
nearly  so. — Kansas  to  Colorado,  Arizona,  and  Mexico. 

11.  Asclepias  pumila  (Gray)  Vail,  in  Brit,  and  Br.  Fl.  3:  12.  1898.     Stems 
4-25  cm.  high,  tufted,  from  a  woody  root:  leaves  numerous,  crowded,  some- 
times obscurely  whorled,  filiform-linear,  2.5-5  cm.  long,  smooth  or  minutely 
roughened,  the  margins  revolute:  umbels  2-several,  short-peduncled,  few- 
flowered;  pedicels  filiform,  puberulent,  6-9  mm.  long:  corolla  greenish-white, 
its  segments  oblong,  3-4  mm.  long;  hoods  white,  erect,  oblong,  entire,  equal- 
ing the  anthers,  shorter  than  the  slender  incurved  horn:  follicles  erect,  on 
erect  fruiting  pedicels,  narrowly  spindle-shaped,  3-5  cm.  long,  finely  puberu- 
lent.— Dry  plains;  South  Dakota  and  Wyoming  to  Arkansas  and  New  Mexico. 

3.  ASCLEPIODORA  Gray 

Low  and  stout  perennial  herb,  often  decumbent.  Flowers  large.  Corolla- 
lobes  ovate,  greenish.  Follicles  usually  bearing  some  scattered,  soft-spinulose 
projections,  on  recurved  or  sigmoid  pedicels.  Distinguished  from  Asclepias 
by  the  hood  bearing  a  crest  instead  of  a  horn. 

1.  Asclepiodora  decumbens  (Nutt.)  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  12:  66.  1876. 
Scabrous-puberulent :  leaves  lanceolate  to  linear,  tapering  to  the  apex:  umbels 
solitary:  corolla  depressed-globular  in  bud,  hardly  twice  the  length  of  the 
yellowish  or  dark  purplish  hoods,  which  overtop  the  somewhat  depressed 
anther-column:  anther- wings  salient,  especially  at  the  broader  and  strongly 
angulate  upper  portion;  pollinia  pear-shaped,  short-caudicled. — From  Utah 
through  Colorado  and  New  Mexico  to  Texas  and  Arkansas. 

96.  CUSCUTACEAE  Dumort.     DODDER  FAMILY 

Parasitic  plants  with  slender,  thread-like,  yellowish  or  reddish  stems  which 
twine  dextrorsely  about  the  vegetative  organs  of  the  host  plant  and  invade 
its  tissues  by  means  of  suckers.  Leaves  and  bracts  reduced  to  small  scales 
of  the  same  color  as  the  stems.  Flowers  small,  cymose-clustered,  mostly 
white,  5  (rarely  4)-merous.  Calyx  cleft  or  parted.  Corolla  globular,  urn-shaped, 
bell-shaped,  or  somewhat  tubular.  Stamens  inserted  in  the  throat  of  the 
corolla  above  as  many  scale-like  crenulate  or  lacerate  appendages.  Ovary 


390  CUSCUTACEAE    (DODDER   FAMILY) 

globular,  2-celled,  4-ovuled;  styles  distinct  or  rarely  united;  the  stigmas  glo- 
bose or  filiform.  Embryo  thread-shaped,  spirally  coiled,  destitute  of  cotyle- 
dons. 

CUSCUTA  L.     DODDER 

Characters  of  the  family.  Seeds  large,  globular  or  angular  by  mutual 
pressure.  Germinating  in  the  soil  but  scarcely  rooting;  the  root  and  basal 
portion  perishing  as  soon  as  the  parasite  has  attached  itself  to  the  host. 

Corolla  scales  crenate;  stigmas  filiform;  capsule  circumscissile. 

Corolla  surpassing  the  calyx  .         .         .         .         .         .  1.  C.  gracilis. 


Corolla  scarcely  equaling  the  calyx 


Corolla  scales  fringed;  stigmas  peltate-capitate;  capsule  indehiscent 
Calyx  of  5  distinct  sepals,  subtended  by  sepal-like  bracts. 


Bracts  few,  appressed,  entire 

Bracts  many  (8-15),  recurved,  serrulate 


2.  C.  Anthemi. 


3.  C.  cuspidata. 

4.  C.  paradoxa. 


Calyx  gamosepalous. 

Ovary  and  capsule  depressed-globose. 
Corolla  persistent  at  base  of  capsule. 
Flowers  sessile,  in  globular  clusters. 

Scales  large,  deeply  fringed 5.  C.  arvensis. 

Scales  small  and  bifid,  or  even  abortive    .         .         .  6.  C.  Polygonprum. 

Flowers  pediceled,  in  cymose  panicles         .         ...  7.  C.  plattensis. 

Corolla  persistent,  capping  the  capsule    .         .         .         .  8.  C.  Cephalanthi. 

Ovary  and  capsule  pointed. 

Corolla  persistent,  inclosing  the  capsule         .         .         .         .       9.  C.  indecora. 

Corolla  persistent,  capping  the  capsule. 

Scales  obsolete  or  nearly  so         ......     10.  C.  Coryli. 

Scales  2-lobed,  fringed  in  the  sinus  .         .         .  11.  C.  megalocarpa. 

Corolla  scales  fringed,  exceeding  the  tube;  capsule  circumscissile        .     12.  C.  umbellata. 

1.  Cuscuta  gracilis  Rydb.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  28:  501.  1902.     Stems 
filiform:   flowers  in  dense   globular  clusters:   calyx   gamosepalous  but  cleft 
to  near  the  base,  lobes  ovate:  corolla  urceolate,  less  than  2  mm.  high;  lobes 
ovate,  widely  spreading,  acute,  delicate,  about  1  mm.  long;  scales  ovate, 
crenate,  almost  half  as  long  as  the  corolla-tube:  filaments  subulate,  about 
twice  as  long  as  the  anthers:   styles  distinct,  equal,  about  as  long  as  and 
somewhat  thicker  than  the  red,  filiform,  curved  stigmas:  capsule  about  2  mm. 
high,  acute-globose,  circumscissile  near  the  base:  seeds  about  1  mm.  long. 
— On  Compositae,  Medicago,  etc.;  Wyoming. 

2.  Cuscuta  Anthemi  A.  Nels.    Stems  delicately  slender-filamentous,  only 
2  or  3  dm.  long:  flowers  sessile  in  capitate,  few-flowered  clusters  about  5  mm. 
in  diameter:  calyx-lobes  broadly  ovate,  acute,  united  below  the  middle,  some- 
what imbricated,  equaling  or  at  first  surpassing  the  corolla:  corolla  less  than 
2  mm.  long;  the  lobes  ovate,  acute,  equaling  or  longer  than  the  broadly  cam- 
panulate  tube;  scales  oval,  fringed  around  the  summit  with  short  processes: 
filaments  aboul  as  long  as  the  anthers:  capsule  globose,  about  1  mm.  in  diam- 
eter: stigmas  linear,  purple,  as  long  as  the  distinct  equal  styles;  stigma  and 
style  together  1  mm.  long:  ovules  4,  usually  but  one  maturing. — On  Artemisia 
gnaphalodes;  Wyoming. 

3.  Cuscuta    cuspidata    Engelm.    Bost.    Journ.   Nat.  Hist.   5:  224.   1845. 
Stems  slender:  flowers  in  loose  panicles,  3-5  mm.  long,  thin,  membranous 
when   dry:   sepals   5,    ovate-orbicular,    subtended   by   some   similar  bracts: 
corolla-lobes  shorter  than  the  tube,  cuspidate  or  mucronate,  spreading;  scales 
narrow,  about  half  as  long  as  the  tube,  deeply  and  irregularly  fringed:  styles 
many  times  longer  than  the  ovary,  at  length  exserted:  capsule  topped  by  the 
withered  corolla. — On  various  coarse  herbs,  as  Ambrosia,  Iva,  many  Legum- 
inosae,  etc.;  eastern  part  of  our  range. 

4.  Cuscuta  paradoxa  Raf.  Ann.  Nat.  13.     1820.     Stems  coarse,  orange- 
colored,  soon  withering  away,  leaving  dense  flower-clusters  encircling  in  rope- 
like  masses  the  stems  of  the  host:  sepals  recurved-spreading,  nearly  equaling 
the  upwardly  widening  corolla-tube;  the  subtending  bracts  8-15,  serrulate- 
tipped  as  are  also  the  sepals:  scales  copiously  long-fringed  at  the  summit, 
sparingly  on  the  sides.     C.  glomerata  Choisy. — Scarcely  within  our  range; 
eastward,  on  tall  herbs,  as  Compositae,  etc. 


CUSCUTACEAE  (DODDER  FAMILY)  391 

5.  Cuscuta  arvensis  Beyrich,  Hook.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  2:  77.  1834.     Stems 
pale  and  slender,  low;   flowers  sessile  or  nearly  so,  small,  about  2  mm.  long: 
calyx-lobes  obtuse,  broad:  corolla-lobes  acuminate,   longer  than  the  tube, 
the  tips  inflexed ;   scales  large,  deeply  fringed  all  around  with  irregular  fila- 
ments: ovary  and  capsule  depressed-globose,  its  base  encircled  by  the  wither- 
ing corolla :  styles  not  longer  than  the  capsule. — Not  frequent ;  various  low  plants 
as  hosts;  from  our  range  to  the  Atlantic  States. 

6.  Cuscuta  Polygonorum  Engelm.  Am.  Journ.  Sci.  43:  342.  1842.    Stems 
coarse,   orange-yellow:   flowers  crowded,   sessile:   calyx  4-5-lobed;  its  lobes 
ovate-acute:  corolla-lobes  triangular-ovate,  as  long  or  longer  than  the  tube; 
scales  reduced,  2-cleft,  or  often  nearly  wanting:  capsule  depressed-globose, 
the   withering   corolla   persistent   at   its   base. — On  Polygonum   and  other 
herbs. 

7.  Cuscuta  plattensis  A.  Nels.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  26:  131.  1899.     Stems 
yellowish-green,  moderately  slender:  flowers  in  either  loose  or  dense  panicu- 
late cymes,  short-pediceled :  calyx-lobes  obtuse,  suborbicular,  somewhat  ex- 
ceeding 1  mm.  in  length,  the  tube  very  short:  corolla  marcescent  at  the  base 
of  the  capsule;  the  lobes  short-ovate,  obtuse,  about  half  the  length  of  the 
broadly  campanulate  tube;  tube  about  2  mm.  long;  scales  shorter  than  the 
tube,  broadest  at  the  truncate  fringed  summit:  styles  distinct,  but  slightly 
unequal,  scarcely  more  than  1  mm.  in  length  and  not  more  than  one  fourth 
the  length  of  the  mature  capsule:   capsule  subglobose,  5  mm.  in  diameter. 
— On  Grindelia,  Solidago,  and  Helianthus;  Wyoming. 

8.  Cuscuta  Cephalanthi  Engelm.  Am.  Journ.  Sci.  43:  336.  1842.     Stems 
coarse  and  yellow,  mostly  high-climbing:  flowers  in  paniculate,  often  com- 
pound cymes,  very  small,  about  1.5  mm.  long,  on  short  thick  pedicels,  often 
4-merous :  calyx-lobes  obtuse :  corolla  cylindric-campanulate ;  the  lobes  obtuse, 
half  as  long  as  the  tube ;  scales  shorter  than  the  tube,  irregularly  fringed  around 
the  summit:  capsule  depressed-globose;  styles  slender,  as  long  as  the  ovary, 
the  marcescent  corolla  capping  the  large  capsule. — On  tall  herbs  and  shrubs. 

9.  Cuscuta  indecora  Choisy,  Mem.  Soc.  Gen.  9:  278.  1842.    Stems  coarse: 
flowers  3  mm.  long,  cymose,   rather  long-pediceled :   calyx-lobes   5,   ovate- 
lanceolate,  acute:  corolla  campanulate;  the  lobes  subcrenate,  triangular,  as 
long  as  the  tube,  spreading  but  with  inflexed  tips;  scales  ovate,  irregularly 
fringed  all  around:  capsule  oblong,  acute. — On  low  herbs  and  shrubs;  fre- 
quent on  alfalfa. 

10.  Cuscuta  Coryli  Engelm.  Am.  Journ.  Sci.  43:  337.  1842.    Stems  coarse: 
flowers  about  2  mm.  long,  in  cymes,  on  pedicels  of  variable  length:  calyx 
4-5-lobed;  the  lobes  triangular-acute,  as  long  as  the  corolla-tube:  corolla 
campanulate;  the  lobes  crenulate,  acute,  about  as  long  as  the  tube,  the  tips 
inflexed;  scales  small,  oval,  fringed  on  the  sides  sparingly  or  not  at  all:  cap- 
sule pointed,  longer  than  the  styles,  covered  or  capped  by  the  withered  corolla. 
— On  hazels  and  other  shrubs. 

11.  Cuscuta  megalocarpa  Rydb.    Bull.   Torr.   Bot.   Club   28:  501.  1901. 
Stem  stout,   usually  over   1   mm.   in  diameter:  flowers  in  dense    globular 
clusters;  pedicels  very  short,  at  most  2  mm.  long:  calyx  gamosepalous,  lobes 
rounded,  scarcely  1  mm.  long:  corolla  about  3  mm.  high  and  broad;  lobes 
broadly  triangular,  acutish,  about  1  mm.  long,  with  incurved  tip;  fringed 
scales  attached  near  the  bottom,  deeply  2-lobed,  and  fringed  only  in  the  open 
sinuses:  stamens  about  as  long  as  the  lobes  of  the  corolla;  filaments  subulate, 
about  twice  as  long  as  the  rounded  anthers:  style  distinct,  short;  stigmas 
capitate:  capsule  5-6  mm.  in  diameter,  acute- globose,  about  4-seeded. — On 
willows  and  other  shrubs;  Colorado  and  Wyoming. 

12.  Cuscuta  umbellata  H.B.K.  Nov.  Gen.  &  Sp.  3:  121.  1815.    Stems  low 
and  capillary:  flowers  3-4  mm.  long,  few  together  in  umbel-like  clusters, 
usually  shorter  than  their  pedicels:  acute  calyx-lobes  and  lanceolate-subulate 
lobes  of  the  corolla  longer  than  its  shallow  tube:  scales  deeply  fringed  and 
exceeding  the  tube:  capsule  more  or  less  regularly  circumscissile,   usually 
capped  by  the  remains  of  the  corolla. — Dry  places,  on  low  herbs  (Portulaca, 
etc.) ;  Colorado  and  southward. 


392  CONVOLVULACEAE    (MORNING-GLORY   FAMILY) 

97.  CONVOLVULACEAE  Vent.    MORNING-GLORY  FAMILY 

Herbs,  chiefly  trailing  or  twining  vines,  with  alternate,  exstipulate  leaves 
and  regular  5-androus  flowers.  Calyx-lobes  or  sepals  imbricated.  Corolla 
sympetalous,  the  limb  angled  or  plaited,  5-lobed  or  nearly  entire,  convolute 
in  bud.  Stamens  inserted  on  corolla-tube.  Ovary  2-3-celled  with  2  ovules 
in  each  cell,  the  cells  sometimes  doubled  by  a  false  partition,  entire,  with  ter- 
minal style,  or  2-3-divided  with  1-3  styles  from  between  the  lobes.  Fruit  a 
capsule. 

Styles  2  and  2-cleft 1.  Evolvulus. 

Style  1. 

Stigmas  1-3,  small,  capitate       .  2.  Ipomoea. 

Stigmas  2,  linear  to  oblong .3.  Convolvulus. 

1.  EVOLVULUS  L. 

Hairy  or  silky-pubescent  herbs,  with  erect  or  diffuse  or  prostrate  (never 
twining)  stems,  small  leaves,  and  small  axillary  flowers.  Calyx  of  nearly  equal 
segments.  Corolla  small,  purple  or  blue,  rotate,  campanulate,  or  funnelform, 
solitary  or  on  few-flowered  peduncles.  Styles  2,  distinct  or  sometimes  united 
below,  each  2-cleft;  stigmas  linear-filiform  or  somewhat  clavate.  Capsule 
2-4-valved,  1-4-seeded. 

1.  Evolvulus  pilosus  Nutt.  Gen.  1:  174.  1818.  Whole  plant  densely 
silky-villous,  silvery  or  becoming  fulvous;  stems  numerous  from  a  lignescent- 
base,  erect  or  ascending,  1-2  dm.  high,  very  leafy:  leaves  spatulate  and  ob- 
tuse to  linear-lanceolate  and  acute,  7-15  mm.  long:  flowers  solitary  on  short, 
2-bracted  peduncles:  sepals  acute:  corolla  short,  funnelform-campanulate. 
E.  argenteus  Pursh. 

2.  IPOMOEA  L.    MORNING-GLORY 

Twining,  trailing,  or  erect  annual  or  perennial  herbs,  mostly  with  large 
showy  flowers.  Sepals  usually  unequal.  Corolla  funnelform  to  trumpet- 
shaped,  plicate  and  generally  convolute;  the  limb  from  entire  to  lobed.  Sta- 
mens included.  Style  slender,  with  capitate  stigma.  Capsule  globular,  2-4- 
celled,  4-6-ovuled. 

Perennials;  ovary  2-celled. 

Trailing;  leaves  cordate 1.  I.  pandurata. 

Erect;   leaves   linear  .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .2.  I.  leptophylla. 

Annuals;  ovary  3-celled. 

Leaves  entire,  cordate         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .3.  I.  purpurea. 

Leaves  more  or  less  lobed. 

Corolla  violet-purple,  2-3  cm.  long 4.  I.  mexicana. 

Corolla  light  blue,  4-5  cm.  long 5.  I.  hederacea. 

1.  Ipomoea  pandurata  (L.)  Meyer,  Prin,  Fl.  Esseq.  100.     1818.     Nearly 
glabrous;  stems  trailing  or  scrambling,  1  m.  or  more  long;  root  very  long  and 
large:  leaves  mostly  entire,  cordate  or  some  of  them  angulate  or  lobed,  4-8  cm. 
long:  sepals  oblong:  corolla  funnelform,  with  broad  limb,  5-7  cm.  long,  white 
with  purple  throat:   seeds  woolly  on  the  angles.     WILD  POTATO  VINE. — 
Scarcely  within  our  range;  southeastward. 

2.  Ipomoea  leptophylla  Torr.  Frem.  Rep.  95.  1845;  Emory  Rep.  148.  pi. 
11.  1848.     Wholly  glabrous;  stems  erect  or  diffuse,  6-12  dm.  high,  several 
from  an  enormous  root:  leaves  linear,  5-10  cm.  long,  4-6  mm.  broad,  short- 
petioled,  acute:  sepals  ovate,  obtuse,  the  outer  ones  shorter:  corolla  funnelform, 
pink  to  purple,  6-8  cm.  long,  the  limb  nearly  entire:  capsule  ovoid,  acute; 


CONVOLVULACEAE    (MORNING-GLORY   FAMILY)  393 

seeds  rusty-pubescent.    BUSH  MORNING-GLORY. — On  dry  banks;  through  east- 
ern Wyoming  and  Colorado. 

3.  Ipomoea  purpurea  (L.)  Roth.  Bot.  Abh.  27.     1787.     An  annual  with 
long,  slender,  twining  stems:  leaves  cordate,  entire:  peduncles  5-15  cm.  long, 
bearing  1-5  umbellately  clustered  flowers;  the  pedicels  thickened  and  refracted 
in  fruit:  sepals  lanceolate,  somewhat  hirsute,  10-12  mm.  long:  corolla  about 
5  cm.  long,  purple  to  white  and  of  ten  variegated :  capsule  depressed-globose. 
The  common  MORNING-GLORY. — Sparingly  escaped  from  cultivation. 

4.  Ipomoea  mexicana   Gray,   Syn.   Fl.   2:  210.  1878.     A  slender  annual 
with  angulate,  3-lobed  leaves  or  some  entire;  the  later  ones  deeply-lobed,  the 
lobes  ovate-lanceolate,  often  cordate  at  base:  peduncles  slender,  1-3-flowered; 
the  pedicels  as  long  as  the  lanceolate  sepals:  sepals  hispid  or  lightly  hirsute, 
about   12   mm.   long:   corolla   violet-purple,   rarely  3   cm.   long. — Probably 
within  our  range  on  the  south. 

5.  Ipomoea  hederacea  Jacq.  Ic.  Rar.  pi.  36.     1781.     Stem  slender,  6-15  dm. 
long,  retrorsely   hairy:    leaves    deeply  3-lobed;    the   lobes   ovate   to  ovate- 
lanceolate,  and  the  middle  one  narrowed  at  base,  the  lateral  ones  often  repand- 
lobed:  peduncles  short,  1-3-flowered,  pedicels  wanting  or  nearly  so:  sepals 
linear-attenuate  from  a  dilated  and  densely  long-villous-hirsute  base,  2-3  cm. 
long,  at  length  recurved:  corolla  sky-blue,  with  whitish  tube,  4-5  cm.  long: 
capsule  depressed-globose.    IVY-LEAVED  MORNING-GLORY. — Introduced  from 
tropical  America. 

3.  CONVOLVULUS  L.     BINDWEED 

Ours  slender  twining  or  trailing  perennial  herbs,  generally  with  cordate 
or  sagittate-petioled  leaves  and  large  axillary  flowers.     Sepals  equal  or  un- 
equal, often  a  pair  of  bracts  at  their  base.    Corolla  campanulate  to  funnelform, 
glicate;  the  limb  entire  or  lobed.     Stamens  inserted  on  the  tube,  included, 
tigmas  2,  filiform  or  oblong.    Capsule  globose,  2-4-valved,  usually  2-celled. 

Calyx  subtended  and  inclosed  by  2  bracts. 

Leaves  hastate,  glabrate          .         .         .     ."_  ^    ,.••,.;  f,  •      ....       .         .  1.  C.  sepiuna. 

Leaves  oblong-cordate,  pubescent  .         .         .         .         .         .         .  2.  C.  repens. 

Calyx  not  subtended  by  bracts. 

Leaves  broad,  entire,  glabrous 3.  C.  arvensis. 

Leaves  narrow,  lobed  at  base,  canescent          .         .         .         .         .         .  4.  C.  incanus. 

1.  Convolvulus  sepium  L.  Sp.  PI.  153.     1753.    Glabrous  or  slightly  pubes- 
cent, freely  twining:  leaves  slender-petioled,  deltoid-hastate,  5-12  cm.  long, 
acute  or  acuminate,  the  basal-lobes  acute,  divergent,  entire  or  angulate  toothed: 
peduncles  elongated,  1 -flowered;  bracts  cordate-ovate:  corolla  broadly  funnel- 
form,  pink  or  white:  stigmas  oblong.      HEDGE   BINDWEED. — Introduced  in 
many  localities. 

2.  Convolvulus  repens  L.  Sp.  PI.  153.     1753.     Pubescent  or  tomentose; 
stems  prostrate-trailing:  leaves  oblong,  with  sagittate  or  cordate  base,  the 
lobes  entire,  obtuse  or  rounded:  flowers  much  as  in  the  preceding;  corolla 
usually  white.    TRAILING  BINDWEED. — Frequent  in  fields. 

3.  Convolvulus  arvenis  L.  Sp.  PI.  153.     1753.     Nearly  glabrous,  the  twining 
stems  very  slender,  4  dm.  or  more  long:  leaves  oblong-sagittate  or  somewhat 
hastate,  3-5  cm.  long,  the  basal-lobes  short,  acute:  bracts  at  base  of  pedicel 
small  and  subulate:  corolla  white  or  tinged  with  rose,  2-3  cm.  long:  stigmas 
filiform. — Sparingly  as  an  introduced  weed. 

4.  Convolvulus   incanus   Vahl.   Symb.   3:  23.  1794.     Canescent   with   a 
short  and  close  silky-pubescence;  stems  filiform,  3-10  dm.  long,  mainly  pro- 
cumbent: leaves  short-petioled,  polymorphous;  some  simply  lanceolate-  or 
linear-sagittate  or  hastate,  obtuse  and  mucronate,  entire,  and  with  the  nar- 
row elongated  basal  lobes  entire  or  2-3-toothed;  usually  variously  cleft  or 
parted  at  base,  the  lobes  divergent  or  reflexed:  peduncles  equaling  the  leaf, 
1-2-flowered:  corolla  white  or  tinged  with  rose,  the  angles  salient-acuminate, 
10-14  mm.  long. — Throughout  the  eastern  part  of  our  range  to  Texas, 


394 


POLEMONIACEAE    (PHLOX   FAMILY) 


98.  POLEMONIACEAE  Vent.    PHLOX  FAMILY 

Herbs  with  alternate  or  opposite  leaves  and  regular  5-merous  flowers. 
Calyx  persistent,  imbricated.  Corolla  convolute  in  the  bud.  Stamens  either 
equally  or  unequally  inserted.  Ovary  3-celled,  with  3-lobed  style.  Pod  3- 
celled,  3-ovuled,  loculicidal,  few-many-seeded.  Seed  coat  frequently  muci- 
laginous when  moistened  and  emitting  spiral  threads. 

Leaves  simple  and  entire,  often  crowded  or  imbricated. 

Perennials  with  opposite  leaves    .         .         .         .         .         .         .  1 .  Phlox. 

Perennials  with  alternate  leaves,  or  if  annuals  the  leaves  either  oppo- 
site or  alternate. 

Stem  leafless  except  for  the  pair  of  cotyledons;  plants  very  small       .     2.  Gymnosteris. 
Stems  leafy. 

Calyx  not  ruptured  by  the  maturing  capsule;    stamens  unequally 

inserted;  ovules  solitary          .......     3.  Collomia. 

Calyx  at    length  ruptured    by    the    maturing    capsule;    stamens 

equally  inserted;  ovules  more  than  1  in  each  cell    .         .         .4.  Gilia. 
Leaves  pinnate  or  pinnatifid. 

Leaves  and  calyx-teeth  spinulose-tipped      ......     5.  Navarretia. 

Leaves  and  calyx-teeth  herbaceous      .......     6.  Polemonium. 


1.  PHLOX  L.     PHLOX  * 

Perennials  (except  a  few  southern  species,  such  as  P.  Drummondii  of  the 
gardens),  with  opposite  and  sessile,  perfectly  entire  leaves,  the  floral  often 
alternate.  Flowers  cymose,  mostly  bracted;  the  open  clusters  terminal  or 
crowded  in  the  upper  axils.  Calyx  narrow,  somewhat  prismatic,  or  plaited 
and  angled.  Corolla  salverform,  with  a  long  tube.  Stamens  very  unequally 
inserted  in  the  tube  of  the  corolla,  included.  Capsule  ovoid,  with  sometimes 
2  ovules,  but  ripening  only  a  single  seed  in  each  cell.  Our  Rocky  Mountain 
forms  are  somewhat  suffrutescent,  chiefly  with  narrow  or  minute  and  thickish- 
margined  leaves,  and  branches  or  peduncles  mostly  1-flowered. 

Pulvinate  or  caespitose. 

Flowers  solitary,  the  annual  growth  1-flowered. 
Leaves  beset  with  woolly,  cobwebby  hairs. 

Densely  arachnoid-lanate;  leaves  scale-like,  imbricated. 

Leaves  4-ranked;  corolla-tube  much  longer  than  the  calyx     . 

Leaves  not  4-ranked;  corolla-tube  not  longer  than  the  calyx 

Sparsely  arachnoid-lanate  or  glabrate;   leaves  subulate,  often 

bisulcate. 
Corolla-tube  much  longer  than  the  calyx      .... 

Corolla-tube  but  little  if  any  longer  than  the  calyx. 

Leaves  sparsely  lanate       ....... 

Leaves  green  and  glabrate       ...... 

Leaves  not  beset  with  woolly  cobwebby  hairs. 

Leaves  hispid-ciliate  and  often  glandular-pubescent. 
Leaves  not  thickened-cartilaginous  on  the  margins. 

Leaves  bisulcate,  oblong-linear  ..... 

Leaves  plane,  lance-linear  ...... 

Leaves  thickened-cartilaginous  on  the  margins 
Leaves  glabrous,  only  the  inflorescense  pubescent,  or  the  whole 

plant  glabrate. 
Leaves  plane;  flowers  pedunculate         ..... 

Leaves  involute;  flowers  subsessile          ..... 

Flowers  not  solitary,  the  annual  stems  2-several-flowered. 

Stems  from  a  rhizome,  erect;  leaves  bisulcate     .... 

Stems  caespitose-spreading;  leaves  plane      ..... 

Scarcely  tufted,  suffrutescent  or  nearly  herbaceous. 
Glabrate  or  puberulent,  not  glandular. 

Stems  few,  slender,  1-3  dm.  high    ....... 

Stems  numerous,  less  than  1  dm.  high     ...... 

Pubescent  and  glandular. 

Corolla-tube  more  than  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx. 

Pubescence  minute    ......... 

Pubescence  coarse 

Corolla-tube  less  than  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx     .... 


1.  P.  bryoides. 

2.  P.  muscoides. 


3.  P.  canescens. 

4.  P.  Hoodii. 

5.  P.  glabrata. 


6.  P.  condensata. 

7.  P.  caespitosa. 

8.  P.  alyssifolia. 


9.  P.  multiflora. 

10.  P.  depressa. 

11.  P.  andicola. 

12.  P.  Kelseyi. 


13.  P.  longifolia. 

14.  P.  cernua. 


15.  P.  puberula. 

16.  P.  Stansburyi. 

17.  P.  nana. 


*  The  treatment  of  this  genus  is  adapted-from  Elias  Nelson's  excellent  "  Revision  of 
Western  North  American  Phloxes,"  Ninth  Rep.  Wyo.  Agr'l  College,  1899, 


POLEMONIACEAE    (PHLOX   FAMILY)  395 

1.  Phlox  bryoides  Nutt.  Pl^Gamb.  153.  1848.    Copiously  lanate,  densely 
caespitose  and  depressed,  forming  cushion-like  mats:  leaves  short,  imbricated 
in  4  strict  ranks,  crowded  up  to  the  mostly  solitary  flowers,  ovate  or  triangular- 
lanceolate,  about  3-4  mm.  long,  the  margins  usually  inflexed:  tube  of  the 
corolla  exceeding  the  calyx,  the  cuneate  lobes  about  3  mm.  long. — Stony  slopes 
and  ridges  at  middle  elevations;  Colorado  to  Montana  and  west  to  Utah. 

2.  Phlox  muscoides  Nutt.  Journ.  Acad.  Phila.  8:  42.  1834.    Like  the  pre- 
ceding, more  resembling  some  canescent  moss:  the  branches  much  tufted, 
very  short:  leaves  less  strictly  4-ranked  and' less  lanate,  ovate-lanceolate:  tube 
of  the  corolla  not  surpassing  the  calyx. — Rare;  Montana. 

3.  Phlox  canescens  T.  &  G.  Pacif.  R.  R.  Rep.  2:  122.  1855.    Densely  caespi- 
tose, lanate  and  somewhat  canescent,  at  least  when  young :  leaves  subulate,  pun- 
gent, somewhat  granular-roughened,  at  length  recurved-spreading,  6-10  mm. 
long:  corolla  white  (tube  "yellow  "),  somewhat  hairy  at  base  within,  twice  the 
length  of  the  calyx  or  nearly  so,  the  lobes  broadly  obovate  to'rotund,  usually 
entire,  about  5  mm.  long:  style  less  than  half  the  length  of  the  corolla-tube. — 
Western  Colorado  to  California. 

4.  Phlox  Hoodii  Rich.  Frankl.  Journ.  App.  pi.  28.  1823.    Densely  tufted 
and  much  branched  from  a  somewhat  woody  root,  sparsely  lanate:  leaves 
subulate,  apiculate,  with  broader  clasping  bases,  4-10  mm.  long:  calyx  5-7  mm. 
long,  the  teeth  like  the  leaves,  the  thickened  central  portion  of  the  teeth 
produced  into  strong  ribs  on  the  tube  below:  corolla  white,  the  tube  equaling 
or  somewhat  exceeding  the  calyx,  the  lobes  obovate,  entire  or  mucronate, 
about  5  mm.  long. — Flowering  early  in  the  spring  on  the  plains  and  foothills; 
from  Saskatchewan  to  Montana  and  Wyoming. 

5.  Phlox  glabrata  (E.  Nels.)  Brand,  Pflanzenreich,  Polem.  86.  1907.     De- 
pressed-caespitose;  stems  very  numerous  from  the  small,  ligneous,  branched, 
rhizomatous  caudex,  ascending,  the  internodes  very  short:  leaves  glabrate, 
densely  imbricated-appressed,  nearly  linear,  5-6  mm.  long:  flowers  solitary, 
sessile:  calyx  subglabrous,  the  lobes  shorter  than  the  tube:  corolla  8-10  mm. 
long,  the  tube  scarcely  longer  than  the  calyx,  the  lobe's  broadly  ovate,  not 
much  shorter  than  the  tube:  stamens  inserted  in  the  throat:  style  as  long  as 
the  calyx.     (P.  Hoodii  glabrata  E.  Nels.  Rev.  W.  N.  A.  Phloxes  11.)— On  the 
high  plains  of  southern  Wyoming. 

6.  Phlox  condensata  (Gray)  E.  Nels.  Rev.  W.  N.  A.  Phloxes  13.  1899. 
Densely  pulvinate-tufted :  leaves  much  imbricated,  rigid,  oblong-linear,  apicu- 
late, distinctly  bisulcate,  hispid-ciliate  on  the  margins  and  slightly  glandular, 
5-6  mm.  long:  calyx  as  long  as  the  leaves,  the  teeth  oblong-linear,  apiculate: 
corolla  white,  the  tube  twice  the  length  of  the  calyx  or  less,  somewhat  hairy 
at  the  base  within,  the  lobes  rotund,  4.5  mm.  long:  style  shorter  than  the  ca- 
lyx.   (P.  scleranthifoliaRydb.  Mem.  N.  Y.  Bot.  Gard.  1:  313.  1900,  at  least 
as  to  Colorado  specimens.) — At  high  altitudes  in  Colorado. 

7.  Phlox  caespitosa  Nutt.  1.  c.  41.    Densely  or  somewhat  loosely  caespitose, 
often  with  long,  prostrate  stems:  leaves  oblong-linear  or  lanceolate,  apiculate, 
8-14  mm.  long,  1-2  mm.  wide,  usually  plane,  the  somewhat  cartilaginous 
margins  hispid-ciliate  or  naked,  surface  glabrous  or  with  short,   scattered, 
gland-tipped  hairs:  flowers  sessile  or  subsessile  (peduncles  rarely  2  mm.  long\: 
calyx  more  or  less  hispid-ciliate  and  usually  with  some  short  gland- tipped  hairs, 
the  teeth  as  long  as  the  tube,  lanceolate  or  narrowly  so,  pungent:  corolla 
white  or  light  blue,  the  tube  slightly  hairy  at  base  within,  about  three  times 
the  length  of  the  calyx-teeth,  the  lobes  broadly  obovate,  5-7  mm.  long. — In 
the  mountains  from  New  Mexico  to  Montana;  type  locality,   "Flat-Head 
River,  on  the  sides  of  dry  hills." 

8.  Phlox  alyssifolia  Greene,  Pitt.  3:  27.  1896.     Stems  nearly  prostrate, 
herbaceous,  short,  stout,  from  a  subligneous  branching  caudex,  the  short 
internodes  hispid ulous  with  white  hairs:  leaves   10-18  mm.  long,   oblong- 
linear,  cuspidately  acute,  plane,  rather  thick,  with  callous,  white,  entire  mar- 
gins, and  a  similar  midvein  very  prominent  beneath,  though  obsolete  above, 
both  faces  glabrous,  only  the  margins  loosely  ciliate  toward  the  base  of  the 
leaf:  flowers  very  few,  large,  pale  purple  or  white,  short-pediceled  at  the 


396  POLEMONIACEAE    (PHLOX   FAMILY) 

ends  of  the  branches:  calyx-tube  glandular-pubescent,  the  scarious  line  be- 
low the  sinuses  very  narrow;  teeth  oblong-lanceolate,  aristate-pointed : 
corolla-tube  well  exserted;  segments  narrow,  obtuse,  entire:  style  about 
equaling  the  tube  of  the  corolla. — Gravelly  or  stony  hills;  eastern  Wyoming 
to  Assiniboia. 

9.  Phlox  multiflora  A.  Nels.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  25:  278.  1898.    Suf- 
frutescent  as  to  the  caespitose  much  branched  prostrate  base,  the  numerous 
herbaceous  stems  nearly  erect,  6-10  cm.  high,  the  branches  simple,  1-flowered: 
leaves  broadly  linear,  glabrous,  apiculate,  1-2  cm.  long,  opposite  or  fascicled: 
peduncles  finely  pubescent,  1-3  cm.  long:  calyx  angled  by  the  prominent  mid- 
rib of  the  lobes,  membranous  in  the  sinus  only;  lobes  linear-apiculate,  equal- 
ing the  tube:  tube  of  the  corolla  exceeding  the  calyx;  lobes  obovate,  entire, 
1  cm.  long:  style  as  long  as  the  calyx. — In  the  foothills  of  the  mountains; 
from  Colorado  to  Montana. 

10.  Phlox  depressa  (E.  Nels.)  Rydb.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  33:  149.  1906. 
Depressed-caespitose,  rising  but  little  above  the  ground:  leaves  1  cm.  long, 
rarely  2  cm.:  flowers  mostly  subsessile,  the  corolla-lobes  6-7  mm.  long:  other- 
wise much  like  the  preceding.     (P.  densa  Brand,  1.  c.  83,  seems  to  be  merely 
a  still  more  compact  form  with  some  traces  of  lanate  pubescence.) — In  moist 
swales  on  the  plains;  Colorado,  Wyoming,  and  Idaho. 

11.  Phlox  andicola  (Brit.)  E.  Nels.  1.  c.  11.    Stems  from  a  rhizome,  usually 
erect,  often  branched  at  the  surface  of  the  ground  and  with  opposite  branches 
at  the  nodes,  white,  the  bark  exfoliating  with  age  in  thin  shreds,  5-10  cm. 
high;  sparsely  lanate  on  the  calyx  and  bases  of  the  leaves,  the  stems  granular- 
pubescent  and  somewhat  glandular:  leaves  acerose  or  subulate,  often  some- 
what bisulcate,  pungent,  1-2  cm.  long:  flowers  sessile  or  on  peduncles  2  mm. 
long:  calyx-teeth  as  long  as  the  tube,  pungent:  corolla  white,  the  tube  some- 
what hairy  near  the  base  within,  one  and  a  half  times  the  length  of  the  calyx, 
the  lobes  broadly  obovate,  5-7  mm.  long:  style  about  as  long  as  the  calyx. — 
On  the  plains  east  of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  from  Montana  to  western  Ne- 
braska and  eastern  Wyoming. 

12.  Phlox  Kelseyi  Brit.  Bull.  Torr.   Bot.  Club   19:   225.    1892.     Many- 
stemmed  from  a  woody  root,  the  stems  spreading,  creeping  or  ascending, 
sometimes  20  cm.  long,  glabrous  or  slightly  pubescent  above,  very  leafy: 
leaves  sessile,  oblong  or  linear-oblong,  glabrous  or  nearly  so  on  both  sides, 
5-15  mm.  long,  2-4  mm.  wide,  thick,  rigid,  the  apex  mucronately  tipped  with 
a  short  spine,  the  margins  re  volute,  ciliate;  upper  leaves  narrower  and  longer 
than  the  lower:  flowers  sessile  or  short-peduncled,  the  peduncles  and  calyx 
somewhat  glandular-pubescent  or  glabrous:  calyx-teeth  subulate,  as  long  as 
or  longer  than  the  tube:  corolla-tube  somewhat  exceeding  the  calyx-lobes; 
limb  about  1.5  cm.  broad,  bright  blue  or  lilac,  the  lobes  obovate-cuneate, 
rounded.     [Brand  in  his  monograph  of  this  family  (Pflanzenreich)  reduces 
the  following  to  varietal  rank,  which  is  probably  quite  justifiable:  P.  albo- 
marginata  Jones,  Zoe  4:  367.  1894;  P.  costata  Rydb.  Mem.  N.  Y.  Bot.  Card. 
1:  315.  1900;  P.  collina  Rydb.  1.  c.;  P.  diapensioides  Rydb.  1.  c.] — Wyoming 
and  Montana. 

13.  Phlox  longifolia  Nutt.  1.  c.     Usually  erect  in  habit,  10-25  cm.  high, 
finely  pubescent  or  glabrous:  leaves  linear,  with  prominent  mid  veins  and 
somewhat  thickened  cartilaginous  margins,  3-6  cm.  long,   2-3  mm.  wide: 
flowers  on  pedicels  1-3  cm.  long:  calyx  with  slightly  replicate  sinuses:  corolla 
white,  the  tube  somewhat  exceeding  the  calyx,  the  lobes  obovate  or  cuneate- 
pbovate,  entire,  emarginate,  or  erose,  8-10  mm.  long:  ovules  generally  solitary 
in  each  cell. — Along  the  western  side  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  from  Montana 
to  Colorado  and  Utah;  also  in  Oregon  and  Washington. 

14.  Phlox  cernuaE.  Nels.  I.e.  22.    Suffrutescent  at  base  and  many-stemmed, 
6-12  cm.  high,  the  lower  part  of  the  stems  purple;  glabrous  throughout  or  the 
stems  puberulent  below:  leaves  linear,  spreading,  2-3  cm.  long,  less  than 
2  mm.  wide:  flowers  on  slender  pedicels  (about  1  cm.  long),  inclined  to  be 
nodding:  calyx  with  somewhat  replicate  sinuses,  the  teeth  half  the  length 
of  the  tube;  corolla  white  or  tinged  with  purple,  the  tube  twice  the  length  of 


POLEMONIACEAE    (PHLOX   FAMILY)  397 

the  calyx,  the  lobes  oboyate,  entire  or  somewhat  erose,  7-8  mm.  long:  ovules 
solitary  in  each  cell. — Cimarron,  Montrose  county,  Colorado. 

15.  Phlox  puberula  (E.  Nels.)  A.  Nels.    Low,  1  dm.  high  or  less,  stems  erect 
or  ascending;  more  or  less  gland  ular-puberulent,  very  densely  so  on  the  ped- 
icels and  calyx,  nearly  destitute  of  roughish  hairs:  leaves  usually  spreading, 
linear,  bluntish  at  tip  or  apiculate,  2^-4  cm.  long,  1-2.5  mm.  wide:  replication 
of  the  calyx  sinuses  very  slight  and  inconspicuous:  corolla  light  blue  or  lilac, 
the  lobes  obovate  or  cuneate-obovate,  retuse  or  blunt,  7-12  mm.  long:  ovules 
solitary  in  each  cell.     (P.  longifolia  puberula  E.  Nels.  1.  c.  26.) — Frequent  in 
western  Wyoming  and  adjacent  Utah  and  Idaho.     Flowering  much  earlier 
than  P.  longifolia. 

16.  Phlox  Stansburyi  (Torr.)  Heller,  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  24:  478.  1897. 
Stems  several  from  a  ligneous  base,  rather  stout,  usually  simple  below,  cym- 
osely  branched  above  into  leafy-bracted  corymbs,  about  1  dm.  high;  pubes- 
cent throughout,  roughly  so  above,  the  pedicels  and  calyx  usually  glandular: 
leaves  thick,  usually  recurved-spreading,  linear  or  linear-lanceolate,  apiculate, 
20-35  mm.  long,  2-3  mm.  wide:  flowers  on  pedicels  5-15  mm.  long:  calyx  1  cm. 
long,  the  sinuses  more  or  less  replicate,  the  teeth  apiculate  or  somewhat 
cuspidate-attenuate,  as  long  as  the  tube:  corolla  pink  or  rose-color,  the  tube 
fully  twice  the  length  of  the  calyx,  the  lobes  cuneate-obovate,  erose,  emar- 
ginate  or  retuse,  7-8  mm.  long:  ovules  usually  one  in  each  cell.     (P.  dasy- 
phylla  Brand,  1.  c.  80.     The  type,  Baker's  No.  620,  seems  to  be  merely  an 
over-mature,  hence  glabrous,  specimen  of  this  species.) — Colorado  and  New 
Mexico  and  thence  far  westward. 

17.  Phlox  nana  Nutt.  PI.  Gamb.  153.  1848.     Herbaceous  to  the  ground 
or  somewhat  ligneous  at  base,  1-2  dm.  high,  stems  freely  branched;  roughish- 
pubescent  throughout  and  more  or  less  glandular:  leaves  spreading,  opposite 
below,  alternate  above,  lance-linear,   on  the  main  stems  20-35  mm.  long, 
3-4  mm.  wide,  on  the  lateral  branches  shorter  and  narrower:  flowers  scat- 
tered or  somewhat  corymbose,  on  pedicels  5-35  mm.  long:  calyx-teeth  slightly 
longer  than  the  tube,  green  and  apiculate:  corolla  "red"  or  "white,"  the 
tube  pubescent,  somewhat  exceeding  the  calyx,  the  lobes  broadly  cuneate- 
obovate,  entire  or  with  wavy  margins,  often  mucronate,  about  15  mm.  long: 
ovules  2  or  3  in  each  cell. — Common  in  New  Mexico,  also  in  Arizona. 

%  GYMNOSTERIS  Greene 

Diminutive  annuals  devoid  of  proper  foliage,  the  cotyledons  persisting  on  the 
otherwise  naked  stem.  The  capitate-congested  inflorescence  subtended  by  art. 
involucre  of  4  or  5  leaves  which  are  distinct  and  herbaceous  above,  but  scari- 
ous  and  united  at  base.  Calyx  vesicular  and  urceolate,  thin-scarious,  only  the 
unequal  teeth  herbaceous.  Corolla  salverform,  with  long  and  slender  tube; 
the  somewhat  dilated  throat  bearing  the  stamens,  the  whole  marcescent- 
persistent,  the  dilated  base  of  the  tube  still  investing  the  thin,  apparently 
indehiscent  capsule  with  its  ripe  seeds.  Seeds  many,  obliquely  somewhat 
cubical,  the  angles  membranaceously  margined  or  winged;  testa  thin,  muci- 
laginous when  wetted,  but  not  developing  spiracles. 

1.  Gymnosteris  nudicaulis  (H.  &  A.)  Greene,  Pitt.  3:  304.  1898.  Very 
glabrous,  3-10  cm.  high,  at  length  branching  from  the  base:  stem  leafless  from 
the  cotyledons  up  to  the  inflorescence,  which  is  a  close  head  or  glomerule 
subtended  by  an  involucre  of  several  entire,  ovate-lanceolate  or  lanceolate, 
foliaceous  bracts:  corolla  salverform,  white,  pink,  or  yellow;  the  tube  5-7  mm. 
long  and  thrice  the  length  of  the  calyx:  ovules  10-16  in  each  cell. — Sandy 
stream  banks. 

3.  COLLOMIA  Nutt. 

Herbs  with  alternate,  mostly  entire  leaves.  Calyx  scarious  below  between 
the  angles,  accrescent,  obpyramidal  or  nearly  cyathiform,  not  distended  by 
the  capsule.  Corolla  tubular-funnelform,  with  open  throat  and  a  spreading 


398  POLEMONIACEAE    (PHLOX   FAMILY) 

limb  of  short  obtuse  lobes.  Stamens  unequal  and  unequally  inserted  on  the 
tube  of  the  corolla.  Capsule  narrowed  at  base.  Seeds  usually  1  in  each  cell, 
mucilaginous  when  wetted,  and  emitting  spiracles. 

Flowers  in  terminal  clusters       .         .         .         .         .         .         .  .     1.  C.  linearis. 

Flowers  solitary  in  the  uppermost  axils      .         .         .         .         .         .         .     2.  C.  tenella. 

1.  Collomia  linearis  Nutt.  Gen.  1:  126.  1818.    Stems  simple  or  branching 
above,  sometimes  in  age  widely  so,  1-3  dm.  high:  flowers  capitate-crowded 
and  leaf  y-bracted  :   calyx  obconical;  the  lobes  triangular-lanceolate:  corolla 
from  lilac-purple  to  nearly  white,  very  slender,  tubular-funnelform,  the  tube 
minutely  pubescent:  capsule  triangular-obcordate.  —  Very  common  in  moist 
sandy  soils  in  our  range. 

2.  Collomia  tenella  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  8:  259.  1870.      Viscid-puberu- 
lent,  very  slender,  5-12  cm.  high,  simple  or  laxly  branched  above:  leaves 
entire,  linear,  obtuse,  attenuate  at  base,  the  lowest  opposite:  flowers  solitary 
in  the  axils,  remote,  nearly  sessile:  calyx  obconic,  about  4  mm.  long,  the  lobes 
short-triangular,  shorter  than  the  broadly  turbinate  tube:   corolla  purplish, 
about  8  mm.  long,  narrow,  salverform:  ovules  solitary.  —  Mountains  of  Utah 
and  Nevada. 

4.  GILIA  Ruiz  &  Pav. 

Annual,  biennial,  or  perennial  herbs,  with  alternate  or  opposite,  entire  or 
divided  leaves.  Flowers  scattered  or  congested  in  heads  or  thyrsiform  pan- 
icles. Calyx  tubular  or  campanulate,  at  length  split  by  the  enlarging  capsule. 
Corolla  tubular  or  funnelform,  with  an  open  funnelform  throat.  Stamens  un- 
equally or  equally  inserted.  Seeds  usually  developing  spirally-twisted  threads 
when  wetted. 

Key  to  the  Sections 

Leaves  alternate,  the  lowest  sometimes  opposite. 

Flowers  scattering-solitary,  in  corymbs,  or  in  corymbose- 

panicles. 

Annuals,  with  straight  embryo  (see  also  nos.  7  and  8); 
the  seed-coats  often  developing  mucilage  and  emit- 
ting spiral  threads  if  wetted. 
Ovules  solitary  in  each  cell    ......        I.  PHLOGASTRUM. 

Ovules  2-several  in  each  cell         .....      II.  EUGILIA. 

Biennials  or  perennials  (except  nos.  7  and  8),  with  straight 
embryo;  the  seedcoats  developing  mucilage  and  emit- 
ting spiral  threads  if  wetted        .....     III.  IPOMOPSIS. 

Flowers   congested   in    capitate   or   spicate   inflorescences; 
.embryo  broadly  curved;  calyx  and  bracts  viscid  pubes- 
cent;   seed-coats    developing    mucilage    and    emitting 
spiral  threads  if  wetted       ......     IV.  ELAPHOCERA. 

Leaves  opposite  or  rarely  alternate  and  then  palmately  3-7- 

cleft  or  parted. 
Perennials    ..........       V.  LEPTODACTYLON. 

Annuals,  with  funnelform  corolla          .....     VI.  DACTYLOPHYLLUM. 

I.  PHLOGASTRUM.  —  Leaves  entire  or  divided;  flowers  solitary  or 
loosely  corymbed. 


Corolla  scarcely  longer  than  the  calyx,  salverform. 

nequally 
Stamens  equally  inserted  .......       2.  G.  Tweedyi. 


Stamens  unequally  inserted      .         .         .         .         .         .         .       1.  G.  micrantha. 


Corolla  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx         .         .         .         .         .  3.  G.  tenerrima. 

II.  EUGILIA.  —  Leaves  pinnatifid  or  bipinnatifid,  rarely  nearly  en- 

tire; flowers  scattered-paniculate. 
Seeds  unchanged  if  wetted.  .         .         .         .         .         .  4.  G.  leptomeria. 

Seeds  emitting  spiral  threads  if  wetted          .....       5.  G.  inconspicua. 

III.  IPOMOPSIS.  —  Biennials,  perennials,  or  rarely  annuals;  stems 
usually  tall;  corolla  usually  well  exserted  from  the  calyx. 

Leafy  throughout. 

Corolla  10-12  mm.  long     ........       6.  G.  polyantha. 

Corolla  20-50  mm.  long. 

Annuals;  capsule  much  longer  than  the  calyx. 

Corolla  more  than  3  cm.  long  .         .         .         .         .  7.  G.  longiflora. 

Corolla  less  than  3  cm.  long         .         .         .         .         .  8.  G.  laxiflora. 

Biennials;  capsule  not  longer  than  the  calyx. 

Flowers  red  or  roseate         .         .         .         .         .         .  9.  G.  aggregata. 

Flowers  white  .  .10.  G.  attenuata. 


POLEMONIACEAE  (PHLOX  FAMILY)  399 

Leaves  mostly  in  a  basal  rosette. 

Stems  leafy;  filaments  conspicuously  exserted    .         .         .         .     11.  G.  pinnatifida. 
Stems  nearly  naked;  filaments  wanting  or  very  short         .         .     12.  G.  subnuda. 

IV.  ELAPHOCERA. — Biennials  or  annuals;  flowers  congested. 
Biennials;  leaves  more  or  less  divided,  or  entire;  ovules  1-4  in  each 

cell. 

Flowers  spicate          ..-.,.....     13.  G.  spicata. 
Flowers  capitate. 

Style  pilose  above 14.  G.  cephaloidea. 

Style  glabrous,  at  least  above      ......     16.  G.  congesta. 

Annuals,  with  pinnatifid  leaves. 

Style  glabrous  .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .  •  16.  G.  polycladon.. 

Style  pilose  below 17.  G.  pumila. 

V.  LEPTODACTYLON. — Perennials;  leaves  alternate  or  opposite, 

often  pungent. 

Shrubby 18.  G.  pungens. 

Woody  at  base  only. 

Leaves  opposite        .........     19.  G.  Watsonii. 

Leaves  alternate. 

Depressed-caespitose 20.  G.  caespitosa. 

Erect  and  branching 21.  G.  Nuttallii. 

VI.  DACTYLOPHYLLUM. — Annuals  with  opposite  leaves  palmately 
parted  or  rarely  entire;  corolla  funnelform;  seeds  mucilaginous 
or  emitting  spiral  threads  when  wetted. 

Stamens  glabrous 22.  G.  Harknessii. 

Stamens  pilose 23.  G.  pharnaceoides. 

1.  Gilia  micrantha  (Kell.)  A.  Nels.    Annual,  puberulent  or  pubescent  with 
gland-tipped  hairs,  at  length  freely  branched  from  the  base,  5-15  cm.  high, 
as  broad  as  high:  leaves  alternate,  usually  at  the  base  of  the  branches,  lanceo- 
late or  linear,  1-3  cm.  long:  flowers  mostly  geminate  on  short  subequal  pedi- 
cels: calyx-teeth  acute,  about  half  the  length  of  the  tube:  corolla  white  or 
pale  pink  or  violet,  the  tube  usually  subsurpassing  the  calyx:  capsule  elongated- 
oval.     G.  gracilis.     (Collomia  micrantha  Kell.  Proc.  Cal.  Acad.  3:  18,  1863; 
Microsteris  micrantha  Greene,  Pitt.  3:  303.  1898;  under  various  other  names.) 
— TlTroughout  our  range  and  westward. 

2.  Gilia  Tweedyi  Rydb.  Bull.  Torr.  Hot.  Club  31:  634.  1904.     Annual, 
branched,  1-4  dm.  high;  stem  and  branches  glandular-puberulent,  especially 
above:  leaves  1-3  cm.  long,  pinnatifid  with  lanceolate-cuspidate  lobes,  or  the 
uppermost  entire:  flowers  paniculate;  pedicels  1-8  mm.  long:  calyx  about 
3  mm.  long,  scarious  between  the  green  ribs,  the  lobes  lanceolate:  corolla 
funnelform,  barely  exceeding  the  calyx,  bluish:  capsule  ovoid,  about  4  mm. 
long.    G.  minutiflora. — Colorado  to  Montana  and  Idaho. 

3.  Gilia  tenerrima  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  8:  277.  1870.    Slender  annual, 
1-3  dm.  high,  diffusely  branched  from  the  base  with  numerous,  scattered, 
divaricate,  almost  filiform  branchlets,  minutely  glandular-pubescent:  leaves 
alternate,  linear  or  the  radical  lanceolate,  the  upper  much  reduced,  entire: 
flowers  small,  solitary,  terminal  on  the  branchlets:  corolla  salverform,  twice 
as  long  as  the  calyx,  white:  capsule  compressed-globose:  seed-coats  muci- 
laginous.— Western  Wyoming,  Utah,  and  Idaho. 

4.  Gilia  leptomeria  Gray,  1.  c.    More  or  less  glandular-pubescent;  stem  erect, 
divaricately  branched  from  base  to  summit,  6-15  cm.  high:  radical  leaves 
rosulate,  oblong-linear,  dentate  to  pinnatifid,  teeth  usually  short-mucronate; 
cauline  leaves  reduced  and  bract-like :  flowers  numerous,  corymbose-paniculate: 
calyx-teeth  shorter  than  the  tube:  corolla  white  or  rose-color,  salverform,  4-6 
mm.  long,  the  tube  nearly  twice  the  length  of  the  lobes  and  of  the  calyx:  sta- 
mens inserted  in  the  throat:  style  as  long  as  the  corolla:  ovules  and  seeds  2-3 
in  each  cell  of  the  globose  capsule. — Colorado  to  California. 

5.  Gilia  inconspicua  (Smith)  Dougl.  Hook.  Mag.  56:  pi.  2883.    1829.    One  to 
three  or  more  dm.  high,  usually  with  slight  woolly  pubescence  when  young,  and 
viscid-glandular,  often  branching  from  the  base:  leaves  mostly  pinnatifid  or 
pinnately-parted,  or  the  lowest  bipinnatifid,  with  short,  mucronate-cuspidate 
lobes;  the  uppermost  becoming  small,  subulate  and  entire:  flowers  either  some- 
what crowded  and  subsessile  or  at  length  loosely  panicled  and  some  of  them 
slender-pediceled :  corolla  violet  or  purplish,  5-10  mm.  long,  narrowly  funnel- 
form,  the  lobes  oval,  half  as  long  as  the  tube  which  much  exceeds  the  calyx: 
ovules  2-several  in  each  cell.    Very  variable,  and  a  number  of  segregates  have 


400  POLEMONIACEAE    (PHLOX  FAMILY) 

been  proposed,  only  the  following  of  which  need  to  be  mentioned. — Widely  dis- 
tributed in  the  western  half  of  America. 

5o.  Gilia  inconspicua  sinuate  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  8:  278.  1870.  Nearly 
glabrous,  the  leaves  sinuate:  the  corolla  tubular  to  salverform. — Western  part 
of  our  range,  and  westward. 

56.  Gilia  inconspicua  subacaulis  (Rydb.)  Brand,  Polem.  (Pflanzenreich) 
105.  1907.  Stem  low,  very  slender,  usually  branched  above.  (G.  subacaulis 
Rydb.  1.  c.  30:  261.  1903.)— Southern  Wyoming. 

6.  Gilia  polyantha  Rydb.  1.  c.  31:  634.  1904.     Stem  single  at  base  but 
branched  from  near  the  base  upward ;  branches  mostly  simple  and  moderately 
divaricate,  almost  equaling  the  main  stem,  minutely  pruinose-yiscid :  leaves 
2-5  cm.  long,  somewhat  pungent,  linear,  entire  or  simple-pinnatifid,  with  few 
to  several  linear  lobes:  flowers  in  small  bracteate  cymes  forming  narrow  pan- 
icles: calyx  membranous,  narrowly  campanulate,  about  4  mm.  long,  merely 
pruinose;  its  teeth  very  short,  green,  triangular-subulate,  and  minutely  pun- 
gent: corolla  white,  purple-dotted,  10-12  mm.  long,  somewhat  trumpet-shaped; 
the  tube  surpassing  the  calyx;  the  lobes  elliptic-oblong,  acute,  almost  as  long 
as  the  tube:  stamens  noticeably  exserted;  style  scarcely  so:  ovules  about  2 
in  each  cell.     (G.  exserta  A.  Nels.  Bot.  Gaz.  40:  65.  1905.)— Southern  Col- 
orado. 

7.  Gilia  longiflora  (Torr.)  G.  Don,  Gen.  Syst.  Gard.4:  245.  1837.    Glabrous, 
loosely  paniculate-branched:  divisions  of  the  leaves  long  and  slender:  flowers 
somewhat  corymbose  on  slender  peduncles:  corolla  white,  strictly  salverform, 
showy;  the  tube  often  3-5  cm.  long,  with  narrow  orifice;  lobes  orbicular  or 
ovate,  many  times  shorter  than  the  tube:  stamens  unequally  inserted  near  the 
top  of  the  tube,  included:  capsule  obovate-oblong,  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx, 
many-seeded:  seeds  angled. — Texas  and  Mexico  to  Nebraska  and  Colorado. 

8.  Gilia  laxiflora   (Coult.)    Osterh.   Bull.   Torr.   Bot.   Club   24:  51.  1897. 
Annual,  about  3  dm.  high,  erect,  branching,  glabrous  except  the  calyx,  ped- 
icels, and  growing  stem,  which  are  minutely  glandular:  leaves  pinnate  with 
slender  divisions,  mucronate-tipped,  the  upper  few-lobed  or  entire:  inflores- 
cence scattering,  with  flowers  on  slender  pedicels  1-2  cm.  long:  corolla  white  or 
bluish- tinted,  slender,  10-15  mm.  long;  the  lobes  ovate,  pointed,  4-5  mm.  long: 
filaments  included,  unequally  inserted:  tube  of  the  calyx  5  mm.  long,  with 
subulate  teeth  1.5-2  mm.  long:  capsule  10  mm.  long,  having  6  seeds  in  each 
cell,  which  develop  mucilage  and  spiracles  when  wetted.— Colorado  to  New 
Mexico  and  Texas. 

9.  Gilia  aggregate  (Pursh)  Spreng.  Syst.  1:  626.  1825.     Somewhat  pu- 
bescent; stems  3-10  dm.  high,  leafy,  sometimes  loosely  branching:  leaves 
thickish,  with  narrowly  linear  mucronulate  divisions:  panicle  loose  or  inter- 
rupted; the  flowers  sessile  in  small  mostly  short-pedunculate  clusters:  calyx 
commonly  glandular:  corolla  scarlet  to  pink-red,  with  narrow  tube;  the  lobes 
ovate  or  lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate,  widely  spreading,  soon  recurved: 
stamens  and  style  exserted.    (Greene,  in  Leaflets  159  and  160,  offers  the  fol- 
lowing segregates,  under  the  proposed  new  generic  name  Callisteris:  C.  collina, 
C.  formosissima,  C.  flavida,  C.  pulchella.     Gilia  scariosa  Rydb.  1.  c.  31:  632. 
1904  is  also  to  be  referred  to  this  species.) — Texas  to  western  Nebraska  and 
west  to  Oregon. 

10.  Gilia  attenuate  (Gray)  A.  Nels.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  25:   278.  1898. 
Nearly  related  to  the  preceding:  basal  leaves  green  and  glabrate;  the  upper 
pubescent  and  more  or  less  glandular,  the  inflorescence  decidedly  so:  inflores- 
cence more  narrowly  thyrsiform:  calyx-lobes  narrowly  attenuate:  corolla  white, 
the  tube  often  pinkish,  3-4  cm.  long,  the  lobes  long  and  gradually  acuminated: 
style  and  stamens  included.     (G.  Candida  Rydb.  1.  c.  28:  29.  1904;  Callis- 
teris leucantha  Greene,  1.  c.) — Wyoming  and  Colorado. 

•11.  Gilia  pinnatifida  Nutt.  Gray  in  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  8:  276.  1870.  Stem 
simple  or  loosely  branching,  1-5  dm.  high:  inflorescence  open-paniculate, 
often  compound:  leaves  pinnately  parted  into  linear  or  narrowly  oblong  lobes; 
these  sometimes  again  1  or  2-lobed:  stamens  conspicuously  exserted:  corolla 
strictly  salverform,  4-5  mm.  long,  pale  blue  or  violet,  or  the  narrow  tube 


POLEMONIACEAE    (PHLOX   FAMILY)  401 

white:  style  as  long  as  the  corolla;  the  exserted  stamens  inserted  in  the  si- 
nuses: capsule  ovoid:  seeds  small,  narrowly  winged. — Wyoming  to  New  Mexico. 

12.  Gilia  subnuda  Gray,  1.  c.  276.    Biennial;  stems  erect,  simple  or  branched, 
3-5  dm.  high:  radical  leaves  rosulate,  oblong-spatulate,  lobed  or  somewhat 
pinnatifid,  attenuate  to  the  base;  cauline  small,  bract-like,  and  nearly  or 
quite  entire:  flowers  subcorymbose,  terminating  the  branchlets,  pediceled: 
calyx  glandular,  as  are  also  the  pedicels,  the  teeth  subulate,  as  long  as  the 
narrowly  campanulate  tube:  corolla  yellow  or  rose-color,  tubular-funnelform, 
15-20  mm.  long,  minutely  glandular;  the  lobes  oval,  less  than  half  as  long  as 
the  tube:  stamens  included,  nearly  sessile:  style  glabrous:  capsule  ovoid:  seeds 
angled,   narrowly  winged,   unchanged  if  wetted.     (G.   Crandallii  Rydb.   1. 
c.  634;  G.  Bakeri  Greene,  Brand,  Polem.) — Southern  Colorado  to  New  Mexico 
and  thence  westward  to  Nevada. 

12a.  Gilia  subnuda  Haydenii  (Gray)  Brand,  1.  c.  119.  Glabrate:  leaves 
deeply  incised,  rarely  pinnatifid:  corolla  rose-color.  (G,  Haydenii  Gray,  1.  c. 
11:  85.) — Colorado  to  New  Mexico. 

126.  Gilia  subnuda  superba  (Eastwood)  Brand,  1.  c.  Viscid-glandular 
throughout:  leaves  irregularly  lobed  or  dentate:  corolla  orange  or  red.  (G. 
superba  Eastwood,  Zoe  4:  122.  1893.) — Utah  to  Nevada. 

13.  Gilia  spicata  Nutt.  Journ.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  2:  156.  1848.    Stems  rather 
stout,  erect,  simple,  or  several  from  the  fusiform  root,  2-3  dm.  high:  capitate 
flower-clusters  crowded  in  an  elongated,  virgate,  and  spike-like  thyrsus:  leaves 
thickish,  almost  filiform,  some  about  3-cleft,  occasionally  all  entire,  barely 
mucronate:  corolla  salverform,  purplish,  10-12  mm.  long;  the  lobes  shorter 
than  the  tube:  anthers  subsessile  in  the  throat:  ovules  4-6  in  each  cell. — 
Mountains  of  Colorado  to  Utah  and  Wyoming. 

13a.  Gilia  spicata  deserta  A.  Nels.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  26:  132.  1899. 
Habit  of  the  species,  but  usually  shorter-stemmed;  stems  one  or  more  from  a 
woody  root  with  one  or  more  swollen  crowns,  lanate:  basal  leaves  crowded 
on  the  crowns,  mostly  simple,  linear;  the  cauline  pinnatifid,  the  divisions  few 
(3-5),  linear,  shorter  than  in  the  species:  inflorescence  crowded-spicate,  in 
dwarf  plants  approaching  capitate :  calyx  closely  and  minutely  glandular. — 
Desert  areas  in  Colorado  and  Wyoming. 

14.  Gilia  cephaloidea  Rydb.  1.  c.  24:  293.  1897.    Lanate-pubescent;  stems 
simple,  solitary  or  several  from  the  crown,  1-3  dm.  high;  root  somewhat 
woody:  radical  leaves  crowded,  linear,  or  3-cleft  at  the  apex,  5  cm.  long; 
cauline  few,   3-5-cleft,  the  segments  short,   linear:  corolla  white:  stamens 
equally  inserted  in  the  throat,  exserted,  the  filament  and  anther  subequal: 
style  as  long  as  the  corolla,  pilose  at  the  apex. — South  Dakota  to  Montana 
and  Wyoming. 

15.  Gilia  congesta  Hook.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  2:  75.  1838.    Stems  erect  or  spread- 
ing, 1-3  dm.  high,  from  a  tufted  base,  bearing  single  terminal  or  few  and 
corymbose  capituliform  cymes:  leaves  with  2-7  mucronate  divisions,  or  some 
of  them  entire:  corolla  white,  salverform;  lobes  of  the  corolla  nearly  as  long 
as  the  tube,  which  does  not  exceed  the  usually  aristulate-tipped  calyx-lobes: 
exserted  filaments  at  length  as  long  as  the  anthers:  ovules  1-2  in  each  cell: 
capsule  globose,   1-3-seeded. — From  the  Rocky  Mountains  to  the  Pacific 
States. 

15a.  Gilia  congesta  iberidifolia  (Benth.)  Brand,  1.  c.  121.  Leaves  more 
rigid  and  the  lobes  cuspidate-tipped,  as  are  also  the  bracts:  capitate  cymes 
corymbose:  filaments  shorter:  ovules  solitary  in  each  cell.  Not  readily  dis- 
tinguished from  depauperate  specimens  of  the  species.  (G.  spergulifolia  Rydb. 
1.  c.  633;  G.  roseata  Rydb.  1.  c.) — Nebraska  to  Colorado  and  Wyoming. 

156.  Gilia  congesta  crebrifolia  (Nutt.)  Gray,  1.  c.  Low,  often  depressed: 
leaves  crowded,  all  entire,  linear,  rigid:  stems  usually  terminated  by  a  single 
capitate  cluster.  (G.  Merrillii  A.  Nels.  Bot.  Gaz.,34:  27.  1902.)— In  the 
Rocky  Mountain  States. 

16.  Gilia  polycladon  Torr.  Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  2:  146.  1859.     Stems  1-2 
dm.  high,  puberulent  or  sparsely  pubescent,  diffuse,  very  few-leaved:  leaves 
pinnatind  or  incised;  the  lobes  short,  oblong,  abruptly  spinulose-mucronate, 

ROCKY    MT.  BOT. — 26 


402  POLEMONIACEAE    (PHLOX   FAMILY) 

those  subtending  the  cymose  cluster  longer  than  the  flowers:  flowers  cymulose- 
glomerate  and  leafy-bracted :  tube  of  the  corolla  hardly  exceeding  the  aristulate- 
mucronate  calyx-lobes:  anthers  in  the  throat,  on  very  short  filaments:  ovules 
2  in  each  cell. — Texas  to  Colorado  and  west  to  Nevada. 

17.  Gilia  pumila  Nutt.  1.  c.     Stems  1-2  dm.  high,  loosely  woolly,  at  least 
when   young,   leafy:   leaves  narrowly  linear,  entire  or  most  of  them  2  to 
4-parted  into  diverging  linear  lobes,  mucronate:  flowers  cymulose-glomerate 
and  leafy-bracted:  tube  of  the  corolla  slender,  about  twice  the  length  of  the 
aristulate-tipped  calyx-lobes:  filaments  slender,  inserted  in  the  sinuses,  ex- 
serted,  shorter  than  the  lobes  of  the  corolla:  ovules  about  6  in  each  cell. — 
From  western  Nebraska  and  Texas  to  the  Sierra  Nevada. 

18.  Gilia   pungens   (Torr.)    Benth.   in  DC.   Prodr.   9:  316.  1845.     Stems 
woody,  tufted,  branched,  very  leafy,  1-3  dm.  high:  leaves  alternate  except 
the  lowest,  much  fascicled  in  the  axils,  or  rather  3-7-palmately  parted  with 
acerose  segments:  flowers  sessile  and  solitary  in  the  upper  leaf -axils:  calyx 
tubular,    with   subulate   teeth,    glandular-ciliate :    corolla   roseate,    white   or 
yellowish,    tubular:    stamens    unequally   affixed,    scarcely   exserted:    ovules 
many  (6-10  in  each  cell):  capsule  oblong,  shorter  than  the  calyx. — From 
New  Mexico  to  the  Canadian  provinces. 

18a.  Gilia  pungens  Hookeri.  (Dougl.)  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  8:  268.  1870. 
More  or  less  glandular  above:  leaves  strict:  bracts  shorter  than  the  calyx. — 
Throughout  our  range. 

19.  Gilia  Watsonii  Gray,  1.  c.  267.    Roughish-puberulent  and  glandular,  or 
at  length  smoothish;  slender  branches  1-2  dm.  high  from  the  woody  caudex: 
leaves  not  much  fascicled,  widely  spreading;  the  slender  acerose  divisions 
10-15  mm.  long,  often  shorter  than  the  internodes:  calyx-lobes  barely  half 
the  length  of  the  tube:  corolla  nearly  white  with  purplish  throat;  the  tube  and 
lobes  each  about  12  mm.  long:  anthers  at  the  orifice:  ovules  10  or  more  in  each 
cell. — Utah  and  probably  in  western  Colorado  and  Wyoming. 

20.  Gilia  caespitosa  (Gray)  A.  Nels.  1.  c.  25:  546.    Densely  caespitose,  the 
much-branched  woody  base  hardly  emergent  from  the  soil;  stems  numerous 
and  very  short,  clothed  with  the  persistent  crowded  leaves:  leaves  alternate, 
palmately    3-parted    (rarely    5-parted),    densely    fascicled,    rigid,    subulate- 
pungent,  5-7  mm.  long,  nearly  glabrous  or  somewhat  ciliate  on  the  margins, 

freen  as  to  the  new  leaves,  the  short  stems  gray  with  the  persistent  dead  ones: 
owers  numerous:  calyx  one  half  the  length  of  the  corolla-tube,  the  lobes  4 
(rarely  5),  acerose:  corolla  white  to  yellowish,  salverform,  the  tube  very  slender 
and  but  little  dilated  at  the  throat,  about  12  mm.  long;  lobes  4,  narrowly 
oboyate,  about  4  mm.  long:  stamens  4;  filaments  short,  anthers  in  the  throat: 
pistil  less  than  half  the  length  of  the  corolla-tube;  styles  2  or  rarely  3. — Dry 
bluffs;  western  Nebraska  to  the  interior  desert  areas  of  Wyoming;  rare. 

21.  Gilia  Nuttallii  Gray,  1.  c.    Cinereous-puberulent  or  the  leaves  giabrate, 
more  or  less  woody  at  base;  stems  or  branches  1-4  dm.  high,  terminated  by  a 
dense  leafy  cluster  of  flowers:  leaves  3-7-parted;  the  divisions  narrowly  linear, 
mucronate :  corolla  white  with  yellow  f unnelf  orm  throat ;  the  tube  not  longer 
than  the  calyx:  ovules  a  pair  in  each  cell.     G.  floribunda  Gray,  1.  c. — Moun- 
tains of  Colorado  and  Utah  to  Arizona  and  the  Sierras  of  California. 

22.  Gilia  Harknessii  Curran,  Bull.  Cal.  Acad.  1:   12.   1884.     Stem  erect, 
diffusely  branched,  8-20  cm.  high:   leaves  divided  to  the  base  into  filiform 
segments,  5-20  mm.  long:  flowers  paniculate,  on  filiform  pedicels  12-25  mm. 
long:  calyx  minutely  pubescent;  the  lanceolate  lobes  as  long  as  the  tube:  corolla 
white,  2-4  mm.  long;  the  tube  but  little  longer  than  the  calyx  and  about  as 
long  as  the  lobes:  capsule  oval,  exceeding  the  calyx;  seeds  solitary  in  the  cells, 
smooth,  turgid,  oblong,  about  2  mm.  long. — Western  Wyoming  to  the  Pacific 
States. 

23.  Gilia  pharnaceoides  Benth.  Bot.  Reg.  19:  pi.  1622.    1833.    Stem  slender, 
with  diffuse  filiform  brarlches,  1-2  dm.  high:  leaves  palmately  2-5-parted  into 
acerose-pubescent  segments,  4-12  mm.  long:   flowers  paniculate,  on  filiform 
pedicels:  calyx  campanulate,  4-5  mm.  long;  the  triangular  acute  lobes  not 
as  long  as  the  tube :  corolla  almost  rotate,  the  broad  tube  hardly  as  long  as  the 


POLEMONIACEAE    (PHLOX   FAMILY)  403 

calyx;  the  broad  lobes  obovate,  rounded  at  the  apex,  4-6  mm.  long:  ovules 
6-8  in  each  cell:  capsule  shorter  than  the  calyx. — Wyoming  to  California  and 
Washington. 

5.  NAVARRETIA  Ruiz  and  Pavon 

Glabrous  or  viscid-pubescent  annuals.  Leaves  all .  alternate,  pinnatifid, 
setaceous  or  spinose.  Flowers  in  crowded  bracteate  clusters  terminating  the 
branches.  Calyx-tube  scarious  between  the  five  prominent  green  ribs  pro- 
longed into  the  unequal  pungent  lobes.  Corolla  tubular,  funnelform,  or  salver- 
form.  Stamens  and  style  either  included  or  exserted.  Capsule  1-3-celled, 
1-many-seeded. — Under  Gilia. 

Glandular-viscid     .         .         .         ,         .         ;         .         .         .         .  1.  N.  Breweri. 

Glabrous. 

Stems  erect,  simple  or  branched;  corolla  about  5  mm.  long    .         .         .2.  N.  intertexta. 

Stems  low,  mostly  divaricately  branched  at  the  base;  corolla  small, 

less  than  2  mm.  long     .         .         .         .         .  .         .         .     3.  N.  minima. 

1.  Navarretia  Breweri   (Gray)   Greene,   Pitt.   1:  137.  1887.     Erect  or  at 
length  much  branched  and  diffusely  spreading,  3-12  cm.  high,  very  minutely 
gland ular-puberulent   all   over:    flowers   somewhat    glomerate:    leaves   with 
mostly  simple  acicular-subulate  divisions:  calyx-lobes  similar  to  these,  nar- 
rowly subulate,  about  equaling  the  yellow  corolla,  6-8  mm.  long,  3  or  4  times 
the  length  of  the  tube:  ovules  1  or  2  in  each  cell. — From  Wyoming  to  Utah, 
Nevada,  and  California. 

2.  Navarretia  intertexta  (Benth.)  Hook.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  2:  75.  1838.    Erect 
or  widely  branched,  low  and  rather  stout,  neither  viscid  nor  glandular;  stem 
retrorsely    pubescent:    leaves    mainly    glabrous,    with    divaricate,   acerose- 
spinescent  divisions  sparingly  divided  or  simple:  flowers  densely  glomerate: 
tube  of  the  calyx  and  base  of  the  bracts  strongly  villous  with  white  spreading 
hairs;  the  lobes  equaling  the  white  corolla,  6-8  mm.  long:  ovules  and  seeds  3  or 
4  in  each  cell. — From  the  Rocky  Mountains  westward  to  California  and  Oregon. 

3.  Navarretia  minima  Nutt.  Journ.  Acad.  Phila.  1:  160.  1848.    Depressed, 
often  forming  broad  tufts,  2-6  cm.  high,  glabrate:  leaves  acicular  and  with 
simpler  and  fewer  divisions  than  the  preceding:  tube  of  the  calyx  white-hairy 
in  the  broad  sinuses,  as  long  as  the  unequal  lobes,  which  equal  or  exceed  the 
white  corolla,  3  mm.  long:  ovules  1-3  in  each  cell. — In  very  dry  regions  from 
Dakota  to  Colorado  and  Oregon. 

6.  POLEMONIUM  L. 

Mostly  perennial  herbs,  with  alternate  pinnate  or  pinnately  parted  leaves, 
and  blue  or  white  or  rarely  purplish  flowers,  which  are  mostly  terminal,  either 
solitary,  2-3  together,  or  aggregated  in  capitate  or  paniculate  cymes.  Calyx 
rotate-campanulate  to  tubular.  Corolla  funnelform  to  nearly  rotate.  Stamens 
equally  inserted;  the  filaments  more  or  less  declined  and  usually  pilose- 
appendaged  at  base.  Capsule  oblong  to  globose.  Seeds  black  or  brown,  ob- 
long, often  angled  or  even  winged. 

Corolla  campanulate;  filaments  pilose-appendaged  at  base;  leaf- 
lets not  verticillate. 
Stems  tall,  leafy,  solitary. 

Inflorescence  narrow,  usually  densely  thyrsoid. 

Plants  from  a  slender  rootstock;  seed-coats  unchanged  if 

wetted .         .         .1.  P.  occidentale. 

Plants  from  a  lignescent  caudex;  seed-coats  becoming  mu- 
cilaginous if  wetted 2.  P.  foliosissimum. 

Inflorescence  broad  and  open. 

Stems  and  herbage  pubescent      .         .         .         .         .  2.  P.  foliosissimum. 

Stems  and  herbage  glabrate       .         .         .         .         .  3.  P.  filicinum. 

Stems   low,   several  to  many  in  tufts,    sparsely  leafy  or  only 

bracteate. 
Seeds  angled  but  not  winged. 

Stems  from  a  rootstock  with  a  single  or  nearly  simple  crown     .  4.  P.  pulcherrimum. 
Stems  from  a  lignescent  freely  branched  caudex    .         .         .       5.  P.  Haydenii. 
Seeds  narrowly  winged     .         .         .         .         .         .         .  6.  P.  pterospermum. 


404  POLEMONIACEAE    (PHLOX  FAMILY) 

Corolla  funnelform  or  narrower;  filaments  not  pilose-appendaged  at 

base;  leaflets  more  or  less  verticillate. 
Corolla  purple;  flowers  capitate. 

Corolla  broadly  funnelform,  less  than  2  cm.  long     .         .  7.  P.  viscosum. 

Corolla  narrower,  more  than  2  cm.  long    .         .         .         .  8.  P.  confertum. 

Corolla  white,  or  becoming  yellowish  or  bluish;  flowers  in  dense  « 

spikes. 

Corolla  with  broad  tube,  white  or  bluish       .         .         .  9.  P.  mellitum. 

Corolla  with  very  slender  tube,  yellow     .....     10.  P.  Brandegeei. 

1.  Polemonium  occidentale  Greene,  Pitt.  2:  75.  1890.    Either  glabrous  or 
viscid-pubescent;  stem  strict  and  virgate,  5-10  dm.  high,  from  running  root- 
stocks,    5-10-leaved:   leaflets   15-23,   linear-lanceolate  to  oblong-ovate,    10- 
20mm.  long:  flowers  numerous,  in  a  naked  and  narrow  thyrsus  or  panicle: 
calyx  cleft  to  or  below  the  middle,  with  short  lanceolate  lobes:  corolla  blue, 
15-20  mm.  in  diameter,  the  obovate  lobes  much  longer  than  the  tube:  fila- 
ments densely  bearded  at  base,  often  equaling  the  corolla-lobes:  styleexserted. 
P.  caeruleum. — Boggy  or  springy  places  in  the  mountains;  throughout  our 
range  and  west  to  the  Pacific  States. 

2.  Polemonium  foliosisstmum  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  2*:  151.  1878.     Rootstock 
lignescent ;  stems  solitary,  pilose  at  base,  glandular  upward,  simple  or  branched, 
leafy  throughout:  leaflets  lanceolate  to  ovate-lanceolate:  flowers  corymbose- 
cymose,  smaller:   corolla  commonly  white  or  cream-color,  sometimes  violet, 
10-12  mm.  long,  twice  the  length  of  the  calyx:  style  and  stamens  not  pro- 
truding: capsule  subglobose:  seeds  oblong,  becoming  mucilaginous  if  wetted. — 
In  the  mountains  throughout  our  range. 

2a.  Polemonium  foliosissimum  robustum  (Rydb.)  Brand,  Polem.  34. 
1907.  Leaves  short-petioled :  flowers  smaller,  blue.  (P.  molle  Greene,  Leaf- 
lets 1:  153.  1905;  P.  robustum  Rydb.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  31:  635.  1904.) — 
Mountains  of  Colorado  and  Utah. 

3.  Polemonium  filicinum  Greene,  Pitt.  1:  124.  1887.     Slender,  5-10  dm. 
high,  glabrous  up  to  the  inflorescence   which  is  rather  densely  glandular- 
viscid:  leaves  ovate-oblong  in  outline,  the  segments  lanceolate,  acute,  some- 
what closely  ranged  and  decurrent  upon  the  rachis:  inflorescence  corymbose- 
congested:  segments  of  the  calyx  erect,  lanceolate,  longer  than  the  tube: 
corolla  deep  purple,  campanulate,   10-12  mm.  broad,  the  segments  ovate, 
acute:  stamens  declined  and  incurved,  reaching  little  beyond  midway  of  the 
corolla:  style  exserted:  seeds  very  dark  brown,  sharply  angled. — New  Mexico. 

3a.  Polemonium  filicinum  Archibaldae  (A.  Nels.)  Brand,  1.  c.  37.  Usually 
smaller  but  with  relatively  larger  and  more  open  inflorescence:  corolla-lobes 
very  obtuse:  stamens  usually  declined.  (P.  Archibaldae  A.  Nels.  Bot.  Gaz.  31: 
397.  1901;  P.  grande  Greene,  Leaflets  1.  c.) — Southern  Colorado. 

4.  Polemonium  pulcherrimum  Hook.  Bot.  Mag.  57:  pi.  2979.  1830.     Mi- 
nutely  puberulent   and    viscid-glandular;    stems   rather    slender,    sparingly 
branched,  1-3  dm.  high:  leaflets  9-21,  oblong  to  lanceolate:  flowers  in  clusters 
of  small  cymes,  mostly  slender-pediceled :  calyx  narrowly  campanulate,  cleft 
to  below  the  middle,  4-5  mm.  long:  corolla  blue  with  white  tube,  10-15  mm. 
long,  the  ample  oblong  lobes  much  longer  than  the  short  tube:  filaments  pi- 
lose but  not  dilated  at  base:  capsule  obovoid,  much  shorter  than  the  calyx: 
ovules  2-4,  and  seeds  usually  1  in  each  cell.    P.  humile  pulchellum. — In  the 
high  mountains  of  our  range. 

4a.  Polemonium  pulcherrimum  parvifolium  (Nutt.)  A.  Nels.  Reduced  or 
depauperate  forms,  usually  with  fewer  leaflets,  the  flowers  on  slender  pedicels. 
[P.  parvifolium  (Nutt.)  Rydb.  1.  c.  24:  253.  1897;  P.  delicatum  Rydb.  1.  c. 
28:  29.  1901.] 

5.  Polemonium  Haydenii  A.  Nels.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  26:  353.  1899. 
Root  large,  woody,  surmounted  by  a  short,  woody,  branched  caudex;  stems 
several,  one  or  more  from  each  crown,  1-3  dm.  high,  the  minute  puberulence 
becoming  glandular  above:  leaves  crowded  on  the  crowns,  more  than  half  as 
long  as  the  stems;  leaflets  15-25,  oval,  oblong,  or  oblanceolate,  mostly  very 
small,  rarely  exceeding  1  cm.  in  length,  glabrous  or  nearly  so:  flowers  nu- 
merous and  rather  crowded,  drooping  or  suberect,  on  slender  pedicels:  calyx 


HYDROPHYLLACEAE    (WATERLEAF   FAMILY)  405 

narrowly  campanulate,  about  as  long  as  the  corolla-tube:  corolla  blue,  tubular- 
campanulate,  12-16  mm.  long,  the  broadly  elliptic  lobes  a  little  longer  than 
the  calyx:  filaments  very  slender,  the  base  slightly  dilated  and  sparsely  pilose: 
seeds  2-3  in  each  cell. — Yellowstone  Park  and  probably  Idaho  and  Montana. 

6.  Polemonium  pterospermum  Nels.  &  Ckll.  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.  16:  45. 
1903.     Low,   1-2  dm.  high,    glabrate    below,  glandular-puberulent  above; 
stems  several,  spreading  or  decumbent  at  base,  very  leafy,  especially  above: 
leaves  4-6  cm.  long;  the  segments  oblong,  acute,  8-12  mm.  long,  the  lower 
distinct   and    subpetiolate,    the   terminal   crowded   and    slightly   confluent: 
flowers  in  congested  corymbs:  calyx-lobes  about  equaling  the  campanulate 
tube:  corolla  purple,  campanulate,  10-12  mm.  long,  quite  as  broad;  the  tube 
short,  the  lobes  broadly  ovate,  moderately  obtuse:  filaments  shorter  than  the 
corolla,  somewhat  incurved,  glabrous,  but  involved  in  dense  fine  pubescence 
at  the  insertion:  style  filiform;  the  stigmas  narrowly  linear,  exserted:  ovules 
few,  apparently  only  2  or  3  maturing:  the  seeds  narrowly  wing-margined  and 
subconcave    ventrally. — Northern    New   Mexico,    probably   extending   into 
Colorado. 

7.  Polemonium  viscosum  Nutt.  PL  Gamb.  154.  1848.     Somewhat  viscid 
throughout;  rhizome  somewhat  fleshy;  stems  erect,  5-12  cm.  high:  leaflets 
30-40,  small,  oblong  to  suborbicular,    crowded  or  sub  imbricate:    flowers  in 
capitate  clusters:  calyx  campanulate,  very  glandular  and  often  pilose:  corolla 
blue,  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx,  broadly  funnelform,  14-18  mm.  long,  the  lobes 
rounded-obtuse:  stamens  and  style  about  as  long  as  the  corolla.    (P.  Grayanum 
Rydb.  1.  c.  31 :  635.  1904J—  Rare ;  on  the  highest  of  the  Rocky  Mountain  peaks. 

8.  Polemonium  confertum  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  Sci.  Phila.  73.  1863. 
Perennial,  1-2  dm.  high,  glandular- viscid  and  musk-scented,  pubescent  above: 
leaflets  very  numerous,  small,  3-8  mm.  long,  mostly  as  if  whorled  or  fascicled, 
being  2-5-divided  and  sessile,  segments  either  broadly  oval  or  linear-oblong: 
flowers  capitate-crowded,   at  length  racemose-spicate,   somewhat  nodding, 
honey-scented:  lobes  of  the  calyx  narrow,  half  as  long  as  the  cylindrical  or 
oblong  tube:  corolla  2-3  cm.  long,  blue,  the  narrow  funnelform  tube  longer 
than  the  calyx  and  2-3  times  longer  than  the  rounded  lobes:  filaments  barely 
hairy  and  scarcely  dilated  at  base. — In  the  higher  mountains;  from  Colorado 
to  Montana. 

9.  Polemonium  mellitum  (Gray)  A.  Nels.  Bull.  Tprr.  Bot.  Club  26:  354. 
1899.    Viscid-pilose,  tufted,  the  stems  erect  or  spreading:  radical  leaves  long; 
the  leaflets  in  verticils  of  3-4  or  merely  paired,  oval  to  broadly  linear,  thin: 
inflorescence  loosely  spicate  to  racemose,  bracteose :  the  lanceolate  calyx-lobes 
scarcely  shorter  than  the  tube:  corolla  white  or  ochroleucous,  tubular,  more 
than  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx  (20  mm.  or  more),  the  lobes  one  third  as  long 
as  the  tube.    Herbage  heavy  musk-scented,  but  the  flowers  "honey-sweet." — 
In  the  mountains  of  our  range  to  Nevada. 

9a.  Polemonium  mellitum  speciosum  (Rydb.)  A.  Nels.  Similar  in  all  re- 
spects except  that  the  leaves  are  often  merely  paired  and  the  flowers  tinged  with 
blue.  (P.  speciosum  Rydb.  1.  c.  28:  29.) — Mount  Garfield  in  Colorado. 

10.  Polemonium  Brandegeei   (Gray)   Greene,   Pitt.    1:  126.  1887.     Very 
viscid  with  glandular  pubescence,  pleasantly  odoriferous,  caespitose;  stems 
1-3  dm.  high,  simple:  leaves  all  pinnate,  elongated-linear  in  outline,  the  rad- 
ical crowded,  the  cauline  scattered;  leaflets  very  small  and  numerous,  oval 
to  oblong-linear,  some  simple,  others  2-parted  and  so  appearing  verticillate : 
flowers  several  in  a  short  and  racemiform  leafy  thyrsus:  corolla  golden-yellow, 
trumpet-shaped,  with  very  narrow  tube,  20-25  mm.  long.     Gilia  Brandegeei. 
— Colorado. 

99.  HYDROPHYLLACEAE  L.    WATERLEAF  FAMILY 

Herbs  or  shrubs  with  opposite  or  alternate  leaves.  Flowers  regular,  5- 
merous  in  racemes  or  spikes  (often  scorpioid),  or  capitate,  or  solitary.  Sta- 
mens near  the  base  of  the  corolla,  alternate  with  its  lobes.  Styles  2,  distinct 


406        HYDROPHYLLACEAE  (WATERLEAF  FAMILY) 

or  more  or  less  completely  united  even  to  the  stigmas.  Fruit  a  1-celled  cap- 
sule or  partly  or  quite  2-celled  by  the  intrusion  of  the  placentae  or  their  union 
in  the  axis;  valves  2,  rarely  4.  Seed-coat  pitted,  the  cavities  regular  and 
honeycomb-like. 

Leaves  all  basal;  peduncles  1-flowered          .         .        ,         .        .         .1.  Capnorea. 
Leaves  not  all  basal. 

Corolla  convolute  in  bud;  placentae  broad. 

Perennials;   stamens  exserted 2.  Hydrophyllum. 

Annuals;  stamens  included. 

Calyx  enlarged  in  fruit,  naked  at  the  sinuses     .         .         .         .3.  Macrocalyx. 
Calyx  not  much  enlarged  in  fruit,  with  a  reflexed  appendage  at 

each  sinus  . 4.  Nemophila. 

Corolla  imbricated  in  bud;  placentae  narrow. 
Flowers  in  a  scorpioid  cyme. 

Corolla  deciduous,  not  yellow 5.  Phacelia. 

Corolla  persistent,  yellow  or  yellowish 6.  Emmenanthe. 

Flowers  solitary  in  the  leafy  forks  of  the  stem     .        .        .        .7.  Nama. 

1.  CAPNOREA  Raf. 

Low  stemless  perennials,  with  entire  spatulate  or  oblong  leaves  on  elongated 
petioles  crowning  the  caudex,  and  from  their  axils  sending  up  1-flowered  pe- 
duncles. Calyx  5-parted,  rarely  6  or  7-parted;  the  lobes  linear-lanceolate, 
occasionally  unequal.  Corolla  campanulate  or  rotate,  the  stamens  inserted 
on  the  base  of  its  tube.  Style  2-cleft  at  the  apex.  Capsule  loculicidal. 

1.  Capnorea  pumila  Greene,  Erythea  2:  193.  1894.  Leaves  several  from 
the  crown  of  a  short,  usually  branching  rootstock,  lanceolate  to  spatulate, 
tapering  below  to  a  slender  petiole,  minutely  ciliate,  otherwise  glabrous: 
peduncles  slender,  3-7  cm.  long,  about  equaling  the  leaves,  glabrous:  sepals 
lanceolate,  about  12  mm.  long,  minutely  ciliate:  corolla  white  to  purple,  ro- 
tate, often  2  cm.  broad;  the  broad  ovate  lobes  longer  than  the  tube;  the  tube 
within  and  base  of  the  filaments  pubescent. — In  wet  places;  Wyoming  to 
California  and  Washington. 

2.  HYDROPHYLLUM  L.    WATERLEAF 

Perennial  herbs  with  horizontal  rootstocks.  Leaves  alternate  or  mainly 
radical,  pinnate  or  pinnately  parted,  long-petioled.  Flowers  in  capitate  cymes. 
Corolla  campanulate,  5-lobed,  the  tube  with  a  nectar-bearing  grooved  append- 
age opposite  each  lobe.  Stamens  exserted,  the  filaments  hairy  at  the  middle. 
Style  filiform,  exserted;  ovary  hispid.  Capsule  2-valved,  1-4-seeded. 

Flowers  crowded-capitate;  peduncle  shorter  than  the  petiole  .  .  .  1.  H.  capitatum. 
Flowers  loosely-capitate;  peduncle  longer  than  the  petiole  .  .  .  2.  H.  Fendleri. 

1.  Hydrophyllum  capitatum  Dougl.  Benth.  in  Linn.  Trans.  17:  273.  1836. 
Retrorsely  hispid  with  minute  white  hairs;  stems  often  tufted,  1-2  dm.  high, 
from  a  small  fascicle  of  thickened  perennial  roots,  1-several-leaved,  erect  in 
flower,  recurving  and  often  prostrate  in  fruit:  leaves  pinnately  5-7-parted  or 
at  base  divided;  the  lanceolate  division^  entire  or  often  2-3-lobed,  mucronate- 
tipped:  flowers  in  a  dense  capitate  cluster:  calyx  very  hispid,  parted  nearly 
to  the  base:  corolla  blue,  but  little  longer  than  the  calyx:  filaments  twice  as 
long  as  the  corolla:  style  equaling  the  stamens,  2-lobed. — Colorado  to  Montana 
and  far  westward. 

2.  Hydrophyllum  Fendleri  (Gray)  Heller,  Cat.  N.  A.  PI.  40.    1898.    Pubes- 
cent, hirsute,  or  sparingly  hispid,  2-4  dm.  high:   leaves  elongated-oblong, 
pinnately  parted  or  divided  into  7-15  divisions;  divisions  inclined  to  ovate- 
lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate,  incisely  serrate :  cyme  rather  open :  corolla  white 
or  nearly  so:  calyx  deeply  parted,  the  lobes  lanceolate.   H.  occidentals  Fendleri. 
— Wet  copses  and  bottom  lands;  New  Mexico  to  Montana  and  westward. 


HYDROPHYLLACEAE    (WATERLEAF   FAMILY)  407 

3.  MACROCALYX  Trew. 

Leaves  pinnately  parted  or  bi-  or  tripinnately  dissected  and  the  bractless 
flowers  in  axillary  peduncled  racemes.  Calyx  without  appendages  at  the 
sinuses,  and  usually  much  enlarged  under  the  fruit.  Corolla  white,  cam- 
panulate, shorter  or  little  longer  than  the  calyx,  the  internal  appendages 
minute  or  none.  Ovules  4-8. — Ellisia. 

1.  Macrocalyx  Nyctelea  (L.)  Kuntze,  Rev.  Gen.  PL  434.  1891.  Annual, 
1-2  dm.  high,  at  length  very  diffuse:  leaves  on  naked  or  barely  margined 
petioles;  the  divisions  7-13,  lanceolate,  acute,  mostly  1-3-toothed  or  lobed: 
peduncles  solitary  in  the  forks  or  opposite  the  leaves,  or  some  of  the  later 
ones  racemose  and  secund:  calyx-lobes  acuminate,  longer  than  the  capsule: 
corolla  rather  shorter  than  the  calyx. — Colorado  to  the  Saskatchewan,  and 
eastward  across  the  continent. 

4.  NEMOPHILA  Nutt. 

Delicate  low  annuals.  Leaves  opposite,  or  the  uppermost  alternate,  more 
or  less  pinnate.  Flowers  solitary  or  inclined  to  be  racemose.  Calyx  with  a 
reflexed  appendage  in  each  sinus,  accrescent.  Corolla  rotate  to  broadly  cam- 
panulate,  in  all  our  species  longer  than  the  calyx,  with  10  internal  appendages 
at  base.  Stamens  shorter  than  the  corolla,  inserted  near  its  base.  Styles 
more  or  less  2-cleft;  ovules  4-20. 

1.  Nemophila  parviflora  Dougl.  Hook.  Fl.  2:  79.  1840.  Stems  slender  and 
weak,  trailing  or  procumbent:  leaves  pinnately  lobed,  parted,  or  divided  into 
3-5  lobes:  calyx-appendages  rather  conspicuous,  or  sometimes  almost  none: 
corolla  white  or  whitish,  5-8  mm.  in  diameter,  narrowly  campanulate  to  al- 
most rotate,  the  lobes  longer  than  the  tube;  appendages  adherent  by  one  edge: 
filaments  inserted  on  the  very  base  of  the  corolla:  seeds  1-4,  often  deeply  pitted. 
— From  Western  Wyoming  to  California  and  Washington. 

5.  PHACELIA 

Annual,  biennial,  or  rarely  perennial  mostly  hirsute  or  hispid  herbs,  often 
glandular,  with  entire  or  variously  lobed  or  dissected  leaves,  and  often  showy 
flowers  in  scorpioid  spikes  or  racemes.  Calyx  deeply  5-parted.  Corolla  from 
nearly  rotate  to  campanulate,  tubular  or  funnelform,  deciduous,  the  tube 
commonly  with  internal  lamellate  projections  or  appendages.  Style  2-cleft. 
Capsule  1-celled,  2-valved,  the  thin  septa-like  placentae  adherent. 

Leaves  simple  and  entire,  or  the  lower  more  or  less  pinnate  with  en- 
tire divisions. 

Annuals. 

Vernal  and  evanescent,  diminutive;  leaves  ovate     .         .         .       1.  P.  Knightii. 
Aestival;  leaves  or  their  lobes  linear-oblong  .         .         .  2.  P.  linearis. 

Rather  large  and  coarse  perennials  or  biennials. 

White-can  escent;  stems  clustered,  assurgent    .         .         .  3.  P.  leucophylla. 

Hispidly  hirsute;  stems  mostly  single,  erect     .         .         .  4.  P.  heterophylla. 

Leaves  sinuate  or  crenate  to  bipinnatifid. 

Annuals  or  biennials. 


Leaves  pinnately  divided  quite  to  the  midrib. 
Terminal  divisions  of  the 


leaves  distinctly  larger  than  the 

lateral  . 5.  P.  splendens. 

Terminal  divisions  of  the  leaves  not  larger  than  the  lateral. 
Ovules  and  seeds  4  or  by  abortion  fewer. 

Canescent  biennial,  scarcely  glandular    .         .         .  6.  P.  deserta. 

Sordid-green  glandular  annuals. 

Corolla-lobes  crenulate  to  erose-denticulate        .  7.  P.  glandulosa. 

Corolla-lobes  entire 8.  P.  neo-mexicana. 

Ovules  and  seeds  several  to  numerous  (8-40). 

Plants  simple,  or  branched  above,  2-3  dm.  high  .  9.  P.  Franklinii. 

Plants  diffusely  slender-branched  from  the  base,  low     .     10.  P.  Ivesiana. 
Leaves  merely  sinuately  or  crenately  lobed. 

Leaves  coarsely  and  sinuately  lobed  halfway  to  the  midrib      11.  P.  corrugata. 
Leaves  finely  and  shallowly  crenate 12.  P.  integrifolia, 


408  HYDROPHYLLACEAE    (WATERLEAF   FAMILY) 

Perennials;  leaves  more  or  less  silky. 

Caespitose;  sericeous  throughout      .         .         .  . .        .     13.  P.  sericea. 

Scarcely  caespitose;  merely  pubescent  or  finely  hirsute     .         .     14.  P.  idahoensis. 

1.  Phacelia  Knightii  A.  Nels.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  28:  229.  1901.     A 
diminutive  annual  2-5  cm.  high,  minutely  puberulent,  simple  or  branched: 
leaves  few,  semifleshy,  orbicular  to  ovate,  entire  or  nearly  so,  5-10  mm.  long: 
flowers  few,  subspicate  and  nearly  sessile  in  the  uppermost  axils:  corolla 
narrowly  campanulate,  about  5  mm.  long,  longer  than  the  linear-spatulate 
calyx-lobes,  the  limb  purple,  the  tube  yellowish:  seeds  about  14,  oblong,  large 
for  the  plant,    conspicuously  alveolate-hexagonal-reticulate,   slightly  wing- 
margined  by  the  cellular  coat. — In  the  crevices  of  the  naked  Wasatch  clays, 
western  Wyoming. 

2.  Phacelia    linearis    (Pursh)    Holz.   Contrib.   Nat.   Herb.   3:  242.    1895. 
Stems  1-3  dm.  high,  at  length  paniculate-branched,  hispid  or  roughish-hirsute, 
usually  also  minutely  cinereous-pubescent:  leaves  mostly  sessile,  linear  or 
lanceolate  and  entire  or  some  of  them  deeply  cleft;  the  lobes  few  or  single, 
linear  or  lanceolate,  entire:  spikes  or  spike-like  racemes  thyrsoid-paniculate, 
at  length  elongated  and  erect:  corolla  bright  violet  or  sometimes  white:  ovules 
12-16:  capsule  shorter  than  the  calyx;  seeds  oblong,  coarsely  favose-reticulated. 
P.  Menziesii. — Wyoming  to  California  and  British  Columbia. 

3.  Phacelia  leucophylla  Torr.  Frem.  Rep.  93.  1845.    Perennial  by  a  stout 
rootstock,  pale,  densely  silky-pubescent;  stems  3-5  dm.  high:  leaves  lanceo- 
late to  oblong,  5-10  cm.  long,  the  lower  long-petioled :  spike-like  branches  of 
the  scorpioid  cymes  dense,  2-8  cm.  long;  flowers  sessile,  numerous,  about 
8  mm.  high:  calyx-lobes  hispid,  oblong-lanceolate  or  linear,  somewhat  shorter 
than  the  white  or  bluish,  5-lobed  corolla:  corolla-appendages  in  pairs  between 
the  filaments:  filaments  exserted,  glabrous  or  sparingly  hairy:  ovules  2  on 
each  placenta.    P.  drdnata. — In  dry  soil;  Colorado  to  North  Dakota  and  to 
Idaho. 

4.  Phacelia  heterophylla  Pursh,  Fl.  140.  1814.     Much  like  the  preceding 
but  probably  only  biennial,  the  stems  single,  or  rarely  more,  from  the  semi- 
fleshy  root,  erect,  3-5  dm.  high;  pubescence,  of  two  kinds,  a  fine  canescence 
and  more  or  less  hirsute-hispid  hairs:  leaves  simple,  or  some  of  them  with 
divergent,  lanceolate  or  linear  lobes  near  the  base:  inflorescence  hispid;  the 
dense   spikes   thyrsoid-congested :    corolla   bluish,    longer   than   the   oblong- 
lanceolate  or  linear  calyx-lobes:  filaments  much  exserted,  sparingly  bearded. 
P.  drdnata  in  part.    (P.  biennis  A.  Nels.  1.  c.  26:  132.) — Colorado  arid  Wyo- 
ming and  west  to  the  Pacific  States. 

4a.  Phacelia  heterpphylla  alpina  (Rydb.)  A.  Nels.  Scarcely  more  than  a 
reduced  form  of  alpine  stations,  tending  to  become  perennial.  (P.  alpina 
Rydb.  Mem.  N.  Y.  Bot.  Card.  1:  324.  1900.) — In  the  high  mountains. 

5.  Phacelia   splendens   Eastw.  Zoe  4:  9.  1893.     Annual,  erect,  2-3  dm. 
high,  usually  simple-stemmed;  stems  glandular  or  glabrous:  leaves  pinnately 
parted  into  three  or  four  pairs  of  alternate  divisions,  crenate  or  bluntly  lobed 
and  oblique  at  base,  nearly  glabrous,  glandular  on  the  rachis:  scorpioid  cyme 
on  a  naked  peduncle;    flowers   on  short  pedicels:   calyx  white-hirsute  and 
slightly  glandular,  the  lobes  linear-lanceolate,  4-6  mm.  long,  slightly  surpassing 
the  ripe  capsule:  corolla  bright  blue,  rarely  white,  about  1  cm.  in  diameter, 
divisions  obtuse:  stamens  and  style  conspicuously  exserted:  capsule  glandular 
and  hirsute;  seeds  with  the  central  ridge  very  prominent,  cymbiform,  favose 
over  the  whole  surface,  but  not  corrugated. — In  adobe  soil;  western  Colorado 
and  Utah. 

6.  Phacelia  deserta  A.  Nels.  1.  c.  25:  278.  1908.     Stem  erect,  simple  or 
branched  from  the  base,  1-2  dm.  high,  densely  leafy  at  base,  sparsely  so  up- 
ward, the  whole  plant  canescent  with  a  short  close  pubescence,  obscurely 
glandular:  leaves  pinnate,  the  pinnae  opposite,  nearly  oval  and  crenately 
toothed,    5-9    pairs   which  are   nearly  equal   in   size:    inflorescence    dense, 
paniculate,  of  scorpioid  cymes:  sepals  equal,  lanceolate-oblong:  corolla  bright 
blue,  turbinate-campanulate,  7  mm.  long,  lobes  equaling  or  surpassing  the 
tube,  rounded,  entire;  the  obliquely  vertical  lamellae  broad  and  conspicuous, 


HYDROPHYLLACEAE    (WATERLEAF   FAMILY)  409 

loosely  united  over  the  filament:  filaments  and  style  conspicuously  exserted. — 
In  the  Green  river  shales,  Wyoming. 

7.  Phacelia  glandulosa  Nutt.  Journ.  Acad.  Sci.  Phila.  II.  1:  160.  1847. 
Plants  2-7  dm.  high,  rather  stout,  often  widely  branched,  viscidly  pubescent 
or  in  the  inflorescence  hirsute:  primary  segments  of  the  leaves  few-lobed  or 
incised,  or  some  entire:  flowers  comparatively  large:  corolla  violet  or  blue, 
8-12  mm.  high,  with  ample  rounded  lobes  .quite  entire:  stamens  and  style 
much  exserted:  capsule  short-oval. — Montana  to  Texas  and  Arizona. 

8.  Phacelia  neo-mexicana    Thurb.  Torr.   Bot.   Mex.    Bound.    143.  1859. 


comparati 

the  short  lobes  minutely  crenulate  to  erose-denticulate:  stamens  and  style 
often  no  longer  than  the  corolla-lobes,  sometimes  rather  conspicuously  ex- 
serted. (P.  alba  Rydb.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  28:  30.  1901.)— Southern  Col- 
orado and  New  Mexico.  ' 

9.  Phacelia  Franklinii  (R.Br.)  Gray,  Man.  Ed.  2.  329.  1856.     Erect,  sim- 
ple, or  corymbose  at  summit,  2-4  dm.  high,  soft-hirsute  or  pubescent:  lower 
leaves  petioled  and  pinnately  or  somewhat  bipinnately  divided  or  parted 
into  numerous  and  short  linear-oblong  divisions  or  lobes,  the  upper  sessile 
and  less  divided:  spikes  cymose-glomerate  or  crowded,  little  elongated  in  age: 
corolla  pale  blue  or  almost  white:  ovules  40  or  more:  capsule  about  the  length 
of  the  calyx^Jeeds  oval,  minutely  alveolate  in  vertical  lines. — Wyoming  and 
far  north warJUnd  westward. 

10.  Phacelia  Ivesiana'Torr.  Ives  Colorado  Exp.  21.  1860.    Diffusely  much 
branched  from  the  base,  10-15  cm.  high,  hirsute-pubescent  and  glandular: 
leaves  pinnately  parted  into  7-15  linear  or  oblong  and  entire  or  incisely  few- 
toothed  lobes,  rarely  bipinnatifid:  racemes  loose,  6-20-flowered:  narrow  ap- 
pendages of  the  corolla  adnate  to  the  filament  only  at  base:  capsule  oblong, 
16-24-seeded.    (P.  campestris  A.  Nels.  1.  c.  26:  242.) — From  western  Wyo- 
ming to  southern  California. 

11.  Phacelia  corrugata  A.  Nels.  Bot.  Gaz.  34:  26.  1902.    Slightly  glutinous 
and  more  glandular-pubescent;  stem  branched  or  simple,  moderately  leafy, 
terminating  in  elongated  naked  peduncles:  leaves  narrowly  oblong,  somewhat 
alternately  11-15-lobed,  the  broad  sinuses  extending  about  halfway  to  the 
midrib,  each  lobe  with  2  or  4  rounded  unequal  lobes;  petioles  short  or  want- 
ing: spikes  very  dense  even  in  fruit:  sepals  linear-ob lanceolate,  sparsely  hir- 
sute, nearly  as  long  as  the  corolla:  corolla  blue,  campanulate-funnelform,  1  cm. 
or  more  long:  stamens  and  styles  nearly  twice  the  length  of  the  corolla;  the 
undivided  base  of  the  style  pubescent:  capsule  elliptical,  about  5  mm.  long; 
seeds  oblong,  obtuse  at  both  ends. — Utah,  through  Colorado  to  western  Texas. 

12.  Phacelia  integrifolia  Torr.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  2:  222.  1827.    Annual  or 
biennial;  stem  very  leafy,  1.5-5  dm.  high:  leaves -finely  strigose-pubescent, 
ovate-oblong  or  oblong-lanceolate,  irregularly  crenate-dentate,  obtuse  at  the 
apex,  rounded  or  cordate  at  the  base,  2y6  cm.  long,  petioled  or  the  uppermost 
sessile:  spike-like  branches  of  the  scorpioid  cymes  dense,  5-10  cm.  long  when 
expanded;  flowers  sessile,  about  8  mm.  long:  calyx-segments  acute:  corolla 
tubular-campanulate,  white  or  blue,  the  tube  longer  than  the  calyx:  filaments 
glabrous,  exserted:  ovules  2  on  each  placenta. — In  saline  soil;  Kansas  and 
Colorado  to  Utah  and  Arizona. 

13.  Phacelia  sericea   (Graham)   Gray,   Proc.  Am.  Acad.   10:  323.  1875. 
Stems  1-3  dm.  high  from  a  branching  caudex,  silky-pubescent  or  canescent, 
or  the  simple  virgate  stems  and  inflorescence  villous-hirsute,  rather  leafy  to 
the  top:  leaves  pinnately  parted  into  numerous  linear  or  narrowly  oblong 
lobes,  these  often  again  few-cleft  or  pinnatifid,  silky-canescent  or  sometimes 
greenish;  the  lower  petioled;  the  uppermost  simpler  and  nearly  sessile:  short 
spikes  crowded  in  a  naked  spike-like  thyrsus:  corolla  violet-blue  or  whitish: 
stamens  long-exserted :  capsule  a  little  longer  than  the  calyx. — Mountains 
of  Colorado,  Nevada,  and  northward. 

14.  Phacelia  idahoensis  Henderson,  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  22:  48.  1895. 


410  BORAGINACEAE    (BORAGE    FAMILY) 

Much  resembling  the  preceding,  less  strongly  caespitose,  the  stems  usually 
taller;  pubescence  less  dense  and  often  merely  villous-hirsute :  thyrsus  rather 
long  and  narrow:  stamens  and  style  sometimes  but  little  longer  than  the 
corolla:  seeds  12-22,  angled  by  pressure,  rather  deeply  alveolate.  (P.  ciliosa 
Rydb.  1.  c.  33:  149.) — Colorado  to  Montana  and  Washington. 

6.  EMMENANTHE  Benth. 

Annuals.  Corolla  yellow  or  yellowish,  campanulate,  persistent.  Seeds 
several.  Otherwise  like  Phacelia. 

Corolla  equaling  or  exceeding  the  calyx-lobes    .         .         .         .         .         .     1.  E.  scopulina. 

Corolla  distinctly  shorter  than  the  calyx-lobes       .         .         .         .         .     2.  E.  salina. 

1.  Emmenanthe  scopulina  A.  Nels.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  25:  380.  1898. 
Small,  pubescent  but  scarcely  glandular,  branched  from  the  base;  branches 
short,  ascending,  1-8  cm.  long:  leaves  ovate,  elliptic,  or  oblong,  crenately  lobed 
to  nearly  entire,  5-12  mm.  long:  flowers  in  short  racemes;  pedicels  short, 
rarely  exceeding  the  calyx  in  length:  sepals  linear,  obtuse,  at  maturity  about 
4  mm.  long:  corolla  equaling  the  calyx-lobes:  capsule  exceeding  the  calyx  at 
maturity:  ovules  usually  10;  seeds  brown,  irregularly  ovate,  obliquely  rugose, 
2  mm.  long. — In  the  Green  river  cliffs,  Wyoming. 

2.  Emmenanthe  salina  A.  Nels.  1.  c.  45.    Similar  but  even  smaller,  some- 
what viscid-pubescent:  leaves   oval  to   oblong,   entire   to   pi^ately   lobed: 
corolla  minute,  narrow,  distinctly  shorter  than  the  3  mm.  long^linear  sepals: 
capsule  shorter  than  the  sepals;  seeds  pale,  oblong-flattened,  transversely 
rugose  and  obscurely  reticulated. — On  the  naked,  ashy,  alkali  flats  of  Bitter 
Creek,  Wyoming. 

7.  NAMA  L. 

Low  herbs,  with  purple,  bluish,  or  white  corolla.  In  ours  the  corolla  is 
short-funnelform  and  hardly  exceeding  the  calyx,  the  flowers  are  in  the  forks 
of  the  stem,  and  the  leaves  are  entire.  Ovary  imperfectly  2-celled;  styles  2, 
distinct. 

1.  Nama  angustifolium  (Gray)  A.  Nels.  Erect,  1-2  dm.  high,  minutely 
pubescent,  glandular;  stem  repeatedly  forked  and  with  a  nearly  sessile  flower 
in  each  fork:  leaves  narrow,  linear  or  nearly  so:  sepals  narrowly  linear:  seeds 
marked  with  about  5  longitudinal  rows  of  large  pits,  from  4-6  in  each  row. 
N.  dichotomum  angustifolium.  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  8:  284.  1870.  (Mari- 
launidium  angustifolium  Kuntze.) — Colorado  and  New  Mexico. 

100.  BORAQINACEAE  A.  Gray.    BORAGE  FAMILY 

Chiefly  rough-hairy  herbs,  with  alternate  or  rarely  opposite  entire  leaves 
and  symmetrical  flowers  mostly  on  one  side  of  the  branches  of  a  reduced  cyme. 
Calyx  5-parted.  Corolla  regular,  5-lobed.  Stamens  5,  inserted  on  the  corolla- 
tube.  Style  single;  ovary  deeply  4-lobed  (occasionally  undivided),  forming 
in  fruit  4  (or  by  abortion  fewer)  seed-like  nutlets,  each  with  a  single  seed. 

Ovary  undivided  or  only  4-grooved,  with  terminal  style. 

Style  2-cleft  or  2-parted 1.  Coldenia. 

Style  entire  or  none;  stigma  annular 2.  Heliotropium. 

Ovary  4-lobed  or  ^divided,  with  central  style. 

Nutlets  armed  with  barbed  prickles;  fruit  bur-like    ....       3.  Lappula. 
Nutlets  unarmed  or  the  prickles  (if  any)  not  barbed. 

Nutlets  widely  divaricate,  bordered  with  uncinate  prickles     .         .       4.  Pectocarya. 
Nutlets  attached  laterally  to  a  pyramid-like  projection  of  the 

receptacle. 
Annuals. 

Leaves  opposite  below 6.  Allocarya. 

Leaves  all  alternate 7.  Cryptanthe. 


BORAGINACEAE    (BORAGE    FAMILY)  411 

Biennials  or  perennials. 

Nutlets  prickly  on  the  margin 5.  Eritrichium. 

Nutlets  not  prickly   on    the    margin. 

Flowers  white  or  yellow    .......       8.  Oreocarya. 

Flowers  blue  (rarely  white)       ......       9.  Mertensia. 

Nutlets  attached  by  their  bases. 

Nutlets   small,    smooth   and    membranous;    flowers   blue,   in 

bractless  racemes 10.  Myosotis. 

Nutlets    bony    and    polished;    flowers    yellow,    in    leafy   or 

bracteate  racemes;  corolla-lobes  rounded,  spreading  .     .     11.  Lithospermum. 
Nutlets  smooth,   subglobose;    flowers   greenish  or  yellowish, 

in  leafy-bracteate  racemes;  corolla-lobes  acute,  erect        .     12.  Onosmodium. 

1.  COLDENIA  L. 

Low  herbaceous  or  suffrutescent  plants,  with  canescent  or  hispid  entire 
leaves,  and  small,  white,  clustered,  sessile  flowers.  Calyx  5-parted.  Corolla 
funnelform  or  salverform  and  convolute.  Fruit  separating  at  maturity  into 
four  1-seeded  nutlets. 

1.  Coldenia  Nuttallii  Hook.  Kew  Journ.  Bot.  3:  296.  1851.  Prostrate 
annual,  repeatedly  and  divergently  dichotomous:  leaves  ovate  or  rhomboid- 
rotund,  4-10  mm.  long,  on  longer  petioles,  with  2  or  3  pairs  of  strong  and 
somewhat  curving  veins,  and  margins  somewhat  revolute:  flowers  densely 
clustered  in  the  forks  and  at  the  ends  of  the  naked  branches:  filaments  in- 
serted nearly  in  the  throat  of  the  pink  or  whitish  corolla,  the  tube  of  which 
bears  5  short  obtuse  scales  near  the  base:  nutlets  marked  with  a  linear  and 
raphe-like  ventral  scar.— Dry  plains;  from  Wyoming  to  New  Mexico  and 
westward. 

2.  HELIOTROPIUM  L.     HELIOTROPE 

Annuals  or  perennials;  ours  herbaceous  and  with  alternate,  entire  leaves, 
white  flowers,  deeply  5-parted  persistent  calyx,  salverform  or  funnelform 
corolla,  sinuses  more  or  less  plaited  in  bud,  connivent  anthers,  and  a  4-celled 
ovary  becoming  a  2  or  4-lobed  fruit  splitting  into  1-seeded  nutlets. 

Glabrous  and  glaucous;  fruit  4-lobed     .         .         .         .         .  1.  H.  spathulatum. 

Strigose-canescent;  fruit  2-lobed    .         .         .         .         .         .         .     2.  H.  convolvulaceum. 

1.  Heliotropium  spathulatum  Rydb.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  30:  262.  1903. 
Diffusely  spreading  perennial,  1-3  dm.  high:  leaves  succulent,  oblanceolate 
or  narrower:  spikes  unilateral,  scorpioid,  mostly  in  pairs  or  twice  forked, 
densely  flowered:  corolla  6-8  mm.  broad,  white,  with  a  yellow  eye:  stigma 
sessile,  disk-shaped,  as  broad  as  the  glabrous  ovary:  nutlets  scarcely  rugose. 
H.  curassavicum  L.  in  part. — In  moist  strongly  saline  soils;  throughout  our 
range. 

2.  Heliotropium  convolvulaceum  (Nutt.)  Gray,  Mem.  Am.  Acad.  6:  403. 
1857.     A  low,  spreading,  freely  branched  annual,  1-3  dm.  high:  leaves  ovate 
to  nearly  linear,  short-petioled :  flowers  solitary,  opposite  the  leaves  and  ter- 
minal, short-peduncled :  calyx-segments  acuminate:  corolla  large,  strigose  on 
the  tube,  which  exceeds  the  sepals  and  the  angulate-lobed  ample  limb:  an- 
thers cohering  slightly  by  their  minutely  bearded  tips:  style  long  and  filiform; 
stigma  conical,  with  a  truncate,  penicillate  tip. — Sandy  plains;  Colorado  and 
westward. 

3.  LAPPULA  Moench.     STICKSEED 

Hispid-pubescent  or  canescent  herbs,  with  alternate  entire  leaves,  and  small 
white  or  blue  flowers  in  spikes  or  racemes.  Calyx  5-cleft.  Corolla  salverform 
or  funnel-form,  with  short  tube  and  the  lobes  imbricated  in  bud.  Stamens 
included.  Ovary  4-lobed,  becoming  a  bur-like  fruit  of  4  nutlets  armed  with 
barbed  prickles. — Echinospermum  Sw. 

Racemes  ebracteate  above;  fruiting  pedicels  deflexed. 

Annual;  flowers  small;  racemes  open    .         .         .         .         .         .1.  L.  americana. 

Biennial;  flowers  medium;  raceme  dense     .         .         .         .  2.  L.  floribunda. 

Perennial. 


412  BORAGINACEAE  (BORAGE  FAMILY) 

Crests  in  corolla-throat  short-pubescent    .         .         .         .  3.  L.  subdecumbens. 

Crests  in  corolla-throat  long-hirsute 4.  L.  caerulescens. 

Racemes  bracteate;  fruiting  pedicels  not  deflexed. 
Marginal  prickles  distinct  or  nearly  so. 
Prickles  in  one  row. 
Sepals  not  enlarged. 

Stems  branched  above     .         .         .        .         .         .         .       5.  L.  erecta. 

Stems  branched  throughout 6.  L.  occidentalis. 

Sepals  enlarged  and  reflexed         .         .         .         .         .         .       7.  L.  calycosa. 

Prickles  in  two  rows. 

Prickles  similar;  plant  strict         .         .         .         .         .  8.  L.  Lappula.  . 

Prickles  dissimilar;  plant  spreading 9.  L.  cenchroides. 

Marginal  prickles  more  or  less  confluent,  forming  a  cupulate 

border  to  the  nutlet. 
Floriferous  from  the  base,  foliose  throughout. 

Cup  deep,  margin  involute  .         .         .         .         .         .     10.  L.  cucullata. 

Cup  shallow,  margin  revolute        .         .         .         .         .         .11.  L.  foliosa. 

Floriferous  on  the  branches,  bracted  above     .         .         .         .     12.  L.  heterosperma. 

1.  Lappula  americana  (Gray)  Rydb.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  24:  294.  1897. 
Roughly  short-pubescent,  3-7  dm.  high;  stem  simple  below,  slenderly  and 
divaricately  branched  above:  leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  4-8  cm.  long:  racemes 
slender  and  sparsely  flowered;  the  slender  pedicels  deflexed  in  fruit,  5-6  mm. 
long:  corolla  minute:  nutlets  roughened-papillose  on  the  back,  a  row  of  flat 
prickles  on  the  margin. — Wyoming  and  northward. 

2.  Lappula    floribunda,    (Lehm.)    Greene,    Pitt.    2:  182.  1891.      Hirsute- 
pubescent;  stems  stout,  erect,  5-8  dm.  high:  leaves  oblong  to  linear-lanceolate, 
the  lowest   tapering  into   margined   petioles:  racemes  numerous,  crowded, 
commonly   geminate  and  in   fruit  rather  strict:    corolla  rotate,   blue,   7-8 
mm.   broad:    fruit   pyramidal,   on   recurved   pedicels    about    6    mm.    long; 
nutlets  with  a  flat,  elongated-triangular  scabrous  back,  the  margin  armed 
with  a  close  row  of   flat  subulate  prickles,   the  bases  often  confluent. — 
Echinospermum  floribundum   Lehm. — Rich   moist   ground;  Western   United 
States. 

3.  Lappula  subdecumbens  (Parry)  A.  Nels.     Mostly  soft-hirsute,  some  of 
the  hairs  with  papillose  base;  stems  several  or  many  from  large  roots,  diffusely 
spreading,  3-7  dm.  long:  leaves  ample;  lower  oblanceolate,  tapering  intb  a 
margined  petiole,  7-15  cm.  long;  upper  oblong,  sessile,  gradually  smaller  and 
bract-like:  inflorescence  paniculate,  at  length  open:  corolla  rotate,  blue  vary- 
ing to  white,  8-12  mm.  broad:  pedicels  at  length  deflexed,  about  5  mm.  long, 
equaling  the  fruit:  marginal  prickles  of  nutlets  subulate  and  very  flat,  nearly 
as  long  as  the  width  of  the  dorsal  disk,  this  beset  with  a  few  small  glochidiate 

frocesses.     (Echinospermum  subdecumbens  Parry,  Proc.  Davenport  Acad.  1: 
48.  1876.) — Northwestern  part  of  our  range  and  westward. 

4.  Lappula  caerulescens  Rydb.  Mem.   N.  Y.   Bot.   Card.   1:  328.  1900. 
Stems  several,  ascending,  4-6  dm.  high,  grayish-strigose,  simple  up  to  the 
inflorescence:  basal  leaves  5-10  cm.  long,  numerous;  blade  oblanceolate,  ob- 
tuse, grayish-strigose  and  ciliate-margined,  tapering  into  a  winged  petiole; 
stem  leaves  oblong,  2-5  cm.  long,  sessile  or  the  upper  somewhat  clasping: 
inflorescence  open  and  rather  loosely  flowered:  calyx  strigose,  2  mm.  long: 
corolla  6-10  mm.  in  diameter,  from  nearly  white  to  sky-blue,  the  crests  with 
some  long  white  hairs  upon  them:  nutlets  3  mm.  long;  marginal  prickles  of 
two  lengths,  free  to  the  base,  all  glochidiate;  back  finely  muriculate  and 
usually  with  a  central  ridge  bearing  about  10  glochidiate  prickles;  ventral 
surface  finely  rugose. — Northwestern  Wyoming,  Yellowstone  Park,  and  north- 
westward. 

5.  Lappula  erecta  A.  Nels.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  27:  268.  1900.    Annual 
or  biennial,  cinereously  strigose-pubescent ;  stems  1-5  from  the  crown  of  a 
taproot,  simple,  erect,  paniculately  branched  above,  2-4  dm.  high:  crown 
leaves  rosulate,  small,  oblanceolate,  petioled;  stem  leaves  broadly  linear,  ses- 
sile or  nearly  so,  1-4  cm.  long:  flowers  small,  blue  varying  to  white,  crowded 
on  the  panicled  branches,  more  open  in  fruit:  nutlets  minutely  and  densely 
muricate-tuberculate  on  all  sides,  with  the  murications  in  the  median  line  of 
the  back  a  little  more  prominent  than  the  others,  a  single  series  of  about  10 


BORAGINACEAE    (BORAGE   FAMILY)  413 

prickles  which  are  distinct  to  an  obscure  marginal  ridge. — Frequent  in  Wyo- 
ming; probably  southward. 

6.  Lappula  occidental  (Wats.)  Greene,  Pitt.  4:  97.  1899.     Pubescence 
short,  pustulate  at  base;  stems  one  or  more,  freely  branched  from  near  the 
base,  1-4  dm.  high:  leaves  linear-oblong,  mostly  small,  passing  into  small 
bracts:  .flowers  minute,  crowded;  fruiting  racemes  elongated  and  slender:  nut- 
lets with  7-11  distinct  triangular-subulate  prickles  generally  grooved  down 
the  whole  inner  face,  the  surface  of  the  nutlet  covered  with  low  tuberculations 
(not  muricate).     Echinospermum  Redowskii  occidentale  Wats. — Frequent  in 
our  range  and  extending  both  eastward  and  westward. 

7.  Lappula  calycosa  Rydb .  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  28 :  30. 1901 .    A  hirsute  an- 
nual, simple  below,  virgately  branched  above,  3-4  dm.  high:  leaves  oblong, 
obtuse,  3-4  cm.  long,  smaller  and  bract-like  on  the  branches:  flowers  and  fruit 
on  short  pedicels:  the  calyx-lobes  enlarged,  in  fruit  subfoliaceous  and  reflexed: 
the  minute  corolla  blue:    nutlets  as  in  the  preceding  but  the  prickles  not 
grooved;  backs  of  nutlets  muricate. — Colorado  (Rydberg  and  Vreeland,  1900). 

8.  Lappula  Lappula  (L.)  Karst.  Deutsch.  Fl.  979.    1880-83.    A  pale,  leafy, 
hispid-pubescent  annual,  3-6  dm.  high,  erect  with  a  few  erect  or  divaricate 
branches  above:  leaves  from  spatulate  below  to  linear  above,  mostly  obtusish: 
racemes  crowded,  sometimes  1-sided:    corolla  blue:  fruit  ovate-globular,  2-3 
mm.  in  diameter,  on  short  stout  pedicels:  nutlets  roughened-papillose  on  the 
back,  with  2  rows  of  small  slender  prickles  on  the  margins. — Naturalized  from 
Europe  and  to  be  expected  within  our  range  as  a  weed. 

9.  Lappula  cenchroidps  A.  Nels.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  28:  2.  1899.    An- 
nual or  biennial,  rather  harshly  pubescent,  mostly  intricately  bushy-branched, 
2-4  cm.  high:  leaves  numerous,  oblong  to  ovate,  1-2  cm.  long,  the  pubescence 
on  the  underside  with  large  pustulate  bases:  flowers  minute,  in  leafy-bracted 
spikes:  fruits  large,  nearly  sessile;  nutlets  ovate-acute,  armed  on  the  margins 
with  a  double  row  of  numerous  large   distinct   unequal   aculei,  scabrous- 
tuberculate  on  the  back  with  a  noticeable  median  row. — Dry  canons;  southern 
Wyoming. 

10.  Lappula  cucullata  A.  Nels.  Bot.  Gaz.  34:  29.  1902.    Pubescence  short, 
subcinereous,  scarcely  hispid,  more  or  less  branched  from  the  crown  of  the 
slender  taproot,  1  (rarely  2)  dm.  high:  leaves  numerous,  narrowly  oblong, 
1-3  cm.  long,  passing  into  the  smaller  foliar  bracts:  flowers  inconspicuous: 
fruits  large  for  the  plant;  nutlets  similar,  all  deeply  cupulate  or  hooded,  the 
border  thin  but  strongly  involute,  the  rounded  margin  bearing  a  few  short, 
glochidiate  prickles;  the  tip  of  the  nutlet  with  nearly  an  equal  number  of 
slender  prickles  not  involved  in  the  border  of  the  hood  (these  characters  not 
fully  developed  till  maturity) ;  the  body  of  the  nutlet  with  a  dorsal,  slightly 
muriculate  ridge,  ventrally  orbicular  with  an  abrupt  acumination,  strongly 
keeled,  the  sides  closely  muriculate.— ^Sandy  barrens ;  Wyoming  and  southward. 

11.  Lappula  foliosa  A.  Nels.    Diffusely  and  profusely  branched  from  the 
base,  the  slender  branches  very  leafy  throughout,  10-20  cm.  long,  floriferous 
nearly  to  the  base  but  more  remotely  so  downward:  leaves  broadly  linear, 
1-3  cm.  long:  flowers  blue:  fruits  on  short  pedicels  which  tend  to  recurve;  nut- 
lets all  alike,  the  prickles  widely  dilated  and  connected  at  base,  forming  a 
narrow  wing-like  revolute  margin,  minutely  papillose-scabrous  on  all  sides 
with  a  noticeable  dorsal  ridge.     L.  desertorum  foliosa  A.   Nels.   Bull.  Torr. 
Bot.  Club  27:  267.  1900. — Red  Desert  of  Wyoming;  probably  southward. 

12.  Lappula  heterosperma  Greene,  Pitt.  4:  94.  1899.    Diffusely  branched, 
often  nearly  to  the  base;  the  branches  10-15  cm.  long,  loosely  floriferous,  each 
flower  subtended  by  a  leafy  bract  which  surpasses  even  the  mature  fruit: 
leaves  linear  to  oblong-linear,  subcinereous:  flowers  pale  blue:  nutlets  dis- 
similar, 3  with  an  elevated,  coroniform,  thickened,  aculeate  border,  the  fourth 
with  about  6  prickles  almost  distinct,  but  each  dilated  and  slightly  inflated  at 
base,  a  line  of  sharp  murication  forming  a  dorsal  ridge  and  the  whole  surface 
of  nutlets  minutely  muricate,  even  on  the  cupulate  crown. — Southwestern 
Colorado  and  southward  as  to  the  species.    The  following  variety  occurs 
farther  northward. 


414  BORAGINACEAE    (BORAGE   FAMILY) 

12a.  Lappula  heterosperma  homosperma  A.  Nels.  Bot.  Gaz.  34:  29.  1902. 
Larger  than  the  species,  paniculately  and  somewhat  rigidly  branched  from 
near  the  base  upward:  nutlets  all  similaY  and  with  the  character  of  the  cupu- 
late  ones  of  the  species. — Northern  Colorado. 

4.  PECTOCARYA  DC. 

Small  annuals  with  narrow  sub  opposite  leaves  and  minute  flowers.  Calyx 
cleft  to  the  base  or  nearly  so  and  open  in  fruit.  Corolla  with  crests  nearly 
closing  its  throat,  the  5  short  stamens  included.  Style  minute  with  capitate 
stigma.  Nutlets  thin  and  flat,  widely  divergent,  winged  by  a  thin  pectinate  or 
bristly  border. 

1.  Pectocarya  miser  A.  Nels.  Bot.  Gaz.  37:  310.  1904.  Minutely  appressed- 
strigose,  branched  from  the  base,  the  several  stems  filiform,  spreading,  5-20 
cm.  long:  leaves  linear,  imperfectly  opposite,  mostly  less  than  1  cm.  long; 
the  floral  one  of  the  pair  reduced  or  wanting:  flowers  single  at  the  nodes: 
nutlets  geminate,  very  flat,  irregularly  and  narrowly  winged  at  the  sides,  sides 
and  apex  bordered  with  hooked  bristles,  the  dorsal  disk  slightly  keeled  and 
glandular-hairy. — Known  only  fro'm  type  locality,  Point  of  Rocks,  Wyoming. 

6.  ERITRICHIUM  Schrad. 

Dwarf,  caespitose,  mountain  perennials  with  narrow  leaves  and  small  white 
or  blue  flowers.  Corolla  rotate,  with  short  tube,  5  crests  in  the  throat,  and 
5  included  stamens.  Nutlets  divergent,  with  sharp  margin  or  winged  by  an 
acute  pectinate-toothed  border. — Omphalodes. 

Pubescence  long  and  yillous  .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .I.E.  argenteum. 

Pubescence  short,  sericeous-canescent  .         .         .         .         .         .         .     2.  E.  Howardii. 

1.  Eritrichium  argenteum  Wight,  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  29:  411.  1902. 
Densely  caespitotee,  only  2-4  cm.  high,  closely  villous  with  long  soft  white 
hairs:    leaves  narrowly  ovate    to  narrowly  lanceolate:    flowers  terminating 
very  short   leafy  shoots,  becoming  more  or  less  racemose:   nutlets  with  a 
pectinate-toothed   or  spinulose   dorsal  border.     Omphalodes  nana  aretiodes. 
— Alpine;  in  Colorado,  Utah,  Wyoming,  and  northwestward. 

2.  Eritrichium  Howardii  (Gray)  Rydb.  Mem.  N.  Y.  Bot.  Gard.  1:  327. 
1900.     Densely  caespitose,  sericeous-canescent  with  appressed  pubescence: 
leaves  spatulate-linear,  7-15  mm.  long,  crowded  on  the  tufted  branches  of  the 
caudex:  stems  short,  with  a  few  linear  leaves,  simple  or  dichotomous,  few- 
flowered:  corolla  larger  (7-10  mm.  broad):  nutlets  flattened  dorsally,  the  disk 
smooth   or   minutely   papillose,    the   margin   acutely   angled.      Omphalodes 
Howardii.    (Eritrichium  elongatum  Wight,  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  29:  408. 1902). 
Wyoming,  Montana,  and  westward  in  the  mountains. 

6.  ALLOCARYA  Greene 

Small  semisucculent  somewhat  hirsute  annuals,  with  opposite  (at  least  the 
lower)  linear  leaves,  and  several  to  many  slender  usually  depressed  branches 
from  the  base.  Flowers,  small,  white,  racemose,  on  turbinate-thickened  pedicels. 
Calyx  5-parted.  Corolla  salverform,  yellow-throated.  Nutlets  4,  variable 
(from  smooth  to  rugose  or  even  glochidiate),  ovate  or  lanceolate. — Krynitzkia 
Fisch.  &  Mey.  in  part. 

Fruiting  racemes  lax    .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .     1.  A.  scopulorum. 

Fruiting  racemes  dense        .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .     2.  A.  Nelsonii. 

1.  Allocarya  scopulorum  Greene,  Pitt.  1:  16.  1887.  Minutely  strigillose- 
hispid  or  the  leaves  glabrate  above,  branched  from  the  base;  the  slender, 
prostrate-spreading  stems  at  length  branched,  7~15  cm.  long:  leaves  linear, 
the  floral  somewhat  elongated :  calyx-segments  not  accrescent,  linear-lanceolate : 
nutlets  with  ovate  nearly  basal  scar,  slightly  carinate  ventrally  and  also 


BORAGINACEAE    (BORAGE   FAMILY)  415 

dorsally  toward  the  apex,  rugulose  or  obscurely  peiu^ilate-roughened  or' 
muriculate.  Krynitzkia  calif ornica  subglochidiata  Gray. — Frequent  on  moist 
saline  soil  throughout  our  range. 

2.  Allocarya  Nelsonii  Greene,  Erythea  3:  48.  1895.  Similar  in  size  and 
habit,  the  pubescence  denser  and  the  hairs  with  pustulate  base;  very  pro- 
fusely branched  from  the  crown:  inflorescence  dense  in  fruit  as  well  as  in 
flower:  calyx  open,  the  segments  short:  corolla  inconspicuous:  nutlets  with 
nearly  basal  scar,  sharply  keeled  ventrally,  a  few  sharp  transverse  or  oblique 
rugulae  on  the  dorsal  side,  beset  with  minute  hooked  or  forked  hairs  on  the 
ridges  and  obscurely  papillose  in  the  intervals. — Known  only  from  the  type 
locality,  Silver  Creek,  Fremont  county,  Wyoming. 

7.  CRYPTANTHE  Lehm.* 

Slender,  hirsute  or  hispid  annuals,  with  narrow  entire  alternate  leaves 
and  bractless  (sometimes  leafy-bracteate  below),  flowers  in  slender  spikes  or 
racemes.  Calyx  more  or  less  hispid,  closely  embracing  the  fruit  and  de- 
ciduous with  it.  Corolla  small,  often  inconspicuous.  Nutlets  4,  or  by  abor- 
tion fewer,  attached  from  the  base  upward  usually  nearly  to  the  apex,  smooth, 
muriculate  or  tuberculate,  sometimes  with  a  slight  dorsal  ridge,  the  margin 
sometimes  acute  or  even  winged. — Krynitzkia  Fisch.  &  Mey.  in  part. 

Nutlets  smooth,  light  gray  or  mottled. 
Sepals  with  a  thickened  rigid  midrib. 
Branched  from  the  base* 

One  nutlet  more  persistent     .         .         .         .         .         .         .     1.  C.  Pattersqnii. 

Nutlets  all  alike 2.  C.  ramulosissima. 

Simple  below,  paniculately  branched  above        .         .         .         .     3.  C.  Fendleri. 

Sepals  setose-hispid,  midrib  not  noticeably  thickened. 
Sepals  long-attenuate,  the  tips  open-divaricate. 

Nutlets  usually  all  maturing    .         .         .         .         .         .         .4.  C.  flexuqsa. 

Nutlets  solitary       .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .     5.  C.  gracilis. 

Sepals  short,  tips  closed 6.  C.  Watsonii. 

Nutlets  roughened  or  muricate,  at  least  some  of  them. 

Nutlets  dissimilar,  one  larger  and  smooth 7.  C.  crassisepala.     • 

Nutlets  alike,  one  sometimes  aborted    .         .         .    '    .         .         .     8.  C.  multicaulis. 

1.  Cryptanthe  Pattersonii  (Gray)  Greene,  Pitt.  1:  120. 1897.    Rough-hispid, 
15-25  cm.  high;  the  several  stems  from  the  base  simple  or  sparingly  branched: 
leaves  narrowly  spatulate  or  linear:  calyx  hispid  with  pungent  bristles,  the 
lobes  linear-lanceolate  and  with  noticeably  thickened  midrib:  nutlets  ovate- 
acuminate,  smooth,  one  of  them  disposed  to  be  more  persistent  than  the  rest, 
sometimes  but  one  maturing,  attached  from  the  base  to  the  middle  or  above. 
Krynitzkia  Pattersonii  Gray. — Plains  and  foothills  of  the  eastern  side  of  the 
Rocky  Mountains. 

2.  Cryptanthe  ramulosissima  A.   Nels.   Erythea  7:  68.  1899.      Densely 
hispid  throughout,  closely  and  intricately  branched  from  the  base  up,  the 
whole  forming  a  subspherical  mass  2-4  dm.  in  diameter:  leaves  small,  nu- 
merous, linear,  the  hairs  with  pustulate  base:  spikes  uniserial,  crowded,  the 
flowers  in  pairs:  sepals  linear,  setose-hispid,  midrib  thickened  at  base,  5-6  mm. 
long:  nutlets  all  alike,  smooth,  subconical,  2  mm.  long,  ventral  groove  widen- 
ing slightly  into  an  open  basal  areola. — Southern  Wyoming. 

3.  Cryptanthe  Fendleri  (Gray)  Greene,  Pitt.  1:.120.  1887.     Erect,  pan- 
iculately branched  from  near  the  base,  rather  rigid,  2-3  dm.  high:  leaves 
linear,  2-4  cm.  long:  spikes  slender,  bracteate  at  base:  sepals  narrowly  linear 
in  fruit:  nutlets  narrowly  ovate-acuminate,  attached  nearly  to  the  apex,  all 
maturing  and  alike,  brown,  less  than  2  mm.  long.    Krynitzkia  Fendleri  Gray. — 
Sandy  plains  in  the  Rocky  Mountains  and  westward. 

*  Besides  the  species  described,  several  others  are  occasionally  reported  from  our  range, 
among  which  may  be  named  C.  affinis,  C.  Torreyana,  C.  ambigua,  etc.  It  seems  doubtful 
whether  these  species  occur  in  our  range.  Fully  developed  material  with  mature  nutlets  is 
likely  to  show  that  those  so  reported  belong  to  one  or  the  other  of  the  species  here  de- 
scribed, or  else  that  they  are  new  and  yet  undescribed. 


410  BORAGINACEAE    (BORAGE   FAMILY) 

4.  Cryptanthe  flexuosa  A.  Nels.     Pale,  hispid-pubescent;  stems  simple  or 
several  from  the  base,  loosely  branched  upward,  erect,  or  (if  long)  flexuous- 
spreading,  15*30  cm.  long:  leaves  narrowly  oblong,  2-3  cm.  long:  fruiting 
spike  open,  below  with  foliar  bracts:  sepals  lanceolate-acuminate,  hispid  at 
base,  the  tips  mostly  spreading,  5-8  mm.  long:  nutlets  mottled,  smooth  and 
shining,  about  2  mm.  long,  the  ventral  groove  nearly  closed,  forked  at  the  base 
but  without  areola,  all  maturing. — C.  affinis  flexuosa  A.  Nels.  Bot.  Gaz.  30: 
183.  1900. — Northwestern  Wyoming,  Utah,  and  Idaho. 

5.  Cryptanthe  gracilis  Osterh.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  30:  236.  1903.    Slen- 
der, erect,  10-15  cm.  high,  sparsely  hispid:  leaves  rather  few,  oblanceolate, 
obtuse,  about  1  cm.  long,  sparsely  hispid:  inflorescence  pedunculate,  open  in 
fruit;  the  flowers  small:  calyx  densely  hispid,  the  lobes  narrow  and  not  thick- 
ened, 3  mm.  long  in  fruit:  nutlet  solitary,  ovate-acuminate,  smooth,  some- 
what triangular  in  cross  section,  about  2  mm.  long,  a  little  longer  than  the 
large  gynobase  to  which  it  is  attached  for  about  half  its  length. — Known  only 
from  the  type  locality,  Glenwood  Springs,  Colorado. 

6.  Cryptanthe  Watsonii  (Gray)  Greene,  Pitt.  1:  120.  1887.     Erect,  dark 
green,  slightly  hispid,  12-25  cm.  high;  stem  simple  or  branched  from  the  base, 
slender  and  somewhat  weak:  leaves  narrowly  oblong  or  spatulate,  2-4  cm. 
long:  flowers  minute,  relatively  few,  the  fruiting  spikes  open,  naked  except 
at  base:  sepals  short,  only  3-4  mm.  long,  the  tips  mostly  closed;  midrib  not 
thickened:  nutlets  narrow,  subtriquetrous,  about  2  mm.  long,  attached  from 
the  base  nearly  to  the  apex,  smooth  and  shining.    Krynitzkia  Watsonii  Gray. — 
Northwestern  Colorado  and  through  western  Wyoming. 

7.  Cryptanthe  crassisepala  (T.  &  G.)  Greene,  Pitt.  1:  112.  1887.     Very 
rough-hispid,  freely  and  diffusely  branched  from  the  base  upward,  rather 
stout,  15-25  cm.  high:  leaves  oblanceolate  and  linear-spatulate :  calyx  very 
hispid  with  yellowish  or  fulvous  bristles,  the  sepals  greatly  thickened  at  base 
in  fruit,  5-8  mm.  long,  inclined  to  disarticulate  at  maturity,  forming  a  sort  of 
bur  inclosing  the  nutlets:  nutlets  ovate,  acute,  dissimilar,  3  of  them  muricate- 
granulate,  and  1  larger  and  smooth  or  nearly  so,  attached  for  half  its  length. 
Krynitzkia  crassisepala   Gray. — From   the   Rocky   Mountains   eastward   to 
Kansas  and  Nebraska. 

8.  Cryptanthe  multicaulis  A.   Nels.   Bot.   Gaz.   30:  183.  1900.     Few  to 
many-stemmed  from  the  crown  of  the  vertical  taproot;  stems  slender,  erect 
or  decumbent  at  base,  sparingly  branched,  12-24  cm.  high:  leaves  broadly 
linear,  2-3  cm.  long;  pubescence  from  hispid  to  hirsute-ciliate :  spikes  slender, 
rather  dense  even  in  fruit:  sepals  setose-hispid,  narrowly  lanceolate-acuminate, 
about  5  mm.  long,  the  midrib  not  thickened:  nutlets  obscurely  roughened, 
ovate,  subacute,  2  mm.  long,  the  ventral  groove  forked  at  base  but  without 
conspicuous  open  areola,  usually  only  3  maturing. — Wyoming  and  probably 
southward  into  Colorado. 

8.  OREOCARYA  Greene 

Coarse  biennial  herbs,  with  rough  or  hispid  pubescence,  alternate  leaves,  and 
white  or  yellow  flowers  in  crowded  paniculate  or  thyrsoid  clusters.  Calyx 
5-parted,  open  in  fruit.  Corolla  salverform,  5-lobed,  crested  in  throat  and 
bearing  5  included  often  dimorphic  stamens.  Ovary  deeply  4-lobed,  becoming 
a  fruit  of  4  sharp-angled  or  wing-margined  nutlets  which  are  attached  later- 
ally to  the  pyramidal  receptacle. — Krynitzkia  Fisch  &  Mey.  in  part. 

Flowers  yellow  or  with  yellow  throat. 

Flowers  yellow,  in  a  spicate  thyrsus    .         .         .         .         .         .  •     1.  O.  nava. 

Flowers  yellowish,  in  an  interrupted  thyrsus     .         .         .  2.  O.  alata. 

Flowers  white  with  yellow  throat 3.  O.  flavoculata. 

Flowers  white. 

Tufted  or  caespitose  perennials. 

Inflorescence  racemose-paniculate;  nutlets  smooth. 

Fruiting  raceme  uniserial;  nutlets  gray      .         .         .  4.  O.  multicaulis. 

Fruiting  raceme  biserial;  nutlets  brown      .         .         .  5.  O.  suffruticosa. 

Inflorescence  thyrsoid  or  thyrsoid-glomerate;  nutlets  rough. 


BORAGINACEAE    (BORAGE   FAMILY)  417 

Calyx-lobes  equaling  or  exceeding  the  corolla-tube. 
Hirsute,  fulvous  above. 

Nutlets  nearly  smooth  .         .         .         .         .         .       6.  O.  caespitosa. 

Nutlets  conspicuously  roughened  .         .         .  7.  O.  nana. 

Silvery-canescent;    nutlets  muricate        .         .         .  8.  O.  cana. 

White-sericeous,     tawny     above;       nutlets      rugulose- 

tuberculate. 
Floriferous  above  only  .         .         .         .         .         .       9.  O.  serioea. 

Floriferous  from  the  base     ......     10.  O.  elata. 

Calyx-lobes  shorter  than  the  corolla-tube. 
Inflorescence  terminal. 

Contracted  capitate 11.  O.  fulvocanescens, 

Compound  spicate         .         .         .         .         ...         .     12.  O.  cristata. 

Floriferous  throughout;  nutlets  rugose     .         .         .         .     13.  O.  Bakeri. 

Biennials  or  scarcely  more  enduring,  mostly  from  a  taproot. 
Corolla-tube  not  surpassing  the  calyx-lobes. 

Stem  simple,  or  with  smaller  branches  from  the  base;  lower 

leaves  oblanceolate 14.  O.  affinis. 

Stem  simple  or  several  from  the  base;  lower  leaves  obovate     15.  O.  glomerata. 
Stems  two  or  more  from  the  crown,  equal. 

Nutlets  sharply  rugose 16.  O.  thyrsiflora. 

Nutlets  roughly  white-papillose 17.  O.  aperta. 

Stem  strict,  stout;  inflorescence  spicate,  leafy-bracteate       .     18.  O.  virgata. 
Corolla-tube  surpassing  the  elongated  calyx-lobes  • .         .         .     19.  O.  longiflora. 

1.  Oreocarya  flava  A.  Nels.,  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  25:  202.  1898.     White- 
pubescent  below,  fulvous  or  yellow-hirsute  upward;  stems  numerous,  tufted 
on  a  branched  lignescent  caudex,  10-25  cm.  high:  leaves  numerous;  basal 
ones  scale-like  and  whit^-hairy;  stem  leaves  linear  to  oblanceolate,  3-5  cm. 
long:  inflorescence  crowded,   glomerate-spicate :  calyx  yellow-hirsute,   lobes 
linear,  half  the' length  of  the  corolla-tube:  corolla  a  decided  yellow,  tube  about 
12  mm.  long;   crests  conspicuous,   emarginate:   stamens  and  pistils  dimor- 
phic; stamens  inserted  just  below  the  throat  or  just  below  the  middle  of  the 
tube;  style  the  length  of  the  tube  or  half  the  length:  nutlets  smooth,  ovate, 
narrowly  winged,  not  all  maturing. — Southern  desert  region  of  Wyoming. 

2.  Oreocarya  alata  (Jones)  A.  Nels.    Pubescence  short,  soft  and  appressed, 
longer  but  scarcely  hispid  in  the  inflorescence;  caudex  woody,  branched; 
stems  single  from  the  crowns,  erect,  2-5  cm.  high:  basal  leaves  crowded, 
linear-oblanceolate,  3-6  cm.  long;  those  of  the  stem  oblong-linear:  inflores- 
cence subcapitate,  with  one  or  more  small  clusters  in  the  axils  of  the  upper- 
most leaves:  calyx-lobes  linear,  shorter  than  the  corolla-tube,  fulvous-hirsute: 
corolla  yellowish,  tube  about  10  mm.  long,  at  least  twice  as  long  as  the  lobes: 
nutlets   smooth,    obtusely   and    narrowly   wing-margined. — Krynitzkia   leu- 
cophaea  alata  Jones,  Cal.  Acad.  Sci.  II.  5:  710.  1895. — Sandstone  cliffs  and 
barrens;  Utah  and  probably  western  Colorado. 

3.  Oreocarya  flavoculata  A.  Nels.  Erythea  7:    66.  1899.     Hispid-ciliate, 
loosely  tufted  on  a  branched  caudex  the  branches  of  which  are  clothed  with 
dead  leaf-bases,  1-2  dm.  high:  leaves  linear-spatulate  to  narrowly  obovate, 
canescent:   inflorescence   crowded,   becoming  a   thyrsus   of   short   racemes, 
fulvous  and  somewhat  strigose:  sepals  lanceolate,  about  7  mm.  long:  corolla 
white  or  ochroleucous,  the  throat  and  conspicuous  oblong  crests  bright  yel- 
low; tube  slightly  exceeding  the  calyx  and  nearly  twice  the  length  of  the  oval 
lobes:  nutlets  ovate,  roughened-papillate  on  the  back.     (O.  eulophus  Rydb. 
Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club   31:  637,  1904.) — Southwestern  Wyoming  and  south- 
ward. 

4.  Oreocarya  multicaulis  (Torr.)  Greene,  Pitt.  3:  114.  1896.     Perennial, 
tufted,  densely  pubescent  and  somewhat  tomentose;  stems  numerous,  rather 
rigid,  3-5  dm.  high,  moderately  leafy,  bearing  a  thyrsus  of  numerous  elongated 
spikes  at  and  near  the  summit :  leaves  mostly  oblanceolate,  becoming  broadly 
linear   upward:    spikes   appearing   uniserial   and   unilateral:   nutlets   ovate- 
trigonous,  smooth  and  shining.    Krynitzkia  Jamesii  Gray  in  part. — Southern 
Colorado  and  southward. 

5.  Oreocarya    suffruticosa    (Torr.)    Greene,    Pitt.    1:  57.  1887.      Stems 
tufted,  freely  branched,  canescently  pubescent  or  white-hirsute,  about  2  dm. 
hi^h,  rather  rigid  and  brittle:  leaves  linear-lanceolate  or  oblanceolate,  cin- 

ROCKY  MT.   BOT. 27 


418  BORAGINACEAE  (BORAGE  FAMILY) 

ereous  with  appressed  pubescence:  fruiting  spikes  geminate  and  biserial: 
sepals  ovate-lanceolate:  nutlets  ovate-trigonous  (a  quarter  of  a  sphere), 
polished,  red-brown,  dotted  with  white.  Krynitzkia  Jamesii  Gray  in  part.— 
Southeastern  Wyoming  and  southward  in  Colorado. 

6.  Oreocarya  caespitosa  A.  Nels.  Erythea  7:  65.  1899.    The  multicipital 
caudex  densely  tufted,  often  forming  broad  mats,  the  branches  clothed  with 
dead  leaves;  stems  5-10  cm.  high,  single  from   the  crowns,  simple:  leaves 
numerous,  linear  to  spatulate,  5-30  mm.  long,  silky-canescent :  inflorescence 
at  first  capitate,  in  fruit  thyrsoid-spicate,  fulvous-pubescent:  corolla  white, 
tube  scarcely  equaling  the  sepals,  crests  conspicuous:  nutlets  narrowly  ovate, 
scarcely  roughened  on  the  back,  attached  by  nearly  the  whole  inner  margin. 
— Wyoming  and  southward. 

7.  Oreocarya  nana  Eastw.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  30:  243.  1903.     Caespi- 
tose,   5-20  cm.  high,  hispid  throughout,  floriferous  nearly  from  the  base: 
radical  leaves  crowded,  oblanceolate,  petiolate,  1-2  cm.  long;  cauline  leaves 
few,  similar  but  shorter  than  the  radical:  inflorescence  spicate-glomerate : 
calyx-lobes  linear-subulate,  longer  than  the   corolla-tube,  enlarging  in  fruit 
and  conniving  over  the  nutlets:  corolla  white,  with  prominent  crests:  nutlets 
ovate,  keeled  on  the  dorsal  side  and  rough  with  sharp,  transverse,  interrupted 
muriculations,  with  fine  papillae  intervening. — Mesa  lands;  Grand  Junction, 
Colorado. 

8.  Oreocarya  cana  A.  Nels.  Bot.  Gaz.  34:  30.  1902.    Caudex  multicipital, 
clothed  with  densely  pubescent  leaf-bases;  stems  1-2  dm.  high,  simple,  softly 
pubescent:  leaves  silvery- white  with  a  short, . close,  soft  pubescence,  linear- 
oblanceolate,  3-7  cm.  long:   the  short,  dense,  thyrsoid  spike  closely  fulvous- 
hairy  (scarcely  hispid):  sepals  linear,  5-7  mm.  long:  tube  of  the  white  corolla 
equaling  the  calyx:   nutlets  narrowly  ovate,  sharply  angled,  closely  muricu- 
late  on  back  and  sides,  ridged  on  the  back  by  a  double  row  of  minute  tubercles, 
scar  open,  lanceolate,  seldom  all  maturing. — Barren  hills  on  the  North  Platte. 

9.  Oreocarya  sericea  (Gray)  Greene,  Pitt.  1:  58.  1887.    Canescent  below, 
more  hirsute  upward  and  becoming  a  tawny  yellow;  stems  tufted  on  a  branched 
caudex,  1-2  dm.  high:  leaves  spatulate,  2-4  cm.  long:  inflorescence  short,  at 
first  capitate,  at  length  open  thyrsoid:  corolla  white,  the  short  tube  equaled 
by  the  oval  lobes  and  much  surpassed  by  the  hispid  linear  fruiting  sepals: 
nutlets  ovate,  subacute,  closely  muricate-tuberculate  on  the  back,  the  ven- 
tral groove  terminating  in  a  broader  basal  scar.    Krynitzkia  sericea  Gray. — 
Western  part  of  our  range  (probably)  and  westward  to  the  Sierra  Nevada. 

10.  Oreocarya  elata  Eastw.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  30:  241.  1903.     Stems 
1-several  from  a  woody  taproot,  2-4  dm.  high,  floriferous  from  the  base,  the 
axillary  clusters  becoming  spicate  and  the  summit  of  the  stem  branching  into 
a  panicle  of  bracteate  spikes:  basal  leaves  spatulate,  white  with  a  fine,  dense, 
interlaced  pubescence;  cauline  distant,  similar  but  sessile  or  clasping:  calyx- 
lobes  ovate,  with  strong  midvein,  densely  hispid,  surpassing  the  corolla-tube: 
corolla  white,  the  tube  longer  than  the  lobes:  nutlets  ovate,  acute  but  not 
winged  on  the  margin,  tuberculate  with  glossy-white  tubercles  which  are 
separate  or  confluent  in  irregularly  transverse  ridges. — Type  locality,  clay 
hills,  near  Grand  Junction,  Colorado. 

11.  Oreocarya  fulvocanescens  (Gray)  Greene,  Pitt.  1:  58.  1887.     Silky- 
tomentose  and   the  inflorescence  yellow  hispid-hirsute;   caudex  caespitose; 
stems  1  dm.  or  more  high:  leaves  linear-spatulate,  acute:  inflorescence  con- 
tracted and  subcapitate :  tube  of  the  white  corolla  much  longer  than  the  lobes 
and  surpassing  the  calyx,  the  crests  elongated  and  exserted.     Krynitzkia 
fulvocanescens  Gray. — Southern  Colorado  and  New  Mexico. 

12.  Oreocarya  cristata  Eastw.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  30:  244.  1903.    Cau- 
dex branched  from  a  slender  woody  taproot;  stems  slender,  2  dm.  high:  leaves 
oblanceolate-spatulate,    on    broad    petioles;    pubescence   from   cinereous   to 
tawny  (above):  inflorescence  short,  glomerate-spicate :  calyx-segments  about 
6  mm.  long,  very  bristly,  shorter  than  the  tube  of  the  corolla:  corolla  with 
broad  orbicular  divisions,  the  throat-crests  prominent:  nutlets  globose,  in- 
curved, acutely  margined  to  the  scar,  rough  with  transverse  ridges  and  minute 


BORAGINACEAE    (BORAGE   FAMILY)  419 

papillae  intervening;  scar  broad  and  open,  and  forked  at  base. — Type  locality, 
Grand  Junction,  Colorado. 

13.  Oreocarya   Bakeri    Greene,   Pitt.    4:   92.    1899.     Densely   appressed- 
pubescent,  becoming  hispid  above;  perennial  with  stout  stems,  usually  de- 
cumbent at  base,  more  or  less  branched  and  floriferous  almost  throughout: 
leaves  petioled,  pb lanceolate  to  elliptic-lanceolate :  flowers  crowded  in  the  few, 
solitary,  or  geminate  racemes,  bracted:  sepals  ovate-lanceolate,  short,  only  a 
little  longer  than  the  fruit:  nutlets  narrowly  margined,  sinuately  and  sharply 
rugose  on  the  back,  pitted  on  the  ventral  face. — Southern  Colorado. 

14.  Oreocarya  affinis  Greene,   Pitt.  3:  110.  1896.     Biennial,   15-25  cm. 
high,  with  1  stoutish,  erect,  hispid  stem  and  usually  2  or  more  small,  ascending, 
accessory  ones  from  the  base:  leaves  mostly  oblanceolate,  obtuse,  canescent 
with  a  minute  pubescence  intermixed  with  hispid  hairs  from  a  canescent  base : 
flowers  in  short  axillary  racemes,  forming  a  long  narrow  thyrsus:  corolla 
6-8  mm.  across,  the  tube  equaling  the  calyx:  nutlets  narrowly  ovate,  sub- 
acuminate,  tuberculate-fugose  on  the  back.     Krynitzkia  glomerata  Gray,  in 
part. — Southern  Wyoming,  westward  and  southward. 

14a.  Oreocarya  affinis  perennis  A.  Nels.  Erythea  7:  67.  1899.  Very 
similar  but  the  root  becoming  indurated  and  perennial:  nutlets  nearly  smooth, 
obscurely  wing-margined. — Desert  areas;  Wyoming,  and  Colorado  to  Nevada. 

15.  Oreocarya  glomerata  (Nutt.)  Greene,  Pitt.  1:  58.  1887.     Pubescence 
subtomentose,  strigose  hairs  with  pustulate  bases  intermingled,   upwardly 
becoming  densely  hispid;  stems  simple,  one  or  sometimes  more:  basal  leaves 
crowded,  short,  obovate-spatulate,  very  obtuse  or  sometimes  retuse;  stem 
leaves  spatulate,  becoming  acute  upward:  inflorescence  and  flowers  as  in  the 
preceding:  nutlets  narrowly  ovate,  with  dorsal  ridge,  transverse  bars,  and 
numerous  tubercles.     Krynitzkia  glomerata  Gray  in  part. — Coming  into  the 
northeastern  part  of  our  range. 

16.  Oreocarya    thyrsiflora    Greene,    Pitt.    3:  111.  1896.      Strigose-hispid 
throughout,  usually  with  3   or  more  equal  stoutish  stems  from  the  crown, 
2-4  dm.  high:  leaves  oblanceolate:  thyrsus  large,  its  forked  branches  panicled: 
corolla-tube  short,  scarcely  equaling  the  short  sepals:  nutlets  about  3  mm. 
long,   ovate,   obtuse,   sharply  but  interruptedly  rugose. — Frequent  on  dry 
hills;  eastern  Rocky  Mountains. 

17.  Oreocarya  aperta  Eastw.  Bull.Torr.  Bot.  Club  30:  241.  1903.    Probably 
perennial,  the  caudex  branched;  stems  several,  1-2  dm.  high,  branched  from 
the  base  but  the  whole  forming  a  close  thyrsus  of  2-forked  spikes;  pubescence 
gray,  setose-hispid,  and  a  finer  indument  of  appressed  hairs:  calyx-lobes 
subulate-acuminate,  elongating  and  spreading  in  fruit:  corolla  white,  tube 
and  limb  subequal;  crests  conspicuous:  nutlets  ovate,  obtuse,  with  prominent 
dorsal  ridge  and  acutely  margined  all  around,  rough  with  glossy-white  papillae, 
the  larger  merging  into  small  papillae  and  forming  somewhat  star-shaped 
figures. — Type  locality,  Grand  Junction,  Colorado. 

18.  Oreocarya  virgata  (Porter)  Greene,  Pitt.  1:  58.  1887.     Very  hispid, 
not  at  all  canescent;  stem  strict,  3-6  dm.  high,  flowering  for  most  of  its  length 
in  short  and  dense,  nearly  sessile  clusters,  which  are  generally  much  shorter 
than  the  linear,  subtending  leaves,  and  forming  a  long,  virgate,  leafy  spike: 
corolla-tube  short,  equaled  by  the  lobes  and  by  the  sepals:  fruit  pyramidal; 
nutlets  broadly  ovate,  sparingly  papillose.    Krynitzkia  virgata  Gray. — Eastern 
slopes  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  in  Colorado  and  Wyoming. 

19.  Oreocarya  longiflora  A.  Nels.  Erythea  7:  67.  1899.    Canescently  his- 
pid, with  a  denser  underlying  fine  puberulence,  setose-hispid  in  the  thyrsus; 
stems  1  or  more  from  the  crown  of  the  biennial  (possibly  more  enduring) 
root,  1-2  dm.  high  (including  the  thyrsus) :  leaves  mostly  basal,  spatulate, 
3-7  cm.  long:  inflorescence  occupying  nearly  the  whole  length  of  the  stem,  the 
numerous  racemes  in  the  axils  of  the  leaf-like  bracts  (reduced  above) :  sepals 
linear,  8-10  mm.  long,  longer  in  fruit:  corolla-tube  much  exceeding  the  sepals: 
stamens  dimorphic :  nutlets  ovate,  obtuse,  3-4  mm.  long,  acute-angled,  slightly 
keeled  on  back,  obscurely  rugose  and  low-papillate  towards  the  margin. — 
Southwestern  Colorado. 


420  BORAGINACEAE    (BORAGE   FAMILY) 

9.  MERTENSIA  Roth. 

Perennial  herbs,  with  glabrous  or  minutely  hispid  or  softly  pubescent 
alternate  leaves  and  handsome  blue,  purple,  or  white  flowers  clustered  in 
paniculate  racemes  or  in  cymes.  Calyx-lobes  linear  to  lanceolate,  usually 
somewhat  enlarged  in  fruit.  Corolla  tubular  to  f unnelf orm-campanulate ;  the 
limb  5-lobed;  crests  in  throat  small.  Stamens  inserted  on  the  corolla-tube ; 
anthers  included,  or  at  least  not  surpassing  the  limb.  Ovary  4-divided ;  style 
slender.  Nutlets  attached  laterally,  but  near  the  base  only,  to  a  slightly 
elevated  receptacle,  erect,  leathery,  and  wrinkled  when  mature. 

Leaves  glabrous  or  nearly  so,  sometimes  papillose  or  otherwise 

roughened. 

Corolla-tube  equaling  the  calyx  .         .         .         .         .  1.  M.  alpina. 

Corolla-tube  about  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx. 

Tube  glabrous  within 2.  M.  folipsa. 

Tube  with  a  villous  ring  within      .         .         .         .         .         .       3.  M.  coriacea. 

Corolla-tube  more  than  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx. 

Leaves  crowded,  usually  glaucescent 4.  M.  ciliata. 

Leaves  sparse,  vivid  green      .         .         .         .         .         .  5.  M.  cynoglossoides. 

Leaves  strigillose  above,  sometimes  papillose  as  well. 
Calyx  and  corolla-tube  subequal. 

Stamens  included  in  corolla-tube     .         .         .         .         .  6.  M.  brevistyla. 

Stamens  exserted  from  the  tube      .         .         .         .         .  7.  M.  papillosa. 

Calyx  shorter  than  the  corolla-tube. 
Low  and  tufted  (8-15  cm',  high). 

Leaves  ovate  or  elliptic       .         .         .         .         .         .  8.  M.  ovata. 

Leaves  oblong  or  oblance-spatulate 9.  M.  Tweedyi. 

Taller  and  loosely  tufted  (20  cm.  or  more  high). 
Leaves  crowded  on  the  stems  and  at  the  base. 

Smaller  upward,  bright  green 10.  M.  viridis. 

Equably  leafy,  dark  green 11.  M.  coronata. 

Leaves  open  on  stem,  few  or  wanting  below. 

Glaucescent,  rather  thick          .         .         .         .         .         .     12.  M.  lanceolata. 

Bright  green,  thin  and  large     , 13.  M.  pratensis. 

Leaves  pubescent  on  both  sides     .......     14.  M.  Bakeri. 

1.  Mertensia  alpina  (Torr.)  Don,  Gen.  Syst.  4:  372.  1838.     Smooth  and 
somewhat  glaucous,    10-15  cm.  high:    leaves  broadly  oblong   to  narrowly 
lanceolate,  obtuse  or  subacute,  3-5  cm.  long;  the  lower  numerous  and  on 
slender  petioles  as  long  as  or  longer  than  the  blade:  flowers  crowded,  more  open 
in  fruit:  calyx-lobes  scarcely  equaling  the  tube  of  the  blue  corolla:  the  limb 
of  the  corolla  mostly  shorter  than  the  tube:  filaments  inserted  either  on  the 
margin  of  the  throat  or  about  the  middle  of  the  tube,  very  short,  narrower 
than  the  anther:  style  included. — Open  subalpjne  plains  and  foothills. 

2.  Mertensia  foliosa  A.  Nels.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  26:  243.  1899.     Gla- 
brous, dark  green,  2-3  dm. high;  rootstock  thick,  shreddy,  branched  at  summit; 
stems  numerous,  1  or  more  from  each  crown,  striate,  ascending  or  erect: 
leaves  thick,  ample,  scabrous  on  the  margins;  radical  numerous,  elliptic  to 
oblong,  4-7  cm.  long,  on  slender  petioles  often  twice  as  long;  cauline  crowded, 
sessile,  oblanceolate  or  (upwardly)  lanceolate  and  acute:  panicle  crowded: 
corolla  15  mm.  long,  the  tube  slightly  exceeding  the  limb,  about  twice  the 
length  of  the  lanceolate  calyx-lobes,  a  10-toothed  ring  inside  at  the  base  of 
the  glabrous  tube:  filaments  as  broad  as  the  anthers,  which  are  protruded 
from  the  conspicuously  crested  throat. — Moist  slopes;  western  Wyoming. 

3.  Mertensia  coriacea  A.  Nels.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  29:  402.  1902.    Gla- 
brous, tufted,  assurgent,  2-3  dm.  high:  leaves  crowded,  thick  and  coriaceous, 
with  some  flat-topped  papillae  on  the  upper  surface;   radical  oblong   or 
elliptic,  4-6  cm.  long,  on  petioles  mostly  shorter  than  the  blade;  lower  stem 
leaves  oblanceolate,  passing  into  sessile  ovate  leaves  upward:  flower-clusters 
terminal  and  in  the  axils  of  the  upper  leaves,  crowded  even  in  fruit:  calyx- 
lobes   triangular-lanceolate,    subciliate:    corolla    nearly   tubular,    limb   and 
throat  exceeding  the  tube,  the  latter  with  a  villous  ring  below  the  middle: 
filaments  spatulate,  broader  and  shorter  than  the  anthers:  nutlets  ovate, 
coarsely  rugose.     (M.  perplexa  Rydb.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  31:  639.  1904.) 
— Alpine;  southern  Wyoming  and  southward. 

3o.  Mertensia  coriacea  dilatata  A.  Nels.  1.  c.    Less  leafy:  inflorescence  more 


BORAGINACEAE   J^BORAGE   FAMILY)  421 

open:  sepals  lance-linear:  filaments  broadly  and  spatulately  dilated. — Range 
of  the  species. 

4.  Mertensia  ciliata  (Torr.)  Don,  Gen.  Syst.  4:  322.  1838.    Pale  and  glau- 
cescent,  glabrous  and  smooth,  very  leafy,  3-12  dm.  high:  leaves  ample,  veiny; 
cauline  oblong  or  lanceolate-ovate,  ciliate-margined,  mostly  acute,  the  upper 
becoming  acuminate;  basal  leaves  ovate  or  subcordate,  5-10  cm.  long,  petioled: 
short  racemes  panicled:  corolla  bright  blue;  the  tube  exceeding  the  limb  and 
3-5  times  as  long  as  the  ovate  or  oblong-obtuse,  ciliate  calyx-lobes:  filaments 
as  broad  as  the  anthers,  inserted  in  the  throat:  style  long  and  capillary.    M. 
sibirica  Don.     (M.  picta  Rydb.  1.  c.  638.) — Throughout  our  range. 

4a.  Mertensia  ciliata  polyphylla  (Greene)  A.  Nels.  Stem  strict,  closely 
and  equably  leafy.  M.  polyphylla  Greene,  Pitt.  4:  87.  1899. — Colorado. 

46.  Mertensia  ciliata  punctata  (Greene)  A.  Nels.  Foliage  green,  nearly 
devoid  of  bloom,  the  leaves  and  pedicels  roughened-puncticulate.  M.  punc- 
tata Greene,  Pitt.  4:  88.  1899. — Colorado. 

4c.  Mertensia  ciliata  longipedunculata  A.  Nels.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club 
29:  402.  1902.  Size  of  the  species;  stems  more  freely  branched;  stem  and 
branches  few-leaved,  terminating  in  long  naked  peduncles:  calyx-lobes  ovate, 
subacute. — Eastern  Wyoming  and  southward. 

5.  Mertensia  cynoglossoides  Greene,  PI.  Baker.  3:  19.  1901.     Stems  de- 
pressed,  3-5  dm.  long:  leaves  large,   glabrous  below,   sparsely  papillose- 
scabrous  above,  ciliate-scabrous  on  the  margins;  basal  leaves  oblong,  obtuse, 
6-10  cm.  long,  petioled;  cauline  ovate  to  lanceolate,  subacute:  racemes  few, 
sparse,  often  long-peduncled:  sepals  small,  lanceolate  or  broader,  obtusish, 
hispid-ciliolate  as  are  also  the  pedicels:  corolla-tube  broad,  as  long  as  the  limb, 
3-4  times  as  long  as  the  calyx.     M.  muriculata  Greene,  1.  c. — Western  Colorado. 

6.  Mertensia  brevistyla  Wats.  Bot.  King's  Expd.  239.  1871.    Low,  1-2  dm. 
high,  pubescent  with  short,  appressed,  rigid  hairs,  the  lower  surface  of  the  leaves 
excepted:  leaves  oblong  or  oblong-lanceolate,  very  obtuse:  flowers  in  a  loose 
panicle:  calyx  deeply  5-cleft  or  5-parted,  very  hirsute;  lobes  oblong  or  ovate- 
lanceolate,  usually  acute:  corolla-tube  short,  equaling  or  but  little  exceeding 
the  calyx,  and  rarely  as  long  as  the  deep  blue  limb :  anthers  inserted  near  the 
base  of  the  tube,  and  included  within  it:  style  very  short. — Western  central 
Rocky  Mountains. 

6a.  Mertensia  brevistyla  obtusiloba  (Rydb.)  A.  Nels.  Calyx-lobes  obtuse, 
noticeably  shorter  than  the  corolla-tube,  merely  ciliate  on  the  margins.  M. 
obtusiloba  Rydb.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  28:  32.  1901. — Southern  Colorado. 

7.  Mertensia  papillosa  Greene,  Pitt.  3:  361.  1898.    Sparingly  leafy,  1-3  dm. 
high:  leaves  oblong,  revolute,  densely  papillose  above,  the  low  papillae  bear- 
ing a  minute,  short,  setose  hair  at  summit;  lower  face  of  leaf  smooth  and  gla- 
brous, margin  scabrous:  flowers  panicled:  fruiting  calyx  short  and  campan- 
ulate,  cleft  to  the  middle,  the  lobes  triangular,  their  margins  pubescent,  each 
lobe  traversed  by  a  strong  carinate  midnerve:  corolla  small  and  almost  tu- 
bular, the  narrow  limb  with  its  shallow  lobes  apparently  erect. — Mountains 
of  Colorado. 

la.  Mertensia  papillosa  fusiformis  (Greene)  A.  Nels.  Root  large  and 
fusiform:  calyx  parted  to  the  base,  the  segments  crinite-hirsute :  corolla  more 
campanulate.  M.  fusiformis  Greene,  Pitt.  4:  89.  1899;  M.  congesta  Greene, 
PI.  Baker.  2:  17.  1901.— Southern  Colorado. 

76.  Mertensia  papillosa  lineariloba  (Rydb.)  A.  Nels.  Smaller,  the  stem 
leaves  nearly  linear,  very  closely  short-strigose  above:  pedicels  strigose: 
calyx-lobes  narrow,  merely  hispid-ciliate  on  the  margins.  M.  lineariloba 
Rydb.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  29:  32.  1901.— Mountains  of  Colorado. 

8.  Mertensia  ovata  Rydb.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  28:  32.  1901.     The  low 
stems  numerous  and  tufted,  1-2  dm.  high:  leaves  minutely  strigose  above, 
broadly  ovate,  20-25  mm.  long,  all  but  the  lowest  sessile:  flowers  crowded,  on 
short  pedicels:  sepals  ciliate,  shorter  than  the  corolla-tube:  corolla  10-12  mm. 
long,  the  tube  longer  than  the  limb  and  throat:  stamens  nearly  as  long  as  the 
corolla,  the  filaments  broader  than  the  anthers.     (M .  Parryi  Rydb.  1.  c.  34: 
639.) — Nearly  alpine,  among  rocks;  Colorado. 


422  BORAGINACEAE    ^BORAGE   FAMILY) 

9.  Mertiensia  Tweedyi  Rydb.  Mem.  N.  Y.  Bot.  Card.  1:  336.  1900.    Stems 
low,  loosely  tufted,  decumbent  at  base,  8-15  cm.  long:  leaves  minutely  strig- 
illose  and  papillose  above,  dark  green,  oblong  to  spatulate,  subacute:  calyx- 
lobes  lance-linear,  ciliate,  about  half  as  long  as  the  corolla-tube:  corolla  dark 
blue,  8-10  mm.  long,  limb  and  tube  subequal :  stamens  included  in  the  throat, 
filaments  very  short:  style  short. — High  mountains;  Wyoming  and  northward. 

10.  Mertensia  viridis  A.  Nels.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  26:  244.  1899.    Root- 
stocks  woody,  creeping  in  the  crevices  among  the  rocks;  stems  slender,  rather 
weak,  decumbent  at  base,  2-4  dm.  long,  glabrous  or  sparsely  hispidulous: 
leaves  bright  green,  minutely  hispidulous  above;  radical  oblong  to  elliptic, 
4-6  cm.  long,  on  longer  slender  petioles;  cauline  oblong,  smaller  and  acutish 
upward:  panicle  leafy-bracteate;  peduncle  and  pedicels  slender;  corolla  about 
1  cm.  long,  the  tube  exceeding  the  limb  and  about  twice  the  length  of  the 
sepals:  filaments  narrower  than  the  anthers. — High  rocky  summits;  Wyo- 
ming and  Colorado. 

11.  Mertensia  coronata  A.   Nels.   Bull.  Torr.   Bot.  Club   29:  403.  1902. 
Tufted,  from  large  friable  roots;  stems  shining,  assurgent,  2-4  dm.  long: 
leaves  numerous,  large  for  the  plant,  minutely  scabrous  above  (the  hairs 
short,  curved,  and   sometimes   early  deciduous   from   the  small   pustulate 
base);  radical  oblong,  5-10  cm.  long,  on  petioles  2-3  times  as  long;  cauline 
smaller,  and  becoming  sessile  and  ovate-lanceolate  above:  flower  clusters 
terminal  and  axillary,  at  length  open-paniculate  among  the  floral  leaves: 
calyx-lobes  triangular-lanceolate,  sparingly  ciliate :  corolla-tube  rather  broad, 
5  mm.  long,  exceeding  the  calyx;  limb  shorter  than  the  tube,  the  lobes  sub- 
orbicular,  abruptly  dilated  from  the  rounded  sinus:  stamens  inserted  below 
the  conspicuous  crown  of  crests  in  the  throat;  the  filaments  broader  than  the 
anthers. — Western  Wyoming  to  Idaho  and  Montana. 

12.  Mertensia   lanceolata    (Pursh)    DC.    Prod.    10:  88.    1846.      Minutely 
pubescent  on  upper  face  of  leaves,  otherwise  glabrous  and  glaucescent ;  stems 
simple  or  at  length  paniculately  branched,  2-4  dm.  high:  leaves  spatulate- 
oblong  to  lanceolate-linear,  3-5  cm.  long,  obtuse  to  acute,  semifleshy:  raceme 
becoming  loosely  panicled :  calyx-lobes  lanceolate,  ciliate,  one  half  to  nearly 
as  long  as  the  corolla-tube,  which  usually  exceeds  the  subcampanulate  throat 
and  limb:  corolla-tube  hairy  at  the  base  within:  filaments  inserted  in  the 
throat,  longer  than  the  anther:  style  capillary,  nearly  as  long  as  the  corolla. — 
Plains  and  open  hills;  Colorado  and  Wyoming. 

12a.  Mertensia  lanceolata  brachyloba  (Greene)  A.  Nels.  Calyx  turbinate, 
the  broad  lobes  shorter  than  the  tube:  corolla-tube  scarcely  equaling  the  limb. 
M.  brachyloba  Greene,  Pitt.  4:  90.  1899.— In  the  mountains  of  Colorado. 

13.  Mertensia    pratensis    Heller,    Bull.   Torr.    Bot.    Club    26:  550.  1899. 
Stems  erect,  several  from  a  thick  rootstock,  3-5  dm.  high,  rather  equably 
leafy:  leaves  thin,  bright  green,  lanceolate,  mostly  acute;  lower  petioled, 
5-10  cm.  long;  upper  merely  foliar  bracts:  inflorescence  pubescent  with 
short  appressed  hairs,  especially  the  margins  of  the  linear-lanceolate  acute 
calyx-lobes:  corolla  blue  or  pink,  15-18  mm.  long;  the  tube  much  surpassing 
the  calyx  and  about  equaling  the  campanulate  limb,  which  has  short,  broad 
rounded  lobes.     (M.  alba  Rydb.  is  an  albino  form.) — Southern  Colorado  and 
New  Mexico. 

14.  Mertensia  Bakeri  Greene,  Pitt.  4:  91.  1899.    Softly  ciliate  or  villous- 
pubescent  throughout,  with  appressed  or  spreading  hairs,  tufted  on  a  branched 
semiwoody  caudex,  15-25  cm.  high:  basal  leaves  oblong,  subacute,  3-5  cm. 
long,  on  longer  petioles ;  stem  leaves  linear-lanceolate  or  oblanceolate,  smaller, 
sessile  upward:  inflorescence  crowded,  terminal:  corolla  about  .15  mm.  long, 
the  tube  scarcely  longer  than  the  limb  and  twice  as  long  as  the  lanceolate, 
villous-ciliate  calyx-lobes:  style  filiform,  about  equaling  the  corolla. — Moun- 
tains of  Colorado. 

14a.  Mertensia  Bakeri  amoena  A.  Nels.  Less  densely  pubescent,  the  calyx- 
lobes  merely  ciliate  on  margins:  crests  in  corolla-throat  inconspicuous.  M. 
amoena  A.  Nels.  Bot.  Gaz.  30:  95.  1900. — Yellowstone  Park  and  adjacent 
regions. 


BORAGINACEAE    (BORAGE   FAMILY)  423 

146.  Mertensia  Bakeri  lateriflora  (Greene)  A.  Nels.  Pubescence  close  and 
canescent:  leaves  numerous,  all  linear-oblong:  flowers  smaller,  in  a  narrow 
secund  cluster.  (M.  lateriflora  Greene,  PL  Baker.  3:  18.  1901;  M.  canescens 
Rydb.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  31:  640.  1904.)— Western  Colorado. 

10.  MYOSOTIS  L.     FORGET-ME-NOT 

Low  and  often  spreading  herbs,  with  mostly  soft  hairy  leaves,  those  of  the 
stem  sessile.  Flowers  small,  blue,  in  slender  bractless  racemes.  In  ours  the 
calyx  is  beset  with  hairs,  some  of  them  bristly  and  having  minutely  hooked 
tips.  Stamens  and  style  included. 

1.  Myosotis  alpestris  Schmidt,  Fl.  Boem.  3:  26.  1793.  A  green,  softly 
hirsute  perennial,  with  slender,  tufted,  nearly  erect  stems  1-2  dm.  high:  leaves 
oblong-linear  to  lanceolate:  racemes  densely  flowered,  bractless  when  fully 
developed;  pedicels  mostly  shorter  than  the  calyx:  calyx-lobes  erect:  corolla 
blue,  the  limb  6-9  mm.  broad:  nutlets  more  or  less  margined  and  carinate 
ventrally  at  the  apex.  M .  sylvatica  alpestris  Koch. — Moist  open  woods  in  the 
mountains;  Colorado  and  Wyoming. 

11.  LITHOSPERMUM  L.     GROMWELL.     PUCCOON 

Softly  hirsute  or  hispid  herbs,  with  alternate  entire  sessile  leaves  and 
flowers  axillary  in  leafy  bracted  spikes.  Corolla  mostly  salverform  or  funnel- 
form,  yellow  or  greenish-yellow,  naked  or  pubescent  or  crested  in  the  throat. 
Stamens  5,  short,  included.  Nutlets  (in  ours)  bony,  ovoid,  smooth  and 
polished,  attached  by  their  base  to  the  nearly  flat  receptacle.  Roots  yielding 
a  violet  or  red  dye. 

Corolla-tube  not  exceeding  the  calyx 1.  L.  pilosum. 

Corolla-tube  about  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx. 

Bracts  (of  the  later  flowers)  scarcely  exceeding  the  calyx  .         .  2.  L.  multiflorum. 
Bracts  foliar,  much  longer  than  the  calyx. 

Oblong-lanceolate 3.  L.  Gmelinii. 

Narrowly  linear 4.  L.  albicans. 

Corolla-tube  more  than  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx. 

Pubescence  appressed;  nutlets  pitted  ventrally   .         .         .         .  5.  L.  angustifolium. 

Pubescence  hispid,  spreading;  nutlets  not  pitted  .         .         .         .  6.  L.  asperum. 

1.  Lithospennum  pilosum  Nutt.  Journ.  Phil.  Acad.  7:  43.  1834.  Softly 
hirsute-canescent,  with  numerous  tufted,  simple,  leafy  stems,  from  a  stout 
root,  about  3  dm.  high:  leaves  linear  to  narrowly  lanceolate:  flowers  crowded 
in  a  terminal  leafy  thyrsus:  corolla  greenish-yellow,  campanulate-funnelform, 
silky-pubescent  on  the  outside,  nearly  naked  in  the  throat,  the  tube  and  the 
calyx  subequal:  nutlets  acute,  white  and  shining. — From  Utah  to  Montana; 
extending  into  British  Columbia  and  California. 

"  2.  Lithospennum  multiflorum  Torr.  Wats,  in  Bot.  King's  Exped.  238. 
1871.  Minutely  strigose-hispid ;  stemsjaaore  or  less  tufted,  virgate  and  often 
paniculate  at  summit,  3-5  dm.  high:  leaves  linear  to  lanceolate,  often  small 
for  the  plant:  flowers  numerous,  short-pediceled ;  the  later  ones  spicate: 
corolla  light  yellow,  tubular-funnelform,  10-12  mm.  long;  lobes  short  and 
rounded;  crests  inconspicuous;  tube  about  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx  and  the 
bract,  somewhat  bearded  at  the  base  within. — Wyoming,  Colorado;  and  south- 
ward. 

3.  Lithospennum  Gmelinii  (Michx.)  Hitch.   Spring  Fl.  Manh.  30.   1894. 
Hispid  or  hirsute  and  at  length  rough;  stems  stoutish,  3-5  dm.  high:  leaves 
lanceolate  or  the  lower  linear;  the  floral  oblong-lanceolate  or  broader:  flow- 
ers in  short,  terminal,  leafy  racemes:  corolla  orange-yellow,  the  throat  crested, 
the  ring  at  the  base  within  bearing  10  very  hirsute  lobes  or  teeth:  stamens  and 
pistils  dimorphic:  nutlets  white  and  shining,  much  exceeded  by  the  narrow 
calyx-lobes.    L.  hirtum  Lehm. — Mostly  eastward  of  our  range. 

4.  Lithospennum  albicans  Greene,  Pitt.  4:  91.  1899.    Related  to  the  next, 


424  VERBENACEAE  (VERVAIN  FAMILY) 

but  stems  only  2-3  from  the  root,  erect,  2-3  dm.  high  when  beginning  to 
blossom,  slender  and  siryiple  but  for  the  somewhat  branched  inflorescence; 
pubescence  silvery-hoary  or  -strigose:  leaves  linear,  beset  with  setose  hairs: 
corolla  only  2-3  cm.  long,  deep  yellow,  the  lobes  crenulate:  nutlets  ovate, 
smooth,  white  and  shining. — Southern  Colorado  and  probably  extending  into 
New  Mexico. 

5.  Lithospermum    angustifolium    Michx.  Fl.    1:    130.     1803.      Minutely 
scabrous-strigose  and  somewhat  cinereous ;  stems  numerous  from  a  stout  root, 
at  first  blossoming  low  and  simple  but  becoming  2-3  dm.  high  and  freely 
branched:  leaves  linear:  flowers  pediceled,  leafy  bracted,  of  two  sorts;  the 
earlier  large,  bright  yellow,  salverform,  with  corolla-tube  3-4  times  as  long  as 
the  calyx  and  with  conspicuous  arched  crests  in  the  throat;  the  later  cleis- 
togamous,  pale  yellow  and  smaller,  on  pedicels  which  are  recurved  in  fruit: 
nutlets  ovoid,  white,  shining,  keeled  and  pitted  on  the  inner  side.     (L.  lin- 
earifolium  Goldie.) — Dry  soil;  throughout  our  range  and  eastward. 

6.  Lithospermum  asperum  A.  Nels.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  26:  244.  1899. 
Rough,  the  short  spreading  hairs  often  from  pustulate  bases;  root  stout  and 
woody,  with  dark  exfoliating  bark;  stems  numerous,  simple  or   at  length 
sparingly  branched,  15-25  cm.  high,  brittle:  leaves  oblong  to  linear:  corolla 
yellow,  the  lobes  crenulate-erose ;  crests  small;  tube  2-3  cm.  long,  3-5  times  as 
long  as  the  linear  sepals  (flowers  not  known  to  be  cleistogamous) :  stamens 
and  pistils  probably  dimorphic:  nutlets  smooth  (obscurely  if  at  all  keeled 
or  punctate).     (L.dUolatum  Greene,  Pitt.  4:  92.   1899.)— -Sandstone  ledges; 
south-central  Wyoming  and  Colorado. 

12.  ONOSMODIUM  Michx. 

Rather  stout  and  coarse  rough-hispid  or  hirsute  herbs,  with  leafy-bracteate 
flowers  crowded  in  scorpioid  spikes  and  racemes.  Calyx  5-parted.  Corolla 
small,  rarely  twice  the  length  of  the  calyx,  greenish-white  or  yellowish-green, 
tubular  or  tubular-funnelform,  a  glandular  10-lobed  ring  at  the  base  of  the 
tube  within.  Style  filiform,  exserted.  Nutlets  4  (sometimes  not  all  maturing), 
smooth,  attached  by  the  base. 

1.  Onosmodium  occidental  MacKenzie,  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club.  32:  502. 
1905.  Somewhat  canescent  when  young,  becoming  appressed-hirsute ;  stems 
tufted,  somewhat  diffuse,  4-8  dm.  long:  leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  5-9-ribbed: 
corolla-lobes  hairy  on  the  outside:  nutlets  large,  ovoid,  sparingly  pitted. 
O.  carolinianum  and  var.  molle. — From  the  Rocky  Mountains  eastward. 

101.  VERBENACEAE  J.  St.  Hil.    VERVAIN  FAMILY 

Herbs  or  shrubs,  chiefly  with  opposite  or  verticillate  simple  leaves  and  no 
stipules.  Flowers  (in  ours)  generally  spicate  or  capitate,  with  persistent, 
4-5-lobed  calyx  and  2-lipped  or  nearly  regular  corolla.  Stamens  didynamous, 
inserted  on  the  corolla  and  alternate  with  its  lobes.  Style  single,  with  1  or 
2  stigmas;  ovary  undivided,  2-4-celled.  Fruit  dry,  separating  at  maturity 
into  2-4  nutlets. 

Corolla  5-lobed;  nutlets  4 1.  Verbena. 

Corolla  4-lobed;  nutlets  2 2.  Lippia. 

1.  VERBENA  L.    VERBENA.     VERVAIN 

Herbs  with  bracted  flowers  sessile  in  single  or  often  panicled  spikes,  tu- 
bular 5-toothed  calyx,  and  tubular  (often  curved)  salverform  corolla  with 
somewhat  unequally  5-cleft  border.  Stamens  4,  included;  the  anthers  some- 
times wanting  on  the  upper  pair,  the  connective  with  or  without  a  gland- 


VERBENACEAE    (VERVAIN   FAMILY)  425 

like  appendage.     Style  short,  stigmatic  on  only  one  of  its  lobes.     Sponta- 
neous hybrids  are  known  to  be  common. 

Flowers  small,  spicate;  anthers  unappendaged. 
Spike  slender;  bracts  inconspicuous. 

Plants  glabrate  or  sparsely  rough-hirsute   .  .  .  ,         .     1.  V.  hastata. 

Plants  densely  soft-pubescent      .         .         .  .  .  .         .     2.  V.  stricta. 

Spike  thick;  bracts  surpassing  the  flowers       .  .  .  .         .     3.  V.  bracteosa. 

Flowers  large,  capitate,  becoming  spicate;  anthers  of  the  longer  sta- 
mens appendaged. 

Bracts  surpassing  the  calyx      .         .         .         .  %  .  .         .     4.  V.  bipinnatifida. 

Bracts  shorter  than  the  calyx          .         .         .  '.  '    .  "  :         .5.  V.  canadensis. 

1.  Verbena  hastata  L.  Sp.  PI.  20.  1753.    Tall  perennial  9-15  dm.  high, 
glabrate  or  sparsely  rough-hirsute  or  scabrous:  leaves  lanceolate  or  oblong- 
lanceolate,  acuminate,  cut-serrate,  petioled,  the  lower  sometimes  hastately 
lobed  at  base:  spikes  linear,  panicled,  peduncled,  5-12  cm.  long;  flowers  blue; 
bracts  ovate-acuminate,  not  surpassing  the  flowers:  fruits  crowded  or  over- 
lapping, 2-3  mm.  high.    BLUE  VERVAIN. — Common  from  the  Atlantic  region 
to  eastern  Wyoming  and  south  to  New  Mexico  and  Texas. 

2.  Verbena  stricta  Vent.  Descr.  PL  Jard.  Cels.  pi.  53.  1800.    Lower,  3-7  dm. 
high,  softly  cinereous  or  hoary-pubescent,  simple  or  branched:  leaves  ovate 
or  oblong,  nearly  sessile,  sharply  often  doubly  serrate,  rarely  incised,  thickish 
and  rugose-veiny,  3-7  cm.  long:  spikes  dense,  thicker,  canescent,  1-2  dm. 
long;  flowers  blue  or  purplish;  bracts  lanceolate-subulate,  about  as  long  as 
the  calyx:  fruit  larger.     HOARY  VERVAIN. — Extending  eastward  from  our 
range. 

3.  Verbena  bracteosa  Michx.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  3:  13.  1803.    Perennial,  branched 
from  the  base,  diffuse  or  decumbent,  hirsute:  leaves  cuneate-oblong  or  cuneate- 
obovate,  narrowed  into  a  short-margined  petiole,  pinnately  incised  or  3-cleft 
and  coarsely  dentate:  spikes  terminating  the  branches;  bracts  rigid  and  some- 
what foliaceous,  surpassing  the  flowers,  the  lowest  often  pinnatifid  or  incised: 
corolla  purplish-blue. — Plains  and  waste  grounds;  across  the  continent. 

4.  Verbena  bipinnatifida  Nutt.  Journ.  Acad.  Phila.  2:  123.  1821.    Hispid- 
hirsute,  1-3  dm.  high:  leaves  usually  4-10  dm.  long,  bipinnately  parted  or 
3-parted  into  more  or  less  bipinnatifid  divisions,  the  lobes  linear  or  broader: 
spikes  elongated  in  age;  bracts  mostly  surpassing  the  calyx:  limb  of  bluish- 
purple  corolla  8-10  mm.  broad:   fruit  3-4  mm.  high,  the  nutlets  usually 
retrorsely  scabrous  on  the  commissure. — Dry  plains  east  of  the  Rocky  Moun- 
tains from  Dakota  to  Mexico.    This  and  the  next  frequently  found  in  cul- 
tivation, though  mostly  the  hybrid  forms. 

5.  Verbena  canadensis  (L.)  Brit.  Mem.  Torr.  Club  5:  276.  1894.    Slender, 
3  dm.  high  or  less,  soft-pubescent  or  glabrate:  leaves  3-5  cm.  long,  ovate  or 
ovate-oblong  in  outline,  cuneate  at  base,  incisely  lobed  and  toothed,  often 
more  deeply  3-cleft:   spikes  pedunculate,  elongated  in  fruit;  bracts  shorter 
than  or  equaling  the  calyx :  limb  of  reddish-purple  or  lilac  corolla  14-18  mm. 
broad:   fruit  5-6  mm.   high;  the  nutlets  minutely  white-dotted  or  nearly 
smooth  on  the  commissure.    V .  Aubletia  Jacq. — Southern  Colorado,  southward 
and  eastward. 

2.  LIPPIA  L. 

Herbs  or  shrubs,  with  spikes  or  heads  of  small  flowers  and  short  often  flattened 
2-4-toothed  or  2-lipped  calyx  inclosing  the  dry  fruit  which  separates  into 
2  nutlets.  Corolla  2-lipped,  the  upper  lip  notched,  the  lower  3-lobed.  Stamens 
4,  didynamous.  Style  short,  slender;  the  stigma  oblique. 

Peduncles  scarcely  longer  than  the  leaves 1.  L.  cuneifolia. 

Peduncles  much  longer  than  the  leaves    .         .         .         .         .         .         .     2.  L.  lanceolata. 

1.  Lippia  cuneifolia  (Torr.)  Steud.  Torr.  in  Marcy  Rep.  293.  pi.  17.  1853. 
Diffusely  branched,  procumbent,  minutely  canescent  throughout:  leaves 
rigid,  cuneate-linear,  sessile,  incisely  2-6-toothed  above  the  middle:  peduncles 
mostly  shorter  than  the  leaves;  bracts  rigid,  broadly  cuneate,  abruptly  acumi- 


426  LABIATAE    (MINT   FAMILY) 

nate:  calyx-lobes  emarginate:  corolla-tube  longer  than  the  calyx:  fruit  oblong. 
— Throughout  our  range  and  southward. 

2.  Lippia  lanceolata  Michx.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  2:  15.  1803.  Creeping  exten- 
sively or  the  branches  ascending,  often  rooting  at  the  nodes,  green  and 
glabrate  or  strigillose  with  forked  hairs:  leaves  thin,  oblong-obovate  to 
lanceolate,  narrowed  at  base,  sharply  "serrate  above:  peduncles  much  exceed- 
ing the  leaves ;  heads  at  first  globose,  becoming  short-cylindric ;  bracts  mucro- 
nate  or  pointless:  calyx-lobes  linear-lanceolate:  corolla  pale  blue,  scarcely 
longer  than  the  calyx:  fruit  globose. — From  Colorado  eastward  and  westward 
to  the  coasts. 

102.  LABIATAE  B.  Juss.    MINT  FAMILY 

Chiefly  herbs,  with  aromatic  punctate  foliage,  square  stems,  and  opposite 
leaves.  Flowers  axillary,  mostly  in  cymose  clusters  which  are  often  aggre- 
gated in  terminal  spikes  or  racemes.  Corolla  more  or  less  bilabiate,  the  upper 
lip  2-lobed  or  entire,  the  lower  3-lobed.  Stamens  didynamous  or  diandrous, 
inserted  on  the  tube  of  the  corolla.  Ovary  4-lobed  or  4-parted,  forming  in  fruit 
4  little  seed-like  nutlets  or  achenes,  surrounding  the  base  of  the  single  style 
which  is  bifid  at  apex. 

Ovary  only  4-lobed,  the  style  not  basal;  the  small  lobes  of  the  upper 

lip  united  to  the  lateral  lobes  of  the  lower 1.  Teucrium. 

Ovary  deeply  4-parted,  the  style  basal. 

Calyx  with  a  crest-like  gibbosity  on  the  upper  side      ...       2.  Scutellaria. 
Calyx  not  crested. 

Anther-bearing  stamens  4. 

Upper  (ppsterior)  pair  as  long  as  the  lower  (anterior)     .         .       3.  Mentha. 
Upper  pair  longer  than  the  lower. 

Anther  sacs  parallel  or  nearly  so  .         .-  .4.  Agastache. 

Anther  sacs  divergent. 
Coarse  erect  herbs. 

Perennial;  corolla  well  exserted     .....       5.  Nepeta. 

Annual  or  biennial;  corolla  scarcely  longer  than  the 

calyx     .........       6.  Dracocephalum. 

Trailing  herbs  ........       7.  Glecoma. 

Upper  pair  shorter  than  the  lower. 

Calyx  2-lipped,  closed  in  fruit     ......       8.  Prunella. 

Calyx  subequally  5-toothed. 

Membranous  and  inflated  in  fruit     .....       9.  Physostegia. 

Not  membranous,  unchanged  in  fruit. 

Corolla-tube  hairy  within 10.  Leonurus 

Corolla-tube  glabrous  within. 

Leaves  small  (about  1  cm.  long)      .         .         .         .11.  Monardella. 

Leaves  large  (4-8  cm.  long) 12.  Stachys. 

Anther-bearing  stamens  2. 
Corolla  2-lipped. 

Connective  of  anther  laterally  elongated,  one  end  bearing  a 

perfect  cell,  the  other  a  modified  abortive  one  or  none     13.  Salvia. 
Connective  short. 

Flowers  large,  in  one  or  few  dense  capitate  clusters    .         .     14.  Monarda. 
Flowers  small,  in  many  axillary  clusters    ....     15.  Hedeoma. 
Corolla  nearly  regular 16.  Lycopus. 

1.  TEUCRIUM  L.     GERMANDER 

Herbs  (ours)  with  10-nerved,  5-toothed  calyx  and  tubular  corolla  with  ir- 
regular limb,  the  upper  and  lateral  lobes  subequal  and  declined,  the  lower 
lobe  much  larger.  Stamens  4,  didynamous,  exserted  from  the  deep  cleft 
between  the  two  upper  lobes  of  the  corolla,  the  anterior  pair  the  longer;  the 
confluent  anther  cells  divergent.  Nutlets  rugose-reticulate. 

Leaves  undivided  .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .     1.  T.  occidentale. 

Leaves  multifid  or  incised 2.  T.  laciniatum. 

1.  Teucrium  occidentale  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  21 :  349.  1878.  Loosely  pubescent, 
branched,  3-5  dm.  high:  leaves  3-5  cm,  long,  ovate-oblong  to  broadly  lanceo- 


LABIATAE    (MINT   FAMILY)  427 

late,  sharply  serrate:  calyx  villous  with  viscid  hairs,  the  upper  lobes  acute: 
corolla  7-12  mm.  long,  purple,  rose,  or  cream-color. — From  Colorado  and  Ne- 
braska southward  to  New  Mexico. 

2.  Teucrium  laciniatum  Torr.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  2:  231.  1828.  Glabrous  or 
hirsute-pubescent,  much  branched  from  a  woody  perennial  root:  leaves  pin- 
nately  3-7-parted  into  narrow,  linear,  entire  or  2  or  3-lobed  or  toothed  divi- 
sions, rather  rigid;  the  floral  much  crowded,  3-parted;  the  upper  equaling  the 
flowers:  corolla  pale  blue  or  lilac,  12-20  mm.  long,  with  spatulate  lower  lobe 
much  surpassing  the  calyx. — From  Wyoming  to  Arizona  and  Texas. 

2.  SCUTELLARIA  L.     SKULLCAP 

Bitter  perennial  herbs  with  blue  or  violet  flowers  in  simple  racemes  or  soli- 
tary in  the  axils.  Calyx  campanulate,  2-lipped,  the  lips  entire  and  closed  in 
fruit,  the  upper  with  a  helmet-like  appendage  on  the  back  (which  at  length 
becomes  enlarged  and  concave).  Corolla  2-lipped,  the  tube  curved  and  di- 
lated at  throat;  the  upper  lip  arched,  entire  or  nearly  so;  the  lower  lip  spreading 
or  deflexed,  the  middle  lobe  broad,  the  lateral  lobes  small  and  somewhat 
united  to  the  upper  lip.  Stamens  didynamous,  ascending  under  the  upper 
lip,  the  upper  pair  the  shorter;  anthers  ciliate,  those  of  the  upper  pair  of 
stamens  2-celled,  of  the  lower  1-celled.  Nutlets  papillose  or  tuberculate. 

Flowers  in  racemes,  axillary  or  terminal     .  .  ,  ,.  „,  .     1.  S.  lateriflora. 
Flowers  solitary  in  the  axils. 
Plant  more  or  less  glandular. 

Leaves  longer  than  the  internodes       .  .  .  •>  •-•'.  *     2.  S.  Brittonii. 

Leaves  shorter  than  the  internodes         .  .  .  .  ;     .  •     3.  S.  virgulata. 

Plant  not  glandular    .         .,,.,,...  .  .  .  .  .4.  S.  galericulata. 

1.  Scutellaria  lateriflora  L.  Sp.  PL  598.  1753.     Glabrous,  3-5  dm.  high, 
leafy:   leaves  thin,  oblong-ovate  and  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate,  coarsely- 
serrate,  rounded  at  base,  slender-petioled ;  the  lower  floral  ones  of  the  termi- 

lateral  ra- 
rare  in  our 
range. 

2.  Scutellaria  Brittonii  Porter,  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  21:  177.  1894.    Glan- 
dular or  viscid-pubescent,  branching  from  the  base,  1-2  dm.  high:  leaves  ob- 
long or  oval,  sessile  and  entire  or  the  lowest  short-petioled  and  slightly  cren- 
ulate,  obtuse,  rather  prominently  veined  on  the  lower  surface,  1-2  cm.  long, 
mostly  longer  than  the  internodes:  flowers  solitary  in  the  axils;  the  pedicels 
mostly  shorter  than  the  calyx:  corolla  pubescent,  blue,  20-25  mm.  long.    S. 
resinosa  Torr.  in  part. — Wyoming  and  Colorado  and  probably  western  Ne- 
braska. 

3.  Scutellaria  virgulata  A.   Nels.  Bull.  Torr.   Bot.   Club   25:  283.  1898. 
Similar  but  merely  puberulent,  taller;  stems  slender,  generally  simple:  leaves 
nervose,  green,  obscurely  puberulent;  the  lower  much  shorter  than  the  inter- 
nodes: calyx  green  (even  the  crest):  corolla  blue,  gradually  dilated  upward, 
glabrous  in  the  throat  and  glandular-puberulent  outside:  nutlets  minutely 
tuberculate. — From  Wyoming  to  Colorado. 

4.  Scutellaria  galericulata  L.  Sp.  PI.  599.  1753.    Nearly  glabrous  or  slightly 
pubescent,  slender,  3-7  dm.  high,  simple  or  paniculately  branched  above: 
leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  broadest  next  the  subsessile  subcordate  base,  3-5  cm. 
long,  all  but  the  upper  appressed-serrate :  corolla  puberulent,   12-18  mm. 
long;  lower  lip  nearly  erect  and  surpassing  the  upper. — Stream  banks;  across 
the  continent. 

3.  MENTHA  Tourn.     MINT 

Odorous  herbs,  with  simple  mostly  punctate  leaves  and  small  flowers 
usually  in  close  clusters  forming  axillary  capitate  whorls  or  interrupted  spikes. 
Calyx  5-topthed,  tubular  or  bell-shaped.  Corolla  campanulate,  with  subequal 
lobes  and  included  tube.  Stamens  4,  equal,  with  glabrous  filaments  bearing 
anthers  with  parallel  cells.  Nutlets  ovoid  and  smooth. 


senate,   njuj.iucia  a\j    uaoc,    oiciiuci-pcunjicia ,    i/nc   njwci    nwicii   UIJLGQ  \JL 

nal  racemes  similar:  flowers  small,  about  6  mm.  long,  mostly  in 
cemes:  lips  of  the  corolla  short,  equal. — Widely  distributed,  but  ] 


428  LABIATAE    (MINT   FAMILY) 

Flowers  in  terminal  spikes     .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .     1.  M.  spicata. 

Flowers  in  axillary  whorls     .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .2.  M.  canadensis. 

1.  Mentha  spicata  L.  Sp.  PI.  576.  1753.     Glabrous  perennial  with  erect 
stem,  2-4  dm.  high:  leaves  lanceolate,  sharply  and  unequally  serrate,  acute 
or  acuminate:  flowers  in  narrow  spikes,  with  subulate-lanceolate  bracts:  calyx 
campanulate:  corolla  glabrous.    SPEARMINT. — Native  from  Europe  and  now 
common  eastward;  sparingly  introduced  in  our  range. 

2.  Mentha  canadensis  L.  Sp.  PL  577.  1753.     More  or  less  pubescent  or 
villous-hairy,  perennial  by  running  rootstocks,  1-3  dm.  high:  leaves  oblong- 
ovate  to  oblong-lanceolate,  sharply  serrate,  acute,  generally  tapering  into  a 
slender  petiole:  flowers  in  sessile,  axillary  whorls  (the  uppermost  axils  flower- 
less)  :  calyx  hairy,  with  triangular-subulate  teeth  about  one  third  as  long  as 
the  tube.    Common  WILD  MINT. — Frequent  on  ditch  and  stream  banks;  across 
the  continent. 

4.  AGASTACHE  Clayt.     GIANT  HYSSOP 

Tall  perennial  herbs,  with  serrate-petioled  leaves  and  small  flowers  crowded 
in  interrupted  spikes.  Calyx  tubular-campanulate,  15-nerved  and  obliquely 
5-toothed.  Corolla  bilabiate;  the  upper  lip  nearly  erect,  2-lobed;  the  lower 
somewhat  spreading,  3-cleft,  with  the  middle  lobe  crenate.  Stamens  4,  ex- 
serted,  the  inner  pair  declined  and  the  outer  shorter  pair  ascending  (so  that 
the  pairs  cross) ;  anther  cells  nearly  parallel.  Nutlets  ovoid,  smooth. 

Leaves  pale  beneath;  flowers  blue 1.  A.  anethiodora. 

Leaves  green  on  both  sides;  flowers  light  violet  or  purple    .         .         .     2.  A.  urticifolia. 

1.  Agastache  anethiodora  (Nutt.)  Brit.  111.  Fl.  3:  85.  1898.    Glabrous  or 
very  minutely  puberulent,  5-10  dm.  high:  leaves  pale  beneath,  ovate,  often 
subcordate,  acute  at  apex,  anise-scented:  spike  short  and  narrow,  sometimes 
leafy  below  and  paniculate:  calyx-teeth  ovate-lanceolate,  acute,  tinged  with 
purple  or  violet:  corolla  blue,  8-10  mm.  long,  slightly  surpassing  the  calyx. 
Lophanthus  anisatus  Benth. — From  the  plains  of  the  Missouri  westward  to 
the  mountains. 

2.  Agastache  urticifolia  (Benth.)  Rydb.  Mem.  N.  Y.  Bot.  Gard.  1:  339. 
1900.     Glabrous;  stems  erect  and  simple,  5-10  dm.  high:  leaves  glabrous, 
triangular-ovate,  obtuse  or  acute,  truncate  or  cordate  at  base,  coarsely  and 
irregularly  dentate,  3-8  cm.  long,  on  short  petioles:   spikes  dense,  3-7  cm. 
long;  bracts  linear-lanceolate,  entire  or  some  of  the  lower  ones  broader  and 
toothed:  calyx  campanulate,  7-10  mm.  long,  the  teeth  subequal,  nearly  as  long 
as  the  tube:  corolla  violet,  purple,  or  nearly  white,  12-14  mm.  long.    Lophan- 
thus urtidfolius  Benth. — In  the  mountains;  from  Wyoming  far  to  the  north- 
westward. 

5.  NEPETA  L.     CATMINT  OR  CATNIP 

A  perennial  herb  with  crenate-dentate  leaves.  Calyx  tubular  and  obliquely 
5-toothed.  Corolla  dilated  in  throat;  the  upper  lip  erect,  concave,  emarginate 
or  cleft,  with  the  middle  lobe  largest,  either  entire  or  notched.  Stamens  4, 
ascending  under  the  upper  lip,  the  lower  pair  shorter;  anther  cells  divergent. 

1.  Nepeta  Cataria  L.  Sp.  PL  570.  1753.  Erect,  branched,  and  densely 
canescent-tomentulose  throughout:  leaves  ovate-cordate,  coarsely  crenate- 
dentate:  flowers  in  spikes:  the  corolla  white  or  purplish,  dark-dotted,  about 
12  mm.  long,  the  middle  lobe  of  the  lower  lip  crenulate. — Native  in  Europe; 
common  in  many  parts  of  the  United  States  as  a  weed  about  dwellings;  not 
yet  extensively  introduced  in  our  range. 

6.  DRACOCEPHALUM  L.     DRAGON-HEAD 

Coarse  herbs  with  small  blue  flowers  in  bracteate  terminal  clusters.  Calyx 
tubular,  15-nerved.  Corolla  2-lipped,  the  upper  lip  erect,  emarginate,  the 
lower  3-lobed.  Stamens  4;  anther  cells  divaricate.  Nutlets  ovoid,  smooth. 


LABIATAE    (MINT  FAMILY)  429 

1.  Dracocephalum  parviflorum  Nutt.  Gen.  2:  35.  1818.  Rather  stout, 
2-7  dm.  high,  somewhat  pubescent:  leaves  lanceolate  or  oblong,  petioled, 
incisely  dentate  or  the  lower  pinnatifid-incised ;  the  lower  floral  similar:  flowers 
numerous,  in  sessile  glomerules  crowded  in  a  thick,  terminal,  leafy-bracted 
head  or  spike  interrupted  at  base;  bracts  pectinate-laciniate  and  the  teeth 
aristate:  corolla  bluish,  slender,  scarcely  exceeding  the  calyx."— Throughout 
our  range  and  extending  eastward  to  the  Atlantic  States. 

7.  GLECOMA  L.     GROUND  IVY 

Low  creeping  herbs,  with  crenate  orbicular  or  reniform  leaves  on  long 
petioles  and  flowers  in  small  verticillate  axillary  clusters.  Calyx  15-nerved, 
oblique  and  unequally  toothed.  Corolla  2-lipped,  the  tube  dilated  above  and 
exserted.  Anther-sacs  divergent.  Nutlets  ovoid  and  smooth. 

1.  Glecoma  hederacea  L.  Sp.  PL  578.  1753.  A  pubescent  perennial,  with 
creeping  stems  2-4  dm.  long:  leaves  1-3  cm.  in  diameter,  the  petioles  often 
equaling  or  exceeding  the  leaves:  flowers  few  in  the  clusters:  corolla  2-3  times 
as  long  as  the  calyx;  the  upper  lip  2-lobed  or  emarginate;  the  broad  middle 
lobe  of  the  lower  Hp  emarginate :  upper  stamens  much  surpassing  the  lower. 
[Nepeta  hederacea  (L.)  Trev.] — Sparingly  introduced  in  our  range,  though 
quite  common  in  other  states. 

8.  PRUNELLA  L.    SELF-HEAL 

Perennial  herbs  with  petioled  leaves  and  the  small  purple  flowers  in  crowded 
leafy-bracteate  heads  or  spikes.  Calyx  10-nerved,  2-lipped;  the  upper  lip  di- 
lated and  truncately  3-toothed ;  the  lower  2-clef t.  Corolla  strongly  2-lipped  and 
with  dilated  tube.  Filaments  forked,  one  point  of  the  fork  bearing  a  2-celled 
anther  with  divaricate  cells. 

1.  Prunella  vulgaris  L.  Sp.  PL  600.  1753.  Stems  slender,  decumbent- 
ascending,  1-3  dm.  long:  leaves  oblong-ovate,  toothed,  petioled  below,  sessile 
above:  flowers  in  dense,  bracteate,  capitate  spikes;  bracts  broadly  ovate- 
orbicular,  strongly  ciliate,  2  under  each  verticil  of  the  spike:  corolla  blue, 
purple,  or  violet  (rarely  white),  about  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx. — Adventive 
from  Europe  and  widely  distributed,  but  seemingly  native  on  moist  slopes 
in  the  mountains. 

9.  PHYSOSTEGIA  Benth.     FALSE  DRAGON-HEAD 

Almost  glabrous  herbs,  with  lanceolate  and  callous  denticulate  or  serrate 
leaves;  the  upper  ones  sessile,  the  lowest  tapering  into  a  petiole,  floral  reduced 
to  bracts  of  the  simple  or  panicled  spikes.  Corolla  much  longer  than  the 
calyx,  showy  rose  or  flesh-color,  often  variegated.  Anthers  4,  on  villous 
filaments,  the  cells  parallel. 

1.  Physostegia  parviflora  Nutt.  Benth.  in  DC.  Prodr.  12:  434.  1848. 
Stems  rather  slender,  leafy,  3-6  dm.  high:  leaves  lanceolate  or  ovate- 
lanceolate,  denticulate:  spikes  short,  3-10  cm.  long:  calyx  short-campanulate, 
inflated-globular  in  fruit  and  with  short,  mostly  obtuse  teeth:  corolla  about 
12  mm.  long. — From  Wyoming  northward  and  westward. 

10.  LEONURUS  L.    MOTHERWORT 

Tall  herbs  with  dentate  or  incised  leaves  and  small  flowers  in  axillary  ver- 
ticils. Calyx  turbinate,  5-nerved,  and  with  5  equal  teeth  which  are  at  length 
spiny-pointed  and  spreading.  Corolla  2-lipped ;  the  upper  lip  oblong  and  en- 
tire; tne  lower  3-lobed,  with  the  middle  lobe  obcordate.  Stamens  4,  ascend- 
ing under  the  upper  lip;  anther  cells  parallel.  Nutlets  truncate  and  3-angled. 


430  LABIATAE    (MINT   FAMILY) 

1.  Leonurus  cardiaca  L.  Sp.  PI.  584.  1753.  A  puberulent  perennial  5-10 
dm.  high:  leaves  long-petioled ;  the  lower  suborbicular,  dentate,  5-10  cm. 
broad;  the  upper  oblong-lanceolate,  from  incisely  3-lobed  or  cleft  to  nearly 
entire:  corolla  varying  from  purple  to  white,  densely  white-woolly  on  the 
outside  of  the  upper  lip  and  mottled  or  spotted  on  the  lower,  an  oblique  ring 
of  hairs  on  the  tube  within. — Naturalized  from  Europe;  waste  grounds;  infre- 
quent in  our  range  but  a  common  weed  in  the  older  states. 

11.  MONARDELLA  Benth. 

Perennials  (ours)  with  the  aspect  of  Monarda,  but  not  with  the  same  floral 
characters,  with  entire  leaves  and  small  purple  or  white  flowers  in  terminal 
heads  which  are  subtended  by  broad,  thin  bracts.  Calyx  tubular,  5-toothed 
and  10-13-nerved.  Corolla  somewhat  bilabiate;  the  upper  lip  cleft;  the  lower 
3-cleft  into  narrow  similar  lobes.  Stamens  4,  somewhat  unequal,  the  lower 
pair  the  longer;  anther-cells  at  length  divergent.  Style  2-cleft  at  summit. 

1.  Monardella  parviflora  Greene,  PL  Baker.  3:  22.  1901.  Suffrutescent  at 
base,  the  many  slender  tufted  stems  3  dm.  long,  more  or  less  decumbent  at 
base,  or  more  depressed,  subcinereous-puberulent :  leaves  mostly  ovate- 
lanceolate,  some  oblong-lanceolate,  all  entire,  obtusish,  nerveless  except  as  to 
the  quite  distinct  midvein,  obscurely  puberulent,  closely  glandular-punctate, 
small,  half  as  long  as  the  internodes,  the  largest  seldom  12  mm.  long  including 
the  short  petiole:  heads  about  18  mm.  broad;  bracts  scarcely  colored,  some- 
what strigosely  pubescent  along  the  veins  and  densely  white-ciliate  all  around 
the  margin:  nerves  of  the  calyx  strigose-hairy,  the  short  teeth  densely  but 
shortly  setose-hirsute:  corolla  lilac-purple. — Canon  of  the  Gunnison  and  prob- 
ably extending  into  Utah. 

12.  STACHYS  L.     WOUNDWORT 

Herbs  with  yerticillate-capitate  or  loosely  clustered  spicate  flowers.  In  the 
following  species  the  calyx  is  equally  5-toothed  and  the  tubular  corolla  purple 
or  purple-spotted.  Stamens  4,  ascending  under  the  concave  upper  lip  of  the 
bilabiate  corolla;  anthers  approximate  in  pairs. 

1.  Stachys  palustris  L.  Sp.  PL  580.  1753.  From  densely  soft-pubescent 
to  roughish-hirsute ;  stems  3-10  dm.  high,  hirsute  or  hispid:  leaves  ovate- 
lanceolate,  crenate-serrate,  4-8  cm.  long,  sessile  or  nearly  so  by  a  broad  or 
subcordate  base,  sometimes  almost  velvety-tomentose  beneath:  clusters  of 
the  spike  mostly  approximate,  6-10-flowered:  corolla  about  14  mm.  long,  the 
tube  not  longer  than  the  calyx-teeth,  the  upper  lip  pubescent. — Moist  banks; 
across  the  continent. 

13.  SALVIA  L.    SAGE 

Herbs  (ours)  with  flowers  in  terminal  spikes  or  narrow  racemes.  Calyx 
2-lipped,  naked  in  the  throat.  Corolla  blue  or  purple,  varying  to  white, 
strongly  2-lipped;  the  upper  lip  emarginate  or  2-lobed;  the  lower  3-lobed  or 
3-cleft.  Stamens  2;  the  anterior  portion  of  the  connective  deflexed,  linear  or 
gradually  somewhat  dilated  downward,  closely  approximate  or  connate,  and 
destitute  of  an  anther-cell.  Nutlets  smooth,  often  developing  mucilage  and 
spiral  tubes  when  wetted. 

Perennial;  pubescent  or  downy       .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .     1.  S.  Pitched. 

Annual;  glabrous  or  nearly  so          .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .     2.  S.  lanceolata. 

1.  Salvia  Pitched  Torr.  in  Benth.  Lab.  &  DC.  12:  302.  1848.  Tomentose- 
pubescent  or  canescent;  stem  herbaceous,  4-6  dm.  high,  erect,  simple  or 
b ranched  above:  leaves  oblong-lanceolate  to  linear,  acute,  subserrate,  nar- 
rowed to  a  subsessile  base:  raceme  simple,  elongated,  the  whorls  distant; 
bracts  often  equaling  the  calyx:  calyx  tomentulose-sericeous;  the  upper  lip 


LABIATAE    (MINT   FAMILY)  431 

obtuse,  undivided;  the  lower  of  2  obtuse  lobes:  corolla  twice  or  more  longer 
than  the  calyx:  style  bearded. — Eastern  Colorado,  eastward  and  southward. 
2.  Salvia  lanceolate  Willd.  Enum.  37.  1809.  Puberulent  or  nearly  glabrous, 
branched  from  the  base,  1-3  dm.  high:  leaves  lanceolate  or  linear-oblong, 
obtuse,  irregularly  serrate  with  obtuse  appressed  teeth  or  nearly  entire:  in- 
florescence virgate-spiciform,  interrupted;  bracts  very  small:  'calyx  deeply 
bilabiate:  corolla  small,  about  8  mm.  long,  hardly  at  all  exserted;  the  lower 
lip  nearly  twice  as  long  as  the  upper:  lower  ends  of  the  connective  dilated. — 
Eastern  Wyoming  to  Arizona  and  Texas. 

14.  MONARDA  L.     HORSEMINT 

Odorous  erect  herbs  with  entire  or  toothed  leaves  and  rather  large  flowers  in 
a  few  whorled  heads  closely  surrounded  with  bracts.  Calyx  elongated,  tubular, 
15-nerved,  subequally  5-toothed,  usually  hairy  in  the  throat.  Corolla  strongly 
2-lipped;  the  upper  lip  oblong,  erect,  entire  or  notched;  the  lower  oblong, 
spreading,  3-lobed  at  the  apex,  middle  lobe  narrowest  and  slightly  notched. 
Stamens  2,  inserted  in  the  throat  of  the  corolla,  on  elongated  ascending  fila- 
ments; the  divaricate  anthers  confluent  at  their  junction.  Nutlets  ovoid, 
smooth. 

Stamens  and  style  surpassing  the  upper  lip  of  corolla. 

Stems  nearly  glabrous     .         .         .         .         .         .  .  .  1.  M.  menthaefplia. 

Stems  short-lanate,  especially  at  the  nodes     .         .  .  v  .--     .  2.  M.  Ramaleyi. 

Stamens  not  surpassing  the  falcate  upper  lip      .         .  .  ...  3.  M.  Nuttallii. 

1.  Monarda    menthaefolia  Graham,   Edinb.  N.    Phil.  Journ.   1829:   347. 
Minutely  appressed-pubescent,  the  leaves  canescent  beneath;  stems  simple  or 
branched  above,  3-7  dm.  high,  tinged  with  red  or  purple:  leaves  ovate  to 
triangular-lanceolate,  4-9  cm.  long,  remotely  serrate-dentate,  petioled:  in- 
volucral  bracts  leaf -like,  more  or  less  colored  above;  heads  terminal,  purple 
to  bluish:  calyx  white  or  purple  bearded  in  throat,  about  10  mm.  long:  corolla 
strongly  bilabiate,  villous  on  the  outside:  stamens  exserted  with  the  pistil. 
M.  fistulosa  L.  in  part;  M.  stricta  Wooton,  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  25:  263. 
1898. — From  Manitoba  to  New  Mexico. 

2.  Monarda  Ramaleyi  A.  Nels.  Bot.  Gaz.  31:  398.  1901.    Very  similar  to 
the  preceding,  but  softly  and  lanately  white-pubescent,  densely  so  at  the 
nodes;  the  stems  nearly  or  quite  simple,  erect  or  somewhat  flexuous,  mono- 
cephalous,  3-6  dm.  high:  leaves  lanceolate  to  narrowly  ovate,  subcordate  or 
truncate  at  base;  petioles  short,  lanately  pubescent  as  are  also  the  midribs 
of  the  leaves:   involucral  leaves  ovate,  scarcely  purple-tinged:   calyx-teeth 
subulate,  with  a  pubescent  ring  at  base:  corolla  lavender;  lower  lip  oblong- 
elliptic,  as  long  as  the  upper,  obtuse  and  broadly  emarginate  at  apex,  with  a 
short,  broadly  linear,  cucullate  pubescent  bidentate  appendage  from  the  notch: 
the  exserted  stamens  surpassed  by  the  pistil.     (M.  comata  Rydb.  Bull.  Torr. 
Bot.  Club  28:  502.  1901.)— Central  Colorado. 

3.  Monarda  Nuttallii  A.  Nels.  Bot.  Gaz.  31:  397.  1901.     Perennial  from 
short,  slender,  of  ten  nearly  vertical  rootstocks;  stems  slender,  single  or  several 
from  the  crowns,  usually  simple,  2-3  dm.  high,  closely  puberulent:  leaves  ob- 
long, short-petioled,  remotely  serrulate,  glabrous,  2-^4  cm.  long,  usually  some 
similar  but  much  smaller  leaves  fascicled  in  the  axils:  involucral  leaves  sim- 
ilar in  outline,  green,  with  thickened  midrib,  entire  but  noticeably  ciliate  on 
the  margin,  tapering  gradually  into  the  slender  awn;  verticils  2-5:  calyx- 
lobes  aristate  and  strikingly  cmate-bearded :  corolla  white  or  barely  pinkish. 
Monarda  citriodora  Cerv.  in   part. — From    southeastern  Wyoming  through 
Colorado. 

15.  HEDEOMA  Pers.     PENNYROYAL 

Odorous  annuals  or  perennials,  with  small  leaves  and  loose  axillary  clus- 
ters of  flowers  often  forming  terminal  leafy  racemes.  Calyx  13-nerved,  ovoid 
or  tubular,  gibbous  on  the  lower  side  near  the  base,  bearded  in  the  throat. 
Corolla  2-lipped;  the  upper  lip  erect,  entire  or  emarginate;  the  lower  spread- 


432  LABIATAE    (MINT   FAMILY) 

ing,  3-cleft.     Stamens  2  and  sometimes  2  sterile  rudiments  (staminodia) ; 
the  anther-cells  divergent.    Pungently  sweet-aromatic. 

Hispid-pubescent  annual    .         .         .         .         .         •         .         .         .  1.  H.  hispida. 
Cinereous-puberulent  perennials. 

Corolla  scarcely  surpassing  the  calyx 2.  H.  ovata. 

Corolla  nearly  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx         .         .         .  .  3.  H.  Drummondii. 

1.  Hedeoma  hispida  Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  414.  1814.     Stems  8-15  cm. 
high:  leaves  linear,  entire,  thickish,  nearly  sessile,  crowded,  almost  glabrous 
but  the  margins  hispid-ciliate :  bracts  rigid,  about  equaling  the  calyx:  calyx 
bilabiate,  the  teeth  subequal,  those  of  the  lower  lip  narrower  and  more  hispid 
than  those  of  the  upper,  about  half  the  length  of  the  oblong,  gibbous,  hispid 
tube:  corolla  blue  or  purplish,  about  6  mm.  long:  staminodia  small  or  want- 
ing.— From  Colorado  northward  to  Northwest  Territory. 

2.  Hedeoma  ovata  A.  Nels.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  31:    245.   1904.     Per- 
ennial, the  slender  branches  of  the  caudex  widely  divaricate  from  the  sum- 
mit of  the  taproot;  stems  slender,  branched,  12-20  cm.  high,  puberulent  with 
recurved   hairs:  leaves   entire,  from   broadly   to   narrowly  oval,  7-15  mm. 
long,  glabrous  above,  nearly  so  below,  crowded  and  more  bract-like  upward: 
flowers  small,  cymulose  in  the  axils,  short-pediceled  and  bracteolate:  calyx 
about  5  mm.  long,  the  lower  teeth  surpassing  the  upper,  somewhat  hispid- 
pubescent  on  the  tube  and  teeth:  corolla  inconspicuous,  barely  surpassing  the 
calyx,  the  upper  lip  2-lobed:  staminodia  wanting. — Type  locality,  Pole  Creek, 
Albany  county,  Wyoming. 

3.  Hedeoma  Drummondii  Benth.  Lab.  Gen.  &  Sp.  368.  1834.    Cinereous- 
puberulent,  1-2  dm.  high,  copiously  branched:  leaves  oblong  to  linear,  ob- 
tuse, subsessile  or  narrowed  into  a  very  short  petiole:  the  subulate  bracts 
not  longer  than  the  pedicels:  calyx  hirsute  or  hispid,  in  age  more  or  less 
curved,  not  plainly  bilabiate;  the  subulate  setaceous  teeth  at  length  all  con- 
nivent,  the  lower  nearly  twice  the  length  of  the  upper:  corolla  purple,  8-12  mm. 
long,  often  nearly  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx. — Dry  slopes  and  canons;  Wyo- 
ming and  southward  to  Texas  and  Mexico. 

16.  LYCOPUS  L.     WATER  HOARHOUND 

Low  perennial  herbs,  glabrous  or  puberulent.  Leaves  sharply  toothed  or 
pinnatifid;  the  floral  ones  similar  and  much  longer  than  the  dense,  axillary 
whorls  of  small  white  flowers.  Calyx  campanulate,  naked  in  the  throat, 
4-5-toothed.  Corolla  campanulate,  equally  4-lobed,  scarcely  longer  than  the 
calyx.  Perfect  stamens  2,  with  parallel  anther  sacs;  the  upper  pair  sterile 
or  rudimentary. 

Some  or  all  of  the  leaves  incised 1.  L.  americanus. 

Leaves  serrate  or  dentate      .         »         .         .         .         .         .         .         .     2.  L.  asper. 

1.  Lycopus  americanus  Muhl.  Bart.  Fl.  Phil.  Prodr.  15.  1815.    Green  and 
glabrous  or  puberulent,  with  angled  stems  2-4  dm.  high:  leaves  from  broadly 
to  narrowly  lanceolate,  some  or  all  of  them  incisely  pinnatifid,  3-6  cm.  long: 
calyx  with  rigid  triangular-subulate  or  cuspidate  teeth:  corolla  small,  scarcely 
surpassing  the  calyx:  the  upper  stamens  sterile  and  thickened  at  their  tips: 
nutlets  small,  included  in  the  calyx.    L.  sinuatus  Ell. — Throughout  our  range 
and  widely  distributed  elsewhere,  nearly  across  the  continent. 

2.  Lycopus  asper  Greene,  Pitt.   3:    339.    1898.     Glabrate,  puberulent  or 
even  hirsute  on  the  stoutish  erect  stem,  4-8  dm.  high,  acutely  angled  above: 
leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate,  5-10  cm.  long,  very  sharply 
and   coarsely   serrate   with   triangular-subulate   ascending   teeth,  sessile   or 
nearly  so,  coarsely  punctate :  calyx-teeth  lanceolate-subulate,  about  as  long  as 
the  calyx-tube:  corolla  but  little  longer  than  the  calyx:  rudimentary  stamens 
with  thickened  tips.    L.  luddus  americanus  Gray. — From  the  Missouri  west 
to  the  sea. 


SOLANACEAE    (POTATO   FAMILY)  433 

103.  SOLANACEAE  Pers.     POTATO  FAMILY 

Ours  all  herbs  of  various  habit,  with  alternate  or  more  rarely  opposite 
leaves  without  stipules.  Flowers  regular  and  perfect.  Calyx  5-lobed.  Corolla 
sympetalous,  more  or  less  5-lobed,  variously  arranged  in  bud  but  mostly 
plicate.  Stamens  5,  inserted  on  the  tube  and  alternate  with  the  corolla- 
lobes.  Style  and  stigma  single;  the  ovary  mostly  2-celled  and  many-ovuled 
on  a  central  placenta.  Fruit  a  berry  or  capsule. 

Fruit  a  berry. 

Fruiting  calyx  bladdery-inflated;  anthers  distinct. 

Corolla  yellow  or  lighter,  often  with  darker  center        .         .         .1.  Physalis. 
Corolla  purple       ..........     2.  Quincula. 

Fruiting  calyx  closely  investing  the  fruit 3.  Chamaesaracha. 

Fruiting  calyx  not  enlarged;  anthers  connivent       .         .         .         .4.  Solanum. 
Fruit  a  capsule. 

Capsule  prickly .         .         .5.  Datura. 

Capsule  not  prickly          .         •        .»        .-.         .         .         .         .6.  Nicotiana. 

1.  PHYSALIS  L.     GROUND  CHERRY 

Herbaceous  annuals  or  perennials,  with  entire  or  sinuate-toothed  leaves  and 
solitary,  axillary,  pedunculate  flowers.  Calyx  becoming  much  enlarged  and 
membranaceous-inflated,  completely  and  loosely  inclosing  the  fruit,  reticulate- 
veiny  and  5-angled  or  10-costate.  Corolla  white  or  yellow,  often  with  a  dark 
center,  rotate  or  rotate-campanulate,  5-angulate  or  obscurely  5-lobed.  Stamens 
inserted  near  the  base  of  the  corolla;  the  anthers  longitudinally  dehiscent. 
Style  slender,  somewhat  bent.  Berries  juicy,  greenish,  red,  or  yellow,  with 
numerous  flattened  seeds. 

Annuals. 

Densely  pubescent;  corolla  and  berry  yellow      .         .         .  1.  P.  neo-mexicana. 

Glabrous  or  nearly  so;  corolla  yellow  with  purple  center;  berry 

purple 2.  P.  ixocarpa. 

Perennials. 

Pubescence  simple  or  wanting  (branched  in  no.  7). 
Leaves  glabrous. 

Corolla  yellow  with  purplish  throat;  berry  red  or  purple         .       3.  P.  philadelphica. 
Corolla  yellow  with  brownish  center;  berry  yellow        .  4.  P.  longifolia. 

Leaves  sparsely  pubescent  with  flat  hairs. 

Corolla  yellow  with  brownish  center 5.  P.  lanceolata. 

Corolla  greenish-yellow  with  dark  green  spots       .         .  6.  P.  polyphylla. 

Leaves  pubescent,  the  hairs  branched  on  the  lower  surface       .       7.  P.  pumila. 
Pubescence  branched. 

Pubescence  dense  and  viscid-glandular. 

Leaves  large  (5  cm.  or  more  long),  cordate-ovate;  pubescence 

long-villous    .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .       8.  P.  heterophylla. 

Leaves  smaller,  reniform-cordate,  finely  viscid-pubescent       .       9.  P.  hederaefolia. 
Leaves  subrotund,  densely  glandular-viscid  .,        .         .     10.  P.  rotundata. 

Pubescence  stellate .         .         .     11.  P.  Fendleri. 

1.  Physalis   neo-mexicana   Rydb.  Mem.  Torr.  Bot.  Club   4:  325.  1896. 
Stem  stout  and  strict,  obtusely  angled;  pubescence  fine,  dense,  short,  scarcely 
viscid:  leaves  3-5  cm.  long,  rather  thick,  broadly  ovate  or  orbicular,  very 
obtuse,  often  subcordate,  sinuately  crenate:  peduncles  less  than  2  cm.  long: 
calyx-lobes  finely  pubescent,  lanceolate;  calyx  in  fruit  rather  firm,  sharply 
angled,  sunken  at  the  base.    P.  pubescens  in  part. — Southern  Colorado  and 
southward. 

2.  Physalis   ixocarpa    Brot.    Horneman,    Hort.    Hafn.    Suppl.    26.  1819. 
In  age  much  branched  and  widely  spreading;  stem  angled,  glabrous,  sparingly 
hairy  on  the  branchlets:  leaves  cordate  to  ovate,  base  cuneate  and  oblique, 
entire  or  sinuate,  3-6  cm.  long:  calyx  slightly  hairy;  the  lobes  broadly  trian- 
gular, shorter  than  the  tube:  corolla  bright  yellow  with  purple  throat:  fruit- 
ing calyx  rounded-ovate,  obscurely  10-angled,  often  purple-veined,  at  last 
nearly  filled  by  the  purple  berry. — Probably  reaching  our  range  from  the 
southwest. 

3.  Physalis  philadelphica  Lam.  Enc.  Meth.  2:  101.  1786.     The  dichot- 
omously  branched  stem  angled,  erect,  5-10  dm.  high:  leaves  ovate  or  nar- 

BOCKY   MT.    BOT. — 28 


434  SOLANACEAE  (POTATO  FAMILY) 

rower,  narrowed  and  oblique  at  base,  margins  entire  or  repand-denticulate, 
alternate  or  paired,  6-10  cm.  long:  peduncles  slender,  1-2  cm.  long:  calyx 
glabrous  or  nearly  so;  the  lobes  ovate  to  lanceolate- triangular,  about  equal- 
ing the  tube:  corolla  with  purplish  throat,  rather  large:  anthers  tinged  with 
purple:  fruiting  calyx  somewhat  10-angled,  sunken  at  the  base,  becoming 
filled  with  the  red  berry. — Scarcely  in  our  range;  extending  eastward  to  the 
Atlantic. 

4.  Physalis  longifolia  Nutt.  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  II.  5:  193.  1834.    Per- 
ennial from  a  thick  rootstock;  stem  usually  stout  and  tall,  4-8  dm.  high, 
branched  mostly  above,  the  branches  strict,  glabrous:  leaves  broadly  linear 
to  lanceolate  or  broader,  subentire  or  repand,  short-petioled :  peduncles  1-2 
cm.  long,  in  fruit  often  recurved:  calyx  generally  glabrous,  with  triangular- 
lanceolate  lobes  as  long  as  the  tube:  corolla  large,  yellow  with  dark  center: 
anthers  yellow,  tinged  with  purple:  fruiting  calyx  ovoid,  about  3  cm.  long, 
not  sunken  at  the  base:  berry  yellow,  the  lower  portion  and  the  stipe  gluti- 
nous.   P.  lanceolata  laevigata  Gray. — From  Wyoming  to  Mexico,  and  eastward. 

5.  Physalis  lanceolata  Michx.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  1:  149.  1803.    Perennial  from 
slender  creeping  rootstock,  2-5  dm.  high,  at  length  branched  or  even  spread- 
ing, more  or  less  hirsute  with  flat  hairs:  leaves  oblong-ovate  to  narrowly 
lanceolate,  tapering  to  the  petiole,  undulate  or  entire:  corolla  ochroleucous, 
with  brownish  center:  calyx  commonly  strigose  or  villous,  the  lobes  triangular- 
lanceolate;  in  fruit   ovoid,   not  sunken  at  base,  slightly   10-angled:   berry 
greenish-yellow. — Common  in  our  range;  widely  distributed  eastward. 

6.  Physalis   polyphylla   Greene,    Pitt.   4:  150.  1900.     A  nearly  glabrous 
perennial  1-3  dm.  high;  stem  angular,  scabrous,  puberulent:  leaves  2-4  cm. 
long,  very  numerous,  notably  feather-veined  with  white  fine  veins,  lanceolate 
to  linear,  glabrous  except  for  the  strigillose  margins  and  veins:  peduncles  1 
cm.  long,  deflexed  in  fruit:  corolla  greenish-yellow,  with  dark  green  spots: 
fruiting   calyx   broadly   and   acutely    ovate,    reticulate,  the   teeth  whitish- 
puberulent. — Southern  Colorado. 

7.  Physalis  pumila  Nutt.  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  II.  5:  193.  1834.     Near 
the  two  preceding:  leaves  thicker,  generally  broadly  ovate  and  acute  at  both 
ends,  often  somewhat  rhomboid,  entire  or  nearly  so,  rather  larger,  on  petioles 
15-25  mm.  long,  strigose  with  many-branched  hairs,  especially  on  the  lower 
surface:  calyx  hirsute,  in  fruit  oblong-ovoid,  somewhat  sunken  at  the  base. — 
From  Colorado  eastward  to  the  Missouri. 

8.  Physalis  heterophylla  Nees.  Linnaea  6:   463.   1831.     Perennial  from 
creeping  rootstocks,  diffusely  much  branched,  or  at  first  erect,  villous-subviscid 
with  flat  jointed  hairs,  3-8  dm.  high:  leaves  oblong  to  cordate,  moderately 
thick,  4-6  cm.  long,    sinuate-toothed  to  subentire:  corolla  15-20  mm.  broad, 
yellow:   calyx  long- villous,  the  lobes  lanceolate,  usually  shorter  than   the 
tube:  anthers  yellow:  berry  yellow.     P.  virginiana. — Common  in  our  range 
and  extending  far  eastward. 

9.  Physalis   hederaefolia  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  10:  65.  1874.    Erect  or 
at  length  diffuse,  densely  viscid-pubescent  or  on  young  parts  more  or  less 
villous:   leaves  roundish-cordate   or  almost  reniform,   or  sometimes  ovate, 
coarsely  and  obtusely  angulate-toothed,  18-36  mm.  in  diameter:  corolla  about 
12  mm.  broad,  on  pedicels  4-8  mm.  long:  calyx  finely  viscid-pubescent;  in 
fruit  angled,  ovoid,  20-30  mm.  long. — Southern  Colorado  and  southward  to 
Mexico. 

10.  Physalis  rotundata  Rydb.  Mem.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  4:  352.  1896.     Per- 
ennial, freely  and  horizontally  long-branched  from  the  base  up,  about  2-3  dm. 
high,  broader  than  high,  closely  and  finely  granular-glandular  or  glandular- 
pubescent,  very  leafy:    leaves  broadly  ovate  or  subrotund,  coarsely  and  ir- 
regularly dentate,  obtuse  or  acute,  2-4  cm.  long,  on  petioles  usually  less  than 
one  fourth  as  long:  peduncles  slender,  shorter  than  the  fruiting  calyx,  divar- 
icate to  deflexed:   calyx-lobes  triangular-lanceolate,  in  blossom  longer  than 
the  tube;  fruiting  calyx  dilated,  globose,  25-30  mm.  in  diameter,  distinctly 
angled,  finely  reticulate-veined,  sunken  at  base:  berry  yellowish,  12-15  mm. 
in  diameter. — Wyoming,  Colorado,  and  southward. 


SOLANACEAE    (POTATO   FAMILY)  435 

11.  Physalis  Fendleri  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  10:  66.  1874.  Perennial 
from  a  fleshy  roptstock,  2-5  dm.  high;  pruinose-puberulent,  the  pubescence 
minute,  partly  simple,  partly  branched  or  stellate,  sometimes  a  little  glan- 
dular: leaves  small,  deltoid-ovate  or  slightly  cordate  to  ovate-lanceolate,  with 
abrupt  base,  the  margins  repand-undulate  to  coarsely  sinuate-toothed :  corolla 
about  12  mm.  broad:  fruiting  calyx  rounded-ovate:  berry  yellow. — Dry  rocky 
plains;  Colorado  to  Mexico. 

2.  QUINCULA  Raf. 

A  low  perennial  herb,  with  subfleshy  sinuate  or  pinnatifid  leaves  and  mostly 
paired,  pedunculate,  axillary  flowers.  The  angulate,  reticulate  calyx  inflated 
and  with  connivent  lobes,  inclosing  the  fruit.  Floral  characters  much  as  in 
Physalis,  but  the  veiny  corolla  rotate,  violet  or  purplish.  The  kidney-shaped 
seeds  rugose-reticulate. 

1.  Quincula  lobata  (Torr.)  Raf.  Atl.  Journ.  145.  1832.  Low,  small  and 
diffusely  branched,  young  parts  (or  on  stalks  and  calyx  densely)  scurfy- 
granuliferous,  otherwise  quite  glabrous:  leaves  oblong-spatulate  or  oboyate, 
repand  to  sinuate-pinnatifid,  the  base  cuneately  tapering  into  a  margined 
petiole:  corolla  violet,  the  center  with  a  5  or  6-rayed  white  woolly  star: 
globular-inflated  fruiting  calyx  strongly  5-angled.  Physalis  lobata  Torr. — 
From  Kansas  through  Colorado  to  California. 

3.  CHAMAESARACHA  Gray 

Perennials,  with  mostly  narrow  entire  or  pinnatifid  leaves  tapering  into 
margined  petioles  and  filiform  naked  pedicels  solitary  in  the  axils  and  re- 
fracted or  recurved  in  fruit.  Calyx  herbaceous,  open  at  the  mouth  but  closely 
investing  the  berry  and  not  ribbed  or  angled.  Corolla  rotate,  5-angulate. 
Filaments  filiform,  with  separate  oblong  anthers. 

1.  Chamaesaracha    coronopus    (Dunal)    Gray,    Bot.    Cal.    1:    540.    1876. 
Green,  almost  glabrous,  or  beset  with  some  short  and  rough ish  hairs,  diffusely 
very  much  branched:  leaves  lanceolate  or  linear  with  cuneate-attenuate  base, 
varying  from  nearly  entire  to  laciniate-pinnatifid :  peduncles  elongated:  calyx 
more  or  less  hirsute  (hairs  often  2-fprked  at  tip),  the  lobes  triangular,  acute: 
corolla  yellowish:  berry  5-8  mm.  in  diameter,  nearly  white. — From  Utah 
through  Colorado  to  Texas. 

2.  Chamaesaracha  conioides  (Moricand)    Brit.  Mem.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  5: 
287.  1895.    Cinereous  with  short-viscid  pubescence:  leaves  obovate-spatulate 
or  cuneately  oblong  to  oblanceolate,  repand  to  incisely  pinnatifid:  calyx 
when  young  villous- viscid:  corolla  pale  yellow  or  sometimes  violet-purple. 
C.  sordida  Gray. — Rare  in  our  range;  Colorado  and  southward. 

4.  SOLANUM  L.     NIGHTSHADE  AND  POTATO 

Ours  are  herbs  with  simple  or  rarely  pinnate  alternate  leaves.  Peduncles 
usually  solitary,  axillary  or  extra-axillary,  few-flowered.  Calyx  5-parted  or 
cleft,  unchanged  but  often  enlarged  in  fruit.  Corolla  rotate,  with  plicate 
5-lobed  limb  and  very  short  tube.  Stamens  inserted  on  the  throat  by  short 
filaments;  the  anthers  connate,  forming  a  cone,  usually  dehiscent  by  a  ter- 
minal pore.  Fruit  a  2-celled  berry. 

Pinnate-leaved  perennial 1.  S.  Jamesii. 

Simple-leaved;  annuals  except  No.  6. 
Plant  not  prickly. 

Peduncles  1-3-flowered;  ripe  berry  green  .         .         .         .     2.  S.  triflorum. 

Peduncles  bearing  small  umbel-like  cymes;  ripe  berry  black     .     3.  S.  nigrum. 
Plant  prickly. 

Fruit  inclosed  in  the  prickly  calyx. 

Plant  stellate-pubescent;  flowers  yellow         .         .         .         .     4.  S.  rostratum. 
Plant  glandular-pubescent;  flowers  violet       .         .         .         .     5.  S.  heterodpxum. 
Fruit  naked;  flowers  violet,  blue,  or  white        .         .         .         .     6.  S.  elaeagnifoliuru. 


436  SOLANACEAE  (POTATO  FAMILY) 

1.  Solanum  Jamesii  Torr.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  2:  227.  1828.    Perennial  from 
small  tubers,  2-3  dm.  high:  leaves  pinnate;  the  leaflets  7-9,  lanceolate  to 
ovate-oblong,  smoothish,  the  lowest  often  smaller  but  with  no  small  ones 
interposed:  peduncles  cymosely  few-several-flowered:  corolla  white,  deeply 
5-cleft:  fruit  not  inclosed  in  the  somewhat  enlarged  calyx.     A  relative  of  the 
potato   (S.  tuberosum),  which  is  native  in  South  America. — Mountains  of 
Colorado  to  New  Mexico  and  Arizona. 

2.  Solanum  triflorum  Nutt.  Gen.  1:  128.  1818.     Green,  slightly  hairy  or 
nearly  glabrous,  low  and  much  spreading:  leaves  oblong,  deeply  pinnatifid, 
with  wide-rounded  sinuses;  the  lobes  7-9,  lanceolate,  entire  or  dentate:  pe- 
duncles 1-3-flowered:  corolla  small,  white,  a  little  longer  than  the  5-parted 
persistent  calyx:  berries  green,  10-12  mm.  in  diameter,  on  nodding  pedicels. 
WILD  TOMATO. — Abundant  and  prolific;  throughout  our  range  on  the  plains, 
mostly  in  waste  and  cultivated  ground. 

3.  Solanum  nigrum  L.  Sp.  PL  186.  1753.     Low  annual,  much  branched 
and  often  spreading,  nearly  glabrous,  rough  on  the  angles:  leaves  ovate, 
repand-dentate:  flowers  white,  in  small  umbel-like  lateral  clusters,  drooping: 
calyx  spreading,  shorter  than  the  corolla:  filaments  hairy:  berries  black  when 
ripe,  7-8  mm.  in  diameter.     (S.  interius  Rydb.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  31:  641. 
1904.)     COMMON  NIGHTSHADE. — In  our  range  an  introduced  weed  in  waste 
ground. 

3a.  Solanum  nigrum  villosum  Mill.  Low,  somewhat  viscid-pubescent: 
leaves  angulate-dentate :  berries  varying  from  yellow  to  black.  [S.  villosum 
(Mill.)  Lam.] — Adventive  and  infrequent. 

4.  Solanum  rostratum  Dunal,  Sol.  234.  pi.  24.  1813.     Densely  hoary  or 
yellowish  with  stellate  pubescence  and  armed  with  yellow  prickles:  leaves 
ovate  or  oval  in  outline,   deeply  and  irregularly  pinnately  lobed  or  often 
1-2-pinnatifid:  corolla  yellow,  about  25  mm.  broad,  the  lobes  ovate:  stamens 
and  style  declined,  the  lowest  stamen  larger  and  longer  and  with  an  incurved 
beak:  fruit  inclosed  by  the  close-fitting  and  horridly  prickly  calyx.    BUFFALO 
BUR. — Indigenous  in  our  range  on  sandy  plains;  eastward  becoming  a  weed. 

5.  Solanum  heterodoxum  Dunal,  Sol.  235.  pi.  25.  1813.    Pubescent  with 
gland-tipped  simple  hairs,  with  a  few  5-rayed  ones  on  the  upper  face  of  the 
irregularly  or  interruptedly  bipinnatifid  leaves,  which  are  armed  with  yellow 
subulate  prickles;  stems  branched,  3-8  dm.  high:  corolla  violet,  3-4  cm.  broad, 
5-cleft  and  somewhat  irregular;  the  lobes  ovate-acuminate:  stamens  unequal, 
the  larger  one  violet,  the  others  yellow:  fruit  as  in  the  preceding. — From 
Colorado  to  Texas. 

6.  Solanum  elaeagnifolium  Cav.  Icon.  3:  22.  1794.    Silvery-canescent  with 
dense,  scurf-like  stellate  pubescence;  stem  branched,  armed  with  sharp  prickles 
which  are  rarely  wanting:  leaves  oblong-lanceolate  to  linear,  4-10  cm.  long: 
flowers  on  short  stout  peduncles:  the  corolla  angulate,  5-lobed:  calyx-lobes 
slender:  berry  at  first  green,  then  yellow,  finally  black,  on  reflexed  pedicels, 
about  10  mm.  in  diameter. — Frequent  in  Colorado;  extending  to  Kansas  and 
Texas. 

5.  DATURA  L.    THORN  APPLE 

Rank  narcotic-poisonous  weeds,  with  ovate  leaves  and  large  showy  flowers 
on  short  peduncles  in  the  forks  of  the  branching  stem.  Calyx  prismatic  or 
tubular,  5-toothed,  separating  transversely  above  the  base  in  fruit.  Corolla 
funnelform  with  a  large  and  spreading  5  or  10-toothed  plaited  border.  Fruit 
a  globular  or  ovate  prickly  capsule,  4-valved,  2-celled,  with  2  thick  placentae 
projected  from  the  axis  into  the  middle  of  the  cells.  Seeds  large  and  flat. 

Stem  purple;  flowers  violet  or  lavender  .         .         .         ,         .         .  1.  D.  Tatula. 
Stem  green;  flowers  white. 

Leaves  irregularly  sinuate-lobed      .  .         .         .         .         .         .  2    D.  Stramonium. 

Leaves  unequally  ovate,  repand-entire 3.  D.  meteloides. 

1.  Datura  Tatula  L.  Sp.  PI.  Ed.  2.  256.  1762.  Sparingly  pubescent, 
moderately  stout,  3-12  dm.  high;  stem  purple:  leaves  sinuate-lobed,  1-2  dm. 
long;  the  lobes  acute:  flowers  about  1  dm.  long,  violet  or  lavender:  calyx 


SCROPHULARIACEAE    (FIGWORT   FAMILY)  437 

prismatic:  capsule  ovoid,  spinose-prickly,  4-5  cm.  high. — An  introduced  weed 
in  fields  and  waste  places. 

2.  Datura  Stramonium  L.  Sp.  PI.  179.  1753.     Quite  similar  but  less  pu- 
bescent; stem  stouter,  green:  leaves  ovate,  acute  or  acuminate,  narrowed  at 
base,  sinuate  or  angulate  toothed:  flowers  white:  calyx  half  as  long  as  the 
corolla:  capsule  as  in  the  preceding.     JAMESTOWN  or  JIMSON  WEED. — Fre- 
quent as  an  introduction  about  old  buildings  and  in  barn  lots. 

3.  Datura  meteloides  DC.    Prodr.    13:  544.  1852.      Pruinose-glaucescent 
with  minute  puberulence  or  pubescence:  leaves  unequally  ovate,  repand  to 
entire:  calyx  cylindrical,  about  7.5  cm.  long:  corolla  white  or  suffused  with 
violet,  sweet-scented,  1.5-2  dm.  long:  pod  thickly  armed  with  short  equal 
prickles,    nodding   on   the   short    peduncle. — Extending   through   Colorado; 
probably  indigenous  in  the  southern  portion,  as  it  is  in  the  Texas- Arizona  belt. 

/ 

6.  NICOTIANA  L.    TOBACCO 

Acrid-narcotic  mostly  clammy-pubescent  herbs,  with  ample  leaves  and 
racemed  or  .panicled  flowers.  Calyx  tubular-campanulate,  5-cleft.  Corolla 
funnelform  or  salverform,  usually  with  a  long  tube  and  5-lobed  plaited  border. 
Stigma  capitate.  Capsule  2-celled,  2-4-valved  from  the  apex.  Seeds  nu- 
merous, minute. 

Stem  leaves  petioled .:««.;        .     1.  N.  attenuata. 

Stem  leaves  sessile    .         .         .         .         .         .    .      •         f         ,,,       .     2.  N.  trigonophylla. 

1.  Nicotiana  attenuata  Torr.  in  Wats.  Bot.  King's  Exped.  276. 1871.    Stem 
3-5  dm.  high:  leaves  all  on  naked  and  mostly  slender  petioles,  acute  or  sub- 
obtuse  at  base;  the  lower  ovate  or  oblong;  the  upper  oblong-lanceolate  and 
attenuate-acuminate   to   linear-lanceolate   or   linear:   corolla   dull   white   or 
greenish,  slender  salverform,  not  enlarged  at  the  throat;  the  tube  3-4  cm. 
long;  the  limb  8-10  mm.  broad:  filaments  equally  inserted  low  down  on  the 
tube. — In  dry  ground;  from  Colorado  to  Idaho  and  California. 

2.  Nicotiana  trigonophylla  Dunal,  in  DC.  Prodr.  13:  562.  1852.     Viscid- 
pubescent,  4-6  dm.  high:  leaves  sessile  or  the  lower  tapering  to  a  winged 
petiole,  obovate-oblong  to  oblong-lanceolate,   sometimes  with  a  cordate  or 
auricled   base,   3-10   cm.   long:   inflorescence    at   length   loosely  paniculate- 
racemose:  corolla  greenish-white  or  yellowish,  about  18  mm.  long,  somewhat 
pubescent,  the  sinuately-lobed  limb  about  8  mm.  broad. — Probably  extend- 
ing into  southern  Colorado  from  Texas  and  New  Mexico. 


104.  SCROPHULARIACEAE  Lindl.    FIGWORT  FAMILY 

Herbs,  shrubs,  or  rarely  trees  (ours  herbs  or  rarely  shrubs)  with  exstipulate 
leaves.  Calyx  variously  toothed,  cleft,  or  parted.  Corolla  sympetalous  (rarely 
wanting),  more  or  less  irregular,  the  limb  2-lipped  or  nearly  entire  and  the 
lobes  imbricated  in  the  bud.  Stamens  didynamous  (or  perfect  stamens  only  2, 
rarely  5),  inserted  on  the  corolla-tube  and  alternate  with  the  lobes;  the  anther 
pacs  sometimes  unequal,  or  confluent,  or  reduced  to  one.  Pistil  1;  the  ovary 
2-celled,  becoming  a  2-celled  many-seeded  capsule  with  central  placentae. 

Anther-bearing  stamens  5;  leaves  alternate  .         .         .         .         .1.  Verbascum, 

Anther  bearing  stamens  4  or  2. 

Corolla  spurred  or  saccate  at  base  on  the  lower  side          .         .         .2.  Linaria. 
Corolla  not  spurred,  but  sometimes  somewhat  ventricose  or  gibbous. 
Stamens  5,  four  anther  bearing,  the  fifth  often  rudimentary. 

Sterile  stamen  reduced  to  a  scale  or  gland  on  the  upper  side  of 

the  corolla-*  ube 
Small  annuals;  peduncles  1 -flowered;  corolla  gibbous  at  base; 

seeds  solitary  or  few         '. 3.  Collinsia. 

Coarse  perennials;  peduncles  several-flowered;  corolla  some- 
what ventricose;  seeds  numerous 4    Scrophularia 


438  SCROPHULARIACEAE    (FIGWORT   FAMILY) 

Sterile  stamen  conspicuous,  elongated. 

Calyx  deeply  5-parted  or  divided  .....       5.  Pentstempn. 

Calyx  obtusely  5-lobed  ........       6.  Chionophila. 

Stamens  all  anther-bearing. 

Stamens  2  (in  No.  7  also  a  pair  of  sterile  rudiments). 

Calyx  of  5  nearly  distinct  lobes       .         .         ,         . '        .         .7.  Gratiola. 
Calyx  4-parted. 

Leaves  alternate,  mostly  basal 8.  Synthyris. 

Leaves  opposite,  at  least  the  lower 9.  Veronica. 

Stamens  4. 

Corolla  regular  or  nearly  so. 

Stemless,  small,  mud-loving  or  aquatic  plants    .         .         .10.  Limosella. 
Stems  erect,  usually  branched     .         .         .         .         .         .11.  Gerardia. 

Corolla  distinctly  bilabiate. 

Stamens  not  inclosed  in  the  upper  lip    .....     12.  Mimulus. 

Stamens  ascending  under  or  inclosed  in  the  upper  lip. 
Anther-cells  equal,  parallel. 

Calyx  inflated  and  veiny  in  fruit;  leaves  opposite         .     13.'  Rhinanthus. 
Calyx  not  inflated;  leaves  alternate  or  verticillate         .     14.  Pedicularis. 
Anther-cells  unequal,  one  pendulous  by  its  apex. 

Lips  of  the  corolla  very  unequal  .         .         .         .15.  Castilleja. 

Lips  of  the  corolla  equal  or  nearly  so. 

Calyx  nearly  equally  4-lobed,  i.  e.,  the  lips  deeply 

cleft 16.  Orthocarpus. 

Calyx-lips  not  cleft,  the  lower  sometimes  wanting     .     17.  <!ordylanthus. 

1,  VERBASCUM  L.     MULLEIN 

Tall  and  usually  woolly  biennial  herbs,  with  alternate  leaves  (those  of  the 
stem  sessile  or  decurrent)  and  flowers  in  large  terminal  spikes  or  racemes. 
Calyx  5-parted,  Corolla  rotate,  5-lobed,  the  lobes  broad  and  rounded  and 
but  little  unequal.  Stamens  5,  all  (or  only  the  upper  3)  filaments  woolly. 
Capsule  globular,  many-seeded. 

Plant  stout,  densely  woolly      .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .     1.  V.  Thapsus. 

Plant  slender,  glabrate 2.  V.  Blattaria. 

1,  Verbascum  Thapsus  L.  Sp.  PI.  177.  1753.    Densely  woolly  throughout 
with  branched  hairs,  5-15  dm.  high;  stem  stout,  simple,  winged  by  the  de- 
current  bases  of  the  large,  oblong,  acute  leaves :  flowers  yellow,  in  a  prolonged 
and  very  dense  cylindrical  spike:  stamens  unequal,  the  3  upper  hairy:  capsule 
5-6  mm.  in  diameter,  with  numerous  rugose  seeds.     COMMON  MULLEIN. — A 
very  widely  introduced  weed,  now  found  in  many  places  within  our  range. 

2.  Verbascum  Blattaria  L.  1.  c.  178.    Green  and  smoothish,  slender,  3-6  dm. 
high:  lower  leaves  petioled,  oblong,  doubly  serrate,  sometimes  lyre-shaped, 
the  upper  partly  clasping:  raceme  loose;  flowers  yellow  or  white  with  a  tinge 
of  purple:  filaments  all  bearded  with  violet  wool. — A  native  of  Europe;  rare 
in  our  range;  roadsides  and  waste  places. 

2.  LINARIA  L.     TOADFLAX.     BUTTER  AND  EGGS 

Herbs  with  alternate  leaves  or  the  lower  opposite  and  flowers  in  slender 
spikes  or  racemes.  Calyx  5-parted.  Corolla  personate,  the  prominent  palate 
often  nearly  closing  the  throat,  spurred  at  the  base  on  the  lower  side.  Sta- 
mens didynamous.  Capsule  thin,  opening  below  the  summit  by  one  or  two 
pores  or  chinks. 

Flowers  blue 1.  L.  canadensis.- 

Flowers  yellow 2.  L.  vulgaris. 

1.  Linaria  canadensis  (L.)  Dumont,  Bot.  Cult.  2:  96.  1802.    Slender  and 
glabrous,  1-8  dm.  high:  leaves  flat,  oblong  to  linear,  alternate  on  the  erect 
flowering  stems,  opposite  or  whorled  on  the  procumbent  sterile  shoots  from 
the  base:  flowers  small,  blue,  in  a  naked  terminal  raceme;  pedicels  erect,  not 
longer  than  the  filiform-curved  spur  of  the  corolla. — Rather  infrequent;  sandy 
gravelly  soil;  southern  part  of  our  range. 

2.  Linaria  vulgaris  Mill.  Card.  Diet,  Ed.  8:  1768.    Perennial,  erect,  2-5  dm. 
high:  leaves  alternate,  very  numerous,  pale,  linear  or  nearly  so:  flowers  in  a 


SCROPHULARIACEAE    (FIGWORT   FAMILY)  439 

terminal  raceme,  yellow,  2-3  cm.  long;  the  spur  slender-subulate:  seeds  winged. 
— Fields  and  roadsides;  rare  in  our  range. 

3.  COLLINSIA  Nutt. 

Ours  a  low  winter  annual,  with  simple  opposite  sessile  leaves  or  the  upper 
verticillate  and  flowers  solitary  or  verticillate  in  the  axils.  Corolla  deeply 
bilabiate;  the  upper  lip  2-cleft;  the  lower  3-lobed  with  the  middle  lobe  con- 
duplicate  into  a  keel-shaped  sac  which  incloses  the  4  declined  stamens  and 
style.  Upper  pair  of  filaments  inserted  higher  than  the  other;  anther  cells 
confluent;  a  gland  near  the  base  of  the  corolla  represents  the  fifth  stamen. 
Capsule  ovoid  or  globose. 

1.  Collinsia  tenella  (Pursh)  Piper,  Contrib.  Nat.  Herb.  11:  496.  1906. 
Diffuse  or  spreading,  7-15  cm.  high:  leaves  oblong  to  lanceolate,  mostly  ob- 
tuse, 1-2  cm.  long;  the  lower  opposite  and  petioled;  the  upper  sessile;  the 
floral  often  whorled:  flowers  pediceled,  solitary  or  2-5  in  the  upper  verticils: 
corolla  5-7  mm.  long,  exceeding  the  lanceolate  calyx-lobes,  blue  or  bicolored 
(blue  and  white):  gland  small,  capitate,  short-stipitate.  C.  parviflora. — 
Widely  distributed;  throughout  our  range  and  eastward  and  westward. 

4.  SCROPHULARIA  L.     FIGWORT 

Rather  coarse  perennial  herbs  with  opposite  leaves  and  small  yellowish- 
green  or  purplish  flowers  in  terminal  paniculate  cymes.  Calyx  5-parted. 
Corolla  irregular;  the  tube  ventricose-globular;  the  lobes  unequal  (4  erect  and 
the  fifth  reflexed  or  spreading).  Anther-bearing  stamens  4,  declined;  the 
fifth  reduced  to  a  sterile  scale  on  the  roof  of  the  corolla-tube.  Capsule  ovoid; 
seeds  rugose. 

1.  Scrophularia  occidentalis  (Rydb.)  Bickn.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  23:  315. 
1896.  More  or  less  soft-pubescent  and  glandular;  stems  stout,  5-12  dm.  high: 
leaves  ovate  or  slightly  cordate  at  base,  acute  or  acuminate,  5-15  cm.  long, 
doubly  and  sharply  serrate  or  incised,  often  with  fascicles  of  smaller  leaves 
in  their  axils:  thyrsus  with  short  branches;  flowers  numerous:  calyx-segments 
rounded-elliptical,  obtuse,  slightly  margined:  sterile  filament  very  broad, 
reniform,  stipitate.  S.  nodosa  marylandica. — Alluvial  soils;  Dakota  to  Col- 
orado and  far  westward. 

6.  PENTSTEMON  Soland.     BEARD-TONGUE 

Perennial  herbs  or  more  rarely  low  shrubs  with  opposite  leaves  (upper 
sessile  and  mostly  clasping)  and  generally  showy  thyrsoid  or  racemose- 
panicled  flowers.  Calyx  5-parted,  the  tube  narrow  or  more  or  less  campanulate- 
inflated.  Corolla  irregular,  with  elongated  and  often  ventricose  tube;  the  limb 
2-lipped.  Stamens  5,  four  of  them  didynamous  and  normal,  the  fifth  sterile, 
equaling  or  surpassing  the  others,  usually  flattened,  either  naked  or  bearded; 
anther  cells  often  divergent  and  becoming  confluent  at  apex.  Style  filiform 
and  tipped  with  the  small  capitate  stigma.  Capsule  ovoid-acute  to  globose; 
seeds  numerous. 

Anther-cells  not  confluent,  but  dehiscent  from  the  base  nearly  or 

quite  to  the  apex. 

Corolla  red;  anthers  glabrous  (except  in  No.  3). 
Corolla  strongly  bilabiate. 
Sterile  filament  glabrous. 

Corolla  bearded  in  throat    .         .         .         .         .         .  1.  P.  barbatus. 

Corolla-throat  glabrous  or  nearly  so 2.  P.  T9rreyi. 

Sterile  filament  hairy 3.  P.  trichander. 

Corolla  but  slightly  bilabiate 4.  P.  Eatonii. 

Corolla  blue  or  violet. 
Plant  mostly  glabrous  or  glaucous. 


440 


SCROPHULARIACEAE    (FIGWORT   FAMILY) 


Leaves  oblong  to  narrowly  lanceolate. 
Stems  strict  and  slender. 

Anthers  comose       .         .         .         .         .         .         .  5.  P.  strictus. 

Anthers  short-hirsute       .         .         w         .         .         .  6.  P.  utahensis. 

Stems  ascending-erect,  stout. 

Few-flowered;  mostly  low  and  dwarf       .         .         .  7.  P.  alpinus. 

Many-flowered;  taller 8.  P.  glaber. 

Leaves  oblong  to  ovate  or  subcordate    .         .         .         .  9.  P.  cyananthus. 

Plant  pruinose-puberulent. 

Conspicuously  so 10.  P,  Fremontii. 

Obscurely  so. 

Stems  slender,  strict 11.  P.  comarrhenus, 

Stems  stout,  decumbent 7    P.  alpinus. 

Anther-cells  confluent,  being  dehiscent  from  the  base  through  their 

junction  at  the  apex. 
Plant  glabrous  throughout. 

Distinctly  suffrutescent  at  base. 

Anthers  comose      ;         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .     12.  P.  fruticosus. 

Anthers  glabrous 13.  P.  deustus. 

Herbaceous  to  the  ground  (or  nearly  so). 
Upper  stem  leaves  oblong  to  linear. 

Plant  tall,  3-12  dm.  high  14.  P.  unilateralis. 

Plant  low,  mostly  less  than  3  dm.  high. 

Floral  leaves  enlarged      .         .         .         .         .         .         .     15.  P.  Haydenii. 

Floral  leaves  reduced. 

Leaves  nearly  or  quite  linear. 
Corolla  naked  in  the  throat. 

Lilac  or  purple  (high  mountains)  .         .         .     16.  P.  Hallii. 

Blue  (plains  and  hills) 17.    P.  angustifolius. 

Corolla  bearded  in  the  throat. 
Stems  tufted,  simple. 

Flowers  purple 18.  P.  laricifolius. 

Flowers  white 19.  P.  exilifolius. 

Stems  branched  ......     20.  P.  ambiguus. 

Leaves  narrowly  oblong  or  oblanceolate       .         .         .     21.  P.  arenicola. 
Upper  stem  leaves  ovate  or  broader. 

The  uppermost  narrowly  ovate,  acuminate          .         .         .22.  P.  secundiflorus. 
The  uppermost  suborbicular. 

Stems  4-10  dm.  high;  corolla  4-6  cm.  long      .         ,         .     23.  P.  grandiflorus. 
Stems  1-4  dm.  high;  corolla  2-3  cm.  long        .         .         .     24.  P.  acuminatus. 
Plant  more  or  less  pubescent  or  glandular  (at  least  in  the  inflores- 
cence). 
Stems  and  leaves  glabrous. 

Inflorescence  distinctly  yerticillate-capitate. 

Sepals  green  or  purplish,  at  most  scarious-margined. 

Flowers  small,  crowded  in  the  verticils    .         .         .         .     25.  P.  procerus. 

Flowers  larger,  verticils  few-flowered       ....     26.  P.  Owenii. 

Sepals  lacerate-scarious,  with  green  midrib          .         .         .     27.  P.  Rydbergii. 
Inflorescence  thyrsoid,  either  paniculate  or  glomerate  in  the 

axils. 
Thyrsus  open      .........     28.  P.  Watsonii. 

Thyrsus  crowded,  strict,  flowers  small. 

Basal  leaves  mostly  oblanceolate     .....     29. 

Basal  leaves  oval  or  rotund 30. 

Thyrsus  of  crowded  axillary  glomerules,  flowers  large          .     31. 
Stems  (at  least)  and  the  inflorescence  puberulent  or  more  pubescent. 
Low  (2  dm.  or  less),  the  persistent  base  caespitosely  and  slen- 
derly many-branched. 
Leaves  linear  or  nearly  so. 

Caudex  depressed-caespitose 32. 

Caudex  woody,  more  open       ......     33. 

Leaves  narrowly  oblong  to  orbicular. 

Densely  pruinose-pubescent 34. 

Glabrate. 

Sepals  glabrate 35. 

Sepals  glandular-villous 36. 

Taller,  rarely  tufted  (No.  39). 
Leaves  glabrous. 

Corolla  blue  (about  12  mm.  long) 
Corolla  lilac-purple  or  white,  lo 
Leaves  not  glabrous. 

Pruinose-puberulent,  obscurely  if  at  all  glandular. 

Corolla  nearly  tubular  ......     39.  P.  radicosus. 

Corolla  abruptly  and  widely  dilated. 

Leaves  ovate  to  narrowly  oblong      .         .         .         .     40.  P.  Jamesii. 

Leaves  oblong  to  linear    .         .         .         .         .         .     41.  P.  similis. 

Puberulent  and  (above)  glandular-hirsute. 
Sterile  filament  comose-bearded. 

Leaves  strongly  serrate    ......     42.  P.  montanus. 

Leaves  nearly  entire         .        „        .        ,        .        .    43.  P.  erianthera. 


rliite,  longer 


P.  humilis. 
P.  brevifolius 
P.  glaucus. 


P.  caespitosus. 
P.  linarioides. 

P.  suffrutescens 

P.  Crandallii. 
P.  Harbourii. 


P.  collinus. 
P.  gracilis. 


SCROPHULARIACEAE    (FIG WORT   FAMILY)  441 

Sterile  filament  moderately  hirsute. 

Corolla  white 44.  P.  albidus. 

Corolla-purplish-blue 45.  P.  Moffattii. 

Anther-cells  with  closed  saccate  base,  being  dehiscent  from  the  middle 
only,  through  their  junction  at  the  apex. 

Corolla  scarlet-red 46.  P.  Bridgesii. 

Corolla  violet-blue  or  purple. 

•  Sepals  long,  lanceolate,  acuminate     .         «'    •''»         *•     '  •         .     47.  P.  Kingii. 
Sepals  very  short,  ovate,  mucronate  .....     48.  P.  sepalulus. 

1.  Pentstemon  barbatus  Nutt.  Gen.  2:  53.  1818.     Herbaceous,  glabrous, 
usually  tall,  6-18  dm.  high:  leaves  lanceolate  or  the  upper  linear-lanceolate; 
the  lowest  and  radical  oblong  or  ovate:  corolla  strongly  bilabiate,  2.5  cm.  long, 
from  light  pink-red  to  carmine;  base  of  the  lower  lip  or  throat  usually  bearded 
with  long  and  loose  or  sparse  yellowish  hairs:  sterile  filament  glabrous;  anthers 
glabrous,  not  explanate  after  dehiscence. — Texas  to  Mexico  and  northward 
possibly  to  Colorado. 

2.  Pentstemon  Torreyi  Benth.  in  DC.  Prodr.  10:  324.  1846.    Very  similar 
to  the  preceding:  stems  slender,  tall:  corolla  scarlet-red,  nearly  or  quite  gla- 
brous in  the  throat. — Hillsides;  central  Colorado  to  Texas  and  Mexico. 

3.  Pentstemon  trichander  (Gray)  Rydb.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  33:  151. 
1906.    Closely  allied  to  the  two  foregoing  but  lower,  the  stems  from  a  woody 
caudex:  corolla  shorter,  scarlet-red:  anthers  beset  with  long  woolly  hairs. — 
In  southwestern  Colorado. 

4.  Pentstemon  Eatonii  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  8:  395.  1873.    Stem-leaves 
partly  clasping:  thyrsus  virgate  and  strict,  the  peduncles  very  short:  corolla 
obscurely  bilabiate,  2.5  cm.  long,  bright  carmine-red,  tubular,  hardly  enlarged 
at  the  naked  throat:  sterile  filament  sometimes  minutely  bearded  at  apex; 
anther-cells  not  confluent  but  often  more  or  less  divergent. — In  the  Wasatch 
mountains  and  thence  to  Nevada  and  Arizona. 

5.  Pentstemon  strictus  Benth.  1.  c.    Erect,  rather  rigid,  glabrous  or  sub- 
glaucous,  2-5  dm.  high:  lowest  leaves  oblong-spatulate,  petioled;  the  cauline 
linear-lanceolate:  the  thyrsus  elongated,  narrowly  virgate,   often  somewhat 
secund;  pedicels  short,  several-flowered:  sepals  oblong-ovate,  from  obtuse  to 
acute  or  acuminate,  with  membranous  margin:  corolla  about  2.5  cm.  long, 
with  short  narrow  tube,  abruptly  dilated  into  a  campanulate  throat  of  about 
the  same  length  as  the  widely  spreading  lips:  anthers  sparsely  woolly-pilose; 
the  sterile  filament  dilated  and  nearly  or  quite  naked.    (P.  strictiformis  Rydb. 
1.  c.  31:  642.) — Frequent  in  the  foothills;  Wyoming  to  Colorado  and  Utah. 

6.  Pentstemon  utahensis  (Gray)  A.  Nels.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  26:  242. 
1899.     Stems  strict,  moderately  slender,  often  10  dm.  high:  basal  leaves 
crowded,  long-petioled,  narrowly  oblong  or  lanceolate;  cauline  leaves  remote, 
narrower  upward  and  becoming  sessile  and  nearly  linear:  thyrsus  elongated: 
sepals  ovate-acuminate:  corolla  blue  or  violet-purple,  3-4  cm.  long,  ventricose- 
ampliate  above:  anthers  and  sterile  filament  more  or  less  hirsute;  anther  cells 
not  confluent. — Wyoming  and  Colorado  and  westward. 

7.  Pentstemon  alpinus  Torr.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  1:  35.  1827.    The  numerous 
stems  (5-25)  from  a  woody  rootstock,  stout,  assurgent,  2-4  dm.  long,  glabrate 
or  puberulent:  leaves  glaucous  or  puberulent;  root  leaves  small  or  none; 
lower  stem  leaves  spatulate-oblong,  4-7  cm.  long,  mostly  obtuse;  upper  stem 
leaves  lanceolate,  7-10  cm.  long;  the  leaf-like  bracts  long-acuminate:  inflores- 
cence  leafy-bracteate,    crowded,    10-15   cm.    long;   cymes   short-peduncled, 
3-7-flowered:  sepals  broadly  lanceolate  or  abruptly  long-acuminate  from  a 
broad  base,  margins  scarious:  corolla  moderately  ventricose-ampliate,  hardly 
bilabiate,  sparsely  white-bearded  in  the  throat,  about  3  cm.  long,  tube  proper 
about  one  third  the  total  length,  lobes  rounded,  spreading:  sterile  filament 
flattened  at  apex,  moderately  yellow-comose  or  even  glabrous;  stamens  from 
sparsely  short-hirsute  to  glabrous.     [P.  riparius  A.  Nels.  1.  c.  25.  1898;  P. 
oreophilusRydbA.c.  643;  P.  Bakeri Greene,  Pitt.  4:  318.  1901  (?).] — Gravelly 
or  sandy  banks;  on  the  high  plains  and  in  the  mountains  of  our  range. 

8.  Pentstemon  glaber   Pursh,   Fl.   Am.   Sept.   2:  738.  1814.     Somewhat 
glaucous,  leafy,  3-6  dm.  high:  leaves  entire,  firm,  the  basal  and  lower  ones 


442  SCROPHULARIACEAE    (FIGWORT   FAMILY) 

narrowed  into  petioles,  the  upper  oblong  or  oblong-lanceolate,  acuminate: 
thyrsus  narrow,  elongated;  pedicels  6-14  mm.  long  in  fruit:  calyx-segments 
ovate-lanceolate,  scarious-margined,  abruptly  acuminate,  6-8  mm.  long: 
corolla  blue  or  purple,  rather  abruptly  expanded  above  the  calyx,  the  limb 
somewhat  2-lipped,  the  lobes  rounded :  sterile  filament  bearded  at  the  slightly 
enlarged  summit:  capsule  narrowly  ovoid,  acute,  about  twice  as  long  as  the 
calyx. — Moist  sandy  soils;  from  Dakota  and  Nebraska  through  our  range 
and  far  westward. 

8a.  Pentstemon  glaber  speciosus  (Dougl.)  Rydb.  Mem.  N.  Y.  Bot.  Card. 
1:  344.  1900.  Taller  and  more  slender  than  the  species,  the  inflorescence 
more  lax,  and  the  upper  leaves  much  diminished.  (P.  speciosus  Dougl.) — 
Mountain  sides;  from  northwestern  Wyoming  to  Washington. 

9.  Pentstemon  cyananthus  Hook.  Bot.  Mag.  pi.  4464.    Closely  allied  to  the 
foregoing  but  usually  taller  and  the  stems  more  slender:  leaves  all  broad;  the 
cauline  ovate,  or  subcordate  and  ovate-lanceolate:  thyrsus  dense:  sepals  nar- 
row or  long-acuminate:  corolla  bright  blue:  anthers  and  sterile  filament  from 
hirsute  to  nearly  glabrous. — In  the  foothills  of  the  high  plains  of  Colorado, 
Wyoming,  and  Utah. 

9a.  Pentstemon  cyananthus  Brandegei  Porter,  Fl.  Col.  91.  1874.  Leaves 
thick,  coriaceous;  the  upper  cordate-ovate,  clasping,  ciliate  on  the  margins: 
cymes  6-8-flowered:  corolla  abruptly  ventricose-campanulate,  azure  blue  or 
paler:  sterile  filament  scantily  bearded. — Reported  from  Colorado  by  Bran- 
degee  only. 

10.  Pentstemon  Fremontii  T.  &  G.  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  6:  60.  1866.    Stems 
1-2  dm.   high,   minutely  and    densely  pruinose-pubescent :   cauline  leaves 
lanceolate  or  the  lowest  and  radical  spatulate:  thyrsus  spiciform,  virgate, 
rather  densely  flowered:  sepals  oblong-ovate,  acute,  with  irregular  scarious 
margins:  corolla  very  obscurely  bilabiate,  funnelform,  15-18  mm.  long,  with 
throat  but  little  dilated:  anthers  hirsute;  sterile  filament  with  dilated  bearded 
apex. — Flowering  in  June  on  the  Red  Desert  of  Wyoming  and  the  Uintah 
plains,  Utah. 

11.  Pentstemon  comarrhenus  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  12:  81.  1877.    Slen- 
der, glaucescent  or  minutely  pruinose-puberulent  at  least  above:  basal  leaves 
oblong  to  oval;  the  uppermost  linear:  thyrsus  laxly  virgate;  peduncles  and 
pedicels  moderately  long:  sepals  small,  oval,  rarely  more  than  3-4  mm.  long: 
corolla  about  2.5  cm.  long,  purplish-blue;  the  tube  proper  rather  long  and 
narrow:  anthers  long-woolly. — In  western  Colorado  and  in  Utah. 

12.  Pentstemon  fruticosus   (Pursh)    Greene,    Pitt.   2:   239.   1892.     Stem 
woody  and  much  branched  at  base,  2-5  dm.  high:  leaves  oblong,  lanceolate,  or 
narrower,  entire  or  toothed,  often  rather  thick,  3-7  cm.  long;  inflorescence 
racemose,   glandular-pubescent;    pedicels  usually   1 -flowered:   sepals  ovate- 
lanceolate,  acuminate:  corolla  2.5-3.5  cm.  long,  of  various  shades  of  pink, 
violet,  or  purple,  tubular-funnelform  and  moderately  bilabiate:  sterile  fila- 
ment short  and  slender;  anthers  comose.     (P.  crassifolms  Benth.) — Western 
Wyoming  and  Montana  and  far  westward. 

13.  Pentstemon  deustus  Dougl.  Lindl.  Bot.  Reg.  16:  pi.  1318.  1830.    Com- 
pletely glabrous,  the  calyx  at  most  obscurely  granular-pruinose  or  glandular; 
stems  1-3  dm.  high,  in  tufts  from  a  woody  base,  rigid:  leaves  coriaceous, 
ovate  to  oblong-linear  or  lanceolate,  irregularly  and  rigidly  dentate  or  acutely 
serrate,  or  some  of  them  entire;  upper  cauline  closely  sessile:  thyrsus  virgate 
or  more  paniculate,   mostly  many-flowered;  peduncles  and  pedicels  short: 
sepals     ovate  to  lanceolate,  nearly  marginless:  corolla  ochroleucous  or  dull 
white,  rarely  with  a  tinge  of  purple,  10-12  mm.  long,  either  narrowly  or 
rather  broadly  funnelform;  the  short  lobes  widely  spreading. — Range  of  the 
preceding. 

14.  Pentstemon  unilateralis  Rydb.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  33:  150.  19t)6. 
Plants  4-8  dm.  high,  including  the  elongated  and  racemiform.  strict,  many- 
flowered,  1-sided  thyrsus:  cauline  leaves  narrowly  lanceolate,  5-10  cm.  long; 
radical  spatulate:  peduncles  1-3-flowered:  sepals  ovate  or  oblong,  acute  or 
obtuse,   with  somewhat  scarious  but  entire  margins:  corolla  with  narrow 


SCROPHULARIACEAE    (FIG WORT   FAMILY)  443 

proper  tube  of  nearly  twice  the  length  of  the  calyx,  abruptly  dilated  into  the 
broadly  campanulate  throat  of  about  8  mm.  in  height  and  width;  this  nearly 
equaled  by  the  widely  spreading  lips;  the  lobes  round-oval:  sterile  filament 
glabrous  or  minutely  bearded  at  the  dilated  tip.  P.  secundifiorus. — In  the 
mountains  of  Colorado  and  Wyoming. 

15.  Pentstemon  Haydenii  Wats.  Bot.  Gaz.  16:  311.  1891.    More  or  less 
glaucous;  stem  decumbent,  leafy,  3-6  dm.  high:  leaves  linear  or  elongated- 
lanceolate,  entire,  sessile  and  slightly  clasping,  acute,  acuminate,  or  the  lowest 
obtusish,  5-13  cm.  long,  2-10  mm.  wide:  thyrsus  narrow,  dense;  bracts  ovate 
or    ovate-lanceolate,    large,    cordate-clasping,    acute    or   acuminate:    calyx- 
segments  lanceolate,  striate-nerved,  acuminate,  6-10  mm.  long:  corolla  blue, 
the  tube  broadly  dilated  above  the  calyx,  the  limb  nearly  equally  5-lobed: 
capsule  acute,  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx. — In  Kansas  and  Nebraska  and  the 
eastern  part  of  our  range. 

16.  Pentstemon  Hallii  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  6:  71.  1866.    Stems  1-2  dm. 
high:  leaves  thickish,  linear  and  linear-spatulate,  or  the  lowest  rather  broader, 
obtuse:  thyrsus  short  and  spiciform,  5-15-flowered,  obscurely  viscid:  sepals 
broadly  ovate  and  with  widely  scarious,  erose  margins:  corolla  15-20  mm.  long, 
broadly  campanulate-inflated  from  a  thickish  and  inconspicuous  proper  tube 
which  is  shorter  than  the  calyx;  bilabiate  limb  rather  short:  sterile  filament 
short-bearded  from  the  apex  downward. — In  the  Colorado  mountains  at  high 
elevations. 

17.  Pentstemon  angustifolius  Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  738.  1814.    Glaucous; 
stem  slender,  leafy,  1.5-2  dm.  high:  leaves  linear  or  linear-lanceolate,  entire, 
the  lower  narrowed  into  petioles,  obtusish,  the  upper  sessile  acute,  3-6.5  cm. 
long,  3-4  mm.  wide:  thyrsus  narrow,  spike-like,  mostly. dense;  bracts  lanceo- 
late, acuminate;  pedicels  very  short:  calyx-segments  linear-lanceolate,  acu- 
minate, 4-6  mm.  long:  corolla  blue  or  nearly  white,  the  tube  gradually  en- 
larged, the  limb  somewhat  2-lipped:  sterile  filament  bearded  at  the  summit. 
P.  caeruieus. — In  dry  soil;  from  the  base  of  the  mountains  to  Nebraska  and 
Dakota. 

18.  Pentstemon  laricifolius  H.  &  A.  Bot.  Beech.  376.  1841.     Glabrous; 
stems  tufted,  5-18  cm.  high;  lignescent  caudex  not  rising  above  the  soil: 
leaves  slender,  when  dry  filiform  and  with  the  margins  revolute,  the  larger 
1-2  mm.  wide,  2-4  cm.  long,  much  crowded  in  subradical  tufts  and  scattered 
on  the  slender  flowering  stems:  flowers  few,  loosely  racemose,  slender-pediceled: 
sepals  ovate-lanceolate:  corolla  tubular-funnelform,  12-18  mm.  long,  purple, 
the  small  limb  obscurely  bilabiate:  sterile  filament  bearded  on  the  upper  side. 
(P.  exilifolius  desertus  A.  Nels.  1.  c.  28:  231;  P.  aridus  Rydb.  Mem.  N.  Y. 
Bot.  Gard.  1:  348.  1900  much  resembles  this  but  has  a  glandular-pubescent 
inflorescence  with  "blue  "  flowers.    It  occurs  in  the  arid  plains  of  Montana.)--- 
P.  laricifolius  was  described  from  Oregon  plants,  but  aside  from  the  greater 
size  in  every  way  ours  from  Wyoming  and  Colorado  do  not  seem  to  differ 
essentially. 

19.  Pentstemon  exilifolius  A.  Nels.  1.  c.  28:  230.    Stems  several  to  nu- 
merous, from  a  tufted  branched  caudex,  glabrous,  as  are  also  the  leaves  and 
inflorescence,  1  (rarely  2)  dm.  high:  leaves  very  numerous,  crowded  on  the 
crowns,  narrowly  linear,  channeled  or  involute,  subulate-pointed,  15-25  mm. 
long;  stem  leaves  simitar,  passing  into   the  smaller  bracts:  thyrsus  narrow, 
crowded,  few  to  many-flowered;  pedicels  slender:  sepals  lanceolate  and  long- 
acuminate,     erose,   scarious-margined :    corolla    white,    tubular-funnelform, 
12-15  mm.  long,  obscurely  pubescent  in  the  throat,  scarcely  bilabiate,  the 
nearly  orbicular  lobes  widely  spreading,  6-7  mm.  long:  anthers  glabrous,  the 
sterile  filament  scarcely  dilated,  very  stiffly  and  densely  short-pubescent. — 
Dry  stony  plains  and  hills;  Wyoming  and  northern  Colorado. 

20.  Pentstemon  ambiguus  Torr.  1.  c.  2:  228.  1828.     Glabrous,  2-5  dm. 
high,  diffuse  and  often  much  branched:  leaves  filiform,  or  the  lowest  linear 
and  the  floral  slender-subulate:  inflorescence  loosely  paniculate:  sepals  ovate, 
acuminate:  corolla  rose-color  and  flesh-color  turning  to  white,  narrow  and 
somewhat  curved,  about  12  mm.  long,  the  scarcely  expanded  limb  oblique  but 


444  SCROPHULARIACEAE    (FIGWORT  FAMILY) 

obscurely  bilabiate;  lobes  orbicular-oval;  throat  or  its  Blower  side  somewhat 
hairy:  sterile  filament  sometimes  imperfectly  antheriferous,  glabrous. — On 
the  plains;  eastern  Colorado  to  New  Mexico  and  westward. 

21.  Pentstemon  arenicola  A.   Nels.  1.   c.   25:  280.  1898.     Simple  stems 
2-3  dm.  high;  entire  plant  glabrous  and  stem  leaves  somewhat  glaucous: 
lower  leaves  petioled,  oblanceolate  to  broadly  spatulate;  middle  stem  leaves 
4-5  cm.  long;  upper  leaves  sessile,  oblong  to  lanceolate,  abruptly  acute  or 
apiculate:  inflorescence  short,  spiciform,  leafy  below,  the  upper  bracts  short, 
ovate-lanceolate:  sepals  broadly  lanceolate,  slightly  scarious,  one  fourth  the 
length  of  the  corolla-tube:  corolla  tubular  or  but  slightly  inflated  upwards, 
blue,  12-15  mm.  long;  the  lobes  oval,  spreading,  3  mm.  long,  naked  in  the 
throat:  sterile  filament  equaling  the  tube,  the  hooked  flattened  apex  comose, 
more  sparsely  hairy  down  one  side  for  half  its  length;  anthers  dehiscent 
through  the  junction  of  the  two  cells  but  the  cells  hardly  confluent,  not  ex- 
planate. — Sandy  deserts  of  central  Wyoming. 

22.  Pentstemon  secundiflorus  Benth.  1.  c.  325.    Glaucous,  strict,  1.5-6  dm. 
high,  leafy:  leaves  firm,  entire,  the  lower  and  basal  ones  oblong  or  spatulate, 
narrowed  into  petioles;  the  upper  sessile  or  clasping,  lanceolate  or  ovate- 
lanceolate,  5-8  cm.  long:  thyrsus  narrow,  sometimes  1-sided:  calyx-segments 
lanceolate,  acute,  4-6  cm.  long:  corolla  blue,  the  tube  rather  gradually  dilated, 
the  limb  2-lipped:  sterile  filament  bearded  along  the  dilated  summit:  capsule 
acute,  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx.    P.  acuminatus.    See  Rydberg  hi  Bull. 
Torr.  Club  33:  150  on  this  name  and  P.  secundiflorus.     (P.  Fendleri  Gray, 
Pac.  R.  R.  Rep.  2:  168.) — Sandy  plains;  Wyoming  to  New  Mexico. 

22a.  Pentstemon  secundiflorus  caudatus  (Heller)  A.  Nels.  Leaves  all 
sessile,  rather  fleshy,  oblong-lanceolate  below,  becoming  longer  upward  and 
ovate-lanceolate,  long-attenuate:  flowers  pale  violet  or  pinkish.  (P.  caudatus 
Heller,  Minn.  Bot.  Studies  2:  34.  1898.)— Colorado  and  New  Mexico. 

23.  Pentstemon  grandiflorus  Nutt.  in  Fras.  Cat.  1813.     Somewhat  glau- 
cous, stout,  6-12  dm.  high:  leaves  entire,  obtuse;  the  basal  oboyate,  nar- 
rowed into  broad  petioles;  those  of  the  lower  part  of  the  stem  sessile,  oblong 
or  oval,  2.5-6  cm.  long;  the  upper  nearly  orbicular,  cordate-clasping,  shorter: 
thyrsus    open,  leafy-bracted,  the  bracts    orbicular-cordate:    calyx-segments 
lanceolate,  acute,  6-8  mm.  long:  corolla  lavender-blue,  the  tube  dilated  above 
the  calyx,  the  limb  somewhat  2-lipped:  sterile  filament  incurved,  villous  and 
capitate  at  the  summit:  capsule  acute,  1.5-2  cm.  high,  three  times  as  long  as 
the  calyx. — On  the  prairies  of  the  eastern  part  of  our  range  and  thence  east- 
ward and  northward  to  the  Mississippi. 

24.  Pentstemon  acuminatus  Dougl.  Lindl.  Bot.  Reg.  15:  pi.  1285.  1829. 
Glabrous  throughout  or  the  basal  leaves  minutely  puberulent;  stem  strict, 
3-4  dm.  high:  basal  leaves  spatulate,  petioled,  3-6  cm.  long;  lower  stem 
leaves  also  spatulate;  the  others  ovate  or  orbicular,  often  abruptly  acumi- 
nate ormucronate:  bracts  ovate  or  orbicular,  abruptly  short-acuminate :  calyx 
6-8  mm.  long;-  lobes  lanceolate,  scarious-margined  and  more  or  less  erose- 
dentate:  corolla  pink-purple,  12-18  mm.  long,  more  or  less  open-funnelform 
from    a  narrow   tube:    anthers  glabrous;   sterile    stamen  spatulate  at  the 
apex  and  with   a   yellow    beard.     P.  acuminatus  in  part.    See  note  under 
No.  22  above.     (P.  cyathophorus  Rydb.  1.  c.  31:  643.  1904,  from  which  the 
description  here  used  is  drawn.) — Sandy  plains;  Colorado  and  far  northwest- 
ward. 

25.  Pentstemon  procerus  Dougl.  Edinb.  New  Phil.  Journ.  7:  348.  1829. 
Glabrous  throughout;  stems  slender,   1-4  dm.  high:  leaves  lanceolate,  the 
lower  ones  petioled,  3-5  cm.  long,  those  of  the  middle  of  the  stem  largest,  all 
usually  entire:  flowers  in  2-5  dense  verticillate  clusters:  sepals  oblong  or 
spatulate,   with  broad,  scarious,  erose  margins,  abruptly  acuminate  or  3- 
toothed  at  the  apex,  about  4  mm.  long:  corolla  bright  blue  and  violet,  10-12 
mm.  long,  tubular-funnelform,  the  lower  lip  bearded  within:  sterile  filament 
as  long  as  the  others  and  bearded  at  the  apex. — Moist  parks  and  meadows  in 
the  mountains;  throughout  our  range  and  northwestward. 

25a.  Pentstemon  procerus  pseudoprocerus  (Rydb.)  A.  Nels.    Sepals  not 


SCROPHULARIACEAE    (FIGWORT   FAMILY)  445 

acuminate,  abruptly  acute  or  obtuse:  corolla  longer,  with  more  dilated,  less- 
bearded  throat.  (P.  pseudoprocerus  Rydb.  Mem.  N.  Y.  Bot.  Gard.  1:  346. 
1900.) — Northern  Wyoming  and  Montana. 

26.  Pentstemon  Owenii  A.  Nels.  Bot.  Gaz.  34:  32.  1902.     Allied  to  the 
foregoing  but  the  stems  lower,  obscurely  puberulent,   1-2  dm.  high:  basal 
leaves  crowded,  petioled,   oblong-elliptic  or  spatulate;  cauline  similar  but 
becoming  smaller  and  narrower:  thyrsus  glandular-pubescent,  crowded,  capi- 
tuliform  to  short-spicate  and  somewhat  interrupted- verticillate :  sepals  lanceo- 
late, scarious-margined,  with  acuminate  green  tip:  corolla  violet-blue,  tubular, 
12-15  mm.  long:  sterile  filament  stiffly  bearded  at  tip. — In  the  high  moun- 
tains; northwestern  Wyoming. 

27.  Pentstemon  Rydbergii  A.  Nels.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  25:  281.  1898. 
Perennial  from  horizontal  rootstocks  which  give  rise  at  somewhat  regular 
intervals  to  vertical  branches;  from  the  crowns  of  these  spring  long,  slender, 
floriferous  stems  or  very  short  leafy  shoots;  glabrous  throughout,  3-5  dm. 
high:  radical  leaves  and  those  on  the  sterile  shoots  oblong,  obtuse,  on  slender 
petioles  as  long  as  the  blade  or  longer;  cauline  leaves  few,  sessile  by  a  broad 
base,  narrowly  oblong;  the  lowest  pair  of  bracts  leaf-like,  broadly  linear: 
the  two  or  more  verticils  of  the  interrupted  spike  many-flowered,  the  lower 
one  usually  distant:   sepals  scarious,   somewhat  lacerate-margined :   corolla 
pale  blue  to  purple,  12-16  mm.  long,  the  rounded  lobes  of  the  lower  lip 
reflexed,  bearded  in  the  throat:   sterile  filament  short-bearded.     (P.  erosus 
Rydb.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  28:  28.  1901.)— Moist  copses;  Colorado  and 
Wyoming. 

28.  Pentstemon  Watsonii  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  2:  267.  1886.     Glaucescent  and 
glabrous  throughout,  or  inflorescence  and  calyx  minutely  puberulent,  but 
neither  glandular  nor  viscid;  stems  3  dm.  or  more  high,  ascending  or  weak: 
cauline  leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate,  3-5  cm.  long:  contracted 
thyrsus  rather  loose;  peduncles  several-flowered,  the  lower  slender;  pedicels 
longer  than  the  calyx :  sepals  broadly  ovate  or  orbicular,  with  a  small  acumina- 
tion,  somewhat  scarious-margined,  2-3  mm.  long,  barely  half  the  length  of 
the  mature  capsule:  corolla  narrowly  funnelform,  12-16  mm.  long,  violet- 
purple  or  partly  white;  lower  lip  almost  glabrous  within. — Mountains  of 
western  Colorado  to  Nevada. 

29.  Pentstemon    humilis    Nutt.    Gray,   Proc.   Am.   Acad.   6:   69.    1866. 
Stems  1-3  dm.  high,  glabrous  or  above  with  the  inflorescence  and  flowers 
viscid-pubescent:  leaves  dark  green  or  rarely  glaucescent,  oblong  to  lanceo- 
late, 2-5  cm.   long;  the  cauline   commonly   denticulate:  thyrsus  strict  and 
virgate,   5-10  cm.  long;  peduncles   (2-5-flowered)  and  pedicels  short:  sepals 
ovate   or  lanceolate  and   acuminate,   lax:   corolla  rather  narrowly  funnel- 
form,  10-14  mm.  long,  deep  blue  or  partly  white;  lower  lip  somewhat  hairy 
within.     (P.  pseudohumilis  Rydb.  Mem.  N.  Y.  Bot.  Gard.  1:  347.  1900.)— 
In  the  mountains,  rocky  canons  and  stony  slopes;  throughout  our  range  and 
westward. 

30.  Pentstemon  brevifolius  (Gray)  A.  Nels.    Caudex  subterranean,  woody, 
freely  branched,  the  branches  slender,  assurgent;  stems  slender,  weak,  some- 
what diffuse,  1-3  dm.  long:  basal  leaves  numerous  on  the  crowns  and  short 
sterile  branchlets,  suborbicular,  oval,  or  oblong,  entire,  thin,  5-25  mm.  long; 
petioles  very  slender,  as  long  as  the  leaves;  cauline  leaves  mostly  sessile  and 
oblong  spatulate:  inflorescence  obscurely  glandular-pubescent:  corolla  blue, 
1  cm.  or  less  long.     (P.  humilis  brevifolius  Gray,  1.  c.) — In  the  mountains  of 
Utah. 

31.  Pentstemon  glaucus  Graham,  Edinb.  Phil.  Journ.  348.  1829.    Glabrous 
up  to  the  inflorescence,  more  or  less  glaucous;  stems  dwarf  or  ascending, 
1-4  dm.  high:  leaves  thickish,  oblong-lanceolate  or  the  radical  oblong-ovate, 
3-5  cm.  long,  entire  or  denticulate:  thyrsus  short  and  compact,  either  simple 
or  compound,  villous-pubescent  and  viscid  or  glandular:  corolla  dull  lilac  or 
violet-purple,  20-25  mm.  long,  campanulate-ventricose  above  the  very  short 


proper  tube,  gibbous,  not  at  all  plicate-sulcate ;  the  orifice  widely  ringent; 
yer  lip  sparsely  villous-bearded  within:  sterile  filament  bearded 


the  broad  lower 


446  SCROPHULARIACEAE    (FIGWORT   FAMILY) 

mostly  at  and  near  the  apex  only. — In  the  northern  Rocky  Mountains  and 
extending  into  our  range. 

31a.  Pentstemon  glaucus  stenosepalus  Gray,  1.  c.  Taller,  3-5  dm.  high: 
inflorescence  glomerate:  sepals  attenuate-lanceolate:  corolla  dull  whitish  or 
purplish. — More  common  than  the  species;  near  timber  line. 

32.  Pentstemon  caespitosus  Nutt.  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  6:  66.  1866. 
Minutely   cinereous-puberulent,    spreading,    forming   depressed   broad   tufts 
5-10  cm.  high:  leaves  narrowly  spatulate  to  almost  linear,  8-20  mm.  long, 
including  the  tapering  base  or  margined  petiole:  peduncles  mostly  secund 
and  horizontal,  but  with  the  flower  upturned:  sepals  more  acuminate,  and  the 
margins  below  obscurely  scarious:  corolla  tubular-funnelform,  and  the  lower 
side  biplicate,  the  narrow  folds  sparsely  villous  within:  sterile  filament  strongly 
and  densely  bearded. — Middle  elevations;  Wyoming,  western  Colorado,  and 
Utah. 

33.  Pentstemon  linarioides  Gray,  Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  112.  1859.    Tufted, 
with  woody,  multicipital  caudex,  minutely  cinereous-pubescent  throughout; 
stems  slender,  numerous,  and  somewhat  fascicled,  erect  or  nearly  so,  many 
merely  small  leafy  shoots,  the  longer  ones  2-4  dm.  high:  leaves  crowded  be- 
low, linear,  acute,  tapering  slightly  to  the  base,  10-25  mm.  long;  the  cauline 
gradually  reduced,  the  uppermost  subulate  bracts:  inflorescence  secund,  the 
lower  peduncles  about  4-flowered,  shorter  and  fewer  flowered  upward:  sepals 
ovate,  acuminate,  scarious-margined,  about  as  long  as  the  corolla-tube  proper: 
corolla  blue,  tubular-funnelform,  about  15  mm.  long,  sparsely  bearded  on 
the  lower  lip:  sterile  filament  short,  with  a  close,  short,  yellow  pubescence; 
anther-cells  dehiscent  through  the  junction  of  the  two  cells.    (P.  coloradensis 
A.  Nels.  1.  c.  26:  355.  1899.)— Arid  grounds;  Colorado  to  New  Mexico  and 
Arizona. 

33a.  Pentstemon  linarioides  Sileri  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  2:  270. 1886.  A  dwarf  and 
suff ruticulose  form,  with  smaller  and  fewer  flowers,  mostly  1-flowered  peduncles 
subtended  by  proportionally  longer  floral  leaves,  and  the  lower  lip  less  bearded. 
P.  teucrioides  Greene,  PL  Baker.  3:  23.  1901. — Southern  Colorado. 

34.  Pentstemon  suffrutescens  Rydb.  1.  c.  28:  503.  1901.     Suffrutescent, 
low  and  rather  slender,  the  older  and  more  woody  parts  of  the  branches  pros- 
trate and  rooting,  the  leafy  and  floriferous  parts  assurgent,  the  whole  1.5-3  dm. 
long;  branchlets  retrorsely  puberulent,  as  are  also  the  pedicels  and  calyx: 
leaves  green  and  almost  glabrous,  often  only  10-12  mm.  long  but  rather 
exceeding  the  internodes,  spatulate-obovate,  obtuse  or  some  of  the  earliest 
obcordate-notched,  entire,  those  below  the  inflorescence  with  some  fascicled 
smaller   ones   in   their   axils,   the   upper  with   1-3   flowers  in  their    axils: 
calyx  parted  deeply  into  linear-linguliform,  abruptly  acutish  and  minutely 
ciliolate  lobes:  corolla  elongated  and  narrow:  anthers  glabrous.     (P.  caespi- 
tosus suffruticosus  Gray;  P.  procumbens  Greene,  PI.  Baker.  3:  23.  1901.) — 
Arid  districts;  Colorado. 

35.  Pentstemon  Crandallii  A.  Nels.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  26:  354.  1899. 
Caudex  woody,  branched-caespitose;  the  annual  herbaceous  stems  slender, 
erect,  from  moderately  to  very  leafy,  finely  puberulent,  1-2  dm.  high:  leaves 
linear-oblanceolate  to  spatulate,  acute  or  obtuse  at  apex,  1-2  cm.  long,  nearly 
or  quite  glabrous:  inflorescence  open;  the  short  peduncles  with  1-3  short- 
pediceled  flowers:  sepals  nearly  linear,  sparsely  glandular-pubescent,  about 
4  mm.  long:  corolla  moderately  ventricose,  with  subequal  lips,  obscurely  and 
sparsely  glandular-pubescent,  a  few  long  hairs  in  the  throat:  sterile  fila- 
ment moderately  bearded  for  half  of  its  length  or  more.     (P.  xylus  A.  Nels. 
Bot.  Gaz.  34:  32.  1902.) — In  the  Colorado  mountains. 

36.  Pentstemon  Harbourii  Gray,  1.  c.  271.    Low-caespitose,  with  suffrutes- 
cent  caudex;  tufted,  nearly  simple  stems  5-10  cm.  high,  puberulent:  leaves 
green  and  glabrous,  about  3  pairs,  thickish,  obovate,  oval,  or  the  uppermost 
sometimes  ovate  and  sessile  by  a  broad  base:  thyrsus  reduced  to  2  or  3 
crowded,  short-pediceled  flowers:  sepals  ovate-oblong,  villous  and  somewhat 
viscid:  corolla  little  bilabiate,  with  rather  broad  cylindraceous  throat  and 
tube,  barely  twice  the  length  of  the  round-oval  lobes;  lower  lip  bearded  within: 


SCROPHULARIACEAE    (FIGWORT   FAMILY)  447 

sterile  filament  bearded  down  one  side. — High  alpine  region  of  the  Colorado 
Rocky  Mountains. 

37.  Pentstemon  collinus  A.  Nels.  1.  c.  25:  279.    Caespitose,  the  rootstocks 
much  branched  and  closely  matted;  stems  numerous,  erect,  2-4  dm.  high, 
puberulent  their  whole  length,  glandular  upward:  root  leaves  numerous,  en- 
tire, glabrous,  elliptic-oblong,  acute  at  both  ends,  2-3  cm.  long,  on  slender 
petioles  as  long;  stem  leaves  narrow-oblong  or  spatulate,  2-4  cm.  long,  passing 
into  the  shorter  lanceolate  bracts:  thyrsus  strict,  interrupted,  5-9  cm.  long, 
the  whole  inflorescence  minutely  glandular-puberulent ;  peduncles  3-5-flowered : 
sepals  broadly  lanceolate,  scarious-margined,  one  third  as  long  as  the  corolla: 
corolla  deep  blue,  slender-tubular,  the  lobes  short,  spreading,  sparsely  hairy 
in  the  throat:  sterile  filament  comose  on  the  flattened  apex;  anthers  dehiscent 
through  the  junction  of  the  two  cells.- — Gravelly  hills;  from  Colorado  to  Mon- 
tana and  Oregon. 

38.  Pentstemon  gracilis  Nutt.  Gen.  2:  52.  1818.    Glabrous  or  nearly  so  up 
to  the  glandular-pubescent  inflorescence;  stem  slender,  1.5-4.5  dm.  high:  basal 
and  lower  leaves  linear-oblong  or  spatulate,  denticulate  or  entire,  2-8  cm. 
long,  narrowed  into  margined  petioles;  upper  leaves  sessile,  linear-lanceolate 
or  the  uppermost  lanceolate,  acuminate,  denticulate :  thyrsus  open,  several- 
many-flowered ;  pedicels  4-8  mm.  long:  calyx-segments  lanceolate,  acute  or 
acuminate:  corolla  purple,  1.8-2.5  cm.  long,  the  tube  gradually  enlarged  above, 
the  throat  wride  open:  sterile  filament  bearded  for  about  one  half  its  length. — 
Moist  prairies;  Colorado  to  Manitoba  and  eastward  to  Minnesota. 

39.  Pentstemon  radicosus  A.  Nels.  1.  c.  280.    Caespitose,  the  short  root- 
stocks  producing  an  inordinate  number  of  coarsely  fibrous  roots  which  form 
an  almost  unbreakable  tufted  mat;  stems  numerous,  slender,  fascicled,  strict 
and  erect,  2-4  dm.  high;  stems  and  leaves  puberulent,  obscurely  glandular 
upward  including  the  inflorescence:  root  leaves  minute  and  oblanceolatCj  or 
none;  stem  leaves  numerous,  oblong-linear,  short-petioled  or  sessile,  2-4  cm. 
long,  narrower  upward  and  passing  into  the  linear  bracts:  thyrsus  compact, 
4-8  cm.  long;  peduncles  about  3-flowered:  sepals  broadly  lanceolate,  some- 
what scarious,  about  one  third  the  length  of  the  corolla:  corolla  tubular,  dark 
blue,  14-18  mm.  long,  the  lower  lip  longer,  very  sparsely  white-bearded ;  lobes 
3-4  mm.  long:  sterile  filament  flattened,  the  short  yellow  beard  straight,  stiff, 
dense  at  apex,  more  sparse  downward  past  the  middle;  anthers  purple,  de- 
hiscent through  the' junction  of  the  cells. — In  moist  swales  in  desert  areas; 
south-central  Wyoming  and  adjacent  Colorado  and  Utah. 

40.  Pentstemon  Jamesii  Benth.  in  DC.  Prodr.  10:  325.  1846.    Finely  but 
very  densely  pruinose-pubescent  throughout,  obscurely  glandular  upwards; 
stems  1-several,  ascending  or  erect,  1-2  dm.  high:  radical  leaves  entire  or 
rarely  denticulate,  numerous,  ovate  to  oblong,  obtuse  to  subacute,  2-4  cm. 
long,  tapering  into  stout,  somewhat  shorter  petioles;  cauline  entire,  narrowly 
oblong,  2-5  cm.  long:  thyrsus  leafy-bracteate,  dense;  bracts  narrowly  oblong 
to  linear,  often  longer  than  the  flowers:  sepals  lanceolate,  minutely  glandular- 
pubescent,  about  as  long  as  the  corolla-tube/  which  is  gradually  inflated  into 
the  ventricose-campanulate  throat:  corolla  about  2  cm.  long,  tube  shorter 
than  the  throat,  the  rounded  lobes  subequal,  about  5  mm.  long,  copiously 
but  finely  villous  on  the  lower  lip:  sterile  filament  bearing  a  dense  tuft  of 
yellow  hair  at  apex  (which  is  slightly  exserted)  and  somewhat  similar  pubes- 
cence for  most  of  its  length :  capsule  short,  ovoid,  acute,  at  maturity  longer 
than  the  sepals.    (Not  P.  Jamesii  Gray.) — Blossoming  in  spring  on  the  desert 
bad  land  areas  of  Wyoming  and  South  Dakota. 

41.  Pentstemon  similis  A.  Nels.  1.  c.  548.    Stems  few  to  many,  slender, 
leafy,   2-3  dm.  high,   glabrate  to  finely  and  somewhat  sparsely  pruinose- 
pubescent:  radical  leaves  mostly  short-petioled,  narrowly  oblanceolate,  3-7 
cm.  long  (including  the  petiole),  mostly  entire;  stem  leaves  sparsely  denticu- 
late, narrowly  oblong  to  linear,  2-5  cm.  long,  passing  into  the  small  entire 
bracts:  thyrsus  narrow,  somewhat  glandular-pubescent,  inclined  to  be  secund: 
sepals  broadly  lanceolate,  shorter  than  the  corolla-tube:  corolla  about  2.5  cm. 
long,  sparsely  long-hairy  within;  the  tube  8-10  mm.  long,  abruptly  dilated 


448  SCROPHULARIACEAE    (FIGWORT  FAMILY) 

into  a  broadly  cyathiform-campanulate  throat:  anthers  glabrous,  confluently 
1 -celled,  not  explanate;  sterile  filament  bearing  some  sparse,  very  long, 
yellowish-white  hairs  at  the  tip,  and  barbate  laterally  near  the  middle  with 
close,  somewhat  reflexed,  yellow  bristles.  P.  Jamesii.  (See  Bull.  Torr.  Bot. 
Club  25:  548.  1 898  for  distinctions  bet  ween  P.  «/amesn  Benth.  and  P.  James  ii 
Gray.) — Central  and  southern  Colorado  and  New  Mexico. 

42.  Pentstemon  montanus  Greene,  Pitt.  2:  240.  1892.     Stems  1-2  dm. 
high,  herbaceous  and  of  annual  growth  from  a  slender  subterranean  caudex  or 
rootstock  and  with  the  leaves  cinereously  puberulent,  almost  equably  leafy 
up  to  the  inflorescence :  leaves  oblong-  to  ovate-lanceolate,  the  lower  obtuse,  the 
upper  acute  or  acuminate,  2-3  cm.  long  or  less,  saliently  dentate:  flowers  in 
1-3  pairs:  corolla  about  2.5  cm.  long,  the  tube  scarcely  ventricose,  the 
color  "pink-purple":  sterile  filament  naked. — Northwestern  Wyoming  and 
in  the  high  mountains  of  adjacent  Idaho  and  Montana. 

43.  Pentstemon   erianthera    Pursh,    Fl.    737.  1814.      Puberulent   below, 
glandular- villous  and  viscid  above;  stem  leafy,  1-3  dm.  high:  leaves  firm, 
entire  or  repand;  the  lower  and  basal  ones  oblong  or  spatulate,  5-10  cm.  long, 
narrowed  into  margined  petioles;  the  upper  sessile  or  somewhat  clasping,  acute 
or  acuminate:  thyrsus  dense,  narrow,  leafy-bracted;  flowers  almost  sessile: 
calyx-segments  linear-lanceolate,  acuminate:  corolla  about  2.5  cm.  long,  red 
or  purple,  the  lower  lip  villous  within:  sterile  filament  densely  yellow-woolly. 
P.  cristatus. — Plains  and  foothills;  Wyoming  and  the  Dakotas  to  Washington. 

44.  Pentstemon  albidus  Nutt.  Gen.  2:  53.  1818.    Stem  puberulent  below, 
densely  glandular-pubescent  above,  1.5-2.5  dm.  high:  basal  and  lower  leaves 
spatulate  or  oblong,  obtusish,  mostly  entire;  the  upper  lanceolate  or  oblong, 
sessile,  denticulate,  acute  or  acuminate,  3-7  cm.  long:  thyrsus  narrow,  raceme- 
like,  leafy-bracted,  interrupted:  calyx-segments  lanceolate,  acuminate,  viscid, 
one  half  as  long  as  the  corolla-tube:  corolla  white  or  nearly  so,  1.5-2  cm.  long, 
the  limb  nearly  5-lobed,  the  lobes  spreading. — On  dry  plains;  South  Dakota 
to  Colorado,  Nebraska,  and  Texas. 

45.  Pentstemon   Moffattii    Eastwood,    Zoe  4:   9.  1903.     Stems   several, 
2-5  dm.  high,  erect,  scabrous  below,  glandular-hirsute  above:  radical  leaves 
crowded,  ovate-spatulate,  entire,  decurrent  on  the  petioles  which  are  as  long 
or  longer  than  the  blade;  lower  cauline  spatulate;  upper  ovate-lanceolate, 
closely  sessile  by  a  cordate  base,  obscurely  dentate  at  the  apex  or  entire: 
thyrsus  interrupted,  the  many-flowered  clusters  2-3  cm.  apart:  sepals  linear- 
lanceolate,  hirsute,  glandular,  and  ciliate  with  crimped  hairs:  corolla  purplish- 
blue,  hardly  bilabiate,  the  spreading  lobes  orbicular:  two  of  the  stamens  in- 
serted at  the  base,  the  other  two  halfway  up  the  limb,  nearly  on  a  line  with 
the  sterile  filament  which  is  moderately  bearded  down  the  side  with  hairs 
pointing  downwards. — Dry  plateaus;  western  Colorado. 

46.  Pentstemon  Bridges!!  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  7:  379.  1867.     Stems 
2-5  dm.  high  from  a  lignescent  base,  glabrous  up  to  the  virgate  secund  thyrsus, 
or  pruinose-puberulent:  leaves  spatulate-lanceolate  to  linear;  the  floral  re- 
duced to  small  subulate  bracts:  peduncles  (1-5-flowered)  and  pedicels  short; 
these  and  the  ovate  or  oblong  sepals  glandular-viscid:  lips  of  the  narrow 
corolla  fully  one  third  the  length  of  the  tubular  portion;  the  upper  erect  and 
2-lobed;  the  lower  3-parted  and  its  lobes  recurved:  anthers  deeply  sagittate, 
the  cells  confluent  at  the  apex  and  opening  only  to  the  middle,  the  base  re- 
maining closed  and  saccate. — Southwestern  Colorado  and  in  Nevada  and 
California. 

47.  Pentstemon  Kingii  Wats.  Bot.  King's  Exp.  222.  1871.    Pruinose-  or 
glandular-pubescent,  at  least  below;  stems  numerous,  from  a  shrubby  base, 
ascending,  1-2  dm.  high:  leaves  oblanceolate,  mostly  acute,  entire,  sessile, 
with  a  narrowed  base,  the  lowermost  somewhat  spatulate  and  short-petioled, 
3-5  cm.  long:   secund  racemes  short  and   rather  leafy  at  base,  with  1-4- 
flowered  peduncles:  sepals  ovate  or  oblong-lanceolate,  more  or  less  acuminate, 
sometimes  slightly  scarious  and  erose  upon  the  margin:  corolla  14-16  mm.  in 
length,  purple,,  dilated  upward,  somewhat  bilabiate:  anthers  with  confluent 
cells,  dehiscent  to  the  middle,  glabrous  but  hirsute-ciliate  upon  the  margins; 


SCROPHULARIACEAE    (FIGWORT   FAMILY)  449 

sterile  filament  flattened  toward  the  apex,  glabrous. — In  the  Uintah  moun- 
tains of  Wyoming,  the  Wasatch  of  Utah,  and  the  Humboldt  of  Nevada. 

48.  Pentstemon  sepalulus  A.  Nels.  Erect,  slender,  and  paniculately  slen- 
der branched  above,  3-8  dm.  high,  very  pale  and  glaucous  throughout:  leaves 
lanceolate  to  linear,  narrowed  toward  the  base,  entire:  peduncles  1-2-flowered: 
sepals  remarkably  small,  ovate,  mucronate:  corolla  violet-blue,  3-4  cm.  long, 
the  expanded  limb  broad:  anthers  as  in  the  preceding;  sterile  filament  glabrous. 
(P.  azureus  ambiguus  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  2:  272.  1886;  P.  heterophyllus  Wats. 
Bot.  King's  Exp.  222.  1871.)— In  the  mountains  of  northwestern  Colorado, 
in  adjacent  Utah  and  Wyoming. 

6.  CHIONOPHILA  Benth. 

A  high-alpine  dwarf  perennial  with  entire  leaves  mostly  in  a  radical  tuft 
and  a  dense  spike  of  cream-colored  flowers.  Calyx  funnelform.  Corolla 
tubular,  with  slightly  dilated  throat  and  bilabiate  limb;  upper  lip  erect,  barely 
2-lobed;  lower  with  convex  densely  bearded  base  forming  a  palate,  3-lobed. 
Anther  cells  divaricate  and  confluent. 

1.  Chionophila  Jamesii  Benth.  in  DC.  Prodr.  10:  331.  1846.  Glabrous  or 
nearly  so,  8-15  cm.  high:  leaves  thickish,  spatulate  or  lanceolate,  tapering  into 
a  scarious  sheathing  base;  those  on  the  scape-like  flowering  stems  few,  paired 
or  alternate,  linear:  spike  few  to  many-flowered,  mostly  secund,  bracteate: 
corolla  about  1  cm.  long,  pale  cream-color  or  greenish- white :  sterile  filament 
small  and  short. — Alpine  regions  of  the  mountains  of  Colorado  and  southern 
Wyoming. 

7.  GRATIOLA  L.     HEDGE  HYSSOP 

Soft-herbaceous  and  diffusely  branching  plants,  from  a  creeping  base. 
Pedicels  solitary  and  axillary,  a  pair  of  bractlets  close  to  the  calyx  and  equal- 
ing it.  Corolla-tube  cylindraceous,  with  subequal  lips;  the  upper  entire  or 
lobed;  the  lower  3-cleft.  Anther-bearing  stamens  2;  the  anterior  pair  sterile- 
rudimentary;  anther  cells  distinct. 

1.  Gratiola  virginiana  L.  Sp.  PL  17.  1753.  Viscid-puberulent  or  pubescent, 
often  nearly  glabrous  below,  divergently  branched  from  the  base,  1-2  dm. 
high:  leaves  commonly  glabrate,  oblong-lanceolate,  acute,  entire  to  denticu- 
late-serrate, mostly  narrow  at  base:  corolla  7-10  mm.  long,  with  yellowish 
tube  and  white  limb,  about  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx:  anther-cells  separated 
by  a  broad  connective:  capsule  ovoid. — Wet  soil;  across  the  continent. 

,  8.  SYNTHYRIS  Benth. 

Perennial  herbs  with  simple  stems,  mainly  radical  leaves,  and  rather  small 
purple,  blue,  or  pink  flowers  in  terminal  spikes  or  racemes.  Calyx  4-parted, 
the  segments  oblong.  Corolla  oblong  to  short-campanulate,  4-cleft,  more 
or  less  irregular,  rarely  wanting.  Stamens  2,  exserted;  filaments  slender; 
anther-cells  parallel  or  somewhat  divergent  below,  not  confluent  at  the  apex. 
Style  filiform,  with  small  capitate  stigma.  Capsule  compressed,  obtuse  or 
emarginate. — (Besseya  Rydb.) 

Corolla  wanting 1.  S.  wyomingensis.— 

Corolla  present. 

Leaves  more  or  less  divided. 

Leaves  plnnatifid 2.  S.  pinnatifida.     — 

Leaves  laciniately  cleft  to  the  middle  or  less      .         .         .         .3,8.  laciniata.          »- 
Leaves  undivided. 
Flowers  erect. 

Corolla  violet  or  purple. 

Leaves  oval  or  subcordate  .         .         .         .         .         .     4.  S.  alpina. 

Leaves  oblong 5.  S.  plantaginea.     *- 

Corolla  yellowish  or  white 6.  S.  Ritteriana. 

Flowers  reflexed      .     .         .- 7.  S.  reflexa. 

ROCKY  MT.  BOT. — 29 


450  SCROPHULARIACEAE    (FIGWORT   FAMILY) 

* 

1.  Synthyris  wyomingensis  (A.  Nels.)  Heller,  Muhl.   1:  5.  1900.     Stems 
puberulent   or  softly    pubescent,    1-2.5  dm.   high:   radical  leaves  petioled, 
broadly  ovate  to  oblong,  crenate-dentate,  rounded  or  subcordate  at  base," 
mostly  obtuse  at  apex;  cauline  leaves  sessile,  small,  mostly  acute:  bracts 
broadly  lanceolate  to  nearly  linear:  calyx  anteriorly  cleft  to  the  base,  pos- 
teriorly into  2  or  3  lobes  to  about  the  middle,  the  lobes  either  entire  or  (if  only 
2)  with  2  tooth-like  lobes:  corolla  wanting:  stamens  conspicuous,  filaments 
twice  the  length  of  the  calyx:  capsule  emarginate,  large,  turgid,  puberulent, 
protruding  from  the  cleft  side  of  the  calyx.    S.  rubra— Wyoming  and  prob- 
ably in  Colorado  and  Utah. 

la.  Synthyris  wyomingensis  gymnocarpa  A.  Nels.  Similar  but  smaller, 
with  shorter  spike :  sepals  mostly  reduced  to  the  2  dorsal  ones,  these  distinct  or 
somewhat  united:  capsule  orbicular,  much  flattened  at  maturity,  naked  ex- 
cept for  the  bract  and  sepals  closely  approximated  on  the  posterior  angle. 
(Wulfenia  gymnocarpa  A.  Nels.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  25:  282.  1898.)— West- 
ern Wyoming  and  Colorado. 

2.  Synthyris  pinnatifida  Wats.  Bot.  King's  Exp.  227.  pi.  22.    1871.    Some- 
what villous:  radical  leaves  long-petioled,  broadly  ovate  in  outline,  pinnately 
divided,  the  lowest  of  the  3  or  4  pairs  of  lobes  nearly  distinct,  the  upper  con- 
fluent, all  laciniately  pinnatifid  and  the  segments  laciniately  toothed :  flowering 
stems  8-16  cm.  high,   usually  exceeding  the  leaves,  naked  below:  raceme 
2-5  cm.  long,  densely  flowered  above;  pedicels  shorter  than  the  subtending 
ovate  or  oblong,  toothed  or  entire  bracts:  calyx-lobes  oblong,  mostly  obtuse: 
corolla  whitish,  nearly  twice  longer  than  the  calyx,  the  lower  lip  deeply  3- 
lobed,  the  upper  one  entire:  capsule  elliptical,  turgid. — On  rocky  ridges  in  the 
high  mountains;  Idaho  to  Utah,  Wyoming,  and  Montana. 

3.  Synthyris  laciniata  (Gray)  Rydb.  Mem.  N.  Y.  Bot.  Gard.  1:  353.  1900. 
Size  and  habit  of  the  preceding :  leaves  orbicular  or  renif orm,  never  pinnatifid, 
but  laciniately  cleft  to  the  middle  or  less. — Same  range. 

4.  Synthyris  alpina  Gray,  Am.  Journ.  Sci.  II.  34:  251.  1862.    Somewhat 
woolly,  becoming  smooth:  radical  leaves  elliptic  or  oval,  sometimes  subcor- 
date, closely  crenate,  3-5  cm.  long,  on  slender  petioles:  scape  5—15  cm.  high, 
leaf y-bracted :  spike  short,  dense,  in  flower  2-6  cm.  long:  sepals  lanceolate, 
villous  on  the  outside  toward  the  edge  with  long  hairs,  also  the  bracts:  corolla 
2-parted,  upper  lip  very  broad,  erose;  the  lower  much  smaller,  2-3-parted; 
lobes  narrow,  purplish-blue:  stigma  capitate:  stamens  exserted. — High  alpine 
in  Colorado  and  southern  Wyoming. 

5.  Synthyris  plantaginea  Denth.  in  DC.  Prodr.  10:  455.  1846.     Woolly- 
pubescent,  becoming  smooth:  radical  leaves  oblong,  crenate,  thick,  coriaceous, 
7-15  cm.  long,  abruptly  narrowed  at  base  and  somewhat  decurrent  on  the 
petiole,  somewhat  pilose  on  the  veins  and  ribs;  petioles  5-8  cm.  long:  scape 
2-3  dm.  high,  furnished  with  numerous  oblong  or  orbicular,  nearly  sessile 
bracts:  flowers  in  a  long,  dense  spike,  in  fruit  10-15  cm.  in  length:  fruit  scarcely 
exceeding  the  round-ovate  persistent  bracts. — Subalpine  woods;  Colorado 
to  New  Mexico. 

6.  Synthyris  Ritteriana  Eastw.  Proc.  Cal.  Acad.  Sci.  III.   1:  23.  1898. 
Sparingly  pubescent;  scape  stout,  nearly  3  dm.  high,  foliaceous:  leaves  rad- 
ical, 8-10  cm.  long,  oblong-elliptical,  obtuse,  crenate;  petioles  stout,  8-12  cm. 
long;  bracts  of  the  scape  alternate,  ovate-acuminate,  sessile  by  a  subcordate 
base:  floral  bracts  rhomb oidal,  acuminate,  tapering  at  base  to  a  short  petiole; 
flowers  white,  in  a  spike  5  cm.  long:  calyx  of  3  divisions  4  mm.  long,  each 
orbicular  to  obovate,  entire,  toothed,  or  cleft,  obtuse  or  acute,  fringed  with 
white  hairs:  corolla  of  2  divisions,  surpassing  the  calyx  by  2  mm.;  upper  part 
broadly  obovate,   acute,   ciliate;   lower    variously  cleft  with   2-3-laciniate, 
ciliate  divisions:  filaments  inserted  at  the  base  of  the  corolla,  surpassing  it  by 
2  mm.     (S.  flavescens  A.  Nels.  Bot.  Gaz.  34:  33.  1902.) — Mountains  of  Col- 
orado. 

6a.  Synthyris  Ritteriana  obtusa  A.  Nels.  1.  c.  Leaves  broad  and  obtuse: 
bracts  of  scape  orbicular,  cuspidate;  bracts  of  spike  narrowed  but  not  petioled: 
calyx  2-lobed  to  the  base,  one  or  both  lobes  sometimes  cleft  into  very  unequal 


SCROPHULARIACEAE    (FIGWORT   FAMILY)  451 

lobes:  corolla  yellowish:  stamens  long-exserted. — La  Plata  Mountains,  Col- 
orado. 

7.  Synth yris  reflexa  Eastw.  1.  c.  124.  Glaucous  and  somewhat  viscid;  scape 
erect,  1-2  dm.  high,  with  broad,  foliaceous  bracts:  leaves  radical,  7  cm.  long, 
elliptical-oblong,  obtuse,  truncate  or  cuneate  at  base,  finely  crenate,  thin  in 
texture;  petioles 3-5 cm.  long:  bracts  of  the  scape  sessile,  broadly  ovate,  acute, 
entire,  or  serrulate  near  the  apex :  floral  bracts  ovate  to  linear,  fringed  with 
long  white  hairs;  flowers  greenish-white,  reflexed  on  pedicels  1  mm.  long: 
calyx  of  2  divisions  5  mm.  in  diameter,  orbicular,  fringed  like  the  bracts: 
corolla  of  2  parts  united  at  base,  the  upper  broad,  somewhat  hood-shaped, 
5  mm.  broad,  8  mm.  long,  sparingly  fringed;  the  lower  2-cleft,  divisions 
laciniate,  2  mm.  long:  stamens  2;  filaments  inserted  at  the  base  of  the  corolla, 
surpassing  it  by  4  mm. — San  Juan  Mountains,  Colorado. 

9.  VERONICA  L. 

Annual  or  perennial  herbs  with  mostly  opposite  leaves  and  usually  small 
blue,  pink,  or  white  flowers  in  terminal  or  axillary  racemes  or  spikes.  Calyx 
mostly  4-parted,  the  segments  oblong  or  ovate.  Corolla  rotate,  the  tube  very 
short,  the  limb  deeply  and  more  or  less  unequally  4-lobed.  Stamens  2;  an- 
thers obtuse,  their  cells  confluent  at  the  apex.  Ovary  2-celled;  style  slender; 
stigma  capitate;  ovules  few  or  many  in  each  cell.  Capsule  more  or  less 
compressed,  sometimes  very  flat,  emarginate,  obcordate,  or  2-lobed.  Seeds 
smooth  or  rough,  flat,  plano-convex  or  excavated  on  the  inner  face. 

Small  annual       .         .         .-.         .         .         .         .         .         .     1.  V.  peregrina. 

Perennials. 

Flowers  in  terminal  spikes. 

Capsule  oblong,  emarginate          .         .         .         .         .         .     2.  V.  alpina. 

Capsule  orbicular,  obcordate         .         .         .         .         .         .     3.  V.  serpyllifolia. 

Flowers  racemose  in  the  axils. 
Leaves  oblong  to  oval. 

Stem  leaves  sessile    .•  .         .         .         .         .         .     4.  V.  anagallis-aquatica. 

All  the  leaves  petioled       .         .         .  .         .         .     5.  V.  americana. 

Leaves  linear  or  nearly  so     .         .         .         .         .         .         .     6.  V.  scutellata. 

1.  Veronica  peregrina  L.  Sp.  PI.  14.  1753.     Low  annuals,  glabrous,  or 
above  minutely  pubescent  or  glandular;  stem  and  branches  erect.  1.5-3  dm. 
high:  leaves  thickish;  the  lowest  petioled  and  oblong  or  oval,  dentate;  the 
middle  sessile,  oblong  to  linear-spatulate;  the   uppermost  more   bract-like 
and  entire:  flowers  in  the  axils  of  ordinary  or  bract-like,  commonly  alternate 
leaves,    very  short-pediceled:   capsule  orbicular   and   slightly   obcordate. — 
Throughout  the  continent. 

2.  Veronica  alpina  L.  1.  c.  11.    Hirsute-pubescent  or  glabrate;  stems  slen- 
der, simple,  8-16  cm.  high,  from  slender  creeping  rootstocks:  leaves  mostly 
shorter  than  the  internodes,  ovate  to  oblong,  obscurely  crenulate,  15-20  mm. 
long,  rounded,  truncate  or  subcordate  at  base,  sessile  or  nearly  so:  raceme 
spiciform  or  subspicate,  dense  or  interrupted  below;  pedicels  erect,  shorter 
than  the  calyx,  much  shorter  than  the  lanceolate  bracts:  corolla  violet,  the 
limb  4-6  mm.  in  diameter,  surpassing  the  stamens  and  short  style:  capsule 
elliptical-obovate,  emarginate.     (V.  Wormsjoldii  R.  &  S.) — In  the  high  alti- 
tudes and  latitudes  of  northern  America  and  Europe. 

3.  Veronica  serpyllifolia  L.  1.  c.  12.    Pubescent  or  glabrous;  stems  creep- 
ing and  branching  at  base,  the  branches  at  length  ascending,  5-25  cm.  long: 
leaves  all  opposite  and  petioled,  or  the  upper  ones  sessile,  oblong  to  oval  or 
ovate,  8-20  mm.  long,  crenulate  to  entire:  flowers  in  short  spicate  racemes  at 
the  ends  of  the  stems  or  branches;  pedicels  equaling  or  longer  than  the  calyx: 
corolla  pale  blue  with  darker  stripes,  to  almost  white:  stamens  and  style  ex- 
serted :  capsule  broader  than  high,  obcordate,  about  2  mm.  high,  equaling  the 
calyx;  seeds  flat. — Wet  places;  in  this  and  other  continents. 

4.  Veronica  anagallis-aquatica  L.  1.   c.     Perennial,   glandular-pubescent 
above;  stems  2-9  dm.  long,  often  somewhat  branched:  leaf -blades  lanceolate 
to  oblong,  2-12  cm.  long,  acute,  finely  serrate  or  nearly  entire,  sessile  and 


452  SCROPHULARIACEAE    (FIGWORT   FAMILY) 

partly  clasping:  racemes  spreading,  many-flowered;  pedicels  3-7  mm.  long: 
sepals  glandular,  lanceolate  to  ovate-lanceolate,  3-3.5  mm.  long:  corolla  blue, 
often  purple-striped,  4-5  mm.  broad:  capsules  suborbicular  or  rhombic- 
orbicular,  2.5  mm.  broad,  minutely  notched. — In  brooks  or  wet  places;  widely 
distributed  in  America,  Europe,  and  Asia. 

5.  Veronica  americana  Schwein,  in  DC.  Prodr.  10:  468.  1846.    Perennial, 
glabrous;  stems  erector  decumbent,  1-6  dm.  high,  sometimes  branched:  leaf- 
blades  ovate  to  oblong  or  oblong-lanceolate,  bluntly  or  sharply  serrate, 
abruptly  contracted  or  truncate  at  the  base:  racemes  loosely  flowered;  ped- 
icels very  slender,  4-15  mm.  long:  sepals  glabrous,  oblong  to  oblong-lanceolate, 
2.5-3  mm.  long,  acute:  corolla  blue  or  nearly  white,  usually  purple-striped, 
4-5  mm.  broad:  capsules  3-3.5  mm.  broad,  broader  than  high,  2-lobed. — 
Frequent  in  brooks  throughout  northern  North  America. 

5a.  Veronica  americana  crassula  Rydb.  Mem.  N.  Y.  Bot.  Card.  1:  353. 
1900.  Low,  with  fleshy  entire  leaves.— ^Colorado  to  Montana. 

6.  Veronica  scutellata  L.  1.  c.  12.    Glabrous  or  very  sparingly  hairy;  stems 
slender,  ascending  from  a  stoloniferous  base,  3-5  dm.  long:  leaves  sessile, 
linear  or  linear-lanceolate,  acute,  remotely  denticulate,  5-^-7  cm.  long:  flowers 
scattered  on  filiform,  elongated,  and  widely  spreading  pedicels:  corolla  blue  or 
purple,  4-6  mm.  broad:  capsule  broader  than  high,  very  flat,  deeply  emar- 
ginate  at  the  summit,  slightly  so  at  base;  seeds  flat. — Wyoming,  northward, 
and  thence  across  the  continent. 

10.  LIMOSELLA  L.    MUDWOET 

Small  glabrous  plants,  with  fibrous  roots,  a  cluster  of  entire  fleshy  leaves 
at  the  nodes  of  the  stolons,  and  short  scape-like  naked  pedicels  from  the 
axils  each  bearing  a  small  white  or  purplish  flower.  Calyx  campanulate. 
Corolla  rotate-campanulate,  5-lobed,  and  nearly  regular.  Stamens  4,  no 
sterile  filament;  anther-cells  confluent. 

1.  Limosella  aquatica  L.  Sp.  PI.  631.  1753.  Tufts' 3-6  cm.  high:  clustered 
leaves  exceeding  the  pedicels,  when  scattered  on  sterile  shoots  alternate,  in 
the  typical  form  with  a  spatulate  or  oblong  blade  on  a  distinct  petiole,  which 
in  mud  remains  short  but  in  water  elongates  to  5-12  cm. :  corolla  pink  or  white, 
scarcely  surpassing  the  calyx:  capsule  obtuse,  surpassing  the  calyx. — Muddy 
flats  and  shores,  margins  of  brooks;  widely  distributed  in  America  and  Europe. 

11.  GERARDIA  L. 

Erect  branching  herbs  with  stem  leaves  opposite  (or  the  upper  alternate) 
and  uppermost  reduced  to  bracts  subtending  1-flowered  peduncles  which 
often  form  a  raceme  or  spike  of  showy  purple  or  yellow  flowers.  Calyx  cam- 
panulate, 5-toothed  or  5-cleft.  Corolla  campanulate,  funnelform,  or  somewhat 
tubular,  enlarged  above.  Stamens  strongly  didynamous,  hairy,  included;  the 
2-celled  anthers  approximated  by  pairs,  and  the  cells  parallel  and  often  pointed 
at  base.  Style  elongated,  mostly  flattened  and  enlarged  at  apex.  Capsule 
globular  or  ovate-pointed. 

Capsule  oblong;  corolla  pubescent  on  the  outside           .         .         .         .     1.  G.  aspera. 
Capsule  globose;  corolla  glabrous 2.  G.  Besseyana. 

1.  Gerardia  aspera  Dougl.,  Benth.  in  DC.  Prodr.  10:  517.  1846.     Stems 
and  branches  strict,  3-5  dm.  high:  leaves  rather  erect,  strongly  hispidulous- 
scabrous,  all  filiform-linear:  pedicels  mostly  equaling  and  sometimes  mod- 
erately exceeding  the  calyx,  erect:  calyx-lobes  triangular-ovate  or  triangular- 
lanceolate,  acute,  mostly  less  than  half  as  long  as  the  tube:  corolla  purple, 
25  mm.  long,  pubescent  externally:  anthers  obtuse  at  base;  filaments  villous: 
capsule  surpassing  the  calyx. — From  Colorado  eastward  and  southward. 

2.  Gerardia  Besseyana  Brit.  Mem.  Torr.  Club  5:   295.    1894.     A  strict 
annual  3-6  dm.  high:  leaves  linear,  about  25  mm.  long,  acute,  scabrous, 


SCROPHULARIACEAE    (FIGWORT   FAMILY)  453 

ascending:  pedicels  2-3  times  as  long  as  the  calyx:  calyx  campanulate;  the 
lobes  triangular-subulate,  half  as  long  as  the  tube  or  less:  corolla  purple,  about 
12  mm.  long:  capsule  globose,  4-6  mm.  in  diameter.  G.  tenuifolia  macrophylla 
Benth.— From  the  Rocky  Mountains  to  the  Mississippi. 

12.  MIMULUS  L.     MONKEY  FLOWER 

Herbs  with  opposite  leaves  and  mostly  showy  yellow  or  red  flowers  solitary 
and  axillary  or  in  a  terminal  raceme.  Calyx  prismatic,  5-angled  and  5-toothed. 
Corolla  tubular  to  funnelform,  with  strongly  bilabiate  limb  or  the  lobes 
nearly  equal,  a  pair  of  bearded  ridges  extending  down  the  lower  side  of  the 
throat.  Stamens  4,  the  fifth  entirely  wanting.  Stigma  mostly  of  2  flat  lobes 
closing  together  when  irritated.  Capsule  dehiscent  by  both  sutures  or  on  one 
side  only,  or  cartilaginous  and  indehiscent.  Seeds  many. 

Flowers  reddish  or  purple. 

Stigmas  funnelform 1.  M.  nanus. 

Stigmas  2-lipped. 

Flowers  small,  less  than  1  cm.  long        .         .         .         .         .         .     2.  M.  rubellus. 

Flowers  large,  3    cm.  or  more  long 3.  M.  Lewisii. ' 

Flowers  yellow;  stigmas  2-lipped. 
Perennials. 

Calyx  oblique,  inflated  in  fruit,  the  upper  tooth  largest. 

Calyx-teeth  acute;  stem  not  rooting  at  the  nodes     .         .         .     4.  M.  Langsdorfii.  • 
Calyx-teeth  obtuse;  stem  rooting  at  the  nodes    .         .         .         .     5.  M.  Geyeri. 
Calyx  neither  oblique  nor  inflated,  the  teeth  subequal  .         .         .     6.  M.  moschatus. 
Annuals. 

Calyx  oblique,  inflated  in  fruit       .         .     -•  V      '.    •     .         .         .     7.  M.  Hallii. 
Calyx  neither  oblique  nor  inflated          .         .    ,  •/*.  .--,»•     -.»         •     8.  M.  floribundus. 

1.  Mimulus  nanus  Hook.  &  Arn.  Bot.  Beech.  378.  1840.     Glandular  or 
viscid;  stem  stoutish,  2-10  cm.  high,  simple,  or  branched  from  the  base: 
leaves  oblong  or  ovate  to  lanceolate,  entire  or  obscurely  toothed,  contracted 
at  base;  the  lower  ones  petioled,  including  the  petiole  8-25  mm.  long:  calyx- 
teeth  broadly  lanceolate,  acute:  corolla  rose-purple  with  yellow  and  dark 
purple  in  the  throat;  the  limb  8-12  mm.  broad,  obviously  bilabiate:  capsule 
acuminate,  surpassing  the  calyx;  the  valves  chartaceous.    [M .  Tolmiei  (Benth.) 
Rydb.]— Gravelly  hills;  western  Wyoming  to  California  and  Washington. 

2.  Mimulus  rubellus  Gray,  Torr.  Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  116.  1859.     Simple  or 
branched  from  the  base,  5-20  cm.  high:  leaves  spatulate-oblong  to  linear, 
9-18  mm.  long,  commonly  equaling  the  pedicels;  the  lower  sometimes  obo- 
vate  or  ovate:  calyx-teeth  short  and  obtuse:  corolla  6-8  mm.  long,  a  third 
longer  to  twice  the  length  of  the  calyx,  rose-color,  sometimes  yellow  vary- 
ing or  changing  to  crimson-purple;  the  throat  broad  and  open:  stigma  bi- 
lamellar.    (M.  gratioloides  Rydb.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  28:  27.  1901.)— New 
Mexico  to  Montana. 

3.  Mimulus  Lewisii  Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  427.  1814.    Pubescent  and  more 
or  less  viscid;  stems  numerous  from  a  perennial  root,  3-6  dm.  high,  simple: 
leaves  oblong-ovate  to  lanceolate,  denticulate,  mostly  acute  or  acuminate, 
3-7  cm.  long:  peduncles  longer  than  the  leaves:  calyx  prismatic-campanulate, 
15-20  mm.  long,  the  triangular  teeth  short-acuminate  and  very  acute:  corolla 
rose-red  or  purplish,  about  3  cm.  long,  with  broad  throat  and  bilabiate  limb, 
sparingly  bearded    in  the    throat:  stamens  not  exserted:   stigmas  oblong: 
capsule  oblong;  seeds  with  a  dull  and  loose  coat,  longitudinally  wrinkled. — 
Along  mountain  streams  in  our  range  and  far  westward. 

3a.  Mimulus  Lewisii  tetonensis  A.  Nels.  Bot.  Gaz.  34:  31.  1902.  Smaller, 
more  granular-glandular:  calyx-lobes  narrowly  linear-acuminate:  corolla 
smaller,  white  or  ochroleucous. — Teton  Mountains. 

4.  Mimulus  Langsdorfii  Sims,  Bot.  Mag.  pi.  1501.  1812.      Erect  perennial 
with  light-green  herbage,  glabrous  or  minutely  pubescent;  stems  terete,  2-8 
dm.  high,  usually  paniculately  branched :  leaves  orbicular  or  ovate,  the  blade 
2-5  cm.  long,  dentate  or  denticulate,  often  sublyrate,  petioled:  floral  bracts 
4-12  mm.  long,  connate-clasping:  pedicels  slender,  2-3  cm.  long:  calyx  cam- 


454  SCROPHULARIACEAE    (FIGWORT  FAMILY) 

panulate,  in  flower  about  8  mm.  long,  often  mottled  with  dark  purple,  at 
length  much  inflated,  the  4  lower  teeth  incurved  and  closing  the  orifice: 
corolla  yellow,  2-3  cm.  long,  funnelform;  lobes  of  the  upper  lip  erect,  oblong, 
the  middle  lobe  of  the  lower  lip  broadly  cordate,  pendulous;  the  throat  usually 
spotted  with  dark  red,  the  pubescent  lines  running  to  the  base:  capsule  ob- 
long; seeds  oblong.  (M.  puberulus  Greene.) — In  wet  places  in  the  mountains; 
New  Mexico  to  Montana  and  far  westward. 

5.  Mimulus  Geyeri    Torr.   Nicol.   Rep.  Hydrog.   Upper  Mississippi   157 
1843.     Perennial  by  stolons,  glabrous  or  nearly  so;  stems  slender,  creeping, 
rooting  at  the  nodes,  1.5-5  dm.  long:  leaves  broadly  ovate,  orbicular,  or  broader, 
very  obtuse,   denticulate  or  entire,   membranous,  truncate,   subcordate,  or 
rarely  narrowed  at  the  base,  palmately  veined,  short-petioled  or  the  upper 
sessile,  6-25  mm.  broad:  peduncles  slender,  longer  than  the  calyx  in  fruit: 
calyx  oblique,  scarcely  toothed,  6-8  mm.  long  at  maturity:  corolla   8-12 
mm.  long,  the  lower  lip  bearded  at  the  base  within,  the  throat  broad:  seeds 
nearly  smooth.    M .  Jamesii. — From  Mexico  to  Montana. 

6.  Mimulus  moschatus  Dougl.  in  Lindl.  Bot.  Reg.    13:  pi.   1118.  1827. 
Villous  and  slimy-viscid,  strongly  musk-scented;  stems  creeping  and  ascend- 
ing,   1.5-3   dm.   long:   leaves   ovate   or   oblong,   short-petioled,   denticulate, 
rounded  or  subcordate  at  the  base,  2-5  cm.  long:  peduncles  slender,  longer 
than  the  calyx;  flowers   2-5  cm.   long:  calyx-teeth  lanceolate,    acuminate: 
corolla  2-3  times  as  long  as  the  calyx. — The  MUSK  PLANT  of  gardens  and  green- 
houses; also  indigenous  in  wet  places  from  Colorado  and  Wyoming  to  the 
Pacific  States. 

7.  Mimulus  Hallii  Greene,  Bull.  Cal.  Acad.  Sci.  1:  113.  1886.    Puberulent 
or  glabrous,  more  or  less  branched,  usually  suberect,  rather  slender,  the  stems 
somewhat  angled:  leaves  and  bracts  oblong  or  ovate,  obtuse,  entire  or  spar- 
ingly dentate:  calyx  subglobose-inflated,  with  rather  broad  abruptly  acute 
teeth,  the  upper  one  twice  as  large  as  the  others:  corolla  light  yellow,  small, 
6-10  mm.  long,  the  slender  tube  scarcely  exserted.     (M.  thermalis  A.  Nels. 
Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  27:  269.  1900;  M.  nasutus  Greene,  as  to  our  range.)— 
Wet,  springy  places;  eastern  slope  of  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

8.  Mimulus  floribundus  Dougl.  1.  c.  pi.  1125.    Villous  annual  with  spread- 
ing white  hairs  and  viscid;  stem  rather  slender,  5-40  cm.  long,  at  first  erect, 
but  soon  decumbent  and  diffusely  spreading,  flowering  from  the  lowest  axils: 
leaves  ovate,   or  the  lower  subcordate,  the  blade  12-25  mm.  long,  rather 
coarsely  toothed,  all  petioled:  peduncles  spreading,  1-3  cm.  long,  exceeding 
the  leaves:  calyx  campanulate,  about  6  mm.  long,  the  short,  triangular,  acute 
teeth  nearly  equal:  corolla  about  12  mm.  long,  light  yellow,  funnelform:  cap- 
sule globose-ovoid,  obtuse,  sessile:  seeds  almost  globular,  light-colored.     (M. 
membranacea  A.   Nels.   Bot.   Gaz.   34:  30.  1902.) — From  the  mountains  of 
Colorado  and  Wyoming  to  the  Pacific  States. 

13.  RHINANTHUS  L.     YELLOW  RATTLE 

Herbs,  with  erect  stem,  opposite  leaves,  and  mostly  yellow  subsessile  flowers 
in  the  axils,  the  upper  ones  crowded  and  secund  in  a  leafy-bracted  spike. 
Calyx  vent(Pcose-compressed,  4-toothed,  inflated  in  fruit.  Corolla-tube  cy- 
lindraceous;  the  upper  lip  galeate,  ovate,  obtuse-compressed,  entire  at  apex 
but  with  a  minute  tooth  on  each  side;  lower  lip  shorter,  with  3  spreading 
lobes.  Capsule  orbicular,  compressed.  The  seeds  ,when  ripe  rattle  in  the  in- 
flated dry  calyx. 

1.  Rhinanthus  Crista-galli  L.  Sp.  PI.  603.  1753.  Glabrous  or  nearly  so, 
2-4  dm.  high:  leaves  narrowly  oblong  to  lanceolate,  coarsely  serrate:  bracts 
incised  and  the  acuminate  teeth  setaceous-tipped:  corolla  10-12  mm.  long, 
only  the  tip  exserted,  commonly  with  a  purple  spot  on  one  or  both  of  the 
lips:  stamens  ascending  under  the  galea;  anthers  pilose,  the  cells  transverse: 
seeds  suborbicular,  winged. — From  the  Rocky  Mountains  eastward  to  the 
Atlantic. 


SCROPHULAIUACEAE    (FIG WORT   FAMILY)  455 

14.  PEDICULARIS  L.     LOUSEWORT 

Herbs  with  alternate  or  opposite  leaves  and  yellow,  purple,  red,  or  white 
flowers  in  terminal  spikes  or  racemes.  Calyx  tubular,  cleft  on  the  lower  side 
or  sometimes  also  on  the  upper  side,  or  2-5-toothed.  Corolla  strongly  bilabiate, 
the  tube  cylindric;  the  galea  laterally  compressed,  concave  or  conduplicate, 
sometimes  beaked;  lower  lip  erect  or  ascending,  3-lobed,  the  lobes  spreading 
or  reflexed,  the  middle  one  smallest.  Stamens  4,  didynamous,  ascending 
within  the  upper  lip  of  the  corolla ;  anthers  transverse,  approximate  in  pairs, 
the  cells  equal,  parallel,  obtuse  or  rarely  mucronate  at  base.  Capsule  com- 
pressed, oblique  or  curved,  beaked,  many-seeded,  loculicidally  dehiscent. 
Seeds  reticulated,  pitted,  striate,  or  ribbed. 

Calyx  cleft  below,  sometimes  above  but  less  deeply. 
Leaves  more  or  less  pubescent. 

Deeply  pinnatifid     •      .         .  .         .         .         .  1.  P.  canadensis. 

Crenate '   .     '   .         ...       2.  P.  crenulata. 

Leaves  wholly  glabrous. 

Corolla  white,  the  beak  hooked     .         ......         .  3.  P.  racemosa. 

Corolla  purplish,  the  beak  subcircinate          .         .         .  4.  P.  ctenophora. 

Calyx  subequally  5-toothed  or  5-lobed. 
The  lobes  and  the  tube  subequal. 

Flowers  purple      .....    -.     .,•*•..;  :r.t»<f    •• ,      •       5.  P.  cystopteridifolia. 

Flowers  yellow      .         .         .         .         .         .         .  .,'6.  P.  bracteosa. 

The  lobes  or  teeth  much  shorter  than  the  tube. 

Corolla  yellow  or  yellowish.  ;.»; •>. 

Galea  scarcely  surpassing  the  lip     -.     *    .         .         .         .       7.  P.  Grayi. 

Galea  falcate  with  decurved  beak      ,.''.,".         .         .       8.  P.  Parryi. 
Corolla  purple  or  purplish. 

Beak  of  galea  short  and  straight        .         .  •       .         .        •.       9.  P.  scopulorum. 
Beak  of  galea  long  and  lunately  curved. 

Beak  short,  rather  thick,  incurved-lunate       .         .         .     10.  P.  lunata. 
Beak  long,  slender,  recurved  or  upturned       .         .         .     11.  P.  groenlandica. 

1.  Pedicularis  canadensis   L.   Mant.   86.  1767.     Pubescent,    or   glabrate 
below;  stems  commonly  tufted,  simple:  leaves  alternate  or  some  of  them  op- 
posite, oblong-lanceolate,  7-13  cm.  long,  pinnately  parted  into  obtuse,  incised 
or  dentate  lobes:  spike  1-2  dm.  long  in  fruit:  calyx  cleft  on  the  lower  side, 
2-3-crenate  on  the  upper,  oblique:  corolla  yellow  or  reddish,  the  galea  arched, 
incurved,  minutely  2-toothed  below  the  apex:  capsule  oblique,  14-16  mm. 
long. — Scarcely  in  our  range;  eastward  to  the  Atlantic  States. 

2.  Pedicularis  crenulata  Benth.  in  DC.  Prodr.  10:  568.  1846.    Pubescent; 
stems  clustered,  simple,  erect  from  a  decumbent  base,  1-3  dm.  high:  leaves 
undivided,  oblong-linear  or  narrower,  obtuse,  3-6  cm.  long,  closely  crenate 
and  the  broad  crenatures  minutely  crenulate:  spike  short  and  dense:  corolla 
whitish  or  purplish,  about  20  mm.  long,  like  that  of  the  last,  but  the  teeth 
at  the  apex  of  galea  less  conspicuous. — Colorado  and  Wyoming  in  grassy 
mountain  meadows;  spreading  rapidly  in  irrigated  meadows,  and  becoming  a 
pest. 

3.  Pedicularis  racemosa  Dougl.  Hook.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  2:  108.  1838.     Gla- 
brous, 2-4  dm.  high;  stems  simple  or  branched,  leafy  to  the  top:  leaves  lanceo- 
late, undivided,  minutely  and  doubly  crenulate,  5-10  cm.  long:  flowers  short- 
pediceled,  in  a  short  leafy  raceme  or  spike,  or  the  lower  in  remote  axils  and 
uppermost  with  bracts  hardly  surpassing  the  2-toothed  calyx:  slender  beak 
of  the  galea  hamate-deflexed,   produced  into  a  slender,  elongated-subulate, 
circinate-incurved  beak,  nearly  reaching  the  apex  of  the  broad  lower  lip. — 
Subalpine  throughout  our  range  and  far  westward. 

4.  Pedicularis  ctenophora  Rydb.   Bull.  Torr.   Bot.  Club   24:  293.  1897. 
Stem  from  a  thickened  caudex,  about  3  dm.  high,  glabrous,  strict,  striate: 
leaves  numerous,  especially  at  the  base,  glabrous,  rather  thickish,  pinnately 
divided  into  linear-lanceolate  serrate  segments:  spike  about  1  dm.  long,  rather 
loose ;  bracts  broadly  ovate  in  outline,  pectinately  divided :  calyx  gibbous 
above,  purple-striate,  more  or  less  villous-ciliate  at  the  base:  corolla  purplish; 
galea  arcuate,  produced  into  an  elongated  incurved  beak;  lip  very  broad, 
especially  the  lateral  lobes.     Very  near  the  more  western  P,  contorta  Benth. — 
Wyoming  and  Montana. 


456  SCROPHULARIACEAE    (FIGWORT  FAMILY) 

5.  Pedicularis  cystopteridifolia  Rydb.  Mem.  N.  Y.  Bot.  Card.   1:  365. 
1900.    Perennial,  glabrous  up  to  the  villous  spike;  stem  1-3  dm.  high,  strict, 
more  or  less  purple-tinged,  rather  few-leaved:  leaves  pinnately  divided  into 
triangular-lanceolate  segments,  these  again  sharply  incised  and  serrate :  bracts 
lanceolate,  long-acuminate,  about  2  cm.  long:  calyx  densely  villous:  corolla 
very  dark  reddish-purple,  over  20  mm.  long;  galea  falcate,  arcuate,  with  a  trun- 
cate apex  and  this  with  a  pair  of  teeth  on  the  lower  side,  the  crenulate  lobes 
of  the  lip  protruding  and  reaching  near  to  the  apex  of  the  galea. — Montana 
and  Wyoming. 

6.  Pedicularis  bracteosa  Benth.  1.  c.  574.    Glabrous  or  scantily  pilose  upon 
the  spike;  stem  erect,  2-5  dm.  high,  leafy:  leaves  pinnately  parted,  segments 
lanceolate,    incisely-dentate    or   pinnatifid:    spike    pedunculate,    elongated, 
5-20  cm.  long,  densely  flowered;  the  bracts  ovate,  acuminate,  and  somewhat 
membranous:  calyx-lobes  lanceolate,  setaceous:  galea  of  the  yellow  corolla 
slightly  incurved,  not  beaked,  hooded  at  the  apex,  and  terminating  in  an  ob- 
tuse, somewhat  2-toothed  projection;  lip  much  shorter.     (P.  montanensis 
Rydb.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  24:  292.  1897.)— Colorado  to  the  Saskatchewan 
and  westward. 

7.  Pedicularis  Grayi  A.  Nels.  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.  17:  100.  1904.    Stem 
4-10  dm.  high,  stout,  leafy,  bearing  above  a  dense-flowered,  softly  pubescent 
spike  2-5  dm.  long:  leaves  glabrous,  pinnately  parted;  segments  lanceolate, 
lanciniate-pinnatifid ;  lobes  serrate  or  incised ;  radical  leaves  3-4  dm.  long  •  bracts 
elongated,  linear  from  an  ovate-lanceolate  base,  lower  ones  pectinate-pinnatifid, 
exceeding  the  flowers:  calyx  about  equally  5-cleft,  lobes  lanceolate,  entire, 
about  half  shorter  than  the  tube:  corolla  25  mm.  or  more  long,  striate,  dirty 
green;  galea  hooded  at  the  apex,  not  beaked,  truncate,  2-toothed,  scarcely 
equaling  the  shortly  3-lobed,  somewhat  spreading  lip.    P.   procera. — Wyo- 
ming and  Colorado. 

8.  Pedicularis  Parryi  Gray,   Am.   Journ.   Sci.   II.   34:  250.  1860.     Very 
smooth  except  the  ciliated  bracts;  stem  15-30  cm.  high,  more  or  less  bracted: 
leaves  linear-lanceolate,   pectinate-pinnatifid,   petioled,   cauline   ones  small; 
segments  linear,  acute,  about  6  mm.  long,  cartilaginous-serrate:  bracts  small, 
trifid;  flowers  numerous,   short-pediceled,   somewhat  crowded  in  a  narrow 
spike  3-6  cm.  long,  a  dirty  or  faded  yellow:  calyx  membranaceous,  marked 
with  5  striae,  at  length  subinflated,  teeth  5,  short,  lanceolate,  very  entire, 
lanulose  within:   galea  narrow,  apex  incurved,   gradually  produced  into  a 
long,  emarginate  beak  which  is  somewhat  decurved,  much  surpassing  the 
lower  lip:  filaments  very  smooth. — In  the  high  mountains  of  Colorado,  Utah, 
and  Wyoming. 

9.  Pedicularis  scopulorum  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  2:  308.  1878.    Low  alpine  peren- 
nial 1-2  dm.  high,  glabrous  except  the  arachnoid-lanate,  dense,  oblong  spike: 
calyx-teeth  triangular-subulate,  entire,  membranaceous,  very  much  shorter 
than  the  tube:  galea  of  the  reddish-purple  (18-20  mm.  long)  corolla  with  its 
somewhat  produced  apex  obliquely  truncate,  edentulate  or  produced  on  each 
side  into  an  obscure  triangular  tooth.     (P.  Hallii  Rydb.  Mem.  N.  Y.  Bot. 
Gard.  1:  364.  1900.) — Colorado  to  Montana. 

10.  Pedicularis  lunata  Rydb.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  28:  27.  1901.     Per- 
fectly glabrous  up  to  the  inflorescence,  about  4  dm.  high:  leaves  alternate, 
dark  green,  5-12  cm.  long,  pinnately  divided  to  near  the  midrib;  segments 
linear  or  linear-oblong,   crenate:   spike  15-20  cm.  long,  rather  lax;  bracts 
pectinately  divided  with  prolonged  end-lobes,  slightly  arachnoid,  villous:  calyx 
about  9  mm.  long;  the  teeth  broadly  lanceolate,  about  3  mm.  long:  corolla 
pinkish,  over  20  m.  long;  the  tube  about  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx,  strongly 
curved;  galea  strongly  arcuate,  produced  into  a  rather  long  beak  and  almost 
crescent-shaped;  lower  lip  almost  meeting  the  beak  of  the  upper,  very  broad, 
indistinctly  3-lobed  with  large  rounded  lateral  lobes. — Wyoming  and  probably 
Montana. 

11.  Pedicularis  groenlandica  Retz.  DC.  Prodr.  10:  566.  1846.    A  simple- 
stemmed  nearly  glabrous  perennial:  leaves  lanceolate-acuminate  in  outline, 
5-12  cm.  long,  the  upper  sessile,  the  lower  slender-petioled;  the  lanceolate 


SCROPHULARIACEAE    (FIGWORT  FAMILY)  457 

segments  crenulate  or  incised:  spike  dense,  1-2  dm.  long:  calyx  5-toothed, 
nearly  equaling  the  corolla-tube:  corolla  red  or  purple;  galea  decurved  against 
the  lower  lip  and  upwardly  recurved  beyond  it:  capsule  obliquely  ovate. 
(Elephantella  groenlandica  Rydb.  Mem.  N.  Y.  Bot.  Card.  1:  360.  1900.) — 
In  swamps  and  wet  meadows;  throughout  northern  America. 

16.  CASTILLEJA  *  Mutis 

Herbs  with  alternate  leaves  and  red,  yellow,  purple,  or  white  flowers  in 
dense,  terminal,  leafy-bracted  spikes,  the  bracts  often  brightly  colored  and 
much  larger  than  the  flowers.  Calyx  tubular,  laterally  flattened,  more  or 
less  cleft  above  or  below,  or  both,  the  lobes  entire  or  2-cleft.  Corolla  tu- 
bular, very  irregular,  the  tube  not  longer  than  the  calyx,  the  limb  bilabiate ; 
upper  lip  (galea)  arched,  elongated,  concave  or  keeled,  laterally  compressed, 
entire,  inclosing  the  didynamous  stamens;  lower  lip  short,  often  very  small, 
3-toothed,  3  carinate  or  somewhat  saccate  below  the  short  teeth. 

Annual      . 1.  G.  exilis. 

Perennials. 

Calyx  less  deeply  cleft  above  than  below. 
Corolla  long  (4-5  cm.). 

Galea  as  long  as  the  tube  of  the  corolla  .         .         .  2.  C.  linariaefolia. 

Galea  shorter  than  the  tube  of  the  corolla       .         .         .  3.  C.  sessili flora. 

Corolla  short  (2-3  cm.). 

Inflorescence  bright  red  or  scarlet 4.  C.  collina. 

Inflorescence  greenish  or  yellow. 

Lip  of  corolla  half  as  long  as  the  galea      .         .         .  5.  C.  brachyantha 

Lip  of  corolla  very  short      .         .         .         .         .         .         .       6.  C.  flava. 

Calyx  equally  or  subequally  cleft  above  and  below. 
Inflorescence  conspicuously  red,  scarlet,  or  purple. 

Galea  longer  than  the  tube  of  the  corolla  or  the  two  subequal. 

Leaves  glabrate;  galea  exserted  .         .         .         .         .       7.  C.  miniata. 

Leaves  pubescent;  galea  partly  exserted     .         .         .  8.  C.  chromosa 

Galea  shorter  than  the  tube  of  the  corolla. 
Stems  low,  mostly  less  than  3  dm.  high. 
Floral  bracts  laciniately  3-5-cleft. 

Leaves  entire  or  pinnately  lobed  .         .         .         .         .       9.  C.  Haydenii. 

Leaves  mostly  equally  3-cleft 10.  C.  Buffumii. 

Floral  bracts  entire  or  nearly  so 11.  C.  integra. 

Stems  taller,  3-5  dm.  or  more. 

Calyx  with  4  subequal  lobes 12.  C.  confusa. 

Calyx  with  2  primary  lobes  which  are  more  or  less  cleft. 

Floral  bracts  bright  purple 13.  C.  lauta. 

Floral  bracts  bright  scarlet. 

Stems  in  clumps,  from  a  woody  caudex    .         .         .     14.  C.  rhexifolia. 
Stems  single,  spreading  by  creeping  rootstocks          .     15.  C.  lancifolia. 
Inflorescence  pale,  greenish,  or  yellow. 

Galea  equaling  the  tube  of  the  corolla,  or  nearly  so         .         .     16.  C.  dubia. 
Galea  shorter  than  the  tube  of  the  corolla. 

Galea  short,  or  not  more  than  twice  as  long  as  the  lip. 

Calyx  cleft  into  4  subequal  lobes      .         .         .         .         .     17.  C.  longispica. 

Calyx  2-cleft,  the  lobes  bidentate  or  cleft. 
Inflorescence  more  or  less  pilose. 

Primary  calyx-lobes  merely  bidentate       .         .         .18.  C.  pilifera. 
Primary  calyx-lobes  2-cleft        .         .         .         .         .     19.  C.  fasciculata. 

Inflorescence  cinereous-puberulent,  not  pilose       .         .     20.  C.  pallescens. 
Galea  more  than  twice  as  long  as  the  lip. 

Corolla  and  calyx  subequal      .         .         .         .         .         .     21.  C.  lineata. 

Corolla  distinctly  surpassing  the  calyx. 

Low  (1-2  dm.) 22.  C.  occidentalis. 

Taller  (3-5  dm.) 23.  C.  sulphurea. 

1.  Castffleja  exilis  A.  Nels.  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.  17:  100.  1904.  Villous- 
pubescent;  stem  slender,  strict,  simple  or  with  1  or  2  erect  branches,  3-7  dm. 
nigh:  leaves  all  linear-lanceolate  and  entire,  sessile,  acuminate,  4-8  cm.  long: 
bracts  similar  to  the  leaves  but  smaller,  red  or  red-tipped,  very  narrow, 
equaling  or  longer  than  the  short-pediceled  flowers:  calyx  green,  cleft  on  both 
sides  to  about  the  middle,  the  lobes  lanceolate,  acute,  entire  or  2-toothed: 
corolla  yellow,  12-20  mm.  long,  the  upper  lip  much  longer  than  the  small 

*  For  other  closely  allied  species  coming  into  the  borders  of  our  range,  see  Bull.  Torr. 
Bot.  Club  34:  35-41.  1907,  where  Rydberg  characterizes  thirteen  additional  species. 


458  SCROPHULARIACEAE    (FIGWORT  FAMILY) 

lower  one:  capsule  oblong,  acute,  12-16  mm.  long.     C.  minor. — From  New 
Mexico  to  Nebraska,  thence  through  our  range  to  Oregon. 

2.  Castilleja  linariaefolia  Benth.  in  DC.  Prodr.  10:  532.  1846.    Glabrous 
below,  the  inflorescence  somewhat  pubescent  or  villous;  stems  strict,  5-10  dm. 
high:  leaves  linear,  entire  or  some  of  the  upper  sparingly  laciniate,  and  the 
uppermost  and  bracts  3-parted,  3-nerved:  calyx  narrowly  cylindrical,  2-3  cm. 
long,  mostly  red  or  crimson,  sometimes  pale,  the  anterior  fissure  very  much 
deeper  than  the  posterior;  the  long  upper  lip  acutely  4-toothed  or  2-cleft  and 
the  lobes  2-toothed:  corolla  4-5  cm.  long;  the  narrow,  falcate,  and  much  ex- 
serted  galea  as  long  as  the  tube.    (C.  cognata  Greene,  PI.  Baker.  3:  22.  1901; 
C.  crista-galli  Rydb.  Mem.  N.  Y.  Bot.  Gard.  1:  355.  1900.) — Throughout  our 
range  and  west  to  the  Pacific  States. 

3.  Castilleja    sessiliflora    Pursh,    Fl.    Am.    Sept.    738.  1816.      Perennial, 
cinereous-puberulent;   stems  stout,    1.5-4   dm.   high,   densely  leafy:   leaves 
sessile,  2-5  cm.  long;  the  lowest  commonly  linear,  obtuse,  and  entire;  the  others 
laciniate  into  narrow  segments:   bracts  green,  similar  to  the  upper  leaves, 
shorter  than  the  sessile  flowers:  calyx  deeper  cleft  on  the  lower  side  than  on 
the  upper,  the  lobes  linear-lanceolate,  acute:  corolla  yellowish,  4  cm.  long, 
the  upper  lip  about  twice  as  long  as  the  lower,  the  lobes  of  the  latter  linear: 
capsule  oblong-lanceolate. — Texas  to  Canada  through  the  eastern  part  of  our 
range. 

4.  Castilleja  collina  A..  Nels.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  28:  231.  1901.    Many- 
stemmed,  15-25  cm.  high;  pubescence  a  fine  puberulence  with  some  soft, 
white,  woolly  hairs  at  the  base  of  the  leaves,  on  their  margins,  and  in  the  in- 
florescence; stems  simple,  the  exterior  ones  in  the  cluster  decumbent:  leaves 
2-4  cm.  long,  dark  green,  variously  cleft,  the  lower  mostly  pinnately,  the 
divaricate  lobes  linear  or  broader,  sometimes  again  1-3-cleft,  on  either  side: 
bracts  bright  red,  more  freely  cleft  than  the  leaves:  calyx  cleft  nearly  to  the 
middle  before,  less  deeply  behind,  the  lobes  again  cleft  half  their  length  into 
lanceolate  segments:  corolla  yellowish,  about  3  cm.  long;  galea  distinctly 
exceeding  the  tube,  slender,  truncate  or  with  a  short  tooth  at  apex,  obscurely 
pubescent  on  the  exserted  tip;  lip  very  short,  3-toothed,  the  central  one  short, 
the  lateral  longer,  acute,  divaricate. — In  spring,  on  gravelly  sagebrush  slopes; 
Wyoming  and  Colorado. 

5.  Castilleja  brachyantha  Rydb.  1.  c.  360.    Pubescent,  1-2  dm.  high,  erect, 
rather  slender:  lower  leaves  often  entire,  and  upper  only  3-5-parted,  2-4  cm. 
long:  bracts  of  the  dense  spike  more  dilated;  inflorescence  yellow  or  greenish: 
lobes  of  the  ovoid-oblong  calyx  lanceolate:  corolla  scarcely  exserted,  about 
2  cm.  long;  lip  with  somewhat  callous  or  saccate  keels  about  the  length  of  the 
oblong-obtuse  lobes.     C.  breviflora. — Rare;  alpine  regions;  Colorado  to  Mon- 
tana. 

6.  Castilleja  flava  Wats.  Bot.  King's  Exp.  5:  230.  1871.     Plant  2-4  dm. 
high,  with  numerous  slender  stems,  cinereous-puberulent,  at  least  above,  and 
the  elongated  spike  more  pubescent:  leaves  entire  or  the  upper  with  1  or  2 
lobes:  bracts  3-cleft  and  with  dilated  base;  the  upper  and  calyx  yellowish: 
corolla  about  2-2.5   cm.  long;  narrow  galea  little  shorter  than  the  tube;  lip 
very  short,  globular-saccate  and  callous,  and  with  very  short  ovate  lobes. — 
From  Utah  and  Colorado  to  the  Canadian  border. 

7.  Castilleja  miniata  Dougl.  Hook.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  2:  106.  1838.    Glabrous 
or  nearly  so  except  the  inflorescence;  stems  numerous  and  tufted  on  a  short 
rootstock,  mostly  simple  and  strict,  2-6  dm.  high:  leaves  lanceolate  or  linear, 
or  the  upper  ovate-lanceolate,  acute,  entire  or  rarely  laciniately  3-cleft:  bracts 
lanceolate  to  oval,  mostly  bright- red,  rarely  whitish,  seldom  lobed;  spikes 
short   and   dense:    calyx-lobes   lanceolate,   acutely   2-cleft:    corolla    2.5-3.5 
cm.  long;  the  galea  exserted,  linear,  longer  than  the  tube;  the  very  short 
lower  lip  protuberant  and  callous,  as  deep  as  long,  with  short,  ovate,  involute 
teeth. — Wet  bottom  lands;  from  our  range  to  California  and  Alaska. 

8.  Castilleja  chromosa  A.  Nels.  1.  c.  26:  245.  1899.    Stems  numerous,  sim- 
ple or  sparingly  branched,  2-4  dm.  long;  pubescence  a  fine  puberulence  and 
more  or  less  of  whitish,  crisped  hairs:  leaves  variable;  the  lower  entire  or 


SCROPHULARIACEAE    (FIGWORT   FAMILY)  ,       459 

nearly  so,  lanceolate  to  linear,  3-7  cm.  long;  the  upper  pinnatifid,  consisting 
of  a  lanceolate  blade  proper,  3-5  cm.  long,  and  2-4  linear  to  lanceolate,  widely 
divaricate  or  ascending  lobes:  inflorescence  at  first  short  and  dense,  10-15  cm. 
long,  more  densely  crisped-hairy  than  the  rest  of  the  plant;  bracts  from  scar- 
let to  yellowish-red:  calyx  about  20  mm.  long,  about  equally  cleft  before  and 
behind,  the  tube  about  twice  as  long  as -the  bifid  lobes:  corolla  more  or  less 
exserted;  the  galea  a  little  longer  than  the  tube;  the  lip  very  short  and  almost 
truncate,  3  narrow  plicae  extending  one  third  the  length  of  the  tube. — Dry 
denuded  hills;  Colorado  and  Wyoming. 

9.  Castilleja  Haydenii  (Gray)  Greene,  Pitt.  4:  1.  1899.     Low,  tufted,  1-2 
dm.  high,  glabrate  below  or  more  or  less  cinereous,  the  inflorescence  often 
ciliate-pubescent :   leaves  narrow,   mostly  entire:   bracts  broader,    3-5-cleft 
into  linear  lobes,  "rose-red  or  else  paler  and  with  an  admixture  of  lilac  "; 
spike  at  first  dense  but  becoming  rather  long  and  lax:  galea  shorter  than  the 
tube;  the  lip  not  half  the  length  of  the  galea.    C.  pallida  Haydenii. — High  al- 
pine in  Colorado. 

10.  Castilleja  Buffumii  A.  Nels.     Cinereous  and  barely  viscid ;  stems  leafy, 
several  to  numerous,  assurgent  from  the  crowns  of  a  woody  tap-root  which 
produces  from  its  base  many  horizontal  yellow  roots:  leaves  mostly  3-cleft, 
the  lobes  nearly  linear,  about  as  long  as  or  longer  than  the  rather  broad  base: 
bracts  similar,  thinner  and  subscarious,  light  wine-color  shading  to  brick-red 
or  maroon:  calyx  as  long  as  the  bracts  and  the  corolla-tube,  equally  cleft  above 
and  below;  the  lobes  half  as  long  as  the  tube  and  each  cleft  halfway  into  ob- 
tuse teeth:  corolla  yellowish-green;  galea  half  as  long  as  the  tube,  the  free  thin 
edges  the  same  color  as  the  bract;  lip  short,  one  fourth  as  long  as  the  galea 
and  one  half  as  long  as  the  shallow  plicae:  capsule  ovate,  10-12  mm.  long. — 
Type  locality,  the  Slick  Creek  Bad  Lands,  Big  Horn  Basin,  Wyoming  (B.  C. 
Buffum). 

11.  Castilleja  Integra  Gray,  Bot.  Hex.  Bound.  119.  1859.     Plant  1-3  dm. 
high;  stem  rather  stout,  tomentose:  leaves  cinereous-tomentulose,  linear,  3-7 
cm.  long,  3-7  mm.  wide,  entire:  bracts  of  the  short  spike  red  or  rose-color, 
entire  or  sometimes  incised:  corolla  about  3  cm.  long;  galea  rather  broad;  lip 
strongly  tri-callous,  the  lobes  very  short.     (Includes  C.  gloriosa  Brit,  and  C. 
Lindheimeri  Gray,  as  to  our  range.) — In  dry  ground;  from  Colorado  to  Arizona 
and  Texas. 

12.  Castilleja  confusa  Greene  1.  c.     Perennial,  the  tufted  stems  3-6  dm. 
high;  green  and  glabrous  below,  more  or  less  villous  above,  the  inflorescence 
strongly  villous  with  long,  slightly  deflexed,  somewhat  viscid  but  not  glandular 
hairs:  lower  leaves  all  lanceolate,  acuminate,  entire,  5-8  cm.  long;  those  un- 
der the  inflorescence  broader  and  with  a  pair  of  narrow,  falcately  divergent 
lobes;  bracts  of  the  spike  still  shorter  and  broader,  mainly  scarlet,  and  with 
2  pairs  of  lobes:  calyx  with  4  subequal,  lanceolate,  acute  lobes:  corolla  well 
exserted;  galea  notably  villous  along  the  back,  twice  the  length  of  the  lip, 
the  prominent  teeth  of  which  are  incurved.    C.  miniata  in  part.    (C.  trinervis 
Rydb.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  28:  26.  1901.) — From  Colorado  and  Wyoming 
to  Utah. 

13.  Castilleja  lauta  A.  Nels.  1.  c.  27:  269.  1900.    Stems  several  or  nu- 
merous, simple,  erect,  yellowish-green  to  purplish,  smooth  and  shining  to  stri- 
ate  and  granular-puberulent,  1-3  dm.  high:  leaves  2-5  cm.  long  or  the  lower 
much  reduced,  linear-lanceolate,  acuminate,  and  entire  to  more  broadly  lanceo- 
late and  obtusish;  upwardly  becoming  broadened  at  the  apex  and  toothed 
or  cleft  or  with  short  lateral  lobes;  from  glabrate-puberulent  below  tolanate- 
ciliate  above:  inflorescence  short  and  dense,  gay  or  almost  gaudy,  the  purple 
bracts  large,  lanate-ciliate,  dilated  upward,  entire  or  3-cleft,  nearly  equaling 
the  flowers:  calyx  equally  cleft  to  about  the  middle,  the  2  lobes  again  cleft  to 
about  the  middle  into  oblong-lanceolate  lobes:  corolla  yellow  and  more  or 
less  streaked  with  purple,  18-22  mm.  long;  galea  half  as  long  as  the  tube, 
truncate  and  obscurely  toothed  at  the  apex;  the  lip  short,  the  3  teeth  acu- 
minate and  inflexed.     C.  brunnescens  Rydb.  1.  c.  31:  436.  1904. — Mountain 
slopes;  Colorado  to  Montana. 


460       ,    .          SCROPHULARIACEAE    (FIGWORT   FAMILY) 

14.  Castilleja  rhexifolia   Rydb.   Mem.    N.   Y.   Bot.    Card.    1:  356.  1900. 
Perennial,  with  a  woody  caudex,  3-5  dm.  high,  glabrous  below,  more  or  less 
villous  above:  leaves  linear-lanceolate  to  ovate,  3-5-nerved,  about  5  cm.  long, 
the  upper  often  3-5-cleft,  but  not  deeply  so,  with  lanceolate  lobes:  bracts 
scarlet   or   red:    calyx   about   2.5  cm.   long,   green  at   the  base,   otherwise 
coccineous  or  scarlet,  about  equally,  cleft  above  and  below,  the  clefts  on  the 
sides  about  5  mm.  deep:  corolla  2.5-3  cm.  long,  with  a  galea  about  1  cm.  in 
length.     (C.  Tweedyi  Rydb.  1.  c.  358;  C.  obtusiloba  Rydb.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot. 
Club  31:  644.  1904.) — Open  woods  in  the  mountains;  throughout  our  range. 

15.  Castilleja  lancifolia  Rydb.  1.  c.  357.     Perennial,  with  a  long  creeping 
rootstock,  not  growing  in  clumps,  4-6  cm.  high,  sparingly  villous  or  glabrate, 
comparatively  very  leafy:  leaves  lanceolate,  often  acuminate,  3-5  cm.  long, 
rather  firm,  3-.nerved,  the  upper  seldom  if  ever  cleft:  calyx  and  corolla  as  in 
the  preceding  species:  corolla  about  3  cm.  long,  with  a  galea  slightly  over  1  cm, 
in  length.    (Very  near  to  C.  Suksdorfii  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  22:  311.  1877, 
which  has  a  longer  corolla  with  galea  as  long  as  the  tube.) — Rich  soil  among 
shrubs,  mountain  sides;  Colorado  to  Montana. 

16.  Castilleja  dubia  A.  Nels.    The  woody  caudex  short,  giving  rise  to  few 
or  several  slender,  simple,. ascending  or  erect  stems,  2-3  dm.  high;  pubescence 
sparse,  cinereous,  consisting  of  fine  puberulence  and  some  white,  soft  hairs: 
the  body  or  axis  of  the  leaf  linear,  3-5  cm.  long,  3-5  mm,  broad,  usually  with 
1  or  2  pairs  of  widely  divergent  linear  lobes  which  are  one  third  to  one  half 
as  long  as  the  leaf:  bracts  shorter,  the  blade  and  lobes  relatively  broader  and 
tending  to  become  scarious,  decidedly  yellowish  or  at  the  summit  bright 
yellow:  calyx  about  2  cm.  long,  equally  cleft  to  nearly  one  third  its  length: 
corolla  scarcely  longer  than  the  calyx;  galea  and  tube  subequal;  lip  almost 
wanting,  not  noticeably  saccate,  truncate  and  short-toothed.     (C.  angusti- 
folia  dubia  A.  Nels.  1.  c.  29:  404.  1902.)— Denuded  slopes  of  the  desert  areas; 
Wyoming. 

17.  Castilleja  longispica  A.  Nels.  1.  c.  26:  480.  1899.    Stems  few  to  many, 
2-3  dm.  high,  branched,  the  branches  slender,  erect  (fascicled);  pubescence 
a  short-hirsuteness  with  a  fine  puberulence:  leaves  2-5  cm.  long,  3-cleft  to  the 
middle  or  thereabouts  into  linear  lobes:  bracts  with  dilated  base,  3-cleft  to 
the  middle  or  beyond,  the  middle  lobe  oblong,  obtuse,  the  lateral  linear;  spikes 
dense,  slender,  often  half  the  whole  length  of  the  plant,  yellowish:  calyx-lobes 
equal,   linear-lanceolate,   acuminate,   a  little  shorter  than  the  ovoid  tube: 
corolla  12-15  mm.  long,  one  third  longer  than  the  calyx  and  slightly  exceed- 
ing the  bracts;  lip  triply  saccate  and  conspicuously  3-toothed,  the  sacs  shal- 
low; galea  obtuse  or  subacute,  scarcely  longer  than  the  lip. — Wyoming  to 
Montana  and  Idaho. 

18.  Castilleja  pilifera  A.  Nels.  1.  c.  31:  246.  1904.     Perennial,  more  or 
less  finely  pilose  throughout;  stems  several  from  the  crown  of  a  caudex,  slen- 
der and  erect  from  a  somewhat  decumbent  base,   15-25  cm.  high:  leaves 
numerous,  flaccid,  nearly  linear,  entire  or  with  one  or  more  linear-divergent 
lobes,  3-6  cm.  long:  calyx  a  little  shorter  than  the  bracts,  equally  cleft  above 
and  below  to  the  middle;  the  lobes  linear  and  rarely  more  than  bidentate  at 
apex:  corolla  about  2  cm.  long  (shorter  than  the  calyx),  tubular;  the  lip  as 
long  as  the  galea  and  about  one  fourth  as  long  as  the  tube,  the  linear  teeth  as 
long  as  the  obscurely  saccate  base.    [C.  pilosa  (Wats.)  Rydb.  1.  c.  361  has 
been  reported  from  the  northwest  portion  of  our  range,  as  has  also  the  very 
similar  C.  villosa  Rydb.  1.  c.    Both  have  the  calyx  deeply  cleft  on  the  back 
(anteriorly)  and  the  short  galea  twice  as  long  as  the  lip.] — Wyoming  to  Mon- 
tana and  Idaho. 

19.  Castilleja  fasciculata  A.  Nels.  1.  c.  26:  133.  1899.    Caudex  very  short; 
stems  few  to  several,  simple  or  nearly  so,  slender,  strict  and  fascicled  above, 
cinereous-pubescent  as  are  also  the  leaves  and  inflorescence,  2-3  dm.  high: 
leaves  3-6  cm.  long,  linear  and  entire  to  much  divided :  inflorescence  early  elon- 
gating into  a  close,  rather  slender  spike,  8-18  cm.  long;  bracts  light  green  or 
indistinctly  reddish  or  yellowish,  14-18  mm.  long,  3-cleft  below  the  middle 
from  a  broad  base,  the  lateral  lobes  linear,  divergent:  calyx  equally  cleft  be- 


SCROPHULARIACEAE    (FIGWORT   FAMILY)  461 

fore  and  behind,  the  lobes  short-bifid:  corolla  barely  exceeding  calyx  and 
bracts;  galea  short,  not  more  than  half  as  long  as  the  tube,  twice  as  long 
as  the  lip ;  lip  slightly  ventricose  but  not  callous,  the  3  teeth  short-oblong,  ob- 
tuse, as  long  as  the  ventricose  portion. — Northwestern  Wyoming  and  ad- 
jacent Idaho  and  Montana. 

20.  Castilleja    pallescens    (Gray)    Greenman,    Bot.    Gaz.    25:  266.  1898. 
Cinereous-puberulent ;  stems  2-3  dm.  high,  usually  several  from  a  woody 
perennial  base,  simple  or  sparingly  branched  above:  leaves  3-parted  into 
linear  lobes,  or  the  lower  entire :  bracts  similar  to  the  leaves,  with  dilated  base 
or  the  upper  with  shorter,  obscurely  whitish  or  yellowish  lobes:  calyx  deeply 
2rcleft,  the  broad  lobes  merely  2-cleft  at  the  summit:  corolla  over  12  mm. 
long;  galea  broadish,  obtuse;  the  lower  lip  nearly  half  as  long  as  the  galea, 
obscurely  saccate. — Northwestern  Wyoming  to  Oregon  and  Washington. 

21.  Castilleja  lineata  Greene,  Pitt.  4:  151.  1900.    Tufted  stems  rigid  and 
brittle,  but  not  suffrutescent,  about  2-4  dm.  high  from  a  perennial  root, 
narrowly  and  not  densely  spicate;  herbage  hoary-tomentose :  leaves  ascending, 
linear,  3-6  cm.  long,  entire,  or  in  more  robust  plants  with  one  or  more  pairs  of 
linear  segments,  all  strongly  3-nerved  and  channeled  and  appearing  striate: 
bracts  similar  to  the  leaves,  more  commonly  palmately  cleft  to  the  middle  into 
3  linear  lobes:  corollas  greenish  and  inconspicuous,  little  exceeding  the  calyx 
and  bracts,  2-3  dm.  long;  galea  shorter  than  the  tube  and  the  lower, lip  very 
short.    (C.  linearis  Rydb.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  28:  25.  1901.) — Mountains 
of  Colorado. 

22.  Castilleja  occidentalis  Torr.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  2:  230.  1828.    Commonly 
villous  with  weak  cobwebby  hairs  at  least  in  the  dense  and  short,  leafy-bracted 
spike,  often  glabrous  below;  stems  short,  8-20  cm.  high:  bracts  comparatively 
broad,  mostly  incised  or  cleft,  the  tips  whitish  or  yellowish  and  more  or  less 
streaked  with  red  toward  the  base :  calyx  equally  cleft  to  or  below  the  middle 
and  again  more  or  less  2-cleft:  lip  about  half  the  length  of  the  rather  broad 
galea.    (C.  puberula  Rydb.  1.  c.  31;  644.) — In  the  alpine  regions  of  our  range. 

23.  Castilleja   sulphurea  Rydb.  Mem.   N.  Y.   Bot.   Gard.   1:  359.  1900. 
Stems  3-5  dm.  high,  striate,  finely  puberulent  or  the  upper  portion  slightly 
villous,  simple:  leaves  linear  to  lanceolate  or  the  upper  ovate,  4-5  cm.  long, 
entire  or  the  upper  cleft  or  lobed,  acute,  finely  puberulent,  3-5-ribbed,  light 
green:  bracts  2-3  cm.  long,  broadly  ovate,  obtuse,  entire,  or  with  a  few  small 
teeth,  3-5-ribbed,  puberulent,  yellow  or  yellowish-green:  calyx  about  1.5  cm. 
long,  about  equally  cleft  before  and  behind  and  cleft  about  2-3  mm.  at  the 
sides:  corolla  greenish,  2.2-2.5  cm.  long;  galea  about  three  times  as  long  as 
the  lip  which  is  3-cleft  or  lobed.    [C.  luteovirens  Rydb.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club 
28:  26.  1901;  C.  wyomingensis  Rydb.  (?).] — Very  common  in  moist  places 
in  the  mountains;  throughout  our  range. 

16.  ORTHOCARPUS  Nutt. 

Annual  herbs  with  alternate  leaves  and  yellow,  white,  or  purple  flowers  in 
bracted  spikes,  the  bracts  often  bright-colored.  Calyx  tubular  or  tubular- 
campanulate,  4-cleft.  Corolla  very  irregular,  the  tube  slender,  the  limb  bi- 
labiate; upper  lip  little  if  any  longer  than  the  3-lobed,  1-3-saccate  lower  one. 
Stamens  4,  ascending  under  the  upper  lip;  anther-cells  dissimilar,  the  outer 
one  affixed  by  its  middle,  the  other  pendulous  from  its  upper  end,  commonly 
small,  sometimes  wanting.  Style  filiform,  with  entire  stigma.  Capsule  ob- 
long, many-seeded. 

Corolla  yellow;  spike  dense. 

Pubescent  and  hirsute;  stem  usually  strict  .         .         .  .1.  O.  luteus. 

Merely  puberulent;  stem  usually  divaricately  branched  above  .     2.  O.  Tolmiei. 

Corolla  white,  turning  rose-purple  .         .         .         .         .  .     3.  O.  purpureo-albus. 

1.  Orthocarpus  luteus  Nutt.  Gen.  2:  57.  1818.  Pubescent  and  hirsute, 
sometimes  viscid;  stem  strict,  1-3  dm.  high:  leaves  linear  to  lanceolate,  occa- 
sionally 3-cleft,  about  equaling  the  flowers:  corolla  golden-yellow,  about  1  cm. 


462  PINGUICULACEAE    (BLADDERWORT   FAMILY) 

long,  2  or  3  times  the  length  of  "the  calyx;  tip  of  galea  obtuse  and  straight.— 
Plains;  from  northern  Minnesota  to  Colorado  and  westward. 

2.  Orthocarpus    Tolmiei    H.  &  A.    Bot.    Beech.    379.    1840.     Puberulent, 
1.5-3  dm.  high,  loosely  branched:  leaves  narrowly  lanceolate-linear,  chiefly 
entire:  bracts  of  the  small  and  short  spikes  little  dilated,  often  3-cleft,  the 
upper  shorter  than  the  flowers:  corolla  bright. yellow,  12-14  mm.  long,  3  or  4 
times  longer  than  the  calyx;  minute  tip  of  galea  inflexed. — Western  Wyoming, 
Utah,  and  Idaho. 

3.  Orthocarpus  purpureo-albus  Gray,  in  Wats.  Bot.  King's  Exp.458. 1871. 
Minutely  pubescent,  somewhat  viscid,  simple  or  branched,   1-2  dm.  high: 
leaves  entire  or  mostly  3-cleft,  filiform:  bracts  similar  or  somewhat  dilated  at 
base:  corolla  about  18  mm.  long,  white,  turning  rose-purple,  with  tube  twice 
or  thrice  the  length  of  the  calyx;  tip  of  galea  mucroniform,  inflexed. — From 
Colorado  and  New  Mexico  to  Utah  and  Arizona. 

17.  CORDYLANTHUS  Nutt. 

Branching  annuals,  with  alternate,  narrow,  entire  or  parted  leaves,  and 
dull-colored  flowers  in  small  terminal  clusters  or  sometimes  scattered.  Calyx 
spathaceous,  1  or  2-leaved,  uncolored  as  are  also  the  bracts.  Corolla  tubular, 
the  lips  subequal.  Stamens  4;  anther-cells  dissimilar,  ciliate  or  bearded  at 
base  and  apex;  the  outer  one  affixed  by  its  middle;  the  pendulous  one  from 
its  upper  end  smaller  or  sometimes  wanting.  Style  hooked  at  tip. 

Calyx  diphyllous. 

Corolla  dull  yellow;  plant  glabrate  or  subscabrous  .  .  .  .  1.  C.  Wrightii. 

Corolla  purplish;  plant  cinereous-puberulent  .  .  .  .  .  2.  C,  ramosus. 

Calyx  monophyllous  .         .         .         .         .         .  .  .  .  .  3.  C.  Kingii. 

1.  Cordylanthus  Wrightii  Gray,  Bot.  Mex.   Bound.   120.  1859.     Loosely 
branched,   almost   glabrous  or  puberulent-scabrous,   3-6   dm.   high:   leaves 
setaceous-filiform,  3-5-parted ;  floral  similar,  the  tips  not  dilated :  flowers  sev- 
eral in  the  mostly  dense  terminal  heads:  corolla  purplish,  25  mm.  long,  with 
rather  long  lips:  anthers  villous. — Probably  reaching  southern  Colorado  from 
New  Mexico  and  Texas. 

2.  Cordylanthus  ramosus   Nutt.    Benth.   in   DC.   Prodr.    10:  597    1846. 
Cinereous-puberulent,  1-2  dm.  high,  diffusely  much  branched:  leaves  filiform, 
all  but  the  lower  usually  3-7-parted:  flowers  few  in  the  small  terminal  heads, 
or  in  the  upper  axils:  corolla  dull  yellow,  about  12mm.  long. — Desert  areas; 
Wyoming  to  Nevada  and  Oregon. 

3.  Cordylanthus  Kingii  Wats.  Bot.  King's  Exp.  233.  1871.    Viscid-pubes- 
cent or  villous,  diffusely  branched,  2-3  dm.  high:  leaves  3-5  cm.  long,  mostly 
3-5-parted  into  linear-filiform  divisions:  flowers  glomerate,  sessile  in  the  axil 
of  a  clasping  leaf  or  bract,  or  scattered  at  the  summits  of  the  slender  branch- 
lets:  corolla  purplish,  about  2  cm.  long. — Southwestern  Colorado  to  Nevada. 

105.  PINGUICULACEAE  Dumort.    BLADDERWORT  FAMILY 

Small  herbs  (growing  in  water  or  wet  places),  with  a  2-lipped  calyx,  a 
2-lipped  corolla,  2  stamens  with  (confluently)  1-celled  anthers,  and  a  1-celled 
ovary  with  a  free  central  placenta  bearing  several  seeds.  Corolla  deeply 
2-lipped,  the  lower  lip  larger,  3-lobed  and  with  a  prominent  palate,  spurred 
at  the  base  in  front;  the  palate  usually  bearded.  Ovary  free;  style  very  short 
or  none;  stigma  1-2-lipped.  Capsule  often  bursting  irregularly.  Scapes  1- 
few-flowered. 

1.  UTRICULARIA  L.     BLADDERWORT 

Aquatic  and  immersed,  with  capillary-dissected  leaves  bearing  little  blad- 
ders, which  float  the  plant  at  the  time  of  flowering;  or  rooting  in  the  mud, 


tJROBANCHACEAE    (BROOM    RAPE   FAMILY)  463 

and  sometimes  with  few  or  no  leaves  or  bladders.  Bladders  furnished  with  a 
valvular  lid  and  usually  with  a  few  bristles  at  the  orifice.  Lips  of  the  2- 
parted  calyx  entire,  or  nearly  so. 

Leaves  pinnately  divided;  corolla  broad  (12  mm.),  with  permanent  spur  .  1.  U.  vulgaris. 
Leaves  dichotomously  divided;  corolla  half  as  broad.  .  .  .  .2.  U.  minor. 

1.  Utricularia   vulgaris   L.   Sp.    PI.    18.  1753.     Stems   submersed,    leafy, 
3-12  dm.  long:  leaves  numerous,  alternate;  blades  2-3-pinnately  dissected 
into  filiform  segments,  usually  bearing  numerous  bladders;  bladders  when 
fully  developed  3-5  mm.  long:  scapes  erect,   1-3  dm.  high:  racemes  5-10- 
flowered;  pedicels  5-15  mm.  long,  recurving  at  maturity:  calyx  becoming 
3-3.5  mm.  long:  corolla  yellow,  12-15  mm.  broad;  the  upper  lip  erect,  nearly 
entire;  the  lower  lip  spreading,  slightly  3-lobed;  spur  not  appressed,  horn- 
like, slightly  curved,  shorter  than  the  lower  lip:  capsules  many-seeded. — In 
brooks  and  ponds  throughout  most  of  the  northern  hemisphere. 

2.  Utricularia  minor  L.  1.  c.     Scapes  slender,  0.5-1.8  dm.  high;  branches 
floating,  short:  leaf-divisions  few  and  setaceous;  bladders  borne  along  the 
leaves,  few,  often  none,  the  largest  not  over  2  mm.  long:  flowers  1-10,  pale 
yellow,  racemose:  corolla  4-6  mm.  broad,  ringent,  the  upper  lip  smaller  than 
the  lower;  spur  usually  reduced  to  a  blunt,  broad  protuberance,  shorter  than 
the  lips:  pedicels  reflexed  in  fruit. — Shallow  ponds  and  bogs;  like  the  preced- 
ing widely  distributed. 

106.  OROBANCHACEAE  Lindl.     BROOM  RAPE  FAMILY 

Commonly  perennial  herbs,  destitute  of  green  foliage  and  parasitic  on  the 
roots  of  other  plants.  Stems  sometimes  almost  wanting.  Leaves  scale-like. 
Flowers  perfect,  or  rarely  dioecious.  Calyx  of  4  or  5  more  or  less  united  se- 
pals, persistent;  tube  campanulate  or  tubular.  Corolla  persistent  on  wither- 
ing; limb  more  or  less  bilabiate  and  irregular.  Stamens  4,  didynamous, 
adnate  to  the  corolla,  mostly  included;  anthers  2-celled  or  rarely  1-celled, 
leathery.  Styles  united,  terminal;  stigma  capitate. or  2-lobed;  ovules  mostly 
numerous,  anatropous.  Fruit  a  capsule,  inclosed  in  the  persistent  corolla, 
with  1  or  apparently  2  cavities. 

Flowers  spicate,  sessile  or  subsessile,  bracteate  .  ,  .  •  .  .  -,-  ,  .  1.  Orobanche. 
Flowers  pedunculate  and  bractless  ........  2.  Thalesia. 

1.  OROBANCHE  L.     BROOM  RAPE 

Parasitic  herbs,  on  roots  of  various  plants,  commonly  with  yellowish  or 
brownish  pubescent  foliage.  Leaves  scale-like.  Flowers  spicate,  with  bract- 
lets.  Calyx  with  a  deep  sinus  above  and  below,  the  lateral  lobes  often  2-cleft. 
Corolla  irregular;  tube  slightly  curved;  limb  2-lipped,  the  upper  lip  erect  or 
incurved,  the  lower  lip  spreading.  Ovary  1-celled.  Capsule  2-valved. — Aphyl- 
lon  in  part. 

Corolla  2  cm.  or  more  long;  anthers  woolly         .         .         .         .  1.  O.  multiflqra. 

Corolla  less  than  2  cm.  long;  anthers  glabrous     .         .         .         .         .     2.  O.  ludoviciana. 

1.  Orobanche  multiflora  Nutt.  PI.  Gamb.  179.  1847.    Whole  plant  viscidly 
pruinose-puberulent,  1-3  dm.  high:  flowers  nearly  sessile  or  the  lower  ones 
short-pediceled :  calyx  bibracteolate,  almost  5-parted  into  linear-lanceolate 
lobes,  fully  half  the  length  of  the  ample  purplish  corolla:  anthers  very  woolly. 
— Gravelly  plains  and  pine  woods;  western  Texas  to  Arizona,  extending  into 
Southern  Colorado. 

2.  Orobanche  ludoviciana  Nutt.  Gen.  2:  58.  1818.    Rather  less  pubescent: 
spikes  more  frequently  compound:  calyx  less  deeply  and  somewhat  unequally 
5-cleft:  corolla  about  half  smaller;  upper  lip  sometimes  almost  entire:  anthers 


464         PLANT  AGIN  ACEAE  (PLANTAIN  FAMILY) 

(before  dehiscence)  glabrous  or  nearly  so. — From  the  Saskatchewan  to  Texas 
and  westward. 

2.  THALESIA  Raf. 

Glandular  or  viscid-pubescent  simple-stemmed  herbs,  with  scattered  scales 
and  long-peduncled  flowers.  Calyx  campanulate  or  hemispheric,  the  lobes 
acute  or  acuminate.  Corolla-tube  elongated,  curved,  the  limb  slightly  2- 
lipped,  the  upper  lip  erect-spreading,  2-lobed,  the  lower  spreading,  3-lobed, 
the  lobes  all  nearly  equal.  Stamens  included;  anther-sacs  mucronate  at  the 
base.  Ovary  ovoid;  style  slender,  deciduous;  stigma  peltate,  or  transversely 
2-lamellate. — Aphyllon  in  part. 

Flowers  few  or  solitary 1.  T.  uniflora. 

Flowers  several  or  many         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .     2.  T.  fasciculata. 

1.  Thalesia  uniflora   (L.)   Brit.    Mem.  Torr.    Club  5:  298.  1894.     Scaly 
stem  short  and  nearly  subterranean,  bearing  few  scapes  1-2  dm.  high:  calyx- 
lobes  mostly  much  longer  than  the  tube,  subulate,  usually  attenuate:  corolla 
violet-tinged,  about  2.5  cm.  long;   the   lobes   obovate   and   rather   large. — 
Damp  woods;  from  Newfoundland  to  Texas  and  westward  across  the  con- 
tinent. 

2.  Thalesia  fasciculata  (Nutt.)  Brit.  1.  c.    More  pubescent  and  glandular; 
stem  often  emergent  and  mostly  as  long  as  the  numerous  fascicled  peduncles, 
not  rarely  shorter:  calyx-lobes  broadly- or  triangular- subulate,  not  longer  than 
the  tube,  very  much  shorter  than  the  dull  yellow  or  purplish  corolla :  lobes  of 
the  latter  oblong  and  smaller. — From  Lake  Michigan  to  Arizona  and  westward 
across  the  continent;  on  Artemisia,  Eriogonum,  etc. 

107.  MARTYNIACEAE  Link.    MARTYNIA  FAMILY 

Annual  or  perennial  herbs,  with  thick  branching  stems.  Leaves  opposite; 
blades  expanded,  simple,  mostly  contracted  into  petioles.  Flowers  perfect, 
irregular.  Calyx  inferior,  sessile  or  stalked;  lobes  4  or  5.  Corolla  showy; 
tube  oblique,  often  decurved;  limb  2-lipped;  lobes  5,  spreading,  the  2  upper 
exterior  in  the  bud.  3tamens  didynamous;  anthers  with  spreading  sacs. 
Ovary  1 -celled;  style  slender;  stigmas  2.  Fruit  a  beaked  capsule. 

1.  MARTYNIA  L.     UNICORN  PLANT 
Characters  of  the  family. 

1.  Martynia  louisiana  Mill.  Card.  Diet.  Ed.  8.  No.  3.  1768.  Leaves  heart- 
shaped,  oblique,  entire  or  undulate,  the  upper  alternate:  corolla  dull  white 
or  purplish,  or  spotted  with  yellow  and  purple:  endocarp  of  the  fruit  crested 
on  one  side,  long-beaked. — In  waste  places;  rare  in  our  range  as  an  escape 
from  cultivation;  native  in  the  Mississippi  valley. 

108.  PLANTAGINACEAE  Lindl.    PLANTAIN  FAMILY 

Chiefly  acaulescent,  with  1-several-ribbed  or  nerved  radical  leaves,  simple 
spicate  inflorescence,  and  regular  4-merous  flowers.  Corolla  scarious  and 
veinless,  usually  marcescent.  Stamens  4  or  2,  with  filiform  filaments  and  ver- 
satile anthers.  Fruit  a  capsule  (pyxis). 

PLANTAGO  L.     PLANTAIN 

Acaulescent  or  short-caulescent  herbs,  with  mostly  radical  parallel-veined 
leaves  and  small  white  or  greenish  flowers  in  terminal  spikes  or  heads.  Calvx- 


PLANTAGINACEAE    (PLANTAIN   FAMILY)  465 

segments  equal,  or  2  of  them  larger.  Corolla  salverform;  the  tube  cylindric, 
or  constricted  at  the  throat;  the  limb  4-lobed  or  4-parted,  spreading  in  flower, 
in  fruit  spreading,  erect,  or  reflexed.-  Stamens  4  or  2.  Ovary  2-celled  or 
falsely  3-4-celled.  Fruit  a  membranaceous  capsule.  Seed-coat  developing 
copious  mucilage  when  wetted. 

Stamens  4;  flowers  perfect;  corolla  not  closing  over  the  capsule. 

Leaves  3-8-nerved,  glabrous  or  pubescent  but  not  silky-lanate;  spikes 

not  woolly. 
Capsule  circumscissile  near  the  middle. 

Leaves  broad,  mostly  oval  .         .         .         .         .         .         .     1.  P.  major. 

Leaves  lanceolate          .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .     2.  P.  lanceolata. 

Capsule  circumscissile  near  the  base. 
Crown  not  woolly. 

In  saline  soil;  leaves  oval,  5-9-nerved;  capsule  5-20-seeded       .     3.  P.  nitrophila. 
Subalpine;  leaves  3-7-nerved;  capsule  usually  4-seeded     .         .     4.  P.  Tweedyi. 
Crown  with  brown  or  red  wool  involving  the  base  of  the  petioles     5.  P.  eriopoda. 
Leaves  linear,  silky-lanate;  spikes  woolly     .         .         .         .         .         .     6.  P.  Purshii. 

Stamens  2;  flowers  subdioecious  or    polygamo-dioecious;    corolla-lobes 

closing  over  the  capsule  .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .     7.  P.  elongata. 

1.  Plantago  major  L.  Sp.  PL  113.  1753.    Smooth  or  sometimes  pubescent 
or  even  roughish:  leaves  strongly  ribbed,  broad,  ovate,  oblong,  oval,  or  sub- 
cordate,  often  toothed,  abruptly  narrowed  into  a  channeled  petiole:  spike 
dense,  obtuse:  sepals  round-ovate  or  obovate:  corolla  glabrous:  style  exserted 
from  the  unopened  corolla:  stamens  exserted  when  the  corolla  has  opened: 
pod  ovoid,  circumscissile  near  the  middle,  8-18-seeded;  seeds  angled,  reticu- 
lated.— Cosmopolitan;  waste  places  about  towns. 

2.  Plantago  lanceolata  L.  1.  c.     More  or  less  pubescent;  rootstpck  short, 
with  tufts  of  brown  hair  at  the  base  of  the  leaves,  perennial  or  biennial:  leaves 
narrowly  lanceolate,  mostly  erect,   entire,   acute  or  acuminate,   gradually 
narrowed  into  petioles,  3-5-ribbed:  scapes  slender,  channeled,  2-5  dm.  high: 
spikes  very  dense,  at  first  short  and  ovoid,  becoming  cylindric,  blunt,  2-8  cm. 
long  in  fruit;  flowers  perfect:  sepals  ovate,  with  a  narrow  green  midrib  and 
broad,  scarious  margins,  the  2  lower  ones  commonly  united:  corolla  glabrous, 
the  tube  very  short:  stamens  exserted:  capsule  oblong,  very  obtuse,  2-seeded, 
slightly  longer  than  the  calyx,  circumscissile  at  about  the  middle :  seeds  deeply 
excavated  on  the  face. — Infrequent  in  our  range;  widely  dispersed  from 
Europe. 

3.  Plantago   nitrophila   A.    Nels.    Bull.   Torr.   Bot.   Club    29:  405.  1902. 
Rootstock  short,  with  a  great  number  of  thick,  .fibrous  roots:  leaves  1  dm.  or 
more  in  length,  mostly  oval,  sometimes  nearly  orbicular,  obtuse  or  obtusish, 
entire  or  crenately  dentate,  the  5-7  nerves  extending  into  the  pubescent 
petiole  which  generally  equals  or  exceeds  the  thick  blade:  scape  proper  about 
equaling  the  leaves,  whitish  with  soft  crinkly  hairs:  spike  equaling  the  scape, 
simple  or  with  2  or  more  short  spikes  from  the  lowest  foliar  bracts,  mod- 
erately thick,  crowded;  bracts  proper  ovate,   subacute,   scarious-margined, 
keeled  and  closely  appressed,  shorter  than  the  mature  fruit:  sepals  nearly 
orbicular,  overlapping  each  other,  scarious  with  a  green  midrib,  but  little 
more  than  half  as  long  as  the  bracts:  capsule  ovate,  3-4  mm.  long,  circum- 
scissile near  the  base:  seeds  7-10  in  each  cell,  oblong-elliptic,  obscurely  wing- 
angled  and  delicately  reticulated,  dark  brown.     (P.  asiatica  as  to  our  range, 
and  probably  also  P.  Rugellii.} — Wet  alkaline  banks;  Colorado  and  Wyoming. 

4.  Plantago  Tweedyi  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  21:  390.  1886.    Plant  1-2  dm.  high 
from  a  slender  root  or  rootstock,  destitute  of  wool  at  the  crown:  leaves  mem- 
branaceous, lanceolate-spatulate,  entire  or  obsoletely  denticulate,  obscurely 
3-5-nerved,  3-7  cm.  long,  attenuate  into  a  shorter  margined  petiole:  spike 
slender  but  densely  flowered,  2-5  cm.  long:  bracts  and  sepals  short,  about 
2  mm.  long,  pale  with  greenish  midrib,  little  over  half  the  length  of  the  oblong 
capsule. — Subalpine;  from  Colorado  to  Idaho  and  Montana. 

5.  Plantago  eriopoda  Torr.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  2:  237.  1827.    Usually  a  mass 
of  yellowish-brown  or  red  wool  at  the  crown:  leaves  oblanceolate  to  oval- 
obovate,  fleshy-coriaceous,  3-7-nerved,  1-1.5  dm.  long,  with  a  short  or  stout 
petiole :  spike  cylindrical,  dense  or  sometimes  sparsely  flowered :  sepals  roundish- 

EOCKY  MT.  BOT. — 30 


466  RUBIACEAE  (MADDER  FAMILY) 

obovate,  scarious  except  the  midrib:  capsule  ovoid,  slightly  exceeding  the 
calyx,  2-4-seeded,  circumscissile  below  the  middle;  seeds  nearly  flat.  (P. 
retrorsa  Greene,  PL  Baker.  3:  32.  1901.) — Abundant  in  saline  or  alkaline 
meadows  in  our  range  and  far  westward. 

6.  Plantago  Purshii  Roem.  &  Schult.  Syst.  3:  120.  1818.    White-woolly  or 
silky  pale-green  annual:  leaves  ascending,  linear,  acute  or  acuminate,  narrowed 
into  margined  petioles,  1-3-neryed,  5-25  cm.  long,  entire  or  with  a  few  small 
teeth:  scapes  0.5-3  dm.  high:  spikes  very  dense,  hoary,  cylindrical,  obtuse,  very 
woolly;  bracts  rigid,  linear-subulate:  sepals  oblong,  obtuse,  scarious-margined: 
corolla-lobes  broadly  ovate,  spreading:  stamens  4,  just  exserted  from  the  tube 
or  with  long  capillary  filaments:  capsule  oblong,  obtuse;  seeds  2,  light  brown, 
oblong,  convex  on  the  back,  deeply  concave  on  the  face. — Dry  slopes  and 
plains;  the  western  half  of  the  United  States. 

7.  Plantago  elongata  Pursh,  Fl.  729.  1814.    Somewhat  cinereous-puberu- 
lent  annual:  leaves  linear-spatulate,  3-5  cm.  long,  entire:  scapes  3-10  cm. 
high:  spikes  1-3  cm.  long,  loosely  flowered;  flowers  imperfectly  dioecious  or 
polygamous;  bracts  ovate,  keeled,  about  1  mm.  long:  sepals  oblong,  obtuse, 
about  equaling  the  bracts,  with  broad  scarious  margins:  corolla-lobes  triangular- 
ovate,  acute,  becoming  erect  and  closed  over  the  capsule:  stamens  2:  capsule 
short-ovoid,  a  little  longer  than  the  calyx,  circumscissile  below  the  middle, 
4-seeded;  seeds  elongated-oblong,  dark  brown.    P.  pusilla.     (P.  myosuroides 

'Rydb.  Mem.  N.  Y.  Bot.  Card.  1:  369.  1900.) — Wet  places;  transcontinental; 
rare  in  our  range. 

109.  RUBIACEAE  B.  Juss.    MADDER  FAMILY 

Shrubs  or  (ours)  herbs,  with  opposite  entire  leaves  connected  by  interposed 
stipules,  or  verticillate  without  apparent  stipules.  Calyx  adnate  to  the 
2-4-celled  ovary.  Stamens  as  many  as  the  lobes  of  the  regular  corolla, 
and  inserted  on  its  tube.  Ovary  1-10-celled;  style  simple  or  lobed.  Fruit 
(in  ours)  dry,  separating  into  2  indehiscent  carpels. 

Leaves  opposite,  with  entire,  interpetiolar  stipules  .  .  .  .  .  1.  Kelloggia 
Leaves  verticillate,  without  stipules  ........  2.  Galium. 

1.  KELLOGGIA  Torr. 

Small  herbs  with  opposite  leaves  and  small  loosely  cymose-panicled  flowers. 
Flowers  generally  4-merous.  Calyx  with  obovate  tube  and  minute  teeth. 
Corolla  between  funnelform  and  salverform.  Stamens  and  style  more  or  less 
exserted.  Ovary  2-celled.  Fruit  small,  dry,  and  coriaceous,  beset  with 
hooked  bristles,  separating  at  maturity  into  2-closed  carpels. 

1.  Kelloggia  galioides  Torr.  Bot.  Wilkes.  Exp.  332.  1874.  Slender  and 
glabrous  or  puberulent  perennial,  1-3  dm.  high:  leaves  opposite,  lanceolate, 
sessile,  with  small  and  entire  or  2-dentate  interposed  stipules:  flowers  small, 
in  a  loose  dichotomous  cyme,  the  long  pedicels  thickened  above  and  articu- 
lated with  the  flower:  corolla  funnelform,  white  or  pinkish,  5-W  mm.  long, 
pubescent  on  the  outside:  fruit  small,  oblong,  coriaceous,  uncinate-hispid. — 
From  Wyoming  to  Washington  and  California. 

2.  GALIUM  L.    BEDSTRAW.    CLEAVERS 

Slender  herbs,  with  small  cymose  flowers  (produced  in  summer),  square 
stems,  and  whorled  leaves,  the  roots  often  containing  a  red  coloring  matter. 
Calyx-teeth  obsolete.  Corolla  4-parted,  rarely  3-parted,  wheel-shaped,  val- 
vate  in  the  bud.  Stamens  4,  rarely  3,  short.  Styles  2.  Fruit  dry  or  fleshy, 
globular,  twin,  separating  when  ripe  into  the  2  seed-like,  indehiscent,  1- 
seeded  carpels. 


RUBIACEAE    (MADDER   FAMILY)  467 

Annuals;  fruit  hispid  or  hirsute. 

Stems  rough  on  the  angles;  leaves  6-8  in  each  whorl. 

Stems  erect  or  ascending;  fruit  2-3  mm.  broad  .         .         .         .     1.  G.  Vaillantii. 

Stems  reclining;  fruit  4-6  mm0  broad  .         .         .         .         .         .     2.  G.  Aparine. 

Stems  erect,  smooth; 'leaves  mostly  in  fours  .         .         .         .         .     3.  G.  bifolium. 

Perennials. 

Stems  wholly  herbaceous;  flowers  perfect. 

Leaves  3-nerved;  fruit  canescent,  becoming  glabrous  .         .         .     4.  G.  boreale. 
Leaves  1-nerved;  fruit  smooth  or  hispid. 

Leaves  cuspidate-pointed         .         .         .         .         .         .         .     5.  G.  triflorum. 

Leaves  not  cuspidate-pointed. 
Fruit  hispid  with  hooked  hairs. 

Stems  and  pedicels  more  or  less  scabrous  .         .         .     6.  G.  trifidum. 

Stems  and  pedicels  glabrous      .         .         .         .         .         .     7.  G.  Brandegei. 

Fruit  merely  granulate-scabrous .         .         .         .         .         .     8.  G.  asperrimum. 

Stems  somewhat  woody  at  base;  flowers  dioecious          .         .         .     9.  G.  coloradoense. 

1.  Galium  Vaillantii  DC.  Fl.  Fr.  4:  263.  1805.    Stems  slender,  branching 
from  the  base,  diffuse,  3-5  dm.  long,  retrorsely  hispid  on  the  angles:  leaves 
6-8  in  the  whorl,  linear-oblanceolate,  cuspidate,  1-2.5  cm.  long,  retrorsely 
scabrous  on  the  veins  and  margin,  the  axillary  umbellate  cymes  3-9-flowered: 
corolla  about  2  mm.  in  diameter,  white  or  greenish:  fruit  large,  more  or  less 
fine-tuberculate  and  uncinate-hispid. — Throughout  our  range  and  westward. 

2.  Galium  Aparine  L.  Sp.  PI.  108.  1753.     Stems  coarse,  reclining,  3-15 
dm.  long,  introrsely  hispid  on  the  angles:  leaves  6-8  in  the  whorls,  oblanceo- 
late  to  almost  linear,  3-5  cm.  long,  cuspidate-acuminate,  retrorsely  hispid  on 
the  margin  and  midrib:  peduncles  rather  long,  1-3  in  the  upper  axils  or  ter- 
minal, bearing  1-3  pedicellate  flowers:  corolla  2-4  mm.  in  diameter,  whitish: 
fruit  not  pendulous,  rather  large,  granulate-tuberculate,  the  tubercles  tipped 
with  uncinate  bristles. — In  rich  lands  along  streams,  etc.;  California  to  Alaska 
and  across  the  continent. 

3.  Galium  bifolium  Wats.  Bot.  King's  Exp.  134.  1871.    Smooth  and  gla- 
brous; stems  slender,  1-3  dm.  high,  mostly  erect,  sparingly  branched:  leaves 
2-4  in  the  whorl,  lanceolate,  8-15  mm.  long,  when  4  the  alternate  pair  much 
smaller:  peduncles  solitary,  lateral  and  terminal,  naked,  1-flowered,  when  in 
fruit  about  equaling  the  leaves,  spreading:  corolla  minute,  white:  fruit  small, 
minutely  hispid,  recurved  at  the  end  of  the  peduncle. — Colorado  and  Wyo- 
ming to  California  and  Washington. 

4.  Galium  boreale  L.  1.  c.    Erect,  3-6  dm.  high,  mostly  smooth  and  gla- 
brous, very  leafy:  leaves  in  fours,  3-nerved,  blunt,  linear  to  broadly  lan- 
ceolate, often  with  fascicles  of  smaller  ones  in  the  axils:  flowers  very  numer- 
ous and  collected  in  a  terminal  and  ample  thyrsiform  panicle,  the  uppermost 
leaves  being  reduced  to  pairs  of  small  oblong  or  oval  bracts:  fruit  small, 
hispidulous,   or  at  first  canescent  and  soon  glabrous  and  smooth. — From 
New  Mexico  and  California  north  to  the  arctic  regions. 

5.  Galium  triflorum  Michx.  Fl.  1 :  80.  1803.   Diffusely  procumbent,  smooth- 
ish;  herbage  sweet-scented  in  drying;  stems  3-10  dm.  long:  leaves  in  sixes, 
elliptical-lanceolate  to  narrowly  oblong,  3-5  cm.  long,  scabrous  or  not  on  the 
margins  and  midrib  beneath:  cymes  once  or  twice  3-rayed;  pedicels  soon 
divaricate:  corolla  yellowish-white  to  greenish,  the  lobes  hardly  surpassing  the 
bristles  of  the  ovary.    (G.  flaviflorum  Heller.) — Across  the  continent. 

6.  Galium  trifidum  L.  1.  c.  105.    Weakly  erect,  branching,  1-5  dm.  high, 
smooth  and  glabrous,  except  for  the  retrorsely  scabrous  angles  of  the  stem 
and  the  usually  more  hispidulous  and  sparse  roughness  of  the  midrib  and 
margins  of  the  leaves:  leaves  in  sixes,  fives,  or  not  rarely  fours,  linear,  ob- 
lanceolate,  or  lanceolate-oblong,  obtuse,   1-2  cm.  long:  peduncles  slender, 
scattered,  1-several-flowered;  flowers  often  3-merous,  as  commonly  4-merous: 
fruit  smooth  and  glabrous. — From  Texas  to  California,  northward  and  east- 
ward. 

6a.  Galium  trifidum  subbiflorum  Wiegand,  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  24:  399. 
1897.  Stems  less  scabrous  than  in  the  type,  somewhat  stouter:  leaves  larger, 
very  unequal,  8-10  mm.  by  2  mm.,  flaccid  and  nearly  smooth :  pedicels  capillary 
and  as  long  as  the  leaves,  or  sometimes  rather  stout:  rarely  2  or  even  3- 
flowered,  nearly  glabrous. — From  our  range  to  the  Pacific. 


468  CAPRIFOLIACEAE    (HONEYSUCKLE   FAMILY) 

7.  Galium  Brandegei  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  12:  58.  1877.    Perennial  and 
caespitose,  forming  dense  mats;  stems  low  and  prostrate  or  ascending,  5-12  cm. 
long,  slender  and  rather  densely  leafy,  smooth  or  nearly  so;  branches  when 
present  solitary:  leaves  in  fours,  unequal,  obovate-spatulate,  small,  10  mm. 
or  less,  rounded  at  the  apex,  cuneate  at  the  base,  somewhat  fleshy,  dull  on 
both  surfaces,  veins  indistinct,  margins  and  midrib  glabrous:  flowers  lateral, 
commonly  geminate,  on  glabrous  arcuate  pedicels  which  are  as  long  as  or 
longer  than  the  leaves:  corolla  of  medium  size,  white,  3-parted,  lobes  broadly 
oval,  obtuse:  fruit  glabrous. — Colorado  to  New  Mexico  and  far  westward. 

8.  Galium  asperrimum  Gray,  Mem.  Am.  Acad.  4:  60.  1840.    Stems  erect 
or  diffusely  ascending  but  weak,  1-2  dm.  long:  leaves  lanceolate,  1-2  cm. 
long:  cymes  twice  or  thrice  dichotomous,  with  filiform  peduncles  and  pedicels: 
corolla  white  or  turning  purplish:   ovary  merely  puberulent  or  scabrous: 
fruit  granulate-scabrous  and  sometimes  minutely  hispidulous. — Throughout 
the  western  United  States. 

9.  Galium  coloradoense  Wight,  Zoe  5:  54.   1900.     Glabrous  and  smooth, 
paniculately  branched,   slightly  woody  at  base:   leaves  4   in  the  whorls, 
smooth,  linear,  with  prominent  midrib,  1-3  cm.  long,  cuspidate-acute:  flowers 
dioecious,  the  fertile  naked-paniculate:   corolla  about  2    mm.  in  diameter: 
bristles  of  the  mature  fruit  as  long  as  the  body  or  longer,  somewhat  crumpled 
but  not  hooked.    G.  Mathewsii  in  part.     Arid  areas;  southern  Colorado. 


110.  CAPRIFOLIACEAE  Vent.    HONEYSUCKLE  FAMILY 

Shrubs  or  rarely  herbs  with  opposite  exstipulate  leaves  and  perfect  mostly 
cymose  flowers.  Calyx-tube  adnate  to  the  ovary.  Corolla  sympetalous, 
5-lobed  or  rarely  bilabiate.  Stamens  5  (4  in  Linnaea),  inserted  on  the  tube  of 
the  corolla  and  alternate  with  its  lobes.  Fruit  a  berry,  drupe,  or  capsule, 
2-5-celled. 

Corolla  short,  rotate  or  urceolate;  stigma  nearly  sessile;  fruit  drupa- 
ceous. 

Leaves  pinnately  compound 1.  Sambucus. 

Leaves  simple          ..........     2.  Viburnum. 

Corolla  tubular  or  campanulate;  style  elongated;  fruit  dry  or  berry- 
like. 

Slightly  woody  herb  with  twin  flowers    .         .         .         .         .         .3.  Linnaea. 

Shrubs. 

Corolla  regular;  fruit  2-seeded 4.  Symphoricarpos. 

Corolla  irregular;  fruit  few-several-seeded  .         .         .         .5.  Lonicera. 

1.  SAMBUCUS  L.     ELDER 

Shrubby  plants,  with  a  rank  smell  when  bruised,  pinnate  leaves,  serrate 
pointed  leaflets,  and  numerous  small  white  flowers  in  compound  cymes. 
Calyx-lobes  minute  or  obsolete.  Corolla  open,  urn-shaped,  with  a  broadly 
spreading  5-cleft  limb.  Stamens  5.  Stigmas  3.  Fruit  a  berry-like  juicy 
drupe,  containing  3  small  seed-like  nutlets. 

Cyme  flat-topped ;  pith  in  year-old  stems  white. 

Stem  tree-like  and  long  enduring;  fruit  black  beneath  a  copious 

bloom 1.  S.  glauca. 

Stem  short-lived;  fruit  purple-black,  almost  devoid  of  bloom     .         .     2.  S.  canadensis. 
Cyme  not  flat-topped;  pith  in  year-old  stems  yellowish-brown. 

Leaves  blackening  in  drying;  fruit  black    .         .         .  .         .3.  S.  melanocarpa. 

Leaves  not  blackening  in  drying;  fruit  bright  red     .         .         .         .     4.  S.  microbotrys 

1.  Sambucus  glauca  Nutt.  T.  &  G.  Fl.  2:  13.  1841.  Arborescent,  2-4  m. 
high,  the  larger  with  trunks  1-2  dm.  in  diameter,  glabrous  throughout:  leaf- 
lets 5-9,  thickish,  ovate  to  narrowly  oblong,  the  lower  rarely  3-parted;  stipels 
rare  and  small,  subulate  or  oblong:  fruit  nearly  black  but  strongly  whitened 


CAPRIFOLIACEAE    (HONEYSUCKLE   FAMILY)  469 

with  a  glaucous  mealy  bloom,  rather  large. — Idaho  to  Washington,  and 
possibly  in  Utah  and  Wyoming. 

la.  Sambucus  glauca  neo-mexicana  (Wooton)  A.  Nels.  Habit  of  the 
species  but  with  narrower  leaves  and  a  tendency  to  puberulence  upon  foliage 
and  inflorescence.  (S.  neo-mexicana  Wooton,  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  25:  309. 
1898.) — Mountains  of  southern  Colorado  and  New  Mexico. 

2.  Sambucus  canadensis  L.  Sp.  PL  269.  1753.     Plants  1-3  m.  high,  gla- 
brous except  some  fine  pubescence  on  midrib  and  veins  of  leaves  beneath: 
leaflets  (5-11)  mostly  7,  ovate-oval  to  oblong-lanceolate,  acuminate,  the  lower 
not  rarely  bifid  or  with  a  lateral  lobe;  stipules  not  uncommon,  narrowly  linear, 
and  tipped  with  a  callous  gland:  compound  cymes  depressed,  5-rayed;  exter- 
nal rays  once  to  thrice  5-rayed:  fruit  dark  purple,  becoming  black,  with  very 
little  bloom. — From  the  Rocky  Mountains  eastward  to  Canada  and  Florida. 

3.  Sambucus  melanocarpa  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  19:  76.  1883.     Stems 
1-2  m.  high;  glabrous  or  the  young  leaves  slightly  pubescent:  leaflets  5-7, 
rarely  9:  cyme  convex,  as  broad  as  high;  flowers  white:  fruit  black,  without 
bloom. — New  Mexico  to  Montana  and  westward  to  the  Pacific. 

4.  Sambucus  microbptrys  Rydb.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  28:  503.  1901.    A 
low  shrub  5-20  dm.  high,  glabrous  throughout  and  with  pale  green  foliage: 
leaflets  ovate  or  rarely  ovate-lanceolate,  acute  or  short-acuminate,  3-9  cm. 
long,  mostly  rounded  and  oblique  at  the  base,  coarsely  serrate :  cyme  thyrsoid- 
paniculate,  small,  about  as  long  as  broad,  about  3  cm.  in  diameter  and  of  the 
same  height;  flowers  whitish:  fruit  bright  red,  4-5  mm.  in  diameter;  seeds 
finely  punctate-rugose.     S.  racemosa. — Throughout  our  range. 

2.  VIBURNUM  L. 

Shrubs,  with  simple  leaves  and  white  flowers  in  flat  compound  cymes. 
Petioles  sometimes  bearing  little  appendages  which  are  evidently  stipules; 
leaf-buds  naked  or  with  a  pair  of  scales.  Calyx  5-toothed.  Corolla  spread- 
ing, deeply  5-lobed.  Stamens  5.  Stigmas  1-3.  Fruit  a  1-celled,  1-seeded 
drupe,  with  soft  pulp  and  a  thin-crustaceous  (flattened  or  tumid)  stone. 

Leaves  pinnately  veined;  fruit  blue  or  black 1.  V.  Lentago. 

Leaves  palmately  veined;  fruit  red. 

Cyme  with  the  exterior  flowers  ray-like    .         .         .         .         .         .  2.  V.  Opulus. 

Cyme  with  no  radiant  flowers 3.  V.  pauciflorum. 

1.  Viburnum  Lentago  L.  Sp.  PI.  268.  1753.    A  shrub  or  small  tree;  gla- 
brous or  nearly  so  throughout:  leaves  ovate,  rounded  at  the  base,  acuminate, 
5-10  cm.  long,  sharply  serrulate:  cyme  sessile,  several-rayed,  6-12  cm.  broad: 
drupes  oval,  black  with  a  bluish  bloom,  the  stone  nearly  circular  and  very 
flat. — Along  streams;  across  the  continent  northward. 

2.  Viburnum  Opulus  L.  1.  c.    A  shrub  1-3  m.  high,  the  branches  smooth 
and  nearly  erect:  leaves  broadly  ovate,  glabrous  or  sparsely  pubescent  above 
and  on  the  veins  beneath,  3-ribbed  and  3-lobed,  the  lobes  acuminate  and 
coarsely  dentate;  petioles  glandular  above:  cymes  6-10  cm.  broad,  with  the 
outer  ray-flowers  neutral:  drupes  edible,  8-10  mm.  in  diameter,  red,  acid, 
translucent;  the  stone  flat,  orbicular.     HIGH  BUSH  CRANBERRY.     The  Euro- 
pean cultivated  form  with   nearly  all  the  flowers  neutral  is  the  common 
SNOWBALL. — Coming  into  the  northeastern  part  of  our  range. 

3.  Viburnum  pauciflorum  Pylaie,  T.  &  G.  Fl.  N.  A.  2:  17.  1841.    Glabrous 
or  pubescent,  8-15  dm.   high,  straggling:   leaves  roundish  or  broadly  oval, 
unequally  dentate,   many  of  them  either  obsoletely  or  distinctly  3-lobed, 
about  5-nerved  at  base:  cymes  small,  terminating  short  and  merely  2-leaved 
lateral  branches,  involucrate  with  slender,  subulate,  caducous  bracts,  destitute 
of  neutral  radiant  flowers:  fruit  much  as  in  the  preceding. — Mountains  of 
Colorado,  northward  and  eastward  in  cold  or  mountainous  regions. 

3.  LINNAEA  Gronov.    TWIN  FLOWER 

A  slender  creeping  and  trailing  little  evergreen,  somewhat  hairy,  with 
rounded-oval  sparingly  crenate  leaves  contracted  at  the  base  into  short  pet- 


470  CAPRIFOLIACEAE    (HONEYSUCKLE   FAMILY) 

ioles  and  thread-like  upright  peduncles  forking  into  2  pedicels  at  the  top, 
each  bearing  a  delicate  and  fragrant  nodding  flower.  Calyx-teeth  5,  awl- 
shaped,  deciduous.  Corolla  purple  and  whitish,  hairy  inside,  narrow  bell- 
shaped,  almost  equally  5-lobed.  Stamens  4,  2  of  them  shorter,  inserted 
toward  the  base  of  the  corolla.  Ovary  and  the  small  dry  pod  3-celled,  but 
only  1-seeded,  2  of  the  cells  having  only  abortive  ovules. 

1.  Linnaea  americana  Forbes,  Hort.  Woburn  135.  1833.  Somewhat  pubes- 
cent: leaves  obovate  and  rotund,  1-2  cm.  long,  crenately  few-toothed,  some- 
what rugose-veiny:  peduncles  filiform,  terminating  ascending,  short,  leafy 
branches,  bearing  at  summit  a  pair  of  small  bracts,  and  from  the  axil  of  each 
a  filiform  1-flowered  pedicel;  pedicels  similarly  2-bracteolate  at  summit,  and 
a  pair  of  larger,  ovate,  glandular-hairy  inner  bracelets  subtending  the  ovary: 
flowers  nodding.  L.  borealis. — From  the  mountains  of  California,  Colorado, 
and  Maryland,  northward  to  the  arctic  regions. 

4.  SYMPHORICARPOS  *  L.     BUCKBRUSH 

Low  and  branching  upright  shrubs  with  short-petioled  leaves,  which  are 
entire,  wavy-toothed,  or  lobed  on  the  young  shoots.  Flowers  white,  tinged 
with  rose-color;  in  close  short  spikes  or  clusters.  Calyx-teeth  short,  persist- 
ent. Corolla  regularly  4-5-lobed,  with  as  many  short  stamens  inserted  into 
its  throat.  Ovary  4-celled,  only  2  of  the  cells  with  a  fertile  ovule;  the  berry 
therefore  4-celled  but  only  2-seeded.  Seeds  bony. 

Corolla  short-campanulate,  3-4  mm.  long. 

Leaves  thick;  stamens  and  style  exserted 1.  S.  occidentalis. 

Leaves  rather  thin;  stamens  and  style  included       .         .         .         .  2.  S.  racemosus. 
Corolla  longer  (6-1 2  mm.),  long-campanulate  to  tubular-funnelfonn 

Leaves  tomentulose  or  finely  pubescent  .         .         .    •    .         .  3.  S.  rotundifolius. 

Leaves  glabrous  or  nearly  so  .......  4.  8.  oreophilus. 

1.  Symphoricarpos  occidentalis  Hook.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  1 :  285.  1833.    Robust, 
glabrous  or  slightly  pubescent:  leaves  oval  or  oblong,  thickish  (larger  5  cm. 
long) :  axillary  flower-clusters  not  rarely  pedunculate,  sometimes  becoming 
spicate  and  2-3  cm.  long:  corolla  3-5  mm.  high,  5-cleft  to  beyond- the  middle, 
within  densely  villous-hirsute  with  long  beard-like  hairs:  stamens  and  style 
more  or  less  exserted.     WOLFBERRY. — Mountains  of  Colorado  and  Montana, 
northward  and  eastward. 

la.  Symphoricarpos  occidentalis  quercifolia  A.  Nels.  Stems  short,  simple, 
erect:  leaves  large,  coarsely  and  deeply  undulate-toothed. — Infrequent;  on 
the  plains  in  northern  Wyoming. 

2.  Symphoricarpos  racemosus  Michx.  Fl.  1:  107.  1803.    More  slender  and 
glabrous:  leaves  round-oval  to  oblong,  smaller:  axillary  clusters  mostly  few- 
flowered,  or  lowest  1-flowered:  corolla  4  mm.  high,  5-lobed  above  the  middle, 
moderately  villous-bearded  within,  narrowed  at  base:  stamens  and  style  not 
exserted.     SNOWBERRY. — Across  the  continent. 

2a.  Symphoricarpos  racemosus  pauciflorus  Robbins,  Gray,  Man.  Ed.  5. 
203.  1867.  Low,  more  spreading:  leaves  commonly  only  2-3  cm.  long,  strongly 
whitened  underneath:  flowers  solitary  in  the  axils  of  the  upper  leaves,  few  and 
loosely  spicate  in  the  terminal  cluster. — Mountains  of  Colorado  to  those  of 
Oregon,  Vermont,  and  northward. 

3.  Symphoricarpos  rotundifolius  Gray,  PI.  Wright.  2:  66.  1853.    Tomen- 
tulose  or  glabrate;  stems  rigid,  much-branched,  4-10  dm.   high:  leaves  or- 
bicular to  oblong-elliptical,  thickish,  1-2  cm.  long,  entire  or  coarsely  lobed: 
corolla  elongated-campanulate,  6-8  mm.  long,  the  tube  pubescent  within  be- 
low the  stamens,  twice  or  thrice  the  length  of  the  broad  lobes:  stamens  and 
style  included:  fruit  white,  globular  or  oblong:  nutlets  oval,  equally  broad  and 
obtuse  at  both  ends. — Throughout  our  range  and  west  to  the  Pacific. 

*  The  familiar  coral-berry,  Symphoricarpos  orbiculatus  Moench,  has  been  reported  from 
Colorado.  It  is  easily  recognized  by  the  clustered  coral-red  berries  which  persist  through 
the  winter. 


CAPRIFOLIACEAE    (HONEYSUCKLE   FAMILY)  471 

3a.  Symphoricarpos  rotundifolius  vaccinioides  (Rydb.)  A.  Nels.  Leaves 
soft-pubescent  or  tomentulose,  elliptic,  oblong,  or  oblong-lanceolate,  from  ob- 
tuse to  acute  at  both  ends,  entire  or  somewhat  dentate:  flowers  oblong- 
campanulate,  shorter  than  in  the  species.  (S.  mollis  acutus  Gray,  Syn.  Fl. 
1:  14.  1878;  S.  vaccinoides  Rydb.  Mem.N.  Y.  Bot.  Gard.  1:  371.  1900.)— Col- 
orado to  Montana. 

4.  Symphoricarpos  oreophilus  Gray,  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  14:  12.  1873. 
Glabrous  or  nearly  so:  leaves  oblong  to  broadly  oval,  entire  or  dentate,  10-15 
mm.  long:  corolla  tubular  or  narrowly  funnelform,  8-12  mm.  long,  the  tube 
4-5-times  as  long  as  the  lobes  and  glabrous  within :  nutlets  of  the  drupe  oblong, 
flattened,  pointed  at  the  base.  (S.  tetonensis  A.  Nels.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club 
31 :  249.  1904.)— Montana  to  New  Mexico  and  far  westward. 

4a.  Symphoricarpos  oreophilus  utahensis  (Rydb.)  A.  Nels.  Leaves  larger 
and  the  flowers  often  more  numerous,  but  otherwise  as  in  the  species.  (S. 
utahensis  Rydb.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  26:  544.  1899.)— Colorado  to  Utah 
and  southward. 

5.  LONICERA  L.     HONEYSUCKLE 

Erect  or  climbing  shrubs,  with  mostly  entire  leaves  and  the  inflorescence 
various.  Flowers  often  showy  and  fragrant.  Calyx-teeth  very  short.  Corolla 
tubular  or  funnelform,  often  gibbous  at  the  base,  irregularly  or  almost  regu- 
larly 5-lobed.  Stamens  5.  Ovary  2-3-celled.  Berry  several-seeded. — Includes 
Distegia  Raf .  «... 

Climbing  or  scrambling;  flowers  in  capitate  clusters     .         .         .         .  1.  L.  glaucescens. 

Erect  shrubs;  flowers  in  pairs. 
Bracts  small  or  wanting. 

Leaves  pale;  fruit  blue-black          .         .         .         .         .         .         .  2.  L.  caerulea. 

Leaves  green,  thin;  fruit  red  .         .         .         .         .         .         .  3.  L.  utahensis. 

Bracts  broad,  foliaceous 4.  L.  involucrata. 

1.  Lonicera  gkucescens  Rydb.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  24:  90.  1897.    Leaves 
glabrous  above,   pubescent,   at  least  on  the  veins  beneath,  3-9  cm.  long, 
chartaceous-margined,    not   ciliate,    usually   only   the   upper   pair   connate- 
perfoliate:  flowers  verticillate  in  a  short  interrupted  spike:  corolla  yellow, 
changing  to  reddish,  pubescent  or  puberulent  without,  pubescent  within, 
2.5  cm.  long  or  less,  the  2-lipped  limb  shorter  than  the  tube:  stamens  nearly 
glabrous,  or  somewhat  pubescent;  style  hirsute;  both  exserted. — Wyoming, 
northward  and  eastward. 

2.  Lonicera  caerulea  L.  Sp.  PL  174.  1753.    Stems  branched,  3-6  dm.  high: 
leaves  2-3  cm.  long,  oblong-elliptical,  obtuse,  short-petioled,  conspicuously 
veined,  villous-pubescent  or  glabrate:  peduncles  shorter  than  the  flowers: 
corolla  somewhat  gibbous  at  base,  moderately  bilabiate:  bracts  subulate  or 
linear:  ovaries  united  and  forming  a  blue-black  sweetish  berry. — Transcon- 
tinental northward;  also  in  Europe  and  Asia. 

3.  Lonicera  utahensis  Wats.  Bot.  King's  Exp.  133.  1871.    Leaves  oval  or 
elliptical-oblong,  rounded  at  both  ends,  very  short-petioled,  glabrous  or  nearly 
so  from  the  first,  or  soon  glabrate,  reticulate-venulose  at  maturity,  2-4  cm. 
long:  peduncles  seldom  over  1  cm.  long;  bractlets  minute,  rounded:  corolla 
honey-yellow  or  ochroleucous,  occasionally  tinged  with  purple,  12-18  mm. 
long;  the  tube  gibbous  at  base,  pilose-pubescent  within:  berry  red.     (L. 
ebractulata  Rydb.  Mem.  N.  Y.  Bot.  Gard.  372.  1900.)— Wyoming  to  Montana 
and  far  westward. 

4.  Lonicera  involucrata  Banks,  Rich.  Bot.  App.  Frank.  Journ.  733.  1823. 
Pubescent  or  sometimes  glabrate,  freely  branched,  6-20   dm.  high:    leaves 
ovate  to  oblong-lanceolate,  5-12  cm.  long:  peduncles  2-5  cm.  long;  bracts 
oblong  to  ovate  or  cordate  and  foliaceous;  in  fruit  enlarging  and  inclosing  or 
surrounding  the  2  globose,  dark  purple  or  black  berries:  flowers  paired,  rarely 
in  threes:  corolla  yellowish,  viscid  pubescent,  12-15  mm.  long;  bractlets  4 
or  united  into  2,  viscid-pubescent. — -Colorado  .to  Montana  and  thence  across 
the  continent. 


472  CUCURBITACEAE    (GOURD   FAMILY) 

111.  ADOXACEAE  Fritsch.    MOSCHATEL  FAMILY 

Glabrous  slender  herbs,  with  scaly  or  tuberiferous  rootstocks,  basal  and 
opposite  ternately  compound  leaves,  and  small  green  flowers  in  terminal  capi- 
tate clusters.  Calyx-tube  hemispheric,  adnate  to  the  ovary,  the  limb  2-3- 
toothed.  Corolla  rotate,  regular,  4-6-lobed.  Stamens  twice  as  many  as  the 
lobes  of  the  corolla,  inserted  in  pairs  on  its  tube;  filaments  short;  anthers 
peltate,  1-celled.  Ovary  3-5-celled;  style  3-5-parted;  ovules  1  in  each  cavity, 
pendulous.  Fruit  a  small  drupe  with  3-5  nutlets. 

ADOXA  L. 

Characters  of  the  family. 

1.  Adoxa  Moschatellina  L.  Sp.  PL  367.  1753.  Glabrous  and  smooth:  rad- 
ical leaves  once  to  thrice  ternately  compound;  cauline  pair  of  leaves  3-parted 
or  of  3  obovate  and  3-cleft  or  parted  leaflets:  flowers  small,  greenish- white  or 
yellowish,  4  or  5  in  a  slender-pedunculate  glomerule:  corolla  of  the  terminal 
one  4-5-cleft,  of  the  others  5-6-cleft. — Subalpine;  arctic  America  to  Col- 
orado and  eastward  in  the  northern  States. 

112.  CUCURBITACEAE  B.  Juss.    GOURD  FAMILY 

Herbs,  mostly  tendril-bearing  and  climbing,  rather  succulent,  with  alter- 
nate and  palmately  veined  or  lobed  leaves  and  no  proper  stipules,  and  monoe- 
cious or  dioecious  flowers  with  petals  more  commonly  united  into  a  cup  or 
tube  and  also  blended  with  the  calyx.  Sterile  flowers  with  two  2-celled 
anthers  and  one  1-celled;  the  cells  usually  long  and  contorted.  Fertile  flowers 
with  the  calyx-tube  adnate  to  a  1-3-celled  ovary. 

Flowers  solitary,  large,  yellow;  fruit  smooth     .         .         .         .         .         .1.  Cucurbita. 

Flowers  racemose,  small,  greenish-white;  fruit  prickly      .         .         .         .2.  Echinocystis. 

1.  CUCURBITA  L.     PUMPKIN,  SQUASH,  ETC. 

Mostly  prostrate  and  rooting  at  the  joints.  Leaves  cordate;  tendrils  com- 
pound. Flowers  monoecious.  Calyx-tube  and  corolla  campanulate.  Sterile 
flowers  with  the  stamens  at  the  base.  Fertile  flowers  with  3  rudimentary 
stamens.  Ovary  oblong,  with  3  placentae.  Fruit  fleshy,  often  with  a  hard 
rind.  Seed  ovate  or  oblong,  flattened. 

1.  Cucurbita  foetidissima  H.  B.  K.  Nov.  Gen.  2:  123.  1817.  Root  fleshy, 
very  large,  1-10  dm.  thick,  yellow  inside:  leaves  cordate-ovate  or  triangular, 
undivided  or  subsinuate-repand,  margin  denticulate:  fruit  globose,  yellow, 
5-8  cm.  in  diameter.  C.  perennis. — Colorado  to  Texas  and  Mexico  and  west- 
ward to  California. 

2.  ECHINOCYSTIS  T.  &  G.     WILD  BALSAM  APPLE 

Tall  climbing  plants,  nearly  smooth,  with  3-forked  tendrils  and  thin  leaves. 
Flowers  monoecious;  fertile  flowers  in  small  clusters  or  solitary,  from,  the 
same  axils  as  the  sterile.  Petals  united  at  the  base  into  an  open  spreading 
corolla.  Fruit  fleshy,  at  length  dry. — (Micrampelits.) 

1.  Echinocystis  lobata  (Michx.)  T.  &  G.  Fl.  N.  A.  1:  542.  1840.  Stem 
nearly  glabrous,  angular  and  grooved,  climbing  to  a  height  of  4.5-7.5  m., 
sometimes  villous-pubescent  at  the  nodes:  leaves  thin,  roughish  on  both 


•         CAMPANULACEAE    (BLUEBELL   FAMILY)  473 

sides,  deeply  cordate,  3-7-lobed  to  about  the  middle,  the  lobes  triangular- 
lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate,  remotely  serrulate:  staminate  flowers  very 
numerous,  in  narrow  compound  racemes:  pistillate  flowers  solitary,  or  rarely 
2  together:  fruit  ovoid,  green,  about  5  cm.  long,  armed  with  slender  spines. — 
Along  rivers  and  in  waste  places;  from  the  eastern  part  of  our  range  to  the 
Atlantic  States. 


113.  CAMPANULACEAE  Juss.    BLUEBELL  FAMILY 

Herbs  with  alternate  exstipulate  leaves.  Flowers  racemose  or  solitary, 
generally  blue  and  showy.  Calyx-tube  adnate  to  the  ovary.  Corolla  sym- 
petalous, campanulate  or  rotate.  Stamens  usually  5,  free  from  the  corolla 
and  distinct.-  Style  single  but  mostly  with  2-5  stigmas.  Capsule  prismatic 
or  elongated-oblong,  2-4-celled,  opening  by  small  lateral  valves.  Seeds 
minute  and  numerous. 

Corolla  campanulate  .         .         .         .         .         .         .         ..         .     1.  Campanula. 

Corolla  rotate  .         .         . 2.  Specularia. 

1.  CAMPANULA  L.     BLUEBELL.     HAREBELL 

Herbs  with  terminal  or  axillary  (usually  blue)  flowers.  Calyx  5-cleft. 
Corolla  generally  bell-shaped,  5-lobed.  Stamens  5,  separate,  with  filaments 
broad  and  membranaceous  at  base.  Stigmas  3,  and  as  many  cells  of  the  ovary. 
Pod  short,  opening  on  the  sides  by  as  many  valves  or  pores. 

Low  and  mostly  1 -flowered;  capsule  opening  near  the  summit. 

Alpine;  with  woody  caudex       .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .  1.  C.  uniflora. 

Subalpine;  with  filiform  rootstock     .         .         .         .         .         .         .  2.  C.  Parryi. 

Taller  and  several  to  many-flowered. 

Stem  smooth;  capsule  nodding          .         .         .         .         .         .         .  3.  C.  rotundifolia. 

Stem  hispid  on  the  angles;  capsule  erect 4.  C.  aparinoides. 

1.  Campanula  uniflora  L.  Sp.  PI.  163.  1753.    Chiefly  glabrous,  4-10  cm. 
high,  from  a  stout,  several-headed  rootstock:  leaves  small,   1-3  cm.  long, 
thickish,  entire  or  nearly  so;  the  lowest  spatulate  or  oblong,  obtuse;  the  upper- 
most linear:  flowers  8-12  mm.  in  length,  mostly  horizontal:  calyx-tube  nearly 
as  long  as  the  lobes  which  are  from  half  to  fully  as  long  as  the  deeply  cam- 
panulate bluish  corolla:  capsule  cylindraceous  or  clavate,  about  1  cm.  long. — 
On  bare  alpine  slopes  in  the  Rocky  Mountains,  and  extending  into  the  arctic 
regions. 

2.  Campanula  Parryi  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  N.  A.  2:  395.  1886.    From  elongated 
and  creeping  filiform  rootstocks,  8-25  cm.  high,  mainly  smooth  and  glabrous; 
stem  slender,  erect,  simple  and  with  slender-peduncled  flower,  or  with  some 
lateral  leafy  branches :  leaves  thinnish,  entire  or  sparingly  callous-denticulate, 
somewhat  veiny;  radical  and  lower  spatulate  or  lanceolate  with  tapering  base, 
hirsute-ciliate;  upper  linear-lanceolate,  from  a  sessile  base,  attenuate-acute: 
flower  erect  in  anthesis:  corolla  almost  crateriform,  5-lobed  to  middle,  spread- 
ing, 2-3  cm.  in  diameter,  violet-blue  or  even  purplish,  little  surpassing  the 
linear-subulate  often  callous-denticulate  calyx-lobes:  ovary  turbinate:  capsule 
nearly  obovate,  opening  close  under  the  base  of  the  erect  calyx-lobes.     C. 
plani flora. — In  the  mountains  of  our  range. 

3.  Campanula  rotundifolia  L.   Sp.   PI.   163.  1753.     Slender,   branching, 
10-30  cm.  high,  1-10-flowered:  root  leaves  round-cordate  or  ovate,  mostly 
toothed  or  crenate,  long-petioled,  early  withering  away;  stem  leaves  numerous, 
linear  or  narrowly  lanceolate,  entire,  smooth:  calyx-lobes  awl-shaped:  cap- 
sule nodding,  opening  at  or  near  the  base.     (C.  petiolata  Rydb.  Fl.  Col.  326. 
1906.) — Subarctic  and  extending  southward  in  the  mountains  to  Mexico. 

4.  Campanula  aparinoides  Pursh,  Fl.  1:  150.  1816.    Stem  almost  filiform, 
3-6  dm.  high,  equably  leafy  to  the  top,  the  sharp  angles  rough  with  short  re- 


474  LOBELIACEAE    (LOBELIA   FAMILY) 

trose  bristles;  so  also  the  midrib  beneath  and  the  margins  of  the  lanceolate 
or  linear  sessile  leaves:  flower-buds  drooping: . calyx-lobes  triangular:  corolla 
pale  blue  or  whitish,  deeply  cleft,  the  lobes  4  mm.  long  or  less:  capsule  erect. — 
Wet  grassy  grounds;  from  Colorado  to  the  Saskatchewan  and  eastward. 

2.  SPECULARIA  Heist.     VENUS'S  LOOKING-GLASS 

Annuals  with  leafy  slender  stems  and  sessile  flowers.  Corolla  blue  or 
purplish.  Flowers  dimorphous;  the  earlier  ones  smaller,  with  undeveloped 
corolla,  and  a  3  or  4-lobed  calyx.  Calyx-lobes  of  the  later  corolliferous 
flowers  5.  Capsule  with  valvular  openings  either  near  the  summit  or  near  the 
middle. — (Legouzia  Brit.) 

Leaves  linear  .         . 1.  S.  leptocarpa. 

Leaves  ovate  or  broader          .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .     2.  S.  perfoliata. 

1.  Specularia  leptocarpa   (Nutt.)   Gray,   Proc.  Am.  Acad.    11:  82.  1876. 
Minutely  hirsute  or  nearly  glabrous;  stems  1-2  dm.  high,  virgate,  mostly 
simple,  or  branched  from  the  base:  leaves  lanceolate:  capsule  nearly  cylin- 
drical, 10-15  mm.  long,  inclined  to  curve  and  rarely  to  twist,  opening  by  1  or 
2  uplifted  valves  near  the  summit;  the  lower  also  often  splitting  longitudinally 
from  the  summit;   seeds  oblong. — Arkansas  to  western  Texas  and  Colorado. 

2.  Specularia  perfoliata  L.  Sp.  PI.  169.  1753.    Stems  1-4  dm.  high,  very 
leafy  throughout,  hirsute  or  hispid  on  the  angles:  leaves  round-cordate  and 
clasping,  mostly  crenate,  veiny:  flowers  single  or  clustered  in  the  axils:  cap- 
sule oblong  or  somewhat  obconical;  the  2  or  3  valvular  openings  at  or  below 
the  middle;   the  capsule  not  disposed  to  split;   seeds  lenticular. — From  Col- 
orado to  Utah  and  Oregon,  also  throughout  the  states  eastward. 


114.  LOBELIACEAE  Dumort.    LOBELIA  FAMILY 

Herbs  with  milky  juice,  alternate  leaves,  scattered  flowers,  irregular  5- 
lobed  corolla,  and  the  5  stamens  free  from  the  corolla  and  united  into  a  tube 
commonly  by  their  filaments  and  always  by  their  anthers.  Calyx-tube  ad- 
herent to  the  2-celled,  many-seeded  capsule.  Style  1. 

Corolla  open  down  to  the  base  on  one  side     .         ;         .         .         .         .         .     1.  Lobelia. 
Corolla  with  a  closed  tube;  capsule  wholly  inferior      .         .         1         .         .2.  Lauren tia. 

LOBELIA  L. 

Flowers  axillary  or  chiefly  in  bracted  racemes.  Calyx-tube  5-cleft,  with  a 
short  tube.  Corolla  with  a  straight  tube  and  somewhat  2-lipped;  the  upper 
lip  of  2  rather  erect  lobes,  the  lower  lip  spreading  and  3-cleft.  Capsule  2- 
celled,  opening  at  the  top. 

Flowers  red  .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .     1.  L.  splendens. 

Flowers  blue  .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .     2.  L.  syphilitica. 

1.  Lobelia  splendens  Willd.  Hort.  Berol.  pi.  86.  1809.    Perennial,  minutely 
pubescent  or  glabrate,  erect,  3-10  dm.  high:  leaves  linear-lanceolate  to  linear, 
more  or  less  glandular-toothed;  the  upper  sessile;  the  lower  tapering  to  a 
short  petiole:  raceme  1-3  dm.  long:  sepals  narrow :  corolla  deep  red;  the  tube 
longer  than  the  lobes:  capsule  subglobose,  with  a  conical  beak;  seeds  tuber- 
culate.    L.  cardinalis. — Utah  to  Colorado  and  Texas. 

2.  Lobelia  syphilitica  L.  Sp.  PI.  931.  1753.    Stems  simple,  5-10  dm.  high, 
leafy  to  the  top,  somewhat  hairy:  leaves  thin,  oblong  or  ovate-lanceolate, 
acute  at  both  ends,  irregularly  serrate:  flowers  in  a  long  spike-like-  raceme, 
light  blue,  rarely  white:  sinuses  of  the  calyx  with  deflexed  auricles:  capsule 


VALERIANACEAE    (VALERIAN   FAMILY)  475 

globose;  seeds  longitudinally  wrinkled. — From  our  range  eastward  to  the 
Atlantic. 

LAURENTIA  Micheli. 

Low  herbs,  resembling  small  species  of  Lobelia  excepting  the  closed  tube  of 
the  corolla.  Flowers  blue.  Calyx-tube  turbinate  or  oblong.  Corolla  with  its 
tube  as  long  as  the  limb.  Capsule  short,  2-valved  at  the  summit. 

1.  Laurentia  eximia  A.  Nels.  Perennial,  the  simple  stems  about  1  dm. 
high,  internodes  short:  lower  leaves  narrow,  tapering  from  the  dilated  base, 
15-25  mm.  long;  the  floral  somewhat  broader:  flowers  few,  from  the  axils  of 
the  crowded  uppermost  leaves,  on  short  peduncles:  sepals  foliaceous,  6-8  mm. 
long:  corolla  deep  blue;  the  upper  lip  of  2  oblong-erect  lobes  about  as  long  as 
the  tube;  the  lower  of  3  ovate  lobes  longer  than  the  tube,  somewhat  depressed, 
and  with  2  narrow  yellow  plicae  in  the  throat:  capsule  obconical,  many- 
seeded.  L.  carnosula.  (Porterella  eximia  A.  Nels.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  27 :  270. 
1900.) — Banks  of  ponds;  northwestern  Wyoming;  probably  throughout  our 
range. 

115.  VALERIANACEAE  Batsch.    VALERIAN  FAMILY 

Herbs  with  opposite  leaves  and  no  stipules,  and  usually  small  perfect  or 
polygamous  flowers  in  corymbed  or  capitate  cymes.  Calyx-tube  adnate  to  the 
ovary.  Corolla  tubular  or  funnelform,  mostly  5-lobed.  Stamens  1-4,  inserted 
on  the  corolla-tube.  Ovary  inferior,  1-3-celled,  one  of  the  cells  containing  a 
single  suspended  ovule,  the  others  empty. 

VALERIANA  L.     VALERIAN 

Roots  of  peculiar  scent.  Leaves  various.  Flowers  white  or  rose-colored. 
Calyx-limb  of  5-15  setiform  lobes,  which  are  inrolled  and  inconspicuous  until 
fruiting.  Stamens  3. 

Leaves  nerve- veined,  usually  thick,  entire  or  with  entire  linear  divi- 
sions. 

Ovaries  and  fruits  pubescent  .         .         .         .         .         .         .1.  V.  ceratophylla. 

Ovaries  and  fruits  glabrous      .         .         .         .  .         .         .     2.  V.  furfurescens. 

Leaves  pinnately  veined,  usually  thin,  and  often  pinnate. 

Ovaries  and  fruits  pubescent 3.  V.  micrantha. 

Ovaries  and  fruits  glabrous      .         .         .         .         .         .  .     4.  V.  acutiloba. 

1.  Valeriana  ceratophylla  (Hook.)  Piper,  Contrib.  U.  S.  Nat.  Herb.  11:  532. 
1906.    Erect  from  a  large,  fusiform,  perpendicular  stock  branching  below  into 
deep  and  thickened  roots;  stem  7-20  dm.  or  more  high:  leaves  thickish, 
nervosely  veined,  not  serrate,  slightly  pubescent;  radical  leaves  oblanceolate 
to   spatulate,  tapering   into  a  margined   petiole,   entire  or  some   sparingly 
laciniate-pinnatifid ;  cauline  rarely  none,  commonly  1  or  3  pairs,  sessile,  and 
pinnately  parted  into  3-7  linear  or  lanceolate  divisions,  or  terminal  one  spatu- 
late :  flowers  polygamo-dioecious,  yellowish- white,  sessile  in  the  cymules,  which 
form  an  elongated,  thyrsiform,  naked  panicle.     V.  edulis. — New  Mexico  and 
Arizona,  northward  and  eastward. 

2.  Valeriana  furfurescens  A.  Nels.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  28:  232.  1901. 
Similar,  the  root  slender,  only  1-3  cm.  in  diameter:  leaves  entire  or  nearly  so: 
inflorescence  usually  much  elongated,  of  ten  half  the  height  of  the  plant;  flowers 
very  numerous,  minute:  corolla  1-1.5  mm.  long,  greenish-yellow:  fruit  3-4  mm. 
long,  ovate,  compressed,  glabrous  but  often  slightly  scurfy  rugulose.     (V. 
trachycarpa    Rydb.    Bull.    Torr.    Bot.    Club    31:  645.  1904.)— Moist    saline 
meadows;  Colorado  and  Wyoming. 

3.  Valeriana  micrantha  E.  Nels.  Erythea  7:  166.  1899.     Glabrous,  erect 
from  creeping  rootstocks,  3-8  dm.  high:  radical  leaves  entire  or  with  1  or  2 


476  COMPOSITAE  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY) 

** 

pairs  of  oblong  or  lanceolate  leaflets:  inflorescence  few  to  many-flowered, 
rather  open  even  in  anthesis  and  quite  so  in  fruit:  corolla  white,  campanulate, 
hairy  in  throat:  achenes  ovate  to  lanceolate,  pubescent.  V.  sylvatica  in  part. 
— Mountains  of  Colorado  and  Wyoming. 

3a.  Valeriana  micrantha  wyomingensis  (E.  Nels.)  A.  Nels.  Usually 
smaller,  the  inflorescence  few-flowered  and  very  open,  the  achenes  glabrous. 
(V.  wyomingensis  E.  Nels.  1.  c.  167.) — Northwestern  Wyoming  and  contiguous 
territory. 

4.  Valeriana  acutiloba  Rydb.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  28:  24.  190L  Green 
and  glabrous,  3-5  dm.  high:  basal  leaves  entire,  spatulate  or  obovate,  acute, 
the  short  petiole  wing-margined;  stem  leaves  2  or  3  pairs,  pinnately  divided: 
cyme  dense  and  contracted,  glandular-puberulent  or  nearly  glabrous:  corolla 
funnelform,  with  very  short  tube:  ovary  and  fruit  glabrous.  V .  sylvatica  in 
part.  (V.  oreophila  Greene,  ace.  to  Rydb.;  V.  occidentalis,  V.  septentrionalis, 
V.  sitchensis  Scouleri,  as  to  our  range.) — Partly  wooded  hillsides,  appearing 
as  the  snowdrifts  recede;  in  the  Rocky  Mountains  of  our  range. 

4a.  Valeriana  acutiloba  ovata  (Rydb.)  A.  Nels.  Reduced  alpine  state, 
with  simple,  ovate,  subcordate,  petioled  basal  leaves:  fruit  ovate.  (V.  ovata 
Rydb.  1.  c.  31:  645.) — High  mountains  of  Colorado. 

116.  COMPOSITAE  Adans.    COMPOSITE  FAMILY 

Flowers  in  a  close  head,  on  a  common  receptacle,  surrounded  by  an  in- 
volucre, with  5  (rarely  4)  stamens  inserted  on  the  epigynous  corolla,  the 
anthers  united  in  a  tube  (syngenesious) .  Calyx-tube  epigynous  upon  the 
1-celled  ovary,  the  limb  (pappus)  crowning  its  summit  in  the  form  of 
bristles,  awns,  scales,  teeth,  etc.,  or  cup-shaped,  or  else  entirely  absent. 
Corolla  either  strap-shaped  or  tubular;  in  the  latter  chiefly  5-lobed,  val- 
vate  in  the  bud,  the  veins  bordering  the  margins  of  the  lobes.  Style 
2-cleft  at  the  apex  (in  sterile  flowers  usually  entire).  Fruit  seed-like 
(achenes),  dry,  containing  a  single,  erect,  anatropous  seed,  with  no  en- 
dosperm.— An  immense  family,  in  temperate  regions  chiefly  herbs,  without 
stipules,  with  perfect,  polygamous,  monoecious,  or  dioecious  flowers.  The 
flowers  with  a  strap-shaped  (ligulate)  corolla  are  called  rays  or  ray-flowers; 
the  head  which  presents  such  flowers,  either  throughout  or  at  the  margin, 
is  radiate.  The  tubular  flowers  compose  the  disk;  and  a  head  which  has  no 
ray-flowers  is  said  to  be  discoid.  When  the  head  contains  2  sorts  of  flowers 
it  is  said  to  be  heterogamous;  when  only  1  sort,  homogamous.  The  leaves 
of  the  involucre,  of  whatever  form  or  texture,  are  termed  bracts.  The  bracts 
or  scales,  which  often  grow  on  the  receptacle  among  the  flowers,  are  called 
the  chaff;  when  these  are  wanting,  the  receptacle  is  said  to  be  naked.  The 
largest  family  of  seed  plants.  The  genera  are  divided  by  the  corolla  into  3 
series,  only  2  of  which  are  represented  in  our  region,  the  first  being  much  the 
larger. 

Key  to  the  Tribes 

Series  A.  TUBULIFLORAE 

COROLLAS  ALL  TUBULAR  AND  REGULAR,  OR  ONLY  THE  MARGINAL  ONES 
LIGULATE  (IRREGULAR) 

Anthers  not  caudate  at  base;  style  branches  either  truncate  or 

tipped  with  an  appendage. 
Heads  rayless;  flowers  all  perfect,  never  yellow. 

Style  branches  terete-filiform I.  VERNONIEAE. 

Style  branches  thickened  upward  (clavate)  ...         II.  EUPATORIEAE. 


COMPOSITAE  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY) 


477 


Heads  radiate  (rarely  ray  less). 

Style  branches  of  perfect  flowers  flat,  or  tipped  with  a  distinct 

appendage;  leaves  mostly  alternate       .  . 

Style  branches  of  perfect  flowers  truncate  or  appendaged,  not 

flattened;  leaves  often  opposite. 
Involucre  not  scarious.  < 

Pappus  never  capillary. 

Receptacle  chaffy V.   HELIANTHEAE. 

Receptacle  not  chaffy VI.  HELENIEAE. 

Pappus  capillary  VIII.  SENECIONEAE. 

Involucre  scarious;  pappus  not  capillary     .... 
Anthers  caudate  at  base;  style-branches  neither  truncate  nor  ap- 
pendaged; heads  not  radiate. 

Receptacle  not  bristly;  corollas  not  deeply  cleft 
Receptacle  long-bristly;  corollas  deeply  cleft     .... 


III.  ASTEREAE. 


VII.  ANTHEMIDEAE. 


IV.  INULEAE. 
IX.  CYNAREAE. 


Series  B.  LIGULIFLORAE 


COROLLAS  ALL  LIGULATE  AND  PERFECT 
Ligule  5-toothed  at  the  truncate  apex  .         .         .-  -v   .         .         X.  CICHORIEAE. 

Abbreviated  Key  to  the  Genera 

Tribe  I.  VERNONIEAE 
Only  genus 1.  Vernonia. 

Tribe  n.  EUPATORIEAE 

.      -  •        .        2.  Eupatorium. 


Achenes  5-angled  . 

Achenes  8-10-ribbed  or  -striate. 

Involucral  bracts  strongly  striate-nerved. 

Bracts  few        ........ 

Bracts  numerous      .         .         .  . 

Involucral  bracts  faintly  nerved,    spirally  imbricated 


3.  Kuhnia. 

4.  Brickellia. 

5.  Liatris. 


Tribe  HI.  ASTEREAE 

Ray-flowers  yellow,  or  wanting.. 
Pappus  of  scales 

Heads  numerous,  4  mm.  or  less  high 6.  Gutierrezia. 

Heads  large  and  showy  . 7.  Grindelia. 

Pappus,  in  part  at  least,  of  capillary  bristles. 

Pappus  double,  the  outer  series  of  small  scales       ...         8.  Chrysopsis. 
Pappus  wholly  of  capillary  bristles. 
Rays  wanting. 

Involucral  bracts  in  vertical  rows     ...         .         .         9.  Chrysothamnus. 
Involucral  bracts  imbricated  but  not  in  distinct  vertical 

rows 10.  Isocoma. 

Rays  present  (sometimes  wanting  in  Nos.  13  and  14). 
Leaves  with  spinulose-tipped  teeth. 

Involucral  bracts  chartaceous,  with  green  tips       .    /    .       11.  Sideranthus. 
Involucral  bracts  more  or  less  foliaceous       .         .         .12.  Pyrrocoma. 
Leaves  without  spinulose-tipped  teeth. 

Involucral  bracts  foliaceous,  at  least  in  part. 
Plant  1  dm.  or  more  high. 

Low  shrubs  14.  Macronema. 

Herbaceous  18.  Oreochrysum. 

Plant  only  a  few  cm.  high  .....       16.  Tonestus. 

Involucral  bracts  not  foliaceous. 
Head  not  corymbose. 
Stems  leafy. 

Involucral  bracts  cuspidate         .         .         .         .13.  Oonopsis. 
Involucral  bracts  not  cuspidate  .         .         .       19.  Solidago. 

Stems  scapose,  or  at  least  naked  above     /     .         .       15.  Stenotus. 
Heads  corymbose. 

Plant  woody  at  least  at  base  .         .         .         .17.  Petradoria. 

Plant  herbaceous. 

Outer  inv  jlucral  bracts  foliaceous       .         .         .18.  Oreochrysum. 
None  of  the  bracts  foliaceous      ....       19.  Solidago. 
Ray-flowers  present,  not  yellow  (in  No.  27,  rarely  yellow  or  want- 
ing). 

Pappus  a  mere  crown,  or  of  a  few  scales  or  bristles      .         .         .       20.  Townsendia. 
Pappus  of  numerous  capillary  bristles. 

Rays  evident  (a  few  discoid  forms  in  No.  27). 


47§ 


COMPOSITAE  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY) 


Involucral  bracts  in  more  than  two  rows. 

Involucral  bracts  herbaceous  or  at  least  green-tipped. 
Lobes   or  teeth   of   the    leaves   mucronate   or   bristle- 
tipped. 
Involucral  bracts  in  several  series,  usually  recurved  or 

reflexed        .         . 

Involucral  bracts  in  2-3  series,  loose  but  not  reflexed 
Lobes  or  teeth  of  the  leaves  not  mucronate  or  bristle- 
tippsd;   involucral  bracts  often  spreading,  but  not 
recurved  or  reflexed. 
Disk-flowers  turning  brown  or  reddish. 

Stems  usually  branching,  and  the  heads  several- 
many       ........ 

Stems  low,  monocephalous;  dwarf  alpines. 
Stems  scapose     .         .         .         . 

Stems  leafy          .         .         .         .         .         . 

Disk-flowers  permanently -white         .... 

Bracts  not  foliaceous  or  noticeably  green-tipped 
Involucral  bracts  in  1  or  2  rows  ..... 

Rays  inconspicuous  or  wanting. 

Annuals,  with  numerous  small  heads  and  rays  not  longer 
than  the  pappus  ....... 

Perennials  (shrubs);  rays  wanting 


23.  Machaeranthera. 
21.  Xylorhiza. 


22.  Aster. 

24.  Oreastrum. 

25.  lonactis. 

26.  Leucelene. 
28.  Wyomingia. 

27.  Erigeron. 


29.  Leptilon. 

30.  Baccharis. 


Tribe  IV.  INULEAE 


Receptacle  chaffy;  stigmas  of  hermaphrodite  flowers  not  truncate   . 
Receptacle  not  chaffy;  stigmas  of  hermaphrodite  flowers  truncate. 


Plants  dioecious  or  polygamo-dioecious. 
Pappus  of  staminate  flowers  clavate 
Pappus  alike  in  all  the  flowers 

Plants  not  dioecious;  all  the  flowers  fertile. 
All  the  flowers  hermaphrodite 
Only  the  inner  flowers  hermaphrodite 


31.  Filago. 


32.  Antennaria. 

33.  Anaphalis. 


34.  Nacrea. 

35.  Gnaphalium. 


Tribe  V.  HELIANTHEAE 

Involucral  bracts  not  inclosing  the  ray  achenes;  herbage  not  glan- 

dular viscid. 
Ray-flowers  fertile  and  ligulate;  disk-flowers  sterile. 

Ligules  conspicuous  ........ 

Ligules  reduced  to  2  or  3  teeth  or  wholly  wanting. 

Caulescent  annual         ........ 

Acaulescent  perennial  ........ 

Disk-flowers  fertile;  rays,  if  present,  fertile  or  sterile. 
Stamens  distinct. 

Heads  with  both  staminate  and  pistillate  flowers. 

Involucral  bracts  acuminate      ...... 

Involucral  bracts  obtuse. 
'  Fertile  flowers  more  than  one        .         .         .         .         . 

Fertile  flower  solitary    ....... 

Heads  unisexual;  pistillate  heads  usually  spiny. 

Bracts  of  the  staminate  heads  separate;  pistillate  head 
forming  an  oblong  bur        ...... 

Bracts  of  the  staminate  heads  united. 

Pistillate  flowers  solitary  in  each  head;  spines  in  a  single 
series      ......... 

Pistillate  flowers  1-4  in  each  head;  spines  in  several 
series      ......... 

Stamens  syngenesious. 

Achenes  compressed;  leaves  entire  .         .         .         . 

Achenes  4-sided;  leaves  toothed       .         .         •       :•         . 
Ligules  deciduous  or  wanting. 

Receptacle  high-conical  or  cylindrical. 
Rays  pistillate,  sterile. 

Ligules  rose-colored  ...... 

Ligules  yellow  ....... 

Rays  neutral. 

Achenes  4-sided,  marginless       ..... 

Achenes  flattened  laterally  and  margined  .         . 

Receptacle  flat  to  convex. 

Achenes  not  winged  or  very  flat. 

Pappus  wanting          ....... 

Pappus  present  (a  laciniate  crown  or  distinct  scales). 

Pappus  coroniform  and  persistent  .         .         . 

Pappus  of  2-pointed  very  deciduous  scales      .         . 

Achenes  flat,  winged  or  wingless  (terete  in  No.  58),  usu- 

ally 2-3-awned. 


36.  Melampodium. 

37.  Parthenice. 

38.  Bolophyta. 


39.  Oxytenia. 

40.  Iva. 

41.  Dicoria. 


44.  Xanthium. 

42.  Ambrosia. 

43.  Franseria. 


45.  Crassina. 

46.  Heliopsis. 


47.  Brauneria. 

48.  Gymnolomia. 

49.  Rudbeckia. 
60.  Ratibida. 


51.  Balsamorrhiza. 

52.  Wyethia. 

53.  Helianthus. 


COMPOSITAE  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY) 


479 


61.  Psilostrophe. 

62.  Pericome. 


63.  Hymenopappus. 


64.  Leucampyx. 

65.  Polypteris. 


Awns  not  retrorsely  barbed  or  hispid,  often  at  length 

deciduous. 

Ray-flowers  fertile;  achenes  winged        .         .         .       55.  Ximenesta. 
Ray-flowers  neutral. 

Involucral  bracts  distinct,  somewhat  foliaceous       54.  Helianthella. 
Involucral  bracts  all  more  or  less  united  at  base       66.  Coreopsis. 
Awns  retrorsely  barbed  or  hispid. 

Involucral  bracts  united  only  at  base      .         .         .57.  Bidens. 
Involucral  bracts  united  into  a  cup       .         .         .58.  Thelesperma. 
Involucral  bracts  partly  or  wholly  inclosing  the  ray  achenes. 

Rays  1-5,  inconspicuous,  yellow           .....  59.  Madia. 

Rays  8-12,  conspicuous,  white  or  rose 60.  Layia. 

Tribe  VI.  HELENIEAE 

Herbage  without  oil-glands;  not  rank-scented  but  often  aromatic. 
Ligules  persistent  and  becoming  papery;   plants  more  or  less 
woolly  .......... 

Ligules  deciduous  or  wanting. 

Achenes  flat,  with  only  marginal  nerves    ..... 

Achenes  angled  (not  flat),  nerved  or  striate. 
Receptacle  not  chaffy. 

At  least  the  tips  of  the  involucral  bracts  petaloid  or  scar- 

ious. 

Heads  rayless        .        '.        '.         .         .        •.         .      Yw: 
Heads  radiate. 

Ligules  white  or  yellowish  ..... 

Ligules  purple  ....... 

Involucral  bracts  not  petaloid  or  scarious. 
Achenes  4-angled. 

Leaves  all  entire         .......       .'v[ 

Leaves  not  all  entire. 

Bracts  of  the  involucre  in  2  series,  more  or  less 
united      .  ...... 

Bracts  of  the  involucre  distinct. 
Plants  not  glutinous  or  viscid. 

Flowers  yellow         ...... 

Flowers  white  or  flesh-color     .         .         ,:'     .' 
Plants  glutinous  or  viscid  .         . 

Achenes    5-10-ribbed;    herbage   commonly   impressed- 

punctate  and  resiniferous. 
Pappus  present. 

Involucral  bracts  erect. 

Leaves  entire,  usually  linear        .         .         .         .71.  Actinella. 

Leaves  not  entire. 

Herbage  glabrous  or  becoming  glabrate  .       72.  Hymenoxys. 

Low  woolly  alpine  perennial,  with  enormous 

heads        .         .  ....       73.  Rydbergia. 

Involucral  bracts  spreading  or  reflexed. 

Leaves  not  decurrent  on  the  stem,  usually  some 

of  them  parted     ....  74.  Dugaldea. 

Leaves  decurrent  on  the  stem,  entire  75.  Helenium. 

Pappus  wanting         .....  76.  Flaveria. 

Receptacle  with  bristle-like  chaff       ...  77.  Gaillardia. 

Herbage  with  oil-glands,  heavy  or  rank  scented. 

Leaves  pinnately  divided    ......  78.  Dysodia. 

Leaves  entire,  narrow  ......  79.  Pectis. 

Tribe  VH.  ANTHEMIDEAE 

Receptacle  chaffy,  at  least  in  part. 

Heads  broad;  rays  conspicuous  ......       80.  Anthemis. 

Heads  narrow;  rays  short  .       •  .         .         .         .         .         .81.  Achillea. 

Receptacle  naked. 

Heads  solitary  or  corymbose. 

Receptacle  conical,  at  least  in  age  ..... 

Receptacle  flattish  or  only  moderately  convex. 
Heads  radiate       .          .         .         .         .         . 

Heads  rayless       ......... 

Heads  several  to  many,  spicate  or  racemose-paniculate,  discoid 


67.  Platyschkuhria. 
66.  Eriophyllun. 


68.  Bahia. 

69.  Chaenactis. 

70.  Hulsea. 


82.  Matricaria. 

83.  Chrysanthemum. 

84.  Tanacetum. 

85.  Artemisia. 


Tribe  VHI.  SENECIONEAE 


Flowers  white  or  purple;  rays  wanting 
Flowers  yellow. 
Leaves  opposite. 

Involucral  bracts  spreading     . 
Involucral  bracts  erect  or  connivent 
Leaves  alternate. 

Shrubs;  heads  rayless,  4-9-flowered 
Herbs;  rays  usually  present,  flowers  many 


86.  Petasites. 


87.  Haploesthes. 

88.  Arnica.* 


89.  Tetradymia. 

90.  Senecio. 


480  COMPOSITAE  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY) 

Tribe  IX.  CYNAREAE 
Leaves  and  usually  the  involucral  bracts  prickly    ....       91.  Carduus. 

Tribe  X.  CICHORIEAE 

Pappus  plumose  or  scale-like. 
Flowers  not  yellow. 
Achenes  beakless. 

Pappus  of  bristle-form  scales 92.  Cichorium. 

Pappus  plumose 93.  Stephanomeria. 

Achenes  beaked .         .94.  Tragopogon. 

Flowers  yellow. 

Involucral  bracts  in  1  row        .......       95.  Krigia. 

Involucral  bracts  in  2  or  more  rows. 

Pappus  scales  unequal;  achenes  fusiform     ....       96.  Nothocalais. 

Pappus  scales  tipped  with  a  plumose  bristle;  achenes  linear       97*.  Ptilocalais. 
Pappus  of  capillary  bristles,  never  plumose. 

Pappus  deciduous,  all  the  bristles  falling  away  together,  except 

1-8  stouter  ones  which  may  persist 98.  Malacothrix. 

Pappus  persistent  or  the  bristles  falling  separately. 
Flowers  rose  or  purplish. 

Annuals 100.  Prenanthella. 

Perennials. 

Stems  nearly  leafless         .......       99.  Lygodesmia. 

Stems  with  ample  leaves 101.  Prenanthes. 

Flowers  yellow,  blue,  or  white. 

Stems  more  or  less  leafy;  heads  several  to  many  (rarely  soli- 
tary). 
Achenes  not  flattened. 

Pappus  white        ........     102.  Crepis. 

Pappus  sordid  or  fulvous 103.  Hieracium. 

Achenes  flattened. 

Involucre  cylindraceous         ......     104.  Lactuca. 

Involucre  campanulate 105.  Sonchus. 

Stems  scapose,  with  solitary  heads. 

Achenes  not  spinulose  at  apex           .     >    .         .         .         .     106.  Troximon. 
Achenes  spinulose  at  apex 107.  Taraxacum. 

Synoptical  Key  to  the  Genera 

Series  A.    TUBULIFLORAE 

Corolla  tubular  in  all  the  perfect  flowers,  regularly  5  (rarely  3-4)  -lobed, 
ligulate  only  in  the  marginal  or  ray-flowers,  which  when  present  are  either 
pistillate  only,  or  neutral  (with  neither  stamens  nor  pistil). 

Tribe  I.  VERNONIEAE.  Heads  discoid;  the  flowers  all  alike,  perfect  and  tubular,  never 
yellow.  Branches  of  the  style  long  and  slender,  terete,  thread-shaped,  minutely 
bristly-hairy  all  over.  Leaves  alternate  or  scattered. 

1.  Vernonia.     Heads    several-many-flowered,   separate.      Involucre  of    many    bracts. 

Pappus  double,  the  inner  capillary,  the  outer  of  minute  chaffy  bristles. 

Tribe  H.  EUPATORIEAE.     Heads  discoid;  the  flowers  all  alike,  perfect  and  tubular,  never 
yellow.    Branches  of  the  style  thickened  upward  or  club-shaped,  obtuse,  very  minutely 
and  uniformly  pubescent;  the  stigmatic  lines  indistinct. 
*  Pappus  of  slender  bristles. 
•»-  Achene  5-angled;  bristles  of^the  pappus  roughish. 

2.  Eupatorium.     Involucre  of  more  than  4  bracts  and  the  flowers  few  or  many. 

H--J- Achene  10-ribbed;  involucral  bracts  striate-nerved. 

3.  Kuhnia.     Pappus  very  strongly  plumose.    Bracts  of  the  involucre  few. 

4.  Brickellia.     Pappus  merely  scabrous.    Involucral  bracts  in  several  series. 

5.  Liatris.     Pappus  plumose  or  only  barbellate.     Corolla  red-purple,  strongly  5-lobed. 

Heads  spicate  or  racemose,  the  involucre  well  imbricated. 

Tribe  in.  ASTEREAE.  Heads  discoid,  the  flowers  all  alike  and  tubular;  or  else  radiate,  the 
outer  ones  ligulate  and  pistillate.  Anthers  not  caudate  at  base.  Branches  of  the  style 
in  the  perfect  flowers  flat,  smooth  up  to  where  the  conspicuous,  marginal,  stigmatic  lines 
abruptly  terminate,  and  prolonged  above  this  into  a  flattened  lance-shaped  or  tri- 
angular appendage  which  is  evenly  hairy  all  around  or  pubescent  outside.  Leaves 
alternate.  Receptacle  naked  (destitute  of  chaff)  in  all  our  species. 

*  Ray-flowers  yellow,  or  sometimes  none  at  all. 

+-  Pappus  of  not  numerous  slender  bristles;  heads  radiate;  involucre  of  firm  bracts  with 
greenish  tips,  commonly  coated  with  resin. 

6.  Gutierrezia.     Heads  small,  numerous;  ray-  and  disk-flowers  1-10  each,  all  fertile. 

Pappus  of  several  short  chaffy  scales.    Suffrutescent;  leaves  very  narrow. 

7.  Grindelia.      Heads  large,  many-flowered;   flowers  all  fertile.     Pappus  of  2-8  rigid 

caducous  awns.    Coarse  herbs  with  toothed  leaves. 
•»-  H-  Pappus  (at  least  of  the  disk)  of  copious  slender  or  capillary  bristles. 


COMPOSITAE  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY)  481 

•H-  Pappus  double. 

8.  Chrysopsis.     Heads  many-flowered;  rays  numerous.    The  outer  pappus  of  very  small 

chaffy  bristles,  much  shorter  than  the  inner  of  copious  capillary  bristles. 

•H-  -H-  Pappus  simple, 
a.  Pappus  a  single  row  of  capillary  bristles. 

9.  Chrysothamnus.    -  Involucre  narrowly  turbinate;  the  bracts  chartaceous,  usually  in 

5  vertical  ranks.     Rays  none.     Pappus  a  single  row  of  capillary  bristles. 

10.  Isocoma.     Involucre  broadly  turbinate;  the  bracts  imbricated  but  not  in  vertical 

ranks.     Rays  none.     Pappus  as  in  the  preceding. 

aa.   Pappus  of  many  unequal  bristles. 

11.  Sideranthus.      Involucre  hemispherical;    the  bracts  chartaceous,   with  green   tips. 

Rays  usually  present.     Leaves  with  spinulose-tipped  teeth. 

12.  Pyrrocoma.      Involucre   hemispherical;  the  bracts  more  or   less   foliaceous.     Rays 

conspicuous.     Leaves  with  spinulose-tipped  teeth,  the  basal  large,  the  cauline 
reduced. 

13.  Oonopsis.     Involucre  from  hemispherical  to  turbinate;  the  bracts  more  or  less  green- 

tipped  and  cuspidate-acuminate.     Stems  leafy  up  to  the  sessile  heads. 

14.  Macronema.     Involucre  turbinate;  the  outer  bracts  foliaceous.     Rays  often  wanting. 

Stems  leafy  throughout. 

15.  Stenotus.     Involucre  hemispherical;  the  bracts  not  green-tipped,  mucronately  acute. 

Rays  few-several.     Stems  scapose  or  at  least  naked  above. 

16.  Tonestus.      Involucre  broadly  hemispherical;  the   bracts  herbaceous,  very  obtuse. 

Rays  conspicuous.     Stems  low,  equably  leafy. 

17.  Petradoria.     Involucre  turbinate  to  ovoid;  the  bracts  in  more  or  less  distinct  vertical 

rows.     Achenes  cylindric,  10-striate. 

18.  Oreochrysum.   Involucre  campanulate;  the  bracts  chartaceous  or  the  outer  foliaceous. 

Rays  12-20.     Achenes  angled. 

aaa.  Pappus  of  numerous  capillary  bristles. 

19.  Solidago.     Heads  few-many-flowered,  numerous,  in  racemes,  panicles,  or  corymbs; 

rays  1-16. 

**  Ray-flowers  white,   blue,   pink,   or  purple,   rarely  yellow  in  no.   27. 
+-  Pappus  very  short,  a  mere  crown  or  a  few  scales  or  awn-like  bristles. 

20.  Townsendia.     Involucre  broad,  many-flowered;   the  bracts  more  or  less  scarious* 

margined. 

•t-  H-  Pappus  of  numerous,  long,  and  capillary  bristles. 
•H-  Rays  conspicuous. 

21.  Xylorhiza.     Inyolucral  bracts  in  about  2  series,  mucronulate,  carinate  below,  her- 

baceous with  scarious  margins. 

22.  Aster.     Involucral  bracts  in  several  series,  usually  herbaceous  at  tip,  not  reflexed  or 

recurved. 

23.  Machaeranthera.     Involucral  bracts  herbaceous  and  spreading,  or  recurved  or  re- 

flexed,  in  several  series. 

24.  Oreastrum.     Involucre  hemispherical;  the  bracts  narrow  and  subequal.    Stems  scapi- 

form,  monocephalous. 

25.  lonactis.     Involucre  hemispherical;   the  bracts  imbricated,  coriaceous,  and  wholly 

appressed.     Stems  equably  leafy. 

26.  Leucelene.     Involucre  turbinate;  the  bracts  narrow,  herbaceous  but  scarious-mar- 

gined.     Leaves  narrow,  subulate,  numerous,  and  mostly  appressed. 

27.  Erigeron.     Heads  many-flowered,  on  naked  peduncles.    Involucres  of  narrow  equal 

bracts  in  two  rows.     Pappus  simple  or  with  some  outer  minute  scales. 

28.  Wyomingia.     Heads  large;  the  involucral  bracts  in  3-4  series,  rigid  with  a  thickened 

midrib.     Pappus  in  2  series,  the  outer  short,  multisquamellate. 
++  -M-  Rays  iriconspicuous  or  none. 

29.  Leptilon.     Heads  small,  radiate  or  discoid;  involucres  campanulate;  bracts  narrow, 

in  2-3  series.     Annuals. 

30.  Baccharis.     Heads  rayless,  many-flowered,  dioecious  (all  pistillate  or  all  staminate). 

Smooth  glutinous  shrubs. 

Tribe  IV.  INULEAE.  Heads  discoid  (radiate  only  in  Inuld),  the  pistillate  flowers  mostly 
filiform  and  truncate.  Anthers  sagittate,  the  basal  lobes  attenuate  into  tails.  Style- 
branches  with  unappendaged,  obtuse  or  truncate  naked  tips.  Pappus  capillary  or 
none. 

*  Receptacle  chaffy. 

31.  Filago.     Receptacle  hemispherical  or  conical;  fertile  flowers  in  2  sets  separated  from 

each  other  by  a  ring  of  chaffy  bracts.    Low  woolly  annuals. 
*  *  Receptacle  naked;  involucral  bracts  many,  scarious;  floccose-woolly  herbs. 
•i-  Heads  dioecious  or  nearly  so. 

32.  Antennaria.     Heads  dioecious.     Pappus  of  sterile  flowers  club-shaped  or  barbellate; 

of  the  fertile  capillary,  united  at  base  and  deciduous  together. 

33.  Anaphalis.     Heads  dioecious  or  nearly  so.    Pappus  not  thickened  above  or  at  all 

united  at  base. 

•*-  •»-  Heads  all  fertile  throughout. 

34.  Nacrea.     Flowers  all  hermaphrodite;  pappus  clavate-thickened  upward. 

35.  Gnaphalium.     Flowers   all  fertile  but  only  the  inner  hermaphrodite;  pappus  cap- 

illary. 

Tribe  V.     HELIANTHEAE.     Heads  radiate  or  discoid;    involucre  not   scarious  (nut-like 
in  fruit  in  nos.  42,  43  and  44).    Receptacle  chaffy.    Pappus  never  capillary,  sometimes 
none.    Anthers  not  caudate.    Style-branches  truncate  or  hairy-appendaged. 
*  Ray-flowers  fertile  and  ligulate  (sometimes  obscurely  so);  disk-flowers  sterile. 
•H-  Rav  flowers  with  conspicuous  ligules. 

36.  Melampodium.     Involucral  bracts  in  2  very  dissimilar  sets. 

ROCKY  MT.  EOT. — 31 


482  COMPOSITAE  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY) 

•<-  -i-  Ray-flowers  with  ligule  wanting  or  reduced  to  2-3  teeth. 

37.  Parthenice.     Involucral  bracts  mostly  in  1  series,  the  inner  minute  or  wanting.     A 

caulescent  annual. 

38.  Bolophyta.     A  caespitose,  acaulescent  perennial. 

*  *  None  of  the  flowers  ligulate,  the  fertile  few  (1-5),  with  minute  tubular  corolla  or  none. 

•i-  Heads  alike. 

39.  Oxytenia.     Acheues  with  a  terminal  areola  surrounded  by  a  disk.     Involucres  of  5 

dilated,  ovate,  rigidly  acuminate  bracts. 

40.  Iva.     Achenes  short,  thick.     Involucre  of  a  few  roundish  bracts. 

41.  Dicoria.    Achenes  flattened,  wing-margined.    Involucres  of  5  ovate-oblong  herbaceous 

bracts  and  1  or  2  scarious  ones  subtending  the  pistillate  flowers, 
•i-  H-  Heads  of  two  kinds,  the  fertile  with  a  tuberculate  or  bur-like  involucre. 

42.  Ambrosia.     Bracts  of  staminate  involucre  united;  fertile  involucre  with  a  single  row 

of  tubercles  near  the  summit.    Fruiting  head  1 -seeded. 

43.  Franseria.     Staminate  involucre  as  in  no.  42;  sterile  involucre  with  more  than  1  row 

of  tubercles  or  prickles.    Fruiting  head  2-4-seeded. 

44.  Xanthium.     Bracts  of  the  staminate  involucre  distinct.     Fruiting  head  1-4-celled, 

1-4-beaked. 

*  *  *  Disk-flowers  fertile,  the  corollas   funnel-form;  anthers  blackish;  pappus  none,  or  a 

crown  or  cup,  or  of  1-2  chaffy  awns,  neither  capillary  nor  of  several  uniform  chaffy 

scales;  leaves  more  commonly  opposite. 
H-  Rays  persistent  upon  the  mature  achenes. 

45.  Crassina.     Achenes  of  the  disk  compressed.    Leaves  entire. 

46.  Heliopsis.     Achenes  4-sided.    Leaves  toothed. 

•t-  H-  Rays  deciduous  or  wanting.      Chaff  scale-like,  embracing  or  subtending  the  achenes; 

the  involucre  of  two  or  more  rows  of  separate  bracts. 

•H-  Receptacle  high  conical  or  columnar  in  fruit;  pappus  none  or  a  short  crown  or  awn. 
=  Rays  pistillate,  sterile. 

47.  Brauneria.     Rays   rose-colored    (rarely   yellow).      Achenes   short,    4-sided.     Chaff 

spinescent. 

48.  Gymnolomia.     Rays  yellow.    Achenes  compressed-quadrangular. 

=  =  Rays  neutral. 

49.  Rudbeckia.     Achenes  4-sided  or  terete,  flat  at  the  top,  marginless. 

50.  Ratibida.     Achene  flattened  laterally  and  margined. 

•H-  -H-  Receptacle  flat  to  convex. 
=  Achenes  not  winged  or  very  flat. 

51.  Balsamorrhiza.     Achenes  3-4-angled.     Pappus  none.    Chaff  linear-lanceolate. 

52.  Wyethia.     Achenes  elongated,  4-5-winged.     Pappus  a  laciniate  crown,  one  of  the 

teeth  usually  elongated  and  persistent,  or  all  distinct. 

53.  Helianthus.     Achenes  flattened,  bearing  2  very  deciduous,  chaffy  pointed  scales  and 

rarely  minute  intermediate  ones. 

=  =  Achenes  thin-edged,  margined  or  winged,  often  awned. 

54.  Helianthella.     Rays  neutral.    Achenes  merely  margined. 

55.  Ximenesia.     Rays  fertile.    Achenes  winged. 

*  *  *  *  Rays  few  and  neutral,  or  wanting;  achenes  obcompressed,  i.  e.,  flattened  parallel 

with  the  scales  of  the  involucre  (rarely  terete);  involucre  double,  the  outer  spreading 
and  often  foliaceous;  receptacle  flat;  leaves  opposite. 
+-  Plants  not  glandular-viscid. 

56.  Coreopsis.     Involucral  bracts  distinct  or  united  only  at  base.    Pappus  of  2  (or  rarely 

more)  scales,  teeth,  or  awns,  which  are  naked,  not  barbed,  sometimes  obsolete 
or  a  mere  crown. 

57.  Bidens.     Involucral  bracts  distinct  or  united  merely  at  base.    Pappus  of  2  or  more 

rigid  and  persistent  barbed  awns  or  teeth. 

58.  Thelesperma.     Inner  involucre  connate  to  the  middle.     Achenes  terete.     Awns  2, 

retrorsely  hispid. 

•»— t-  Plants  more  or  less  glandular  viscid. 

59.  Madia.     Bracts  of  involucre  uniserial,  more  or  less  inclosing  the  achenes  of  the  fertile 

rays. 

60.  Layia.     Bracts  of  the  involucre  flattened  on  the  back  below,  with  abruptly  dilated 

thin  margins  abruptly  infolded  so  as  to  inclose  the  ray  achene. 

Tribe  VI.  HELENIEAE.  Nearly  as  Tribe  V,  but  receptacle  not  chaffy  (somewhat  so  in 
nos.  75  and  76).  In  our  genera,  the  disk-flowers  perfect  and  fertile;  the  pappus  a  row 
of  several  chaffy  scales  (bristly-dissected  in  no.  78);  the  involucre  hardly  at  all  im- 
bricated (partly  scarious  in  nos.  64,  65  and  66). 

*  Herbage  without  oil-glands. 
•»-  Ligules  persistent  on  the  striate  achenes  and  becoming  papery. 

61.  Psilostrophe.     Plants  more  or  less  woolly. 

H— t-  Ligules  deciduous  or  wanting. 
•M-  Achenes  flat,  with  only  marginal  nerves. 

62.  Pericome.     Involucral  bracts  lightly  connate  by  their  edges  into  a  campanulate  cup. 

•M-  -H-  Achenes  angled  (not  flat),  nerved  or  striate. 

=  Receptacle  not  chaffy. 

a.  At  least  the  tips  of  the  involucral  bracts  petaloid  or  scarious. 
b.  Heads  rayless. 

63.  Hymenopappus.     Involucre  broadly  campanulate;  the  bracts  6-12.    Lobes  of  the  disk 

corollas  spreading  or  reflexed. 

66.  Heads  radiate. 

64.  Leucampyz.     Ligules  ochroleucous  or  white,  merely  toothed. 

65.  Polypteris.     Ligules  purple,  deeply  cleft. 

aa.  Involucral  bracts  not  petaloid  or  scarious. 


COMPOSITAE  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY)  483 

6.  Achenes  4-angled. 

66.  Eriophyllum.     Bracts  of  the  involucre  in  1  or  2  series  and  more  or  less  united;  ligules 

broad. 

67.  Platyschkuhria.     Perennial  with  entire  leaves  mostly  radical  and  subscapose  stem. 

Bracts  about  10,  distinct. 

68.  Bahia.     Annuals  or  perennials,  the  leaves  cleft,  divided,  or  dissected.    Bracts  distinct. 

69.  Chaenactis.     Annuals  or  perennials,  the  leaves  pinnate  or  bipinnate.    Heads  of  white 

flesh-colored  flowers,  rayiess. 

70.  Hulsea.     Low  viscid  perennial.    Pappus  of  about  4  erose  truncate  scales. 

66.  Achenes  6-10-ribbed;  herbage  commonly  impressed-punctate  and  resiniferous. 

c.  Pappus  present. 
d.  Involucral  bracts  erect. 

71.  Actinella.     Leaves  entire.    Stems  scapose  or  with  a  few  linear  leaves  low. 

72.  Hymenoxys.     Leaves  1-3-ternately  parted,  if  wholly  only  in  the  axils  of  the  radical 

leaves.     Heads  medium. 

73.  Rydbergia.     Low  woolly  alpine  perennial  with  enormous  heads. 

dd.  Involucral  bracts  spreading  or  reflexed. 

74.  Dugaldea.     Leaves  entire  or  parted,  not  decurrent  on  the  stem. 

75.  Helenium.     Leaves  entire,  decurrent  on  the  stem. 

cc.  Pappus  wanting. 

76.  Flaveria.     Heads  small;  the  involucre  of  2-5  concave  carinate  bracts. 

=  =  Receptacle    with    bristle-like    chaff. 

77.  Gaillardia.     The  large  ligules  3-toothed  or  3-cleft. 

*  *  Herbage  with  oil-glands,  heavy  scented;  pappus  a  row  of  chaffy  bristles  dissected  into 

many  rigid  bristles. 

78.  Dysodia.     Bracts  of  the  involucre  united  at  the  base. 

79.  Pectis.     Bracts  of  the  involucre  distinct. 

Tribe  VH.  ANTHEMIDEAE.      Distinguished  from  the  last  two  tribes  by  the  more  or  less 

dry  and    scarious-imbricated  bracts  of  the  involucre.      Heads  radiate  (rays  mostly 

white)  or  discoid,  the  perfect  flowers  sometimes  sterile  and  the  pistillate  rarely  tubular. 

Achenes  small;  pappus  a  short  crown  or  none.    Mostly  strong-scented;  leaves  alternate. 

*  Receptacle  chaffy,  at  least  in  part;  heads  radiate,  many-flowered. 

80.  Anthemis.     Achenes  subterete,  angled  or  ribbed.    Heads  hemispherical,  rather  large. 

81.  Achillea.     Receptacle  flattish.    Achenes  obcompressed.    Heads  small,  campanulate 

or  obovoid. 

*  *  Receptacle  naked. 
+-  Heads  solitary  or  corymbose. 
++  Receptacle  conical  at  least  in  age. 

82.  Matricaria.     Heads  pedunculate.     Rays  pistillate  or  none.     Pappus  crown-like  or 

none.    Leaves  finely  dissected. 

++  ++  Receptacle  flattish  or  moderately  convex.     Corollas  of  the  perfect  flowers  5-toothed. 

Achenes  sessile. 

83.  Chrysanthemum.    Heads  radiate;  rays  pistillate.    Achenes  5^1 0-nerved;  pappus  none. 

84.  Tanacetum.     Heads  discoid.     Pistillate  flowers  few,  marginal,  the  corollas  incon- 

spicuous, 2-3-toothed.    Achenes  3-5-angled;  pappus  none  or  a  short  crown. 
4-;  -t-  Inflorescence  from  spike-like  to  chiefly  racemose-paniculate. 

85.  Artemisia.     Heads  small,  usually  drooping,  discoid.    Pappus  none. 

Tribe  VIII.  SENECIONEAE.  Heads  radiate  or  discoid,  the  involucre  little  or  not  at  all 
imbricated  or  scarious.  Receptacle  naked.  Anthers  tailless.  Pappus  capillary. 

*  Heads  monoecious  or  subdioecious,   the  perfect  flowers  mostly  sterile,  and  the  small 

(ligulate  or  tubular)  ray-flowers  in  more  than  one  row  (at  least  in  the  fertile  heads); 
style-branches  obtuse,  not  appendaged  or  hispid;  leaves  chiefly  radical. 

86.  Petasites.     Heads  corymbed,  subdioecious.    Flowers  white  or  purplish. 

87.  Haploesthes.     Heads  few,  cymose.     Flowers  yellow. 

*  *  Flowers  all  fertile;  style-branches  truncate  or  capitellate,  often  appendaged;  involucral 

bracts  conni vent-erect. 
•t-  Leaves  opposite. 

88.  Arnica.     Heads  showy.    Pappus  rather  rigid,  scabrous  or  barbellate. 

•t-  -i-  Leaves  alternate;  flowers  yellow;  pappus  soft-capillary,  copious. 

89.  Tetradymia.     Heads  discoid;  the  bracts  4-6,  firm,  erect,  concave,  and  overlapping. 

90.  Senecio.     Heads  usually  radiate;  the  bracts  several  to  many,  and  usually  with  1  or  2 

rows  of  erect  bracteoles. 

Tribe  IX.  CYNAREAE.  Flowers  all  tubular  and  perfect.  Involucre  much  imbricated. 
Anthers  caudate,  long-appendaged  at  tip.  Style-branches  short  or  united,  obtuse, 
unappendaged,  smooth,  with  often  a  pubescent  ring  below.  Pappus  mostly  bristly. 
Leaves  alternate. 

91.  Carduus.     Heads   many-flowered.     Pappus  usually  plumose,    more   rarely   merely 

roughened. 

Series  B.    LIGULIFLORAE 

Corolla  ligulate  in  all  the  flowers  of  the  head,  and  all  the  flowers  perfect. 
Herbs  with  milky  juice.    Leaves  alternate. 

Tribe  X.  CICHORIEAE.     Characters  of  the  series. 

*  Pappus  plumose  or  scale-like. 
•»-  Flowers  not  yellow. 
•H-  Achenes  beakless. 

92.  Cichorium.     Involucre  double.    Pappus  a  small  crown  of  bristle-form  scales. 


484  COMPOSITAE  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY) 

93.  Stephanomeria.     Involucre  double  but  the  outer  bracts  small-calyculate.     Pappus 

plumose. 

++  *+  Achenes  beaked. 

94.  Tragopogon.     Involucre  simple,  not  calyculate.     Pappus  plumose. 

H-  -t-  Flowers  yellow. 

95.  Krigia.     Involucre  simple.     Achenes  short-cylindric,  with  broad  truncate  summit; 

pappus  of  both  scales  and  bristles. 

96.  Nothocalais.     Involucral  bracts  in  2  series,  nearly  equal.    Achenes  fusiform;  pappus 

of  10-30  unequal  scales  (sometimes  also  some  capillary  bristles). 

97.  Ptilocalais.     Involucral  bracts  imbricated  in  several  series.     Achenes  linear  or  turbin 

ate;  pappus  mostly  of  scales  terminating  in  a  plumose  bristle. 

*  *  Pappus  of  capillary  bristles,  never  plumose. 
+-  Pappus  bristles  deciduous  together,  or  1-8  stouter  ones  persistent. 

98.  Malacothrix.     Achenes  columnar,  5-15-striate. 

+-  -i-  Pappus  persistent  or  the  bristles  falling  separately. 
•M-  Flowers  rose  or  purplish. 

99.  Lygodesmia.     Stems  nearly  leafless.     Achenes  tapering  at  summit;  pappus  white. 

100.  Prenanthella.     Leaves  ample.     Achenes  ribbed,  tapering  to  the  base.    Annuals. 

101.  Prenanthes.     Leaves  ample,   the  cauline  in  part  clasping.     Achenes  terete  or  4-5- 

angled.    Perennials. 

++  ++  Flowers  yellow,  blue,  or  white. 

=  Leaves  not  all  basal;  heads  several  to  many,  or  rarely  solitary, 
a.  Achenes  not  flattened. 

102.  Crepis.     Achenes  tapering  upward.     Bracts  more  or  less  thickened  at  the  base  or  on 

the  midrib  at  maturity.     Pappus  white. 

103.  Hieracium.     Achenes  not  tapering  upward.     Bracts  not  thickened.     Pappus  sordid 

or  fulvous. 

aa.  Achenes  flattened. 

104.  Lactuca.     Achenes  narrowed  upward  and  often  beaked.     Involucre  cylindraceous. 

105.  Sonchus.     Achenes  truncate  at  summit.     Involucre  campanulate. 

=  =  Leaves  all  basal;  heads  solitary  on  the  scapose  stems. 

106.  Troximon.     Achenes  smooth  at  apex,  from  beakless  to  long-beaked. 

107.  Taraxacum.     Achenes  spinulose  at  apex,  long-beaked. 

1.  VERNONIA  Schreb.     IRONWEED 

Perennial  herbs,  with  leafy  stems  and  alternate  and  acuminate  or  very  acute 
leaves.  Flowers  perfect,  mostly  purple,  discoid;  the  heads  in  corymbose 
cymes,  15-many-flowered.  Involucre  much  imbricated.  Receptacle  naked. 
Achenes  cylindrical,  ribbed,  with  double  pappus  (the  outer  of  minute  scale- 
like  bristles,  the  inner  of  copious  capillary  bristles) . 

Leaves  conspicuously  spinulose-denticulate 1.  V.  fasciculata. 

Leaves  entire  or  nearly  so  .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .     2.  V.  Jamesii. 

1.  Vernonia  fasciculata  Michx.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  2:  94.   1803.     Glabrous  or 
nearly  so,  6-12  dm.  high:  leaves  thickish,  linear  to  oblong-lanceolate,  con- 
spicuously spinulose-denticulate:  heads  numerous  and  crowded  on  the  branches 
of  the  compound  cyme;  involucre  (6-8  mm.  high)  20-30-flowered ;  the  bracts 
all  obtuse,  or  some  of  the   uppermost  abruptly  mucronate-acute. — From 
Dakota  to  Texas  within  the  eastern  limits  of  our  range,  and  eastward  to  the 
Mississippi  States. 

2.  Vernonia  Jamesii  T.  &  G.  Fl.  2:  58.  1842.     Glabrous  or  nearly  so, 
3-5  dm.  high:  leaves  linear-lanceolate  or  linear,  like  those  of  narrowest  forms 
of  the  last,  but  smaller  and  less  or  obsoletely  denticulate :  heads  few  or  numer- 
ous in  a  loose  and  open  corymbiform  cyme,  all  pedunculate;  involucre  (8-10 
mm.  high)  15-25-flowered;  the  bracts  all  or  mostly  obtuse. — Plains  of  Ne- 
braska and  Arkansas  to  Colorado  and  Texas. 

2.  EUPATORIUM  L.    THOROUGHWORT 

Erect  perennial  herbs  or  sometimes  shrubby,  often  sprinkled  with  bitter 
resinous  dots,  and  commonly  with  opposite  (sometimes  verticillate)  leaves. 
Heads  generally  corymbose,  discoid,  3-many-flowered ;  flowers  perfect,  white, 
bluish  or  purple.  Involucre  cylindrical  or  campanulate,  few-many-flowered. 
Receptacle  naked,  flat  or  conical.  Corolla  5-toothed.  Achenes,  5-angled, 
with  a  single  row  of  slender,  capillary,  barely  roughish  bristles. 


«  COMPOSITAE  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY)  485 

Leaves  large  (6-10  cm.  or  more  long),  usually  in  verticils  of  3        .         .  1.  E.  maculatum. 
Leaves  small  (2-5  cm.  long),  opposite. 

Involucral  bracts  striate  .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .  2.  E.  Fendleri. 

Involucral  bracts  not  striate 3.  E.  texense. 

1.  Eupatorium  maculatum  L.  Amoen.  Acad.  4:  288.  1755.     Stems  5-15 
dm.  high,  more  or  less  spotted  with  purple:  leaves  in  whorls  of  3-5,  ovate 
to  ovate-lanceolate,  5-15  cm.  long,  more  or  less  pubescent  and  of  ten  scabrous, 
rather  coarsely  toothed:  corymbs  flat-topped  or  ovate:  involucres  7-8  mm. 
high,  the  outer  bracts  obtuse,  pubescent:  corollas  white,  pink,  or  purple.     (E. 
Bruneri  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  1:  96.  1886;  E.  Rydbergii  Brit.;  E.  atromontanum  A. 
Nels.  Bot.  Gaz.  31 :  400.  1901.)    Known  as  JOE  PYE  WEED. — From  New  Mex- 
ico, through  our  eastern  border  and  thence  both  eastward  and  westward. 

2.  Eupatorium  Fendleri  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  17:  205.  1882.    Stem  3-6 
dm.  high,  leafy,  obscurely  puberulent:  leaves  dentate,  opposite  or  the  upper  al- 
ternate,  deltoid-subcordate,  tapering  gradually  to  an  acute  or  acuminate 
point:  heads  comparatively  small  and  numerous,  paniculate,  all  peduncled; 
bracts  of  the  involucre  all  obtuse,  the  outer  oblong:  flowers  white:  achenes 
minutely  pubescent.     [E.  arizonicum  Greene,  Pitt.  4:  280.  1901  (?).] — New 
Mexico  and  possibly  in  Colorado  and  Utah. 

3.  Eupatorium  texense  (T.  &  G.)  Rydb.  Fl.  Col.  335.  1906.    Herbaceous  or 
nearly  so,  5-10  dm.  high;  branches  slender,  spreading:  leaves  more  or  less 
cinereous-puberulent,  deltoid-ovate,  obtuse  or  acute,  more  or  less  dentate, 
slender-petioled:  heads  8-10  mm.  high,  about  12-flowered;  involucral  bracts 
nearly   or   quite   nerveless,    almost   linear.     E.    ageratifoliwn. — Infrequent; 
Colorado  and  southward. 

3.  KUHNIA  L.    FALSE  BONESET 

Perennial  caulescent  herbs  with  puberulent  or  pubescent  foliage.  Leaves 
alternate;  blades  resinous-dotted.  Heads  discoid,  in  open  or  crowded  clus- 
ters; involucres  narrow,  several-many-flowered;  bracts  narrow,  in  few  series, 
striate,  the  inner  successively  longer.  Receptacle  naked.  Corollas  white  or 
purplish.  Anthers  obtuse  and  entire  at  the  base.  Stigmas  slender,  rather 
obtuse.  Achenes  10-20-striate,  columnar.  Pappus  of  one  series  of  very 
plumose  hair-like  bristles. 

Achenes  10-striate,  shorter  than  the  pappus. 

Flowers  20-30;  stems  branched  from  the  base  up     .         .  .         .     1.  K.  Hitchcockii. 

Flowers  15-20;  stems  simple  below  .         .         .         .  .         .     2.  K.  glutinosa. 

Achenes  20-striate,  nearly  or  quite  as  long  as  the  pappus. 

Leaves  narrowly  lanceolate  to  linear;  stems  erect  or  spreading,  usu- 
ally freely  branched  above          .         .         .         .         .  .         .     3.  K.  Gooddingii. 

Leaves  ovate  to  lanceolate;  stems  assurgent,  nearly  simple  .         .     4.  K.^reticulata. 

1.  Kuhnia    Hitchcockii    A.    Nels.    Bot.    Gaz.    31:  403.   1901.      Tufted- 
suffrutescent,  the  lignescent  stems  decumbent-spreading,  ea<Jn  divaricately 
branched  from  the  base  up,  dark,  minutely  puberulent  as  are  also  the  leaves: 
stem  leaves  nearly  linear,  with  a  few  sharp  teeth,  3-4  cm.  long;  those  of  the 
rigid  branches  numerous,  small,  linear,  2-3  cm.  long:  involucre  usually  sub- 
tended by  a  few  linear  bractlets,  the  bracts  in  about  5  series,  the  short  outer 
ones  broadly  lanceolate,  the  inner  broadly  linear  with  thin,  scarious  margins 
and  cuspidate  apex:  flowers  20-30,  the  tube  nearly  uniform:  achenes  small, 
about  10-striate,  shorter  than  the  dull  white  to  tawny,  distinctly  plumose 
pappus. — On  the  dry  plains  east  of  the  mountains. 

2.  Kuhnia  glutinosa  Ell.  Bot.  S.  C.  &  Ga.  2:  292.  1824.    Rather  densely 
rough  pubescent;  stems  5-12  dm.  tall,  branching  above:  leaf -blades  lanceo- 
late to  linear-lanceolate  below,  1-4  cm.  long,  acute  or  acuminate,  shallowly 
serrate,  sessile  by  the  broad  bases  or  partly  clasping:  involucres  8-10  mm. 
high;  bracts  subulate  without,  lanceolate  to  linear  within  and  cuspidate- 
acuminate:  achenes  5  mm.  long;  pappus  tawny  or  brownish.    K.  eupatorioides 
corymbosa. — From  South  Dakota  to  Alabama  and  Texas  and  in  the  eastern 
part  of  our  range. 

3.  Kuhnia  Gooddingii  A.  Nels.  1.  c.  402.    In  dense  clumps  from  a  tufted 


486  COMPOSITAE  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY) 

woody  caudex;  stems  numerous,  erect  or  spreading,  5-8  dm.  high:  leaves 
numerous,  sparsely  and  minutely  puberulent  especially  on  the  margins  and 
veins,  linear  to  narrowly  lanceolate,  2-4  cm.  long,  entire  or  nearly  so,  more 
or  less  revolute-margined :  inflorescence  loosely  and  widely  paniculate;  the 
pedicels  and  involucre  finely  pubescent:  involucres  turbinate;  the  bracts  in 
about  5  series;  the  outer  bracts  lanceolate;  the  inner  broadly  linear,  with 
villous-pubescent  setaceous  tip,  about  4-striate,  sparsely  sprinkled  with 
shining  resinous  particles  as  are  also  the  corolla-teeth:  disk  10-12  mm.  high, 
15-25-flowered;  corolla  ochroleucous  or  shading  to  brown,  slender-tubular: 
achene  linear,  finely  about  20-striate,  only  a  little  shorter  than  the  white,  finely 
plumose  pappus.  [K.  rosmarinifolia  Vent.  (K.  leptophylla)  probably,  as  to 
our  range.] — From  northern  Colorado  to  New  Mexico  and  Utah. 

4.  Kuhnia  reticulata  A.  Nels.  1.  c.  403.  Stems  several  or  many,  ascending, 
3-4  dm.  high,  simple,  light  green,  finely  puberulent:  leaves  light  green,  gla- 
brate,  closely  impressed-punctate,  ovate  or  oblong-lanceolate,  2-4  cm.  long, 
subacute,  entire  to  irregularly  few-toothed:  cymes  congested-corymbose  or 
becoming  paniculate:  involucre  turbinate-campanulate ;  the  bracts  in  4  or 
5  series,  softly  pubescent,  strongly  nervose,  resin-sprinkled,  shorter  than  the 
12-15  mm.  high  disk;  the  outer  lanceolate;  the  inner  broadly  linear,  acute: 
flowers  about  25:  style- tips  compressed,  linear:  achenes  20-striate,  linear, 
about  5  mm.  long,  exceeded  by  the  white,  softly  plumose  pappus. — Eastern 
Wyoming. 

4.  BRICKELLIA  Ell. 

Herbs  or  undershrubs  with  opposite  or  alternate  leaves  and  variously 
disposed  heads  of  white  or  flesh-colored  flowers  in  late  summer.  Scales  of  the 
campanulate  involucre  imbricated,  lanceolate  or  linear,  the  exterior  shorter, 
none  herbaceous.  Receptacle  flat,  naked.  Corolla  slender,  5-toothed  at  sum- 
mit, the  teeth  mostly  glandular  externally.  Pappus  a  single  series  of  bar- 
bellate  or  subplumose  or  merely  scabrous  bristles.  Achenes  10-costate  or 
10-striate. — (Coleosanthus  Cass.) 

Leaves  ovate  or  cordate-triangular. 

Leaves  petioled,  teeth  not  spine-tipped. 
Heads  30-50-flowered. 

Heads  more  or  less  umbellately  crowded,  drooping  1.  B.  grandiflora. 


Heads  cymosely  paniculate,  erect 
Heads  10-25-flowered. 

Leaves  20-40  mm.  long;  involucral  bracts  erect 
Leaves  5-10  mm.  long;  involucral  bracts  squarrose 


Leaves  subsessile;  teeth  spine-tipped 
Leaves  oblong  to  linear,  sessile    . 


2.  B.  ambigens. 

3.  B.  Wrightii. 

4.  B.  microphylla. 

5.  B.  atractyloides. 

6.  B.  linifolia. 

1.  Brickellia  grandiflora  Nutt.  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Spc.  7:  287.  1841.     Pu- 
berulent or  almost  glabrous;  stem  3-8  dm.  high,  paniculately  branched,  the 
numerous  heads  paniculate-cymose  and  drooping:  leaves  broadly  or  narrowly 
deltoid-cordate,    or   the    upper   deltoid-lanceolate,    coarsely   dentate-serrate 
and  with  an  entire,  gradually  acuminate  apex  (the  larger  6-10  cm.  long): 
involucre  about  40-flowered ;  the  bracts  papery  and  scarious-margined  when 
dried ;  the  short  outer  ones  ovate ;  the  inner  linear,  obtuse  or  acutish,  or  some  ex- 
terior ones  with  loose  subulate  acumination:  pappus  white,  inclined  to  be  de- 
ciduous.    (Includes  var.  petiolaris  Gray;  Coleosanthus  petiolaris  Greene,  Bull. 
Torr.  Bot.  Club  25:  117.  1898.) — New  Mexico  to  Montana  and  to  Arizona 
and  Washington. 

la.  Brickellia  grandiflora  minor  Gray,  Proc.  Acad.  Phila.  67.  1863.  Plant 
usually  smaller:  the  leaves  thickish  and  rugulose- veiny,  from  puberulent  to 
scabro-pubescent :  pedicels  mostly  shorter  than  the  heads,  hence  the  latter 
appearing  crowded-congested.  [Brickellia  (Coleosanthus)  umbellatus  (Greene), 
Pitt.  4:  238.  1901;  C.  congestus  A.  Nels.  Bot.  Gaz.  31:  401.  1901.]— The 
more  frequent  form  in  our  range. 

2.  Brickellia  ambigens   (Greene)   A.   Nels.     Herbaceous,   4-7  dm.  high, 
simple  up  to  the  rather  strict  and  thyrsiform  panicle  of  middle-sized  heads; 
foliage  green  and  seemingly  glabrous,  but  sparsely  scabro-puberulent  under 


COMPOSITAE  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY)  487 

a  lens:  lowest  leaves  opposite,  the  pairs  remote,  very  thin,  deltoid-ovate, 
5-8  cm.  long,  acute,  coarsely  serrate-toothed ;  the  upper  and  those  subtend- 
ing the  branches  of  the  panicle  alternate,  all  with  slender  and  rather  long 
petioles:  involucres  6-7  mm.  high,  strongly  imbricated ;  the  bracts  ovate  to 
oblong-linear,  obtuse,  strongly  nerved  and  tomentose-ciliate :  flowers  ochro- 
leucous:  achenes  with  5  prominent  angles  and  as  many  intervening  ribs,  not 
glandular,  the  angles  and  ribs  scabro-serrulate.  (Coleosanthus  ambigens 
Greene,  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  25:  118.  1898;  C.  Garrettii  A.  Nels.  Proc.  Biol. 
Soc.  Wash.  20:  38.  1907.)— New  Mexico,  Colorado,  and  Utah. 

3.  Brickellia  Wrightii    Gray,    PL    Wright.    2:  72.  1853.     Usually   much 
branched  from  a  woody  base,  3-10  dm.  high,  puberulent,  sometimes  a  little 
scabrous:  leaves  broadly  deltoid-ovate,  or  rounded-cordate  and  obtuse,  or 
at  most  acute  (but  not  prolonged  upward),  more  or  less  crenate-dentate 
(larger  cauline  3-4  cm.  long,  smaller  only  1  cm.) :  heads  glomerate-paniculate, 
the  clusters  shorter  than  or  little  surpassing  the  subtending  leaves:  involucre 
often  purple,  turbinate,  10-20-flowered;  bracts  either  obtuse  or  acute,  the 
outer   short-ovate',    the   inner   linear:   corolla   ochroleucous:   pappus   white. 
[Brickellia  (Coleosanthus)  albicaulis  (Rydb.),  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  31:  646. 
1904.] — Colorado  and  Utah  to  Texas  and  Arizona. 

4.  Brickellia   microphylla    Gray,    PL    Wright.    1:  85.  1852.      Glandular- 
puberulent  or  pubescent  and  viscid,  3-5  dm.  high,  from  a  partly  woody  base, 
paniculately  much  branched;  the  short  leafy  branchlets  terminated  by  1-3 
heads:  leavesxsubcordate  or  ovate  to  oblong,  when  old  somewhat  scabrous, 
obtuse  or  apiculate,  sparingly  denticulate  or  nearly  entire,  the  larger  10-14 
mm.  long,  those  of  flowering  branchlets  2-5  mm.  long:  heads  10-12  mm.  long, 
about  15-flowered;  involucral  bracts  firm,  the  outer  with  green  and  spreading 
tips,  the  lowest  herbaceous  and  passing  into  the  leaves  of  the  branchlets. 
[Brickellia   (Coleosanthus)  scaber  (Greene),  Pitt.  3:   100.  1906.]— From  Col- 
orado and  Wyoming  to  Oregon. 

5.  Brickellia  atractyloides  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  8:  290.  1870.  Stems  1-3 
dm.  high,  woody  except  the  new  shoots,  much  branched:  leaves  ovate-acumi- 
nate, green,  minutely  scabrous-atomiferous,  3-nerved  and  reticulate- veined,  1-3 
cm.  long:  branchlets  terminating  in  a  solitary  and  slender-pedunculate  head: 
involucre  campanulate;  the  bracts  firm-chartaceous;  outer  ovate,  acuminate, 
little  shorter  than  the  linear-lanceolate  innermost,  10-13  mm.  high,  35-50- 
flowered.    (Coleosanthus  venulosus  A.  Nels.  Bot.  Gaz.  37:  262.  1904.) — Arid 
areas;  Colorado  to  California. 

6.  Brickellia  linifolia  Eaton,  Bot.  King's  Exp.  137. 1871.  Minutely  glandular- 
puberulent;  stems  1-several,  2-4  dm.  high  from  a  woody  rootstock,  simple 
or  corymbose  at  the  summit:  leaves  numerous,  alternate,  sessile,  elliptical- 
lanceolate  to  linear,  entire,  obscurely  3-nerved,  2-3  cm.  long:  heads  large,  1  or 
more  on  elongated  somewhat  leafy  branches:  involucre  40-50-flowered,  the 
scales  in  several  series,  outer  ones  ovate,  inner  ones  linear,  acute:  branches  of 
the  style  club-shaped,  exserted:  achenes  with  a  double  row  of  minute  bristles 
along  the  striae;  pappus  obscurely  plumose.    [Brickellia  (Coleosanthus)  humilis 
(Greene),  Pitt.  4:  124.  1900.]— Sandy  banks;  Colorado  to  the  Sierra  Nevada. 

6.  LIATRIS  Schreb.     BLAZING  STAB 

Erect  perennial  herbs,  usually  from  a  globular  tuber,  simple  or  little 
branched,  with  alternate,  entire,  1-5-nerved  leaves,  and  spicate  or  racemose 
discoid  heads  of  rose-purple  flowers.  Involucre  oblong,  ovoid,  or  subhemi- 
spheric,  the  bracts  imbricated  in  several  series,  the  outer  shorter.  Receptacle 
flat  or  slightly  convex,  naked.  Corolla  regular,  the  tube  slender,  the  limb 
5-lobed  or  5-cleft.  Style  branches  elongated,  obtuse  or  flattened  at  the  apex. 
Achenes  10-ribbed,  slender,  tapering  to  the  base.  Pappus  of  1  or  2  series  of 
slender,  barbellate  or  plumose  bristles. — (Laciniaria  Hill.) 

Heads  4-6-flowered;  pappus  plumose     .         .         .         .         .         .         .     1.  L.  punctata. 

Heads  50-70-flowered;  pappus  minutely  barbellate        .        ,        ,        ,     2,  L,  ligulistylis. 


488  COMPOSITAE  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY) 

1.  Liatris  punctata  Hook.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  1:  306.  1833.    Stems  1-7  dm.  high 
from  a  thick  and  branching  or  sometimes  globular  stock,  stout:  leaves  all 
narrowly  linear,  commonly  punctate,  rigid:  heads  oblong  or  cylindraceous, 
thickish,  12-18  mm.  long,  mostly  numerous  and  crowded  in  a  dense  spike: 
bracts  of  the  involucre  punctate,  oblong,  abruptly  or  sometimes  more  gradu- 
ally cuspidate-acuminate,  often  lanuginous-ciliate. — On  the  plains;  from  the 
Saskatchewan  to  Montana  and  southward  to  Texas  and  New  Mexico. 

2.  Liatris  ligulistylis  A.  Nels.     From  an  enlarged  woody,  tuberous  root; 
stems  single,  4-5  dm.  high,  leafy:  leaves  bright  green,  rather  obscurely  punc- 
tate, glabrous;  the  lower  lance-oblong,  8-12  cm.  long,  tapering  into  a  shorter 
margined  petiole;  upwardly  becoming  more  lanceolate,   gradually  smaller, 
passing  into  the  lance-linear  bracts:  heads  few  to  several,  in  a  short  raceme; 
peduncles  1-3  cm.  long:  involucre  broadly  campanulate,  often  20-25  mm. 
broad;   bracts  in  about  6  series,   foliar-green,   with  dark   purple,  scarious, 
laciniate-erose  margins;  the  outer  shorter,  nearly  orbicular  to  oval;  the  mid- 
dle rows  broadly  obovate;  the  inner  elliptic  or  oblong  and  15-18  mm. long: 
flowers   50-70,    purple:  exserted    style  branches   conspicubus,   flattened,  as 
long  as  the  corolla,  light  purple.     L.  scariosa.    (Ladniaria  ligulistylis  A.  Nels. 
Bot.  Gaz.  31:  405.  1901.)— Bottom  lands;  Colorado,  through  Wyoming  to  the 
Dakotas. 

6.  GUTIERREZIA  Lag. 

Low  suffrutescent  or  herbaceous  plants  with  nearly  glabrous  but  resinous 
herbage.  Leaves  narrowly  linear,  entire,  alternate.  Heads  radiate,  very 
small,  numerous,  cymose  or  paniculate  at  the  summit  of  the  stems;  flowers 
yellow.  Involucre  imbricated;  the  bracts  coriaceous,  with  green  tips.  Re- 
ceptacle in  our  species  flat.  Achenes  angled  or  striate,  pubescent.  Pappus  of 
4-15  oblong  or  narrower  commonly  erose  scales. 

Disk-  and  ray-flowers  each  3-10  in  each  head. 

Resinous  dots  large,  bordered  by  a  hyaline  scale    .         .         .         .     1.  G.  lepidota. 
Resinous  dots  small,  not  bordered. 

Shrubby,  at  least  a  part  of  the  main  branches  persisting     .         .     2.  G.  longifolia. 
Only  the  base  woody  and  persisting. 

Involucres  turbinate;  rays  5-6,  disk-flowers  8-10    .         .         .     3.  G.  diversifolia. 
Involucres  clavate-oblong;  rays  3-5,  disk-flowers  4-7     .         .     4.  G.  Sarothrae. 
Disk-  and  ray-flowers  each  only  1-2  in  each  head         .         .         .         .     5.  G.  microcephala. 

1.  Gutierrezia  lepidota  Greene,  Pitt.  4:  57.  1899.     Loosely  tufted  on  a 
woody  base,  the  leafy  and  floriferous  stems  3-5  dm.  high,  smooth  and  glabrous, 
the  rather  large  heads  loosely  cymose-panicled :  lower  leaves  narrowly  ob- 
lanceolate,   obtuse,   the   upper  successively  narrower  and  those  under  the 
panicle  linear,  all  ascending,  only  their  margins  scabrous,  the  surface  marked 
with  large  dots  each  bordered  with  a  hyaline  scale,  otherwise  glabrous:  the 
very  distinctly  turbinate  involucres  about  6  mm.  high;  the  bracts  in  about 
4  series,  all  with  thick,  blunt,  green  tips:  flowers  of  ray  and  disk  each  6  or  7, 
light  yellow:  scales  of  the  pappus  all  lanceolate,  acute. — Known  only  from 
type  number,  Grand  Junction,  Colorado. 

2.  Gutierrezia  longifolia  Greene,  1.  c.  54.    The  leafy  and  floriferous  branches 
3-6  dm.  high;  older  stems  terete,  the  newer  striate  and  somewhat  angled, 
devoid  of  even  a  scabrous  pubescence,  or  nearly  so:  leaves  glabrous  or  pu- 
berulent,  linear,  5  cm.  long  or  more,  1-nerved:  heads  sessile  and  glomerate 
at  the  ends  of  fastigiate  branchlets  and  forming  a  broad,  nearly  flat-topped 
inflorescence:    involucres    elongated,   obovate-turbinate,    5    mm.   high;   the 
bracts  long,  with  thick,  short,  green  tips:  flowers  of  ray  and  disk  each  4  or  5: 
pappus  scales  of  about  the  same  number,  mostly  lanceolate,  those  of  the  ray 
shorter.      (G.    linearis   Rydb.   Bull.  Torr.   Bot.   Club   31:  647.  1904.) — Col- 
orado and  Utah  to  New  Mexico. 

3.  Gutierrezia  diversifolia  Greene,  1.  c.  53.    Stems  1-2  dm.  high,  tufted  on 
a  short,  stout,  ligneous  crown,  angled  and  often  scabrous  but  hardly  glutinous: 
lowest  leaves  somewhat  oblanceolate,  the  short  blade  tapering  to  a  long- 
winged  and  hispid-ciliolate  petiole;  only  the  uppermost  truly  linear:  inflo- 


COMPOSITAE  •  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY)  489 

rescence  of  large  and  rather  broadly  turbinate  involucres  formed  into  an  open 
more  or  less  dichotomous  cyme:  bracts  of  the  involucre  in  only  about  3  series, 
with  thick,  obtuse,  green  tips:  rays  5  or  6,  disk-flowers  8  or  10:  pappus-scales 
in  the  disk-flowers  8-12,  very  narrow  and  acute,  those  of  the  disk  (as  is  usual 
in  the  genus)  less  than  half  as  long.  (G.  scoparia  Rydb.  1.  c.) — Common  on 
the  plains  and  in  the  foothills;  Montana  to  New  Mexico  and  westward. 

4.  Gutierrezia  Sarothrae    (Pursh)   B.  &    R.  Trans.  N.  Y.  Acad.  7:   10. 
1887.    Bushy  plant  with  numerous  erect  stems  from  a  woody  base,  3-6  dm. 
high:  inflorescence  cymose-paniculate ;  heads  short-peduncled  or  sometimes 
in  terminal  glomerules  of  3-5:  involucre  clavate-oblong,  3  or  4  mm.  high; 
bracts  with  minute   green  tips:    disk-  and   ray-flowers  each  3-7:    achenes 
sericeous-pubescent.    G.  Euthamiae.    (G.  juncea  Greene,  1.  c.  56;  G.  divaricata 
Nutt.;  G.  myriacephala  A.  Nels.  Bot.  Gaz.  37:  264.  1904.    Numbers  2  and  3 
above  are  closely  allied  to  this  and  are  distinguished  from  it  with  difficulty. 
It  were  better  perhaps  to  consider  them  forms  of  this  as  did  Dr.  Gray.) — 
Almost  throughout  the  western  United  States. 

5.  Gutierrezia  microcephala   Gray,  PI.   Fendl.   74:  1848.     Tufted   stems 
3-6  dm.  high,  slender,  fastigiately  corymbose,  the  branches  of  the  season 
striate,  glabrous  or  hirtellous:  leaves  narrowly  linear,  ascending,  scaberulous, 
punctate,  the  ultimate  twigs  of  the  inflorescence  and  the  involucres  glutinous; 
the  latter  mostly  sessile  in  glomerules  of  3-5,  nearly  cylindric,  usually  with 
only  1-2  each  of  ray-  and  disk-flowers;  the  bracts  few,  obtuse  or  acute,  scarcely 
green-tipped.    (G.  glomerella  and  G.  filifolia  Greene,  1.  c.  54  &  55.) — Colorado 
to  Texas  and  westward. 

7.  GRINDELIA  Willd.     GUM  PLANT 

Coarse  biennials  or  perennials.  Basal  leaves  commonly  petioled;  the  cau- 
line  mostly  sessile,  either  narrowed  petiole-like  or  clasping  by  a  broad  base. 
Herbage  glabrous  or  scabro-puberulent,  balsamic- viscid  and  often  punctate. 
Heads  gummy,  medium  to  large,  in  panicles  or  cymes,  or  rarely  solitary;  disk 
and  rays  yellow,  or  rarely  the  latter  wanting.  Involucre  campanulate  or 
hemispheric;  the  bracts  many-ranked,  firm-herbaceous,  often  with  attenuate, 
squarrose  points.  Style-appendages  lanceolate  or  linear.  Achenes  short, 
truncate,  compressed  or  turgid,  glabrous.  Pappus  of  2-8  awns  or  small 
scales,  very  readily  deciduous. 

Biennials  strictly. 

Cauline  leaves  mostly  oblanceolate  and  narrowed  to  a  petiole-like 

base;  pappus  bristles  distinctly  barbellate. 
Stems  usually  2  or  more  from  the  crown,  low  (2-4  dm.)  .         .         .     1.  G.  subalpina. 

Stems  usually  solitary,  tall  (4-8  dm.) 2.  G.  erecta. 

Cauline  leaves  mostly  oblong  and  sessile  by  a  broad  somewhat  clasp- 
ing base;  pappus-awns  apparently  smooth. 

Involucral  bracts  broad  with  flattened  tips 3.  G.  texana. 

Inyolucral  bracts  narrow,  with  terete  tips      .         .         .         .         .     4.  G.  squarrosa. 

Perennials.  • 

Rays  wanting     .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .     5.  G.  fastigiata. 

Rays  present. 

Stems  and  leaves  glabrous. 

None  of  the  involucral  bracts  reflexed;  pappus-awns  barbellate 

above  .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .     6.  G.  decumbens. 

Some  of  the  outer  (at  least)  involucral  bracts  reflexed;  pappus- 
awns  apparently  smooth. 
Leaves  evenly  serrate  or  dentate     .         .         .         .         .         .     7.  G.  perennis. 

Leaves  irregularly  toothed  or  lacerate     .         .         .         .         .     8.  G.  subincisa. 

Stems  and  leaves  crisped-hairy  or  subscabrous        .         .         .         .     9.  G.  scabra. 

1.  Grindelia  subalpina  Greene,  Pitt.  3:  297.  1898.  Biennial,  usually  2- 
several  unequal  stems  from  the  crown,  2-4  dm.  high,  corymbose-panicled : 
leaves  mostly  oblanceolate,  those  of  the  crown  slender-petioled,  more  or  less 
toothed  and  incised,  the  teeth  mucronate:  heads  depressed-globose;  bracts  of 
the  involucre  numerous,  with  filiform,  squarrose-spreading  and  more  or  less 
reflexed  tips,  the  whole  very  glutinous  (before  opening  often  filled  with  the 
white  gummy  exudation) :  rays  numerous,  the  expanded  head  3-5  cm.  broad. 


490  COMPOSITAE  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY) 

(G.  platylepis  Greene,  1.  c.    Probably  based  on  an  abnormal  specimen.) — On 
the  nigh  plains;  Montana  to  Colorado. 

2.  Grindelia  erecta  A.  Nels.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  26:  356.  1899.    Biennial, 
stem  single  from  the  enlarged  crown  of  a  strong  taproot,  erect,  simple  below, 
corymbose-paniculate  above,  4-8  dm.  high:  leaves  ample,  serrate,  the  teeth 
short,  acute;  radical  leaves  early  deciduous  the  second  season,  ob lanceolate, 
on  slender  petioles,  gradually  expanded  to  a  broadish  base;  the  lower  cauline 
similar  and  also  petioled  but  becoming  sessile  upward,  6-10  cm.  long;  the 
uppermost  smaller,  oblong,  sessile  by  a  clasping  base:  heads  large,  subglobose, 
usually  leafy-bracteate;  involucral  bracts  numerous,  moderately  glutinous, 
appressed,  with  slender  recurved  tips:  rays  slender,  numerous,  14-18  mm. 
long:  pappus  bristles  2-6,  mostly  4,   slender,  closely  barbelluate. — In  the 
canons  of  the  foothills  and  mountains;  Wyoming  and  Colorado. 

3.  Grindelia  texana  Scheele,  in  Linn.  21:  60.  1848.     Stems  stout,  erect, 
simple   below,   6-12   dm.   high:   leaves   dark  or  bluish-green,   with  slender 
spinulose  teeth,  only  the  crown  leaves  petioled;  the  cauline  oyal  above  to 
ovate-oblong  below,  sessile  by  a  broad  clasping  base:  heads  large,  the  rays 
20-25  mm.  long;  the  bracts  broad,  even  the  squarrose  tips  flat.     (Not  the 
G.  grandiflora  Hook,  of  Texas.) — Central  Colorado  to  New  Mexico. 

4.  Grindelia  squarrosa  (Pursh)  Dunal,  DC.  Prodr.  5:    315.   1836.     Gla- 
brous, commonly  freely  branched  from  the  base  up,  3-6  dm.  high:  leaves  ob- 
long or  oblong-spatulate,  obtuse,  more  or  less  clasping  at  the  base,  sharply 
dentate,  sometimes  laciniate,   1-3.5  cm.  long,  6-12  mm.  wide:  heads  very 
glutinous;  bracts  of  the  involucre  linear-lanceolate,  subulate-tipped,  strongly 
squarrose:  achenes  truncate,  those  of  the  outer  flowers  usually  thicker  than 
those  of  the  inner;  pappus  of  2  or  3  awns. — From  Minnesota  and  Manitoba  to 
Nevada,  Texag,  and  Mexico. 

5.  Grindelia  fastigiata  Greene,  Pitt.  3:  102.  1896.     Stems  few  to  several 
from  the  woody  root,  decumbent  at  base  or  if  few  mostly  erect,  simple  or  freely 
branched,  2-4  dm.  high:  leaves  more  or  less  serrate  or  toothed;  the  crown 
leaves  petioled,  lanceolate  or  ob  lanceolate;  the  cauline  mostly  sessile,  ovate 
to  narrowly  oblong,  often  clasping  by  the  broadish  base:  heads   medium 
size,  subspherical;  involucral  bracts  numerous,  glutinous,  slender,  with  squar- 
rose, reflexed  or  recurved  tips:  rays  wanting:  pappus  awns  2  or  3.     [G.  nuda 
Wood  (?);  G.  inornata  Greene,  1.  c.;  G.  aphanactis  Rydb.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot. 
Club  31:  647.  1904;  the  latter  seemingly  founded  upon  an  abnormal  spec- 
imen of  G.  perennis.] — Colorado  and  New  Mexico. 

6.  Grindelia  decumbens  Greene,  Pitt.  3:  102.  1896.    Stems  several,  2-4  dm. 
high,  decumbent  at  base,  encircling  a  tuft  of  radical  leaves:  radical  leaves 
thinnish,  ob  lanceolate,  obtuse,  3-5-toothed,  tapering  very  gradually  to  the 
narrowly  winged  petiole;  cauline  leaves  few  and  small,  oblong,  acute,  entire: 
heads  many,  rather  small,  in  a  corymbose  panicle;  bracts  of  the  subglobose 
involucre  rather  few,  only  the  outermost  short  ones  conspicuously  squarrose: 
rays  ample  but  few  and  remote,  10  or  12  to  the  head:  ray-achenes  trigonous, 
those  of  the  disk  thin  and  flat,  striate;  the  2  dfr  3  pappus-awns  stout,  flat, 
barbellate  above. — Colorado  to  New  Mexico. 

7.  Grindelia  perennis  A.  Nels.  1.  c.  110.    Root  woody,  usually  with  numer- 
ous slender  secondary  ones;  stems  1  or  more  from  the  crown,  paniculately 
corymbose  branched  above,  3-5  dm.  high,  rather  leafy  above,  the  basal  early 
deciduous:  leaves  denticulate,  the  basal  and  lowest  cauline  short-petioled, 
oblanceolate;  the  middle  cauline  sessile,  oblong  or  oblanceolate,  4-7  cm.  long; 
the  uppermost  oblong  or  reduced  to  mere  bracts:  heads  rather  numerous,  the 
rays  numerous  (20-30),  about  1  cm.  long;  involucral  bracts  glutinous,  strongly 
recurved  in  undeveloped  heads,  only  slightly  squarrose  at  maturity:  pappus 
bristles  2-6. — From  Montana  to  New  Mexico,  especially  on  saline  flats. 

8.  Grindelia  subincisa  Greene,  Pitt.  4:  154.  1900.    Stems  2  or  more,  de- 
cumbent, 2-3  dm.  high,  rather  loosely  branched,  the  branches  slender,  spar- 
ingly leafy,  and  mostly  monocephalous:  lowest  leaves  oblanceolate,  rather 
thin,  the  margin  variously  but  usually  remotely  incisely  serrate;  those  of  the 
branches  oblong-lanceolate  and  sessile,  incisely  serrate:  involucres  hemi- 


COMPOSITAE  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY)  491 

spherical  or  subglobose,  12-16  mm.  broad,  the  numerous  bracts  with  long 
slender,  more  or  less  squarrose  green  tips:  rays  numerous,  long,  golden- 
yellow:  achenes  all  turgid,  those  of  the  ray  trigonous,  of  the  disk  somewhat 
compressed  and  2-edged;  bristles  of  the  pappus  3  in  the  ray,  2  in  the  disk,  all 
short,  slender  for  the  genus,  glabrous. — Dry  hills;  Colorado  and  New  Mexico. 
9.  Grindelia  scabra  Greene,  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  25:  120.  1898.  Peren- 
nial, crisped-pubescent  or  subscabrous;  stems  1-several  from  the  woody  root, 
2-4  dm.  high:  lowest  leaves  oblanceolate,  petiolate;  those  of  the  branches 
oblong,  sesjle  by  a  somewhat  clasping  base;  all  sharply  but  not  deeply 
spinulose-serrate:  hemispherical  involucre  of  very  numerous  bracts,  all  with 
long,  linear-subulate,  scarcely  glutinous,  suberect  herbaceous  tips:  rays 
golden-yellow:  achenes  very  small,  somewhat  compressed-pyriform;  bristles 
of  pappus  2  or  3,  scabrous-serrulate  on  the  margins  below. — New  Mexico  and 
probably  in  Colorado. 

8.  CHRYSOPSIS  Nutt.     GOLDEN  ASTER 

Perennial  herbs,  with  alternate  sessile  leaves  and  large  many-flowered 
heads  of  both  disk  and  radiate  yellow  flowers  corymbose  or  solitary  at  the 
ends  of  the  branches.  Involucre  campanulate  to  hemispheric,  the  bracts 
narrow,  imbricated  hi  several  series,  the  outer  shorter.  Receptacle  usually 
flat,  foveolate.  Ray-flowers  pistillate;  disk-flowers  mostly  all  perfect.  Pap- 
pus double  in  both  the  disk-  and  ray-flowers,  the  inner  of  numerous  rough 
capillary  bristles,  the  outer  of  smaller  or  minute  scales  or  bristles.  Achenes 
flattened,  oblong-linear  or  obovate.  Style  branches  narrow,  somewhat  flat- 
tened, their  appendages  linear  or  subulate. 

Decidedly  viscid  or  glandular,  this  character  more  noticeable  than  the 

scanty  hispid  or  hirsute  pubescence. 

Uppermost  leaves  scarcely  reduced,  ovate  to  oblong       .        '.         ,       1.  C.  resinolens. 
Uppermost  leaves  greatly  reduced,  lanceolate  to  linear  .         .       2.  C.  viscida. 

Scarcely  viscid  or  glandular,  this  character  less  noticeable  than  the 

pubescence. 

Pubescence  mostly  short,  hispid  and  more  or  less  spreading;  stems 
ciliate-hirsute;  leaves  oblanceolate,  petioled  except  the  upper- 
most. 
Stems  tufted,  simple  below,  corymbose-paniculate  at  summit. 

Plant  green  but  sometimes  pale        .         .         .'  •     .         .         .       3.  C.  arida. 
Plant  canescent,  often  densely  so     .         .         .         ...       4.  C.  hirsutissima. 

Stems  branched  from  the  base  upward         .         .         .         .  5.  C.  hispida. 

Pubescence  appressed,  at  least  on  the  leaves;  that  of  the  stems  often 

hirsute-ciliate. 
Leaves  all  narrowed  to  a  slender  petiole,  except  the  uppermost; 

lower  leaves  early  deciduous. 
Pubescendfe  short,  fine  and  appressed;  stems  branched  above; 

heads  solitary  or  few          .         .         .         .         .         .  6.  C.  Bakeri. 

Pubescence  coarser,  villous  and  more  or  less  spreading. 

Stems  freely  branched,  with  numerous  heads        .         .         .       7.  C.  villosa. 
Stems  simple;  heads  solitary  or  few  at  the  summit       .  8.  C.  purnila. 

Leaves  sessile  or  subsessile  except  the  lower  which  are  early  de- 
ciduous. 
Stems  short  (3-15  cm.),  depressed-spreading;  leaves  1-2  cm. 

long  .         .         .         .         .         .         .  .  9.  C.  depressa. 

Stems  longer  (20-30  cm.),  assurgent  or  suberect;  leaves  3-7 

cm.  long. 
Heads  few,  sessile,  subtended  by  foliar  bracts  and  crowded 

into  a  dense  terminal  cluster          .         .         .         .  10.  C.  fulcrata. 

Heads  more  numerous,  sessile  or  peduncled,  usually  in  an 

ample  fastigiate  corymb. 
Plant  green,  often  pale,  more  or  less  soft-hirsute  or  even 

hispid         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .     11.  C.  foliosa. 

Plant  canescent,   often  silky-villous  or  appressed  long- 

strigose 12.  C.  mollis. 

1.  Chrysopsis  resinolens  A.  Nels.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  28:  232.  1901. 
Green,  resin-scented;  root  woody,  the  crown  bearing  few  to  many  ascending 
or  suberect  stems;  stems  *2-A  dm.  high,  very  leafy,  sparsely  hispid-ciliate  and 
minutely  glandular  or  resinous:  leaves  with  minute  gland-tipped  hairs  or 
dotted  with  resinous  particles,  hispid-ciliate  especially  on  the  margins;  the 


492  COMPOSITAE  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY) 

lower  dead  and  falling  away  at  anthesis,  narrowly  oblanceolate,  on  short, 
hispid-ciliate  petioles;  the  upper  sessile,  oblong  or  subspatulate,  3-5  cm.  long, 
obtuse  or  subacute,  apiculate:  inflorescence  crowded,  very  leafy,  densely  but 
finely  glandular,  the  leafy  bracts  hispid-ciliate  on  the  margins;  heads  few 
(3-10),  rather  large,  paniculately  corymbose;  involucre  broadly  campanulate, 
1  cm.  high,  green,  granular-resinous,  ciliate-pubescent:  rays  20  (more  or  less), 
deep  yellow  or  orange-colored,  8-12  mm.  long:  pappus  dingy,  the  outer  series 
distinct,  of  short,  narrow  scabrous-margined  scales. — Frequent  in  sandy  soil; 
Wyoming  and  Colorado  to  Utah.  £ 

la.  Chrysopsis  resinolens  ciliata  A.  Nels.  1.  c.  Leaves  lanceolate,  acute, 
nearly  glabrous,  closely  glandular-dotted,  conspicuously  ciliate-margined  as 
are  also  the  leaf-like  bracts. — Southern  Wyoming. 

16.  Chrysopsis  resinolens  obtusata  A.  Nels.  Rydb.  Fl.  Col.  340.  1906. 
Leaves  all  very  obtuse;  the  upper  narrowly  obovate  and  sessile;  the  lower 
with  narrow  margined  base:  heads  large  and  with  oblong  or  elliptic-ciliate 
leaf-like  bracts. — Wyoming  and  Colorado. 

2.  Chrysopsis  viscida  (Gray)  Greene,  Erythea  2:  105.  1894.    Low,  rigid, 
strongly  decumbent,  1-2  dm.  high:  leaves  green,  rather  obscurely  strigose- 
pubescent  but  viscid-hirtellous  or  with  viscid  points,  oblong,  obtusish:  in- 
volucre viscidulous:  outer  pappus  distinct,  of  linear  or  subulate  short  scales. 
— Western  Wyoming  and  Colorado  through  Utah  to  Arizona. 

3.  Chrysopsis  arida  A.  Nels.  Rydb.  Fl.  Col.  340.  1906.    From  a  branched 
woody  caudex,  the  exposed  crowns  covered  by  the  persistent  stem  bases; 
pubescence  a  rather  short,  uniform,  scarcely  appressed  cinereous  hirsuteness, 
partly  concealing  the  minute  resinous  atoms  with  which  the  plant  is  sprinkled; 
stems  numerous,  ascending,  2-3  dm.  long,  rather  slender  and  brittle,  branch- 
ing only  in  the  inflorescence:  leaves  numerous,  rather  small;  the  lower  narrow, 
tapering  into  a  slender  margined  petiole,  falling  away  early;  the  upper  sessile, 
oblanceolate,  oblong  or  even  broader,  1-3  cm.  long:  inflorescence  rather  leafy 
but  the  uppermost  leaves  becoming  small  and  bract-like:   heads  several, 
corymbosely  disposed,  moderately  large;  involucral  bracts  linear,  acute,  in 
3-4  rows,  shorter  than  the  disk'  rays  9-20:  outer  pappus  of  short  linear 
scales. — On  dry  plains  and  hills;  Wyoming  and  Colorado  and  probably  farther 
westward. 

4.  Chrysopsis  hirsutissima  Greene,  Pitt.  4:  153.  1900.     Stems  1-2  dm. 
high,  erect  and  densely  leafy,  from  a  ligneous  and  branched  caudex  crowning 
a  strong,  deep-seated,  woody  root;  whole  plant  of  a  silvery  whiteness;  the  stem 
clothed  with  a  long  and  rather  stiffly  hirsute  or  hispid  white-hairiness:  the 
leaves  as  white  with  a  dense  strigose  pubescence,  their  outline  oblanceolate, 
tapering  to  short  slender  petioles,  or  subsessile:  heads  solitary  in  the  smaller 
plants,  fastigiate-corymbose  in  the  larger;  involucre  very  regularly  imbricated, 
broadly  turbinate:  rays  rather  light  yellow:  achenes  densely  appressed-silky; 
outer  pappus  obvious,  indistinctly  paleaceous.     (C.  horrida  Rydb.  Bull.  Torr. 
Bot.  Club  31:  648.  1904;  C.  asprella  Greene,  Leaflets  1:  150.  1905.)— Dry 
rocky  slopes;  Colorado. 

5.  Chrysopsis  hispida  (Hook.)  Nutt.  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  7:  316.  1841. 
Hispid  throughout  with  uniform  spreading  hairs;  stems  erect  or  if  several 
decumbent  at  base,  branching  freely,  2-3  dm.  long:  leaves  oblong-spatulate 
or  oblanceolate,   subacute  or  obtusish  at  apex;  the  radical  long-petioled : 
corymb  ample:  involucral  bracts  linear,  acute:  achene  obovate-oblong,  hairy; 
outer  pappus  distinctly  paleaceous.      (C.  floribunda  Greene,    Pitt.   3:  101. 
1896.)— Said  to  be  widely  distributed  in  the  intermountain  region. 

6.  Chrysopsis  Bakeri  Greene,  1.  c.  4:    153.    1900.     Densely  tufted,  stems 
slender,  2-3  dm.  high,  dark  red  or  purplish,  equably  though  somewhat  sparsely 
leafy  and  the  leaves  ascending,  frequently  monocephalous,  otherwise  with  a  few 
leafy  and  monocephalous  branches  toward  the  summit:  leaves  2-3  cm.  long, 
cuneately  oblanceolate,  acute,  entire,  strigi Hose-pubescent  on  both  faces  and 
with  minute,  sessile,  resinous  atoms  underneath  the  pubescence :  heads  broad 
and  short  for  the  genus,  subcampanulate;  involucral  bracts  mostly  dark  red- 
dish like  the  stem,  more  villous  than  the  stem,  hi  several  series  but  not  very 


COMPOSITAE  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY)  493 

regularly  imbricated:  rays  deep  golden-yellow  approaching  orange:  achenes 
silky;  outer  pappus  obvious,  whiter  than  the  inner  but  setaceous  rather  than 
paleaceous.  (C.  pedunculata  Greene,  1.  c.  154;  C.  incana  Greene;  C.  compacta 
Greene,  Leaflets  1:  151.  1905.) — Colorado;  probably  more  widely  distributed. 

7.  Chrysopsis  villosa  Nutt.  Hook.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  2:  22.  1834.    Appressed- 
strigose  pubescent;  stem  erect  or  ascending,   simple  or  corymbose:  leaves 
canescently  strigose,  ascending,  usually  cuneately  narrowed  below,  entire  or 
nearly  so,  mucronate;  the  upper  linear-oblong  or  lanceolate;  the  lower  oblong- 
spatulate:    heads  solitary  to  corymbose  at    the  ends  of  the    branches,   on 
short  peduncles;  bracts  of  the  campanulate  involucre  linear-subulate,  strigose- 
pubescent:  achene  villous;  outer  pappus  setose-squamellate. — From  Colorado 
to  the  Canadian  provinces. 

8.  Chrysopsis  pumila  Greene,  Erythea  2:  95.  1894.    Whitened  with  soft, 
loose,  villous  pubescence  throughout;  stems  low,  spreading,  more  or  less  de- 
cumbent at  base,  10-15  cm.  high:  leaves  narrowly  oblanceolate,  tapering  into 
a  margined  petiole-like  base,  2-5  cm.  long,  middle  and  upper  stem  leaves 
usually  longer  than  the  basal  which  are  early  deciduous:  heads  solitary  or 
terminal  and  axillary;  terminal  head  large,  12-14  mm.  high  and  considerably 
broader,  subtended  by  some  foliar  bracts  which  are  long-ciliate  on  the  mar- 
gins; axillary  heads  reduced,  rarely  more  than  the  2  or  3  uppermost  develop- 
ing: rays  15-25,  orange-yellow;  ligule  12-15  mm.  long;  disk-corollas  numer- 
ous, with  very  slender  tube  which  is  shorter  than  the  narrowly  tubular  throat: 
pappus   dingy,   equaling  the   corolla;   achene   short-linear,   minutely   silky- 
pubescent.     (C.  alpicolaRydb.  1.  c.  649.  1904;  C.  Cooperi  A.  Nels.  Bot.  Gaz. 
40:  63.  1905.) — Alpine  in  the  high  mountains  of  Colorado. 

9.  Chrysopsis  depressa  Rydb.  Mem.  N.  Y.  Bot.  Gard.  1:  381.  1900.    In- 
tricately branched,  from  a  woody  caudex;  stems  7-15  cm.  high,  densely  short- 
pilose,  very  leafy:  leaves  7-14  mm.  long,  obovate-elliptic  or  spatulate,  on 
very  short   petioles,   divaricate,   densely  grayish-strigose :    heads    on  naked 
peduncles  about  1  cm.  long,  small,  7-10  mm.  high;  bracts  linear,  acute,  puber- 
ulent,  in  about  3  rows,  one  third  shorter  than  the  disk:  achenes  silky-strigose. 
— Frequent  on  the  Geyser  formations  in  Yellowstone  Park. 

10.  Chrysopsis   fulcrata   Greene,    Bull.   Torr.    Bot.   Club    25:  119.  1898. 
Tufted,  the  stoutish  erect  stems  4-8  dm.  high,  the  herbage  green,  papillose- 
glandular  and  perhaps  somewhat  viscid  beneath  a  minute  strigose  pubescence, 
some  rather  stiffly  hirsute,  longer  hairs  clothing  the  stems  and  leaf -margins: 
leaves  oblong,  obtuse,  sessile,  ascending,  about  3^1  cm.  long,  venulose:  heads 
rather  large,  short-peduncled,  subcorymbose  at  summit  of  stem  and  branches; 
the  involucres  subtended  and  partly  concealed  by  one  or  more  leafy  bracts; 
proper  involucral  bracts  in  few  series:  rays  numerous  and  large,   golden- 
yellow:    achenes   silky;    outer  pappus  very  conspicuous,    of   20-25  •  linear- 
acuminate  scales.    (C.  caudata  Rydb.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  31:  648.  1904.) — 
In  the  mountains  of  New  Mexico  and  Colorado. 

11.  Chrysopsis  foliosa  Nutt.  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  7:  316.  1840.    Stoutish, 
usually  freely  branched,  3-5  dm.  high;  pubescence  canescently  silky  and  with 
a  thinner  coat  of  long  villous  hairs:  lower  leaves  spatulate,  obtuse  or  slightly 
mucronate,  middle  and  upper  leaves  broadly  oblong  or  elliptic;  the  upper 
cordate  or  truncate  at  the  base,  3-4  cm.  long:  inflorescence  corymb  if  orm; 
heads  usually  subtended  by  oblong  leaves;  bracts  hirsute-strigose,   linear- 
lanceolate,  acute:  disk  15  mm.  or  more  wide;  rays  golden-yellow,  about  12  mm. 
long:  achenes  densely  strigose-canescent.— -Common  at  middle  elevations  in 
the  central  Rocky  Mountains. 

lla.  Chrysopsis  foliosa  amplifolia  (Rydb.)  A.  Nels.  Leaves  numerous  and 
large,  the  upper  cordate  or  truncate  at  base.  (C.  amplifolia  Rydb.  1.  c.) — 
Colorado. 

116.  Chrysopsis  foliosa  imbricata  A.  Nels.  Leaves  short  and  crowded  on 
the  nearly  simple  stems,  canescent  or  grayish  with  a  dense  appressed  pubes- 
cence. (C.  imbricata  A.  Nels.  Bot.  Gaz.  37:  263.  1904.) — Central  Colorado 
on  the  mountain  slopes. 

12.  Chrysopsis  mollis  Nutt.  1.  c.     Resembling  the  preceding  but  the  pu- 


494 


COMPOSITAE  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY) 


bescence  softly  silky-canescent  throughout:  leaves  spatulate-oblong  or  oblong 
and  sessile:  heads  few  to  many,  corymbose;  bracts  of  the  villous-canescent 
involucre  narrowly  linear-lanceolate:  outer  pappus  minute. — Plains  of  the 
upper  Platte. 


9.  CHRYSOTHAMNUS  Nutt.     RABBIT  BRUSH. 

GOLDENROD 


RAYLESS  OR  FALSE 


1.  C.  linifolius. 

2.  C.  glaucus. 


3.  C.  pumilus. 

4.  C.  Greenei. 


5.  C.  lanceolatus. 

6.  C.  Vaseyi. 

7.  C.  depressus. 


Shrubby  or  suffrutescent  plants  with  narrow  or  terete  entire  leaves.  Her- 
bage white-tomentose  or  glabrous,  often  viscidulous  or  resinous.  Inflores- 
cence paniculate,  cymose,  or  rarely  racemose.  Heads  homogamous.  In- 
volucre narrow;  the  bracts  well  imbricated  usually  in  more  or  less  distinct 
vertical  ranks,  chartaceous  or  coriaceous,  mostly  destitute  of  herbaceous  tips. 
Ray-flowers  uniformly  wanting;  disk-flowers  5-30.  Style-branches  subulate 
or  filiform,  usually  long-exserted.  Achenes  narrow,  terete  or  slightly  angled, 
pubescent.  Pappus  copious,  soft,  commonly  dull  white. — Bigelovia. 

The  entire  plant  wholly  devoid  of  tomentum. 

Tall   (5-10  dm.);  branchlets  slender-virgate  or  stouter  and  fas- 

tigiate;  leaves  scabrous-margined. 
Growing  on  the  wet  banks  of  alkali  creeks  (strikingly  halophy- 

tic) 

Growing  on  dry  hills,  in  soil  free  from  alkali     .... 
Low  (5  dm.  or  less);  usually  freely  branched. 

Leaves  glabrous  but  sometimes  scabrous  on  the  margins. 
Leaves  3-nerved,  often  involute  and  twisted 
Leaves  1-nerved,  flat,  ciliate  on  the  margin 
Leaves  puberulent   or  scabrous,  but  often  very  minutely  or 

sparingly  so. 
Bracts  not  acuminate,  but  often  subacute. 

Achenes  pubescent 

Achenes  glabrous        ........ 

Bracts  firm  and  sharply  acuminate        ..... 

Tomentose,  in  some  species  densely  so  and  in  the  others  at  least  traces 

upon  stems  or  leaves. 
Branchlets  permanently  white-tomentose. 

Plant  widely  bushy-branched  ...... 

Plant  strict  with  erect  branches        ...... 

Branchlets  either  glabrate  from  the  first  or  shedding  more  or  less 

of  their  tomentum. 
Involucral  bracts  acuminate  or  at  least  sharply  acute,  arachnoid- 

ciliate. 
Achenes  glabrous,  ........ 

Achenes  pubescent. 

Leaves  linear,  1-nerved  (in  no.  12  sometimes  surpassing 

the  flowers). 
Involucral  bracts  long-acuminate,  somewhat  divaricate, 

the  upper  usually  exceeding  the  corolla. 
Flowers  yellow;  bracts  arachnoid-ciliate  on  the  mar- 
gins; leaves  green,  not  surpassing  the  flowers 
Flowers  pale  or  dirty    yellow;  bracts  lanate;  leaves 
pale  or  yellowish-green,  the  upper  often  longer 
than  the  flowers  ...... 

Involucral  bracts  merely  acute,  erect,  shorter  than  the 
corolla,  arachnoid-ciliate;  leaves  canaliculate,  3-6 
cm.  long  .         .         i.  '.;'"• 

Leaves  broadly  linear,  3-nerved,  green,  the  upper  surpass- 
ing the  flowers    ........ 

Involucral  bracts  not  acuminate,  lanceolate  and  acute  or  nar- 
rowly oblong  and  blunt. 

Bracts  quite  glabrous,  not  glutinous;  leaves  glabrous  at  ma- 
turity; stems  slender,  erect,  4-6  dm.  high      . 
Bracts  erose-ciliate  on  the  margin,  or  tomentose,  or  both,  and 
sometimes  glutinous;  some  tomentum  persisting  on  the 
leaves. 

Plant  5-12  dm.  high,  with  branched  trunk-like  base,  the 
season's  sterns  slender-virgate,  erect     .... 

Plant  2-5  dm.  high,  freely  branched  from  the  base. 
Leaves  almost  filiform  and  widely  divaricate 
Leaves  linear,  mostly  erect 


8.  C.  graveolens. 

9.  C.  nauseosus. 


10.  C.  Bigelovii. 

11.  C.  affinis. 

12.  C.  Howardii. 

13.  C.  wyomingensis 

14.  C.  Parryi. 

15.  C.  oreophilus. 


16.  C.  pulcherrimus. 

17.  C.  plattensis. 


;.  pn 

J.fri 


18.  C.  frigidus. 


1.  Chrysothamnus  linifolius  Greene,  Pitt.  3:  24.  1896.     Tufted,  woody 
stems  erect,  slender  and  flexible,  6-10  dm,  high,  fastigiately  branching  above, 


COMPOSITAE  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY)  495 

the  leafy  flowering  branches  white,  glabrous  and  striate:  leaves  suberect, 
narrowly  lanceolate,  flat,  very  acute,  3-nerved,  3-4  cm.  long,  slightly  fleshy, 
glabrous,  the  margins  minutely  scabrous-serrulate :  heads  many,  in  a  terminal 
cympse  corymb;  involucre  only  6-8  mm.  high;  the  bracts  few,  unequal,  not  in 
vertical  ranks,  the  inner  thin,  obtuse,  the  outer  ones  with  acute  herbaceous 
tips:  corollas  deeply  cleft:  style-tips  linear-subulate,  only  tardily  exserted: 
achenes  linear,  villous-hirsute. — Wet  banks  of  alkali  creeks;  more  tolerant 
of  alkali  and  water  than  any  other  species -of  this  range;  Wyoming  and  Col- 
orado. 

2.  Chrysothamnus  glaucus  A.  Nels.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  25:  377.  1898. 
A  slender,  sparingly  branched  shrub,  5-10  dm.  high;  the  older  branches  gray 
with  a  shreddy  bark;  the  season's  twigs  somewhat  fastigiate,  leafy,  glabrous 
with  whitish  shiny  bark:  leaves  suberect,  narrowly  lanceolate,  acute,  ob- 
scurely 3-nerved,  2.5-4  cm.  long,  often  twisted,  margins  obscurely  scabro- 
ciliate:  heads,  about  8  mm.  high,  numerous,  in  short,  compact,  terminal, 
rounded,  cymose  corymbs;  bracts  subcarinate,  5-ranked,  3-4  in  each  rank, 
lanceolate,  acute,  the  outer  greenish,  the  inner  thin,  membranous,  glabrous: 
corollas  4,  lobes  linear-lanceolate,  about  half  the  length  of  the  tube:  style- 
tips  linear-subulate,  tardily  exserted:  achenes  silky,  short-linear  or  slightly 
enlarged  upward. — In  dry  canons  and  on  the  slopes  in  alkali-free  soil;  Col- 
orado and  Wyoming. 

3.  Chrysothamnus  pumilus  Nutt.  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  7:  323.  1841. 
Numerous  erect  branches  slender,  1-3  dm.  high,  glabrous,  very  leafy,  the 
bark  whitish:  leaves  2-4  cm.  long,   glabrous,   slightly  glutinous,  narrowly 
linear,  very  acute,  3-nerved,  often  involute  or  occasionally  somewhat  twisted: 
involucre  4-6  mm.  high;  the  bracts  not  very  distinctly  4-ranked,  the  outer 
short,  ovate-lanceolate,  the  inner  oblong-linear,  not  acute,  faintly  carinate. 
[C.  leucodadus  Greene,  Pitt.  5:  59.  1902  (?).] — A  very  abundant  species  on 
dry  hills  and  plains;  Colorado  to  Utah  and  Montana. 

3a.  Chrysothamnus  pumilus  acuminatus  A.  Nels.  Bot.  Gaz.  25:  375. 
1899.  A  very  narrow-leaved  form,  the  leaves  scarcely  twisted,  and  the  bracts 
more  acute  or  even  acuminate.  (C.  filifolius  Rydb.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club 
28:  503.  1901.) — Rare;  Colorado. 

36.  Chrysothamnus  pumilus  varus  A.  Nels.  1.  c.  Low  and  freely  branched: 
leaves  numerous,  mostly  1-3-nerved,  narrowly  to  broadly  linear,  strongly 
twisted  throughout.  (C.  elegans  Greene,  Erythea  3:  93.  1894.)— On  the 
driest  slopes;  Colorado  and  Wyoming. 

4.  Chrysothamnus  Greenei  (Gray)  Greene,  Erythea  3:  94.  1894.    Plant 
2-3  dm.  high,  green  and  glabrous,  more  or  less  balsamio viscid :  leaves  very 
numerous  on  the  branches,  filiform-acerose  but  flat  and  margins  minutely 
ciliolate-scabrous:   heads  numerous  and  fastigiate-cymose,   6-8  mm.   high; 
bracts  of  the  subclavate  involucre  oblong,  abruptly  subulate-tipped  or  short 
outermost  mucronate,  only  about  3  in  each  vertical  rank,  these  ranks  com- 
paratively indistinct.     (C.  scaparius  Rydb.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  28:  503. 
1901.) — Scarcely  distinct  from  the  preceding;  Colorado  and  Utah. 

5.  Chrysothamnus  lanceolatus  Nutt.  1.  c.  324.    Cinereous-puberulent,  2-4 
dm.  high;  branches  terete:  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  3-4  cm.  long,  mucronate, 
3-nerved,  with  scabrous  margins:  heads  6-8-flowered,  in  clusters,  forming  a 
compound  fastigiate  corymb;  bracts  of  the  involucre  oval,  obtuse,  or  abruptly 
somewhat  acute,  loosely  imbricated  in  3-4  series,  the  innermost  glabrous, 
nearly  the  length  of  the  disk:  lobes  of  the  corolla  about  half  the  length  of  the 
tubular  portion:  branches  of  the  style  elongated;  the  appendages  lanceolate, 
acute.    [C.  puberulus  (Eat.)  Greene,  1.  c.] — Exceedingly  abundant  throughout 
our  range. 

6.  Chrysothamnus  Vaseyi  (Gray)  Greene,  1.  c.  96.     Only  1-2  dm.  high, 
somewhat  balsamic-viscid  but  wholly  glabrous,  leafy  up  to  the  fastigiate- 
cymose  cluster  of  heads:  leaves  linear  or  spatulate-linear,  obtuse,  plane,  2-3 
cm.  long,  with  obscure  midrib:  involucre  cylindraceous ;  the  bracts  narrowly 
oblong,  firm-chartaceous,  and  all  but  the  innermost  with  a  thickened  greenish 
spot  at  the  very  obtuse  apex:  lobes  of  the  corolla  short-linear:  style-appendages 


496  COMPOSITAE  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY) 

narrowly  subulate,  rather  obtuse,  half  the  length  of  the  stigmatic  portion: 
pappus  fine  and  soft,  rather  short;  achenes  glabrous,  10-striate.  (C.  Bakeri 
Greene,  Pitt.  4:  152.  1900.)— Dry  plains;  Wyoming  to  New  Mexico  and  Utah. 

7.  Chrysothamnus    depressus   Nutt.    PI.    Gamb.    171.  1848.      Obscurely 
scabro-puberulent  and  pale,  1-2  dm.  high  from  a  decumbent  woody  base; 
branches  leafy  up  to  the  glomerule  or  fasciculate  cyme  of  few  heads:  leaves 
short,  1-2  cm.  long,  lanceolate,  or  the  lowest  rather  spatulate,  rigid,  mucronate- 
acute,  with  carinate  midrib  and  no  veins:  heads  10-13  mm.  long;  involucral 
bracts  lanceolate,  gradually  acuminate  into  an  almost  setaceous  tip:  achenes 
glabrous,  4-6-angled  and  with  broad  epigynous  disk. — Plains  of  southwestern 
Colorado  to  those  of  New  Mexico  and  Texas. 

8.  Chrysothamnus    graveolens    (Nutt.)    Greene,    Erythea    3:  108.  1894. 
Stout,  very  leafy,  almost  glabrous  shrub,  usually  7-15  dm.  high,  the  numerous 
long  branches  ending  in  an  ample  rounded  cymose  corymb,  the  branches  of 
which  are  more  or  less  tomentulose:  leaves  ascending,  broadly  to  narrowly 
linear,  very  acute,   5-8  cm.  long,  obscurely  3-nerved,  glabrous:  involucral 
bracts  about  4  in  each  vertical  rank,  acute,  glabrous  even  to  the  margin: 
corolla  with  slender  tube,  glabrous  or  with  a  few  short  hairs,  the  nearly  cy- 
lindric  throat  cleft  a  fourth  to  a  third  the  way  down:  pubescence  of  the  achenes 
abundant,  long,  appressed:  style-appendages  at  least  twice  the  length  of  the 
stigmatic  portion.     (C.  patens  Rydb.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  31:  652.  1904; 
C.  confinis  Greene,  Pitt.  5:  62.  1902.) — In  "denudated  soils  "  along  the  whole 
eastern  base  of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  from  New  Mexico  to  Dakota  and  Montana. 

8a.  Chrysothamnus  graveolens  glabrata  (Gray)  A.  Nels.  Leaves  very 
slender  and  even  the  branchlets  glabrate.  (Bigelovia  graveolens  glabrata  Gray, 
Proc.  Am.  Acad.  8:  645.  1873.) — Not  infrequent  in  Colorado  and  New  Mexico. 

9.  Chrysothamnus  nauseosus  (Pall.)  Brit.  111.  Fl.  3:  326.  1898.    Stems 
and  branches  lanate-tomentose,  4-8  dm.  high,  rather  slender,  terminated  by 
an  ample  cymose  corymb:  leaves  narrowly  linear  and,  with  the  branchlets, 
minutely  white-tomentose :  involucral  bracts  firm,  acutish,  not  ciliate,  tomen- 
tose  on  the  back,  or  the  inner  ones  glabrous  except  near  the  tip,  all  in  ver- 
tical ranks  of  3  or  4:  corolla  with  slender  pubescent  tube  rather  longer  than 
the  subcylindric  throat,  this  cleft  a  third  of  the  way  down:  pappus  copious, 
fine,  only  delicately  scabrous,  fuscous  at  least  in  age.     (C.  speciosus  Nutt. 
1.  c.;  includes  the  var.  albicaulis.) — From  the  northern  part  of  our  range  to 
Washington. 

10.  Chrysothamnus  Bigelovii  (Gray)  Greene,  Erythea  3:  102.  1904.    Canes- 
cent  with  fine  close  tomentum  when  young,  becoming  glabrate,  shrubby,  3-7 
dm.  high,  fastigiately  much  branched,  rigid ;  branches  less  leafy,  bearing  a  few 
fastigiate-clustered  heads:  leaves  nearly  filiform,  short,  involute:  involucral 
bracts  lanceolate,  acute,  thinnish,  all  pale,  short,  in  distinct  ranks  of  4-5.- — 
Dry  plains  of  southern  Colorado  and  adjacent  New  Mexico. 

11.  Chrysothamnus  affinis  A.  Nels.  Bot.  Gaz.  28:  374.  1899.    The  woody 
base  low  and  branched;  the  season's  stems  numerous,  simple,  1-2  dm.  high, 
yellowish,  glabrate:  leaves  crowded,  linear,  acute,  erect  or  spreading,  dark 
green,  nearly  glabrous,  3-4  cm.  long:  inflorescence  a  crowded  spicate  thyrsus 
which  at  maturity  distinctly  surpasses  the  leaves:  bracts  glabrate,  arachnoid- 
ciliate  on  the  margins;  the  outer  with  an  ovate  base,  contracted  in  a  usually 
spreading  acumination;  the  inner  linear-oblong,  abruptly  acuminate :  corolla- 
tube  slender,  bearing  only  a  few,  minute,  scattering  clavellate  hairs,  shorter 
than  the  expanded  tubular  throat  which  is  cleft  about  one  fourth  its  length. 
(C.  Newberryi  Rydb.  1.  c.) — Colorado  and  New  Mexico. 

lla.  Chrysothamnus  affinis  attenuatus  (Jones)  A.  Nels.  1.  c.  An  erect 
form  with  very  slender  stems  and  branchlets  and  very  narrowly  acuminate 
bracts. — Known  only  from  type  locality,  Marysvale,  Utah. 

12.  Chrysothamnus  Howardii  (Parry)  Greene,  1.  c.  113.     Tufted,  canes- 
cently  tomentulose  when  young:  leaves  linear,  rigid,  2-4  cm.  long,  obscurely 
1-nerved;  upper  mostly  overtopping  the  glomerate  narrow  heads:  involucre 
5-flowered;   the  bracts  thinnish,  lanceolate,   apiculate-acuminate,   or   some 
loose  outer  ones  with  prolonged  subulate-filiform  appendages,  all  more  or  less 


COMPOSITAE  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY)  497 

arachnoid-ciliate  or  -lanate.     (C.  collinus  Greene,  Pitt.  3:  24.  1896.) — North- 
ern New  Mexico  to  Wyoming,  and  Utah. 

13.  Chrysothamnus  wyomingensis  A.  Nels.  1.  c.  374.     Tufted,  2-4  dm. 
high,  bushy-branched  from  the  base,  the  branches  with  ascending  or  erect, 
yellowish-green  branchlets,  with  a  thin  inconspicuous  tomentum  throughout: 
leaves  4-6  cm.  long,  narrowly  linear,  yiscidulous  as  are  also  the  branchlets: 
inflorescence  a  narrow  thyrsiform  panicle,  at  maturity  barely  surpassing  the 
uppermost  leaves:  heads  about  12  mm.  high;  bracts  few,  mostly  acute  or 
acutish,  glandular  on  the  greenish  keel:  corolla  obscurely  short-pubescent  be- 
low: style  branches  exserted,  the  appendages  longer  than  the  stigmatic  por- 
tion.— Frequent  in  Wyoming  and  extending  into  Colorado  and  probably 
Utah,  on  saline  soils. 

14.  Chrysothamnus  Parryi  (Gray)  Greene,  Erythea  3:  113.  1904.    Stems 
rather  strict,  leafy  to  the  summit:  leaves  linear  to  broadly  linear,  5-;8  cm. 
long,  obscurely  3-nerved,  glabrous;  the  upper  ones  hardly  diminished  in  size 
and  overtopping  all  the  heads  of  the  strict  and  narrow  thyrsiform- virgate  pan- 
icle: heads  12-15  mm.  long,  10-15-flowered;  bracts  of  the  involucre  about  12, 
lanceolate   and   gradually    acuminate,   rather   prominently    1-nerved,    thin- 
chartaceous,  a  few  exterior  ones  tapering  into  a  prolonged  subulate-linear  her- 
baceous appendage. — Mountain  parks;  southern  Wyoming  and  in  Colorado. 

15.  Chrysothamnus  oreophilus  A.  Nels.  1.  c.  375.     Green  and  nearly  gla- 
brous, 2-4  dm.  high;  stems  several  to  many,  strictly  erect  and  somewhat 
fascicled,  grayish  with  a  thin  tomentum,  the  annual  twigs  also  fascicled-erect, 
slender  and  yellowish-green:  leaves  erect,  linear-filiform,  very  acute,  canalic- 
ulate, green  and  glabrate,  3-5  cm.  long:  heads  small  (about  1  cm.  high),  in 
small  fastigiate  cymes;  bracts  oblong,  abruptly  subacute,  only  2  or  3  in  each 
vertical  row,  the  scarious  margins  ciliate-pubescent :  corolla  sparsely  short- 
hairy;  lobes  distinctly  glandular-thickened  at  apex:  style  appendages  longer 
than  the  stigmatic  portion:  the  short  achene  finely  pubescent.     (C.  pinifolius 
Greene,  Pitt.  5:  60.  1902.) — Mountain  slopes;  Wyoming,  Colorado,  and  Utah. 

16.  Chrysothamnus  pulcherrimus  A.  Nels.  1.  c.  370.    Shrub  5-12  dm.  high, 
main  stem  and  branches  with  grayish  bark,  the  season's  stems  yellow  but 
under  the  lens  minutely  lanate-puberulent,  rather  slender-virgate,  termina- 
ting in  an  ample,  compact,  paniculate  cluster:  leaves  narrowly  linear,  rather 
lax  and  spreading,  5-8  cm.  long,  from  white-tomentose  to  greenish-glabrate: 
inyolucral  bracts  only  2  or  3  in  each  row,  oblong,  acute,  nearly  glabrous, 
ciliate  on  the  margins:  corolla-tube  longer  than  the  throat  into  which  it  grad- 
ually expands,  rather  closely  short-hairy:  anthers  well  exserted,  the  append- 
ages of  the  style  exceeding  these:  achene  softly  pubescent. — Near  streams; 
from  Colorado  to  Montana. 

17.  Chrysothamnus  plattensis  Greene,  Pitt.  4:  42.  1899.    Low  and  merely 
suffrutescent,   15-30  cm.  high,  very  leafy,  the  long,  narrowly  linear,  white- 
tomentose  leaves  spreading  or  recurved:  involucral  bracts  about  3  in  each 
vertical  rank,  acute,  glabrous  except  that  the  margins  are  rather  densely 
woolly-ciliate:  tube  of  corolla  somewhat  pubescent;  throat  elongated,  rather 
deeply  cleft. — Abundant  on  alkali  plains  adjacent  to  the  Platte  and  its  trib- 
utaries in  Colorado  and  Wyoming. 

18.  Chrysothamnus  frigidus    Greene,  Erythea    3:  112.  1894.     In  dense 
clumps,  freely  branched,  2-4  dm.  high;  branches  of  the  season  erect,  numer- 
ous, whitish-tomentose :  leaves  narrowly  linear,  3-5  cm.  long,  acute,  erect  or 
ascending,  distinctly  white-tomentose,  seldom  glabrate:  heads  mostly  thyrsoid- 
panicled,  8-10  mm.  high;  bracts  in  not  very  distinct  vertical  ranks,  the  outer 
acute,  the  inner  obtusish,  all  more  or  less  tomentulose  and  glandular,  the 
margins  delicately  ciliate  at  least  near  the  summit:  corolla-tube  sparingly 
short-hairy,  rather  deeply  cleft. — Very  abundant  on  the  high  plains  of  Col- 
orado and  Wyoming. 

The  relationship  of  C.  leucocladiis,  C.  laetevirena,  C.  falcatus,  and  C.  virens,  published  by 
Dr.  E.  L.  Greene  in  Pitt.  5:  59-62,  is  not  known.  They  seem  to  have  been  collected  only  by 
the  author  of  the  species,  the  first  three  at  Grand  Junction  and  the  last  at  Canon  City,  Colo- 
rado. 

ROCKY  MT.  BOT. — 32 


498  COMPOSITAE  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY) 

10.  ISOCOMA  Nutt. 

Herbaceous  or  suffruticose,  commonly  more  or  less  balsamic- viscid.  Leaves 
not  punctate,  sometimes  dentate  or  pinnatifid.  Heads  several-many-flowered ; 
bracts  of  the  involucre  either  coriaceous  or  firm-chartaceous  and  usually  some- 
what herbaceous  or  thickened  at  the  obtuse  or  barely  acute  apex,  all  strictly 
appressed  and  well  imbricated,  but  the  vertical  ranks  inconspicuous.  Style- 
appendages  subulate-lanceolate  or  broader,  shorter  than  the  stigmatic  portion. 
Achenes  short,  sericeous-pubescent.  Pappus  of  numerous  sordid  bristles,  the 
innermost  longest  and  often  distinctly  flattened. 

1.  Isocoma  Wrightii  (Gray)  Rydb.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  33:  152.  1906. 
Commonly  glabrous  or  nearly  so;  stems  rather  strict  and  slender,  3-5  dm. 
high  from  a  lignescent  base:  leaves  thickish,  narrowly  linear,  entire,  some- 
times lower  ones  sparingly  laciniate-dentate,  margins  either  smooth  or  spar- 
ingly hirtello-scabrous:  heads  8-10  mm.  high,  7-15-flowered,  usually  numer- 
ous and  crowded  in  a  corymbiform  cyme;  bracts  of  the  involucre  oval-oblong 
to  broadly  lanceolate,  obtuse;  the  back  at  or  near  the  apex  usually  greenish, 
but  no  definite  tip. — Banks  of  streams  and  in  saline  soil;  western  Texas  to 
Arizona  and  in  (?)  Colorado. 

11.  SIDERANTHUS  Fraser 

Annual  or  perennial  herbs  or  shrubs.  Leaves  alternate;  blades  flat, 
spinulose-toothed  or  lobed  or  pinnatifid,  commonly  sessile.  Heads  radiate 
and  showy  or  rarely  discoid.  Involucres  hemispheric  or  campanulate,  many- 
flowered;  bracts  in  several  series,  the  inner  successively  larger.  Receptacle 
flat  or  nearly  so,  naked,  generally  pitted.  Ray-flowers  pistillate;  disk- 
flowers  mostly  perfect.  Corollas  yellow;  tube  scarcely  dilated  into  a  throat. 
Anthers  obtuse  at  the  base.  Stigmas  flattened,  with  lanceolate  appendages. 
Achenes  obtuse,  pubescent,  mostly  8-10-nerved.  Pappus  of  1-3  series  of 
many  unequal  hair-like  bristles,  persistent. — (Eriocarpum  Nutt.)  This  and 
the  following  seven  genera  were  all  included  in  the  Aplopappus  of  the  Manual. 

Annuals. 

Leaves  spinescently  toothed;  stem  stout,  simple       .         .         .         .     1.  S.  annuus. 
Leaves  pinnatifid;  stem  slender,  branched      .         .         .         .         .     2.  S.  gracilis. 
Perennials. 

Leaves  spinescently  toothed;  stems  numerous  from  a  woody  caudex     3.  S.  grindelioides. 
Leaves  pinnatifid;  stems  from  a  woody  caudex;  canescently  tomen- 

tose,  cinereous,  or  glabrate. 

Involucres  somewhat  glandular;  leaves  pinnatifid  to  sub-entire      .     4.  S.  australis. 
Involucres  not  glandular;  all  the  leaves  pinnatifid        .         .         .     5.  S.  spinulosus. 

1.  Sideranthus  annuus  Rydb.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  31:  653.  1904.    An- 
nual, 3-7  dm.  high,  viscid-glandular  and  pubescent  or  puberulent:  leaves 
lanceolate  or  narrowly  oblong,  incisely  pinnatifid  or  dentate  with  salient 
narrow  teeth:  heads  somewhat  cymosely  paniculate,  10-14  mm.  high,  usually 
naked-pedunculate;  bracts  of  the  involucre  linear-subulate  and  with  slender 
spreading  green  tips:  stronger  bristles  of  the  fulvous  or  at  length  rufous  pap- 
pus numerous:  rays  golden-yellow.    Aplopappus  rubiginosus. — On  the  plains; 
Kansas  and  Nebraska  to  Colorado. 

2.  Sideranthus  gracilis  (Nutt.)  Rydb.  Fl.  Col.  344.  1906.    Annual  or  be- 
coming lignescent  at  base  and  more  enduring,  canescently  pubescent,  oc- 
casionally  glabrate   and    glandular-scabrous;    stems    1-3   dm.    high,    much 
branched:  leaves  linear  or  the  lowest  spatulate,  pinnatifid,  or  the  upper  few- 
toothed  or  entire,  tipped  or  also  sparsely  fringed  with  long  and  slender  bris- 
tles: heads  8-12  mm.  high;  bracts  of  the  involucre  mostly  setaceous-tipped: 
pappus  rigid;  the  larger  bristles  manifestly  dilated  below. — New  Mexico  and 
Colorado  to  Utah  and  Arizona. 

3.  Sideranthus   grindelioides   (Nutt.)   Brit.  Man.   932.    1901.     Perennial 
by  a  deep  woody  root,  finely  pubescent;  stems  tufted,  simple,  erect,  1-3  dm. 
high:  leaves  oblong-lanceolate  to  spatulate,  sessile,  or  the  lower  petioled, 


COMPOSITAE  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY)  499 

1-2.5  cm.  long,  firm,  spinulose-dentate :  heads  terminating  the  stem  or 
branches;  involucre  campanulate,  the  bracts  linear,  acute,  puberulent,  the 
tips  somewhat  spreading,  the  outer  shorter  than  the  inner:  achenes  densely 
silky-tomentose.  Aplopappus  Nuttallii. — Dry  soil;  from  New  Mexico  and 
Arizona  to  the  Canadian  border. 

4.  Sideranthus  australis  (Greene)  Rydb.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  27:  621. 
1900.     Perennial,  the  clustered  stems  erect  or  ascending,  1-4  dm.  high,  not 
tomentose  but  cinereous  with  a  short  spreading  somewhat  glandular  indu- 
ment:  radical  leaves  pinnatifid,  the  lobes  with  few  coarse  teeth;  the  cauline  nar- 
row, pinnately  toothed :  heads  few,  solitary  at  the  ends  of  leafy  pedunculif orm 
branches:  rays  pale  yellow:  achenes  compressed;  pappus-bristles  not  coarse, 
extremely  unequal.     (S.  puberulus  Rydb.  1.  c.    In  this  and  the  next  species 
there  are  all  degrees  of  pubescence.)— Colorado  and  New  Mexico. 

5.  Sideranthus  spinulosus  (Pursh)  Sweet.  Hort.  Brit.  227.  1826.     From 
lanate  or  tomentose  to  glabrate,  much  branched  at  the  base,  perennial  from 
thick  woody  roots,  1-4  dm.  high:  leaves  pinnatifid,  linear  to  ovate  in  outline, 
1-3.5  cm.  long,  the  lobes  with  bristle-pointed  teeth:   heads  several  or  nu- 
merous, 12-25  mm.  broad;  involucre  hemispheric,  the  bracts  linear,  acute, 
appressed:  achenes  pubescent,  narrowed  below;  pappus  soft  and  capillary. — 
On  the  plains;  from  the  base  of  the  mountains  to  the  Dakotas,  Nebraska,  and 
Texas. 

5a.  Sideranthus  spinulosus  glaberrimus  (Rydb.)  A.  Nels.  Wholly  gla- 
brous; not  otherwise  distinguishable.  (S.  glaberrimus  Rydb.  1.  c.)— -Same 
range  as  the  species. 

12.  PYRROCOMA  Nutt. 

Perennial  herbs  with  mostly  simple  stems,  alternate  leaves,  and  showy 
heads  of  yellow  flowers  terminal  or  in  the  axils  of  the  upper  leaves.  Heads 
many-flowered,  radiate.  Bracts  of  the  hemispherical  or  campanulate  in- 
volucre rigid,  somewhat  foliaceous,  nerveless,  oblong  with  more  or  less  squar- 
rose  or  herbaceous  tips.  Receptacle  flat,  alveolate-toothed.  Ray-flowers 
numerous,  pistillate;  disk-flowers  cylindrical,  slightly  dilated  upward  with 
short,  erect  teeth.  Style-branches  of  the  disk-flowers  subulate-linear,  elon- 
gated, the  hispid  appendages  much  longer  than  the  stigmatic  portion.  Achenes 
linear,  elongated,  somewhat  3-angled  and  striate,  glabrous  or  rarely  hairy. 
Pappus  reddish-brown  or  fulvous,  of  copious  and  uniform,  slender,  rigid 
bristles. — Aplopappus  in  part. 

Involucral  bracts  with  broad  obtuse  tips    .  .         .         .  .     1.  P.  crocea* 

Involucral  bracts  acute  or  acuminate. 

Heads  mostly  solitary,  terminal,  rarely  1-2  smaller  ones  in  the  upper 

axils. 
Heads  large,  the  disk  more  than  2  cm.  in  diameter. 

Stem  and  involucre  villous        .         .         .         .         .         .  .     2.  P.  Clementis. 

Stem  and  involucre  glabrate     .         .         .         .         .         .  .     3.  P.  integrifolia. 

Heads  smaller;  the  disk  less  than  2  cm.  in  diameter     .         .  .     4.  P.  uniflora. 

Heads  several  to  many,  paniculately  corymbose  or  racemiform  .     5.  P.  lanceolata. 

1.  Pyrrocoma  crocea  (Gray)  Greene,  Erythea  2:  69.  1894.     Stems  stout 
and  erect,  commonly  3-5  dm.  high,  and  with  radical  leaves  (including  the 
petiole)  1-2  dm.  long:  cauline  leaves  ovate-oblong  to  lanceolate,  partly  clasp- 
ing: heads  mostly  solitary;  involucre  about  3  cm.  in  diameter;  the  bracts  ovate 
to  spatulate-oblong,  very  obtuse,  lax,  inner  with  scarious,  erose-denticulate 
margins:  rays  saffron-yellow,  sometimes  25  mm.  long:  achenes  narrowly  ob- 
long, nearly  as  long  as  the  pappus.    Aplopappus  crocea. — In  the  Colorado 
mountains. 

2.  Pyrrocoma  Clementis  Rydb.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  27:  625.  1900.    Stems 
1  or  more,  ascending,  1-2  dm.  high,  more  or  less  villous  as  is  also  the  in- 
volucre: lower  stem  leaves  linear-oblong,  about  1  dm.  long,  glabrous  except 
the  ciliate  margin,  saliently  dentate;  the  upper  lanceolate  or  ovate-lanceolate, 
dentate  or  entire-margined:  heads  solitary;  disk  about  2.5  cm.  broad;  bracts 
all  foliaceous,  imbricated  in  3-4  series,  but  the  outer  almost  equaling  the 


500  COMPOSITAE  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY) 

inner,  oblanceolate,  abruptly  acute,  villous:  rays  10-12  mm.  long,  bright 
yellow:  achenes  sparingly  strigose-hirsute. — Colorado. 

3.  Pyrrocoma  integrifolia  (Porter)  Greene,  1.  c.     Stems  several  from  the 
caudex,  ascending,  1.5-2.5  dm.  high:  radical  leaves  (including  short  petiole 
or  tapering  base)  7-15  cm.  long;  the  cauline  lanceolate,  or  the  small  uppermost 
linear:  heads  solitary  or  2  or  3  in  the  upper  axils;  involucral  bracts  narrowly 
oblong  to  linear-lanceolate,  some  loose  outer  ones  usually  equaling  the  disk 
and  more  foliaceous:  rays  bright  yellow,  9-12  mm.  long:  achenes  oblong. — 
Mountain  meadows  of  Wyoming  and  Montana. 

4.  Pyrrocoma  uniflora  (Hook.)   Greene,  1.  c.  60.     Stems  1-2  dm.  high, 
ascending  or  erect,   sometimes  5y-6-leaved,   sometimes  rather  scapiform  or 
upper  leaves  reduced  and  bract-like,  bearing  a  solitary  head,  rarely  1  or  2 
axillary:  leaves  lanceolate  or  sometimes  broader;  radical  5-8  cm.  long  and 
usually  petioled:   involucre  commonly  10-12  mm.  high,  and  the  linear  or 
oblong-linear  bracts  all  of  same  length,  rather  loose,  outer  all  foliaceous.    [P. 
inuloides  (Hook.)  Greene,  1.  c.;  P.  villosa  Rydb.  1.  c.  625;  P.  acuminata  Rydb. 
1.  c.] — Frequent  in  moist  saline  soils;  Montana  to  Colorado  and  Utah. 

5.  Pyrrocoma  lanceolata  (Hook.)  Greene,  1.  c.  69.    Habit  of  the  preceding; 
stems  generally  more  leafy  and  bearing  3-15  heads;  these  when  few  subcorym- 
bose,  when  more  numerous  racemosely  or  paniculately  disposed:  involucre 
10-15  mm.  high  (the  heads  varying  much  in  size);  the  bracts  rather  closely 
imbricated  in  3  or  4  unequal  series,  lanceolate,  acutish,  with  short  green  tips 
and  whitish  coriaceous  base;  outer  successively  shorter,  occasionally  some  of 
them  longer  and  more  herbaceous.    [P.  Vaseyi  (Parry)  Rydb.  1.  c.;  P.  lagopus 
Rydb.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  32:  136.  1905.]— Saline  soils;  Saskatchewan  to 
northern  Colorado  and  west  to  Nevada. 

13.  OONOPSIS  Greene 

Plants  with  equably  leafy  upright  stems,  usually  tufted,  upon  a  ligneous 
caudex  or  crown.  Leaves  entire;  herbage  lanate-tomentulose  or  glabrous. 
Heads  in  a  terminal  fastigiate  cyme  or  solitary,  discoid  or  radiate.  Invo- 
lucres ovate  or  broader;  bracts  not  carinate,  but  flat  and  often  3-nerved,  im- 
bricated, subcoriacepus  and  with  green-herbaceous  tips  ending  in  a  cusp. 
Disk-corollas  subcylindric,  with  5  rather  short  teeth.  Stamens  and  styles 
scarcely  exserted;  tips  of  the  latter  ovate  to  subulate,  shorter  than  the  stig- 
matic  part.  Achenes  mostly  glabrous,  and  pappus  coarse,  rigid,  and  rather 
scanty. — This  genus  is  unique  in  that  each  of  its  species  is  seemingly  con- 
fined to  restricted  areas  and  is  singularly  limited  as  to  habitat.  Aplopappus  in 
part. 

Dwarf  and  somewhat  caespitose,  less  than  1  dm.  high. 
Rays  6-10. 

Leaves  short  (2-3  cm.) 1.  O.  multicaulis. 

Leaves  long  (4-8  cm.) 2.  O.  argillacea. 

Rayless 3.  O.  Engelmannii. 

Taller,  1-3  dm.  high;  stems  few  to  many. 
Rayless. 

Stems  numerous,  fascicled,  branched;  heads  in  terminal  glomer- 
ules. 

Leaves  short  (3-6  cm.) 4.  O.  Wardii. 

Leaves  long  (6-12  cm.) 5.  O.  condensata. 

Stems  solitary  or  few;  heads  solitary  .         .         .         .         .         .     6.  O.  mqnocephala. 

Rays  numerous       .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .     7.  O.  foliosa. 

1.  Oonopsis  multicaulis  (Nutt.)  Greene,  Pitt.  3:  45.  1906.  Very  dwarf, 
tufted,  tomentulose,  but  early  glabrate  and  smooth;  stems  3-7  cm.  high,  from 
a  ligneous  caudex,  simple  or  forked,  bearing  3  or  4  leaves  and  few  heads:  leaves 
narrowly  linear,  or  the  lowest  obscurely  spatulate,  2-3  cm.  long:  bracts  of 
the  involucre  large  and  rather  few  (9-14),  ovate  to  oblong-lanceolate, 
cuspidate-acuminate,  marked  with  a  green  spot  below  the  slender  cusp,  or  the 
outermost  with  a  larger  foliaceous  tip. — "On  rocks,  mountains  of  north- 
western Wyoming." 


COMPOSITAE  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY)  501 

2.  Oonopsis  argillacea   A.    Nels.    Bull.   Torr.    Bot.   Club   26:  481.  1899. 
Tufted,  caespitose,  the  crowns  more  or  less  covered  with  the  bases  of  dead 
leaves;  steins  numerous,  3-8  cm.  long,  terminating  in  a  leafy  corymbose  in- 
florescence of  few  heads,  sparsely  lanate-pubescent  as  are  also  the  leaves: 
leaves  entire,  narrowly  to  broadly  linear,  pungently  acute,  4-8  cm.  long,  often 
overtopping  the  heads:  involucre  tomentose,  about  1  cm.  high;  the  bracts 
oblong-ovate,  acuminate,  not  conspicuously  green-tipped:  rays  showy,  about 
10,  the  disk-flowers  twice  as  many:  achene  softly  pubescent,  oblong,  3-4  mm. 
long. — On  barren  clayey  slopes  and  flats;  interior  Wyoming. 

3.  Oonopsis  Engelmannii  (Gray)  Greene,  1.  c.     Stems  1-2  dm.  high,  in 
tufts  from  a  subterranean  branching  caudex,  simple,  very  leafy  up  to  the 
cymose-glomerate  heads:  leaves  all  narrowly  linear,  3-5  cm.  long,  only  2-3 
mm.  wide,  rigid:  bracts  of  the  involucre  regularly  imbricated  and  appressed, 
outer  similar  but  short,  all  abruptly  mucronate  or  short-cuspidate,  slightly 
greenish  below  the  tip. — Plains  of  Colorado  at  Hugo. 

4.  Oonopsis  Wardii  (Gray)  Greene,  1.  c.  46.    Dwarf;  fascicled  stems  10-15 
cm.  high:  leaves  3-6  cm.  long,  linear-lanceolate,  destitute  of  lateral  nerves: 
heads  10  mm.  or  less  long,  2  or  3  in  a  terminal  glomerule:  achenes  double  the 
length  of  the  scanty  pappus. — Wyoming,  "  probably  in  the  southwestern  part." 

5.  Oonopsis  condensata  A.  Nels.  1.  c.  25:  376.  1898.     Stems  spreading, 
mostly  simple  below,  freely  and  fasciculately  branched  upward,  1.5-2.5  dm, 
long,  very  leafy,  especially  above:  leaves  glabrous,  broadly  linear  to  narrowly 
oblanceolate,  1-nerved  or  often  3-nerved  at  base,  acute,  6-12  cm.  long:  in- 
florescence of  the  tufted  plant  as  a  whole  dense,  from  rounded  to  almost 
flat-topped;  inflorescence  of  the  branchlets  a  close  glomerule  of  about  3  heads, 
often  overtopped  by  the  upper  leaves:  heads  rayless,  15-25-flowered,  10-15  mm. 
high;  involucral  bracts  lanceolate-acuminate,  nearly  equaling  the  flowers: 
achenes  stria te,  flattened-clavate,  glabrous,  when  mature  6  mm.  long;  pappus 
scanty,  about  equaling  the  achene. — In  gravelly  clay  soils  in  a  few  restricted 
localities;  Laramie  Plains,  Wyoming. 

6.  Oonopsis  monocephala  A.   Nels.   Bot.   Gaz.   31:  399.  1891.     Caudex 
woody,  the  branches  slender;  stems  1  or  more  from  each  branch  of  the  caudex, 
erect  or  ascending,  1-2  dm.  high,  simple,  uniformly  leafy  from  base  to  summit, 
monocephalous:  leaves  glabrous  as  are  also  the  stems,  linear-oblong,  sessile, 
acute,  quite  uniform  in  size  and  shape,  5-8  cm.  long,  about  1  cm.  broad,  the 
uppermost   involucrating   the   large    head:    involucre    hemispherical,    about 
15  mm.  high;  the  bracts  oblong,  rather  abruptly  short,  acuminate-cuspidate,' 
glabrous  but  for  some  ciliate  pubescence  on  the  margins:  heads  rayless;  disk- 
flowers  very  numerous:  pappus  nearly  as  long  as  the  corolla-tube,  the  bristles 
widely  spreading  at  maturity;  achene  oblong,  about  3  mm.  long,  sparsely 
and  obscurely  glandular. — Known  only  from  the  type  locality,   Berwind, 
Colorado. 

7.  Oonopsis  foliosa  (Gray)  Greene,  1.  c.    Glabrous;  stems  erect  or  ascend- 
ing from  a  woody  base,  1.5-3  dm.  high,  corymbosely  branched  above,  leafy: 
leaves  oblong  or  linear-oblong,  sessile,  partly  clasping  at  the  base,  acute  with 
a  mucronate  tip,  entire  or  occasionally  somewhat  denticulate;  lower  ones 
5-7  cm.  long,  tapering  to  the  base;  upper  ones  clasping  by  a  broad  base: 
heads  terminating  the  leafy  branches,  globose,  2-3  cm.  in  diameter;  bracts 
in  3-4  series,  lance-ovate,   with  acuminate,  spiny  tips,    somewhat  villous- 
pubescent,  with  narrow,  scarious  margins:  rays  12-15  mm.  long,  lance-ovate, 
yellow:  pappus  a  little  shorter  than  the  corolla  and  rather  longer  than  the 
very  smooth  achene.    Aplopappus  Fremontii. — On  clayey  plains  and  hills; 
upper  Arkansas  in  Colorado. 

14.  MACRONEMA  Nutt. 

Low  and  viscidly  pubescent,  much  branched  shrubby  plants,  the  fastigiate 
leafy  branches  terminated  by  solitary  or  fastigiately  clustered  rather  large 
heads,  with  entire  sessile  leaves  and  yellow  flowers.  Heads  many-flowered, 
discoid  or  radiate;  disk-flowers  tubular,  perfect.  Bracts  of  the  involucre 


502  COMPOSITAE  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY) 

few,  loose,  somewhat  in  2  series,  nearly  equal,  linear-lanceolate,  1-nerved; 
the  exterior  mostly  with  foliaceous  spreading  tips,  commonly  with  1  or  more 
foliaceous  bracts  at  the  base  resembling  the  upper  leaves.  Receptacle  flat, 
alveolate.  Branches  of  the  style  much  exserted,  the  appendages  elongated, 
subulate,  hirsute,  much  longer  than  the  flat  stigmatic  portion.  Achenes  large, 
much  compressed.  Pappus  of  copious  somewhat  unequal  scabrous  capillary 
bristles. — Aplopappus  in  part. 

Heads  radiate. 

Leaves  obovate;  heads  several 1.  M.  obovatum. 

Leaves  spatulate;  heads  solitary     .         .         .         .         .         .         .  2.  M.  grindelioides. 

Heads  discoid. 

Leaves  qblanceolate;  heads  solitary 3.  M.  discoideum. 

Leaves  linear;  heads  several  .         .         .         .         .         .         .  4.  M.  lineare. 

1.  Macronema   obovatum  Rydb.   Bull.  Torr.   Bot.   Club   27:  618.  1900. 
Gland ular-puberulent,  2-3  dm.  high,  with  light  yellow  bark  on  the  branches: 
leaves  broadly  obovate,  1-2  cm.  long,  7-10  mm.  wide,  mucronate-cuspidate : 
heads  usually  2-3  together,  about  10  mm.  high,  and  8  mm.  broad;  the  bracts 
rather  firm,  oblong-linear,  abruptly  obcuneate-acute  at  the  apex,  unequal, 
imbricated  in  about  4  series:  rays  short,  4-5  mm.  long,  about  10  in  number. — 
Known  only  from  type  locality,  City  Creek  Canon,  Utah. 

2.  Macronema  grindelioides  Rydb.  Mem.  N.  Y.  Bot.  Gard.  1:  384.  1900. 
A  much-branched   undershrub,    1-2  dm.  high;   young  branches  glandular- 
puberulent:  leaves  oblong  or  spatulate,  more  or  less  fleshy,  1-2  cm.  long,  ob- 
tuse or  mucronate,  finely  glandular-puberulent,  and  with  a  more  or  less  crisped 
margin:  heads  1-5  cm.  high;  the  bracts  rather  few,  the  outer  ones  foliaceous, 
oblanceolate,  acute,  mostly  longer  than  the  disk:  rays  6-12,  rather  conspic- 
uous, often  1  cm.  long. — High  mountain  peaks;  northern  Wyoming  to  Mon- 
tana and  Idaho. 

3.  Macronema  discoideum  Nutt.  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  II.  7:  322.  1841. 
Branches  erect  from  a  woody  base,  1.5-2.5  dm.  high,  terete,  white-tomentose : 
leaves  spatulate-oblong,   obtuse,   apiculate,    15-25  mm.  long,   obscurely  3- 
nerved,  minutely  glandular  and  scabrous:  heads  single  or  few  in  a  corymb, 
turbinate;  bracts  of  the  involucre  few,  subequal,  broadly  lanceolate,  glandular, 
the  outer  ones  more  or  less  herbaceous:  heads  about  25-flowered:  rays  none: 
branches  of  the  style  very  long,  filiform,  much  exserted,  the  hispid  portion 
twice  as  long  as  the  stigmatic:  achenes  pubescent. — Mountains  of  Colorado, 
Wyoming  (?),  and  westward. 

4.  Macronema  lineare  Rydb.  1.  c.     With  the  habit  and  appearance  of  some 
Chrysoihamni;  stem  erect,  about  1.5  dm.  high,  finely  white-tomentose:  leaves 
numerous,  linear,  acute,  glandular-puberulent,  bright  green:  heads  1-1.5  cm. 
high;  the  bracts  rather  few,  linear,  somewhat  foliaceous,  but  seldom  equaling 
the  disk:  rays  none. — Yellowstone  Park  and  adjacent  Wyoming. 

4o.  Macronema  lineare  canescens  A.  Nels.  Leaves  2-3  cm.  long,  acute, 
lightly  canescent  and  nearly  or  quite  destitute  of  resinous  atoms:  involucral 
bracts  very  finely  lanate. — Same  range. 

15.  STENOTUS  Nutt. 

Dwarf  herbaceous  plants  with  linear  or  lanceolate,  1-3-nerved,  rigid,  entire, 
alternate  or  crowded  leaves  and  middle-sized  heads  of  yellow  flowers.  In- 
volucre hemispherical;  the  bracts  oblong-ovate  to  orbicular,  1-nerved,  mem- 
branaceous  with  scarious  margins,  of  equal  or  moderately  unequal  length, 
closely  appressed  and  imbricated.  Heads  many-flowered,  radiate.  Rays 
8-12,  pistillate;  disk-corollas  perfect,  dilated  toward  the  summit,  deeply 
5-toothed.  Style  branches  broad  and  flat.  Achenes  oblong-turbinate,  densely 
silky- villous.  Pappus  commonly  bright  white,  of  numerous  soft,  unequal, 
densely  scabrous  capillary  bristles. — Aplopappus  in  part. 

Caespitose;  leaves  linear,  crowded  on  the  crowns;  stems  scapose. 

Scabrous-pubescent 1.  S.  acaulis. 

Glabrous    .         .         .         .         .         .         .         *         .         .         .         .2.  S.  caespitosus. 


COMPOSITAE  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY)  503 

Loosely  caespitose;  leaves  narrowly  to  broadly  oblanceolate;  stems  leafy. 
Caudex   branches  with  enlarged   crowns  sheathed  with  the  dead 

petioles 3.  S.  annerioides. 

Caudex  open  with  slender  naked  branches         .         .         .         .         .     4.  S.  latifolius. 

1.  Stenotus acauUsNutt.Trans.Am.Phil.Soc.il.  7:  334.  1841.   Depressed- 
caespitose  from  a  multicipital  lignescent  caudex:  leaves  rigid  and  persistent, 
crowded  on  the  crown  of  the  caudex  and  a  few  on  the  scapiform  flowering 
stems,  spatulate  to  linear,  2-4  cm.  long,  mucronate,  more  or  less  3-nerved, 
commonly  scabrous:  scapiform  flowering  stems  3-12  cm.  high:  heads  mostly 
solitary,   many-flowered,  radiate;   bracts  of   the  involucre  ovate  to  ovate- 
lanceolate,  mucronately  acute  or  acuminate,  destitute  of  greenish  tips. — 
Shale  and  clay  slopes  and  cliffs;  Saskatchewan  to  Colorado  and  westward. 

2.  Stenotus  caespitosus  Nutt.  1.  c.     Habit  of  the  foregoing;  glabrous  or 
nearly  so:  leaves  crowded  on  the  crowns  of  the  woody  caudex,  narrowly 
lanceolate  or  linear,  acute,  3-nerved;  those  of  the  simple  or  branching  scapes 
3^4:  bracts  of  the  involucre  broadly  ovate,  acute,  membranaceous,  erose- 
ciliate,  imbricated  in  3  series:  appendages  of  the  style  subulate-linear,  mi- 
nutely pubescent.     Aplopappus  acaulis  glabratus. — Wyoming  to   Montana 
and  Nevada. 

3.  Stenotus  armerioides  Nutt.  1.  c.     Caespitose  and  rigid,  10-15  cm.  high, 
glabrous:  leaves  crowded  on  the  crowns  of  the  thick  woody  caudex  and  on 
the  lower  part  of  the  stem,  elongated  spatulate-linear,  obscurely  3-nerved; 
those  of  the  peduncle  1-2:  bracts  of  the  involucre  roundish-oval,  very  obtuse, 
coriaceous,  with  abrupt  scarious  margins  and  greenish  tips,  closely  imbri- 
cated, somewhat  in  3  series:  style  with  short  and  thick  lanceolate  appendages. 
[S.jalcatus  Rydb.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  27:  616.  1900  (?).]— Dry  cliffs  and 
shale  slopes. 

4.  Stenotus  latifolius  A.  Nels.  Bot.  Gaz.  37:  266.  1904.    Caudex  woody, 
with  numerous  slender,  naked  branches;  herbaceous  stems  slender,   leafy, 
monocephalous,  10-15  cm.  high,  naked  pedunculate  above,  glabrous  but  ob- 
scurely glutinous:   leaves   glabrous,   slightly   glutinous,   acute  or  apiculate, 
3-nerved;  the  crown  leaves  not  persistent,  small,  spatulate,  7-12  mm.  long; 
stem  leaves  longer,  several  (5-7),  the  lowest  broadly  spatulate-cuneate,  the 
upper  broadly  oblong  to  lanceolate,  2-3  cm.  long:  heads  10-12  mm.  high; 
the  bracts  in  3-4  series,  oblong,  abruptly  acute,  light  green  with  narrow 
scarious  margin:  rays  several,  rather  short:  pappus-bristles  slender,  white, 
about  as  long  as  the  somewhat  angled  canescent  achene. — In  the  mountains 
of  Utah. 

16.  TONESTUS  A.  Nels. 

Low,  herbaceous  perennials  from  woody  roots,  having  a  short  more  or  less 
branched  subligneous  caudex.  Stems  simple,  a  few  to  several  centimeters 
high,  leafy  throughout,  monocephalous.  Leaves  herbaceous,  obscurely  3- 
nerved,  spatulately  tapering  to  a  short  margined  petiole.  Heads  relatively 
large  (15-25  mm.  broad);  the  involucral  bracts  herbaceous,  in  about  2  loosely 
imbricated  rows,  usually  with  1-several  outer  foliaceous  ones.  Rays  conspic- 
uous, 10  or  more;  the  disk-flowers  more  numerous.  Pappus  soft  and  white, 
equaling  the  corolla.  Style  tips  slender,  subulate-elongated.  Achenes  gla- 
brous or  pubescent. — Aplopappus  in  part. 

Stems  very  short  (1-5  cm.);  involucral  bracts  obtuse     .         .         .         .     1.  T.  pygmaeus. 
Stems  slender,  5-15  cm.  long;  involucral  bracts  acute     .         .         .         .     2.  T.  Lyallii. 

1.  Tonestus  pygmaeus  (T.  &  G.)  A.  Nels.  Bot.  Gaz.  37:  262.  1904.    Soft- 
pubescent  or  glabrate,  not  viscid   or  glandular:   leaves  linear-spatulate  to 
spatulate-oblong:  involucral  bracts  oblong,  outer  ones  foliaceous  and  loose, 
very  obtuse,   equaling  the  thinner  innermost:  achenes  pubescent. — Alpine 
region  of  the  Colorado  and  the  Wyoming  Mountains. 

2.  Tonestus  Lyallii   (Gray)   A.   Nels.  1.  c.     Rather  taller,   larger-leaved, 
viscid-puberulent :  leaves  obovate-spatulate  to  oblanceolate:  involucre  glan- 
dular; the  bracts  lanceolate,  acute,  sometimes  2  or  3  outermost  oblong  and 


504  COMPOSITAE  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY) 

more  foliaceous:  achenes  and  ovaries  glabrous  or  nearly  so. — Alpine;  Col- 
orado to  Montana  and  Oregon. 

17.  PETRADORIA  Greene 

Stems  low,  rigid,  tufted  on  a  low-branched  caudex.  Leaves  linear  or  nar- 
rowly lanceolate,  rigid,  tapering  to  both  ends,  3-nerved.  Heads  few-several, 
3-4  together  and  disposed  in  a  rather  flat-topped  corymb.  Involucral  bracts 
in  more  or  less  distinct  vertical  rows,  Achenes  cylindric,  glabrous,  distinctly 
10-striate. — Aplopappus  in  part. 

1.  Petradoria  pumila  (Nutt.)  Greene,  Erythea  3:  13.  1895.  Dwarf, 
1-2  dm.  high,  many-stemmed  from  a  woody  caespitose  caudex,  glabrous 
throughout,  punctate,  somewhat  resinous:  radical  leaves  petioled,  5-10  cm. 
long:  cyme  glomerate-f  astigiate :  heads  narrowly  oblong;  inyolucral  bracts 
rigid,  somewhat  carinate,  and  with  small  green  tips. — Stony  ridges*  and  hills; 
from  Texas  through  our  range  to  Oregon. 

x. 

18.  OREOCHRYSUM  Rydb. 

Plants  with  slender  horizontal  rootstock,  leafy,  viscid-puberulent  above. 
Involucral  bracts  oblong,  pale,  rather  obscurely  1-ribbed,  chartaceous  or  the 
outer  foliaceous,  in  about  3  moderately  unequal  ranks.  Rays  several,  short. 
Disk-corollas  narrowly  trumpet-shaped,  deeply  5-toothed.  Style-appendages 
lanceolate,  longer  than  the  stigmatic  portion.  Achenes  angled.  Pappus 
white  or  slightly  tawny,  of  soft  scabrous  bristles. — Aplopappus  in  part. 

1.  Oreochrysum  Parryi  (Gray)  Rydb.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  33:  152.  1906. 
Green  and  almost  glabrous,  puberulent,  and  somewhat  viscid  above;  stems 
2-4  dm.  high:  leaves  oblong-ob ovate  and  spatulate,  or  the  upper  oblong- 
lanceolate,  thinnish,  5-10  cm.  long:  heads  about  12  mm.  high,  rather  nu- 
merous; involucral  bracts  oblong,  obtuse,  pale,  and  in  about  3  moderately 
unequal  ranks:  flowers  pale  yellow.  Aplopappus  Parryi. — In  the  mountains 
of  Colorado,  Wyoming,  and  Utah. 

19.  SOLIDAGO  L.     GOLDENROD 

Perennial  herbs  with  alternate  leaves.  Heads  small,  the  raceme-like  clus- 
ters aggregated  in  a  pyramidal  or  spike-like  panicle  or  thyrsus,  or  in  some  of 
our  species  the  heads  corymbose.  Bracts  of  the  involucre  usually  thin  or 
chartaceous,  imbricated  in  2  or  more  series.  Both  ray  and  disk-flowers 
yellow.  Pappus  a  single  series  of  scabrous  and  mostly  equal  capillary  bristles, 
usually  dull  white.  Achenes  terete  or  angular,  5-10-nerved. 

Involucral  bracts  not  longitudinally  striate. 

Rays  usually  fewer  than  the  disk-flowers;  receptacle  aleveolate; 

inflorescence  racemose  or  paniculate. 

Glabrous,  or  pubescent  along  the  veins  and  on  the  margins  of  the 
leaves,  or  often  somewhat  puberulent  but  not  cinereous, 
scabrous,  or  hirsute. 
Leaf-blades  not  triple- veined. 

Stems  tall  (4-8  dm.);  leaves  pale 1.  S.  pallida. 

Stems  rather  low  (1-4  dm.);  leaves  usually  dark  green. 

Involucral  bracts  acute  or  acuminate       .         .         .  2.  S.  corymbosa. 

Involucral  bracts  linear-lanceolate  or  linear-oblong,  ob- 
tuse. 

Leaves  merely  scabrous  on  the  margin          .         .         .       3.  S.  decumbens. 
Leaves  ciliate  on  the  margin  especially  towards  the 

base 4.  S.  dilatata. 

Leaf-blades  triple- veined. 

Stem  leaves  oblanceolate,  often  narrowly  so,  the  uppermost 
usually  linear;  plant  mostly  less  than  4  dm.  high  (1-4 
dm.). 

Heads  4-6  mm.  high;  plants  not  tufted    .         .         .         .       5.  S.  missouriensis. 
fleads  5-7  mm.  high;  plants  tufted         .         .         .  6.  S.  concinna. 


COMPOSITAE  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY)  505 

Stem  leaves  lanceolate;  plants  usually  more  than  4  dm.  high 

(4-10  dm.). 
Nearly   or   quite   glabrous;    the   leaves   ample,    usually 

broadly  lanceolate  and  sharply  serrate     .         .  7.  S.  serotina. 
Glabrate  or  puberulent;  the  leaves  numerous,  usually  nar- 
rowly lanceolate,  subentire  or  serrate  above  the  mid- 
dle     8.  S.  elongata. 

Pubescent  at  least  above,  usually  on  both  stem  and  leaves. 
Stem  and  leaves  more  or  less  hirsute,  often  scabrous  and  then 

somewhat  canescent 9.  S.  canadensis. 

Stem  and  leaves  densely  canescent. 

Plants  rather  tall  (3-6  dm.);  inflorescence  usually  foliar- 

bracted. 

Panicle  usually  long  and  narrow;  involucral  bracts  obtuse     10.  S.  pulcherrima. 
Panicle  usually  short  and  broad;  involucral  bracts  acute. 

Floral  bracts  ovate  to  lanceolate  .         .         .         .U.S.  mpllis. 

Floral  bracts  lanceolate  to  linear  .         .         .         .     12.  S.  trinervata. 

Plants  mostly  low  (1-3  dm.),  finely  cinereous    ...         .     13.  S.  nana. 

Rays  more  numerous  than  the  disk-flowers;  receptacle  fimbriolate; 

inflorescence  corymbose. 
Leaves  linear,  dark  green    ........     14.  S.  occidentalis. 

Leaves  narrowly  oblong-lanceolate,  pale  green    .         .         „         .     15.  S.  camporum. 
Involucral  bracts  longitudinally  striate;  the  heads  in  a  congested 

corymb       ...........     16.  S.  rigida. 

1.  Solidago  pallida  (Porter)  Rydb.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  33:  153.  1906. 
Stout,  erect,   3-8  dm.   high:   leaves  ovate  to  lanceolate,   thick  and  coria- 
ceous, with  prominent  veins,  pale  or  whitish:  thyrsus  narrow,  of  numerous 
narrow  spike-like  clusters,  rather  showy:  heads  5-8  mm.  high;  the  bracts 
firm,  narrowly  oblong,  very  obtuse.     (S.  speciosa  pallida  Porter,  Bull.  Torr. 
Bot.  Club  19:  130.  1892.) — Infrequent;  Colorado. 

2.  Solidago  corymbosa  Nutt.  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  7:  328.  1840.    Nearly 
or  quite  glabrous,  1-3  dm.  high:  leaves  firm  and  finely  veined,  entire  or  spar- 
ingly serrate;  stem  leaves  ciliate  at  base,  oblong-lanceolate;  the  radical  obovate 
and  narrowed  into  a  petiole:  heads  rather  large,  7-9  dm.  high,  generally  few, 
in  1  or  more  rounded  or  corymb  if  orm  clusters;  bracts  of  the  involucre  about 
as  long  as  the  flowers,  acute:  rays  numerous  and  conspicuous.    S:  multiradiata 
scopulorum.     [S.  scopulorum  (Gray)  A.   Nels.   Bot.  Gaz.  37:  264.  1904;  S. 
ciliosa  Greene,  Pitt.  3:  22.  1896;  S.  rubra  and  S.  laevicaulis  Rydb.  1.  c.  33: 
649.  1904.] — In  the  mountains  of  our  range. 

3.  Solidago  decumbens  Greene,  Pitt.  3:  161.  1897.    Stems  clustered  about 
the  summit  of  a  strong  perpendicular  root,  stout,  decumbent,  1-4  dm.  high, 
usually  dark  red,  sparsely  puberulent,  as  is  also  the  foliage:  lowest  leaves 
spatulate-ob ovate  to  oblanceolate,  obtuse  or  acutish,  more  or  less  distinctly 
serrate  toward  the  summit;  upper  cauline  leaves  similar,  but  few  and  reduced, 
all  scabrous  on  the  margin:  inflorescence  interruptedly  thyrsoid:  heads  large; 
bracts  of  involucre  linear,  obtusish,  of  firm  texture  and  carinate-nerved,  form- 
ing about  3  series,  the  outer  and  shorter  subulate-linear  rather  than  linear: 
achenes  subcylindric,  strigose-hispidulous;  pappus  very  strongly  barbellate- 
scabrous.     S.  humilis  nana.     (S.  oreophila  Rydb.  Mem.  N.  Y.  Bot.  Gard.  1: 
387.  1900,  is  merely  the  larger  form  from  the  lower  stations.) — Frequent  in 
alpine  and  subalpine  stations  throughout  our  range. 

4.  Solidago  dilatata  A.  Nels.  Bot.  Gaz.  30:  196.  1900.     Stems  simple,  or 
branched  above,  rather  stout,  glabrous,  4-6  dm.  high:  leaves  glabrous,  con- 
spicuously reticulate- veiny  below,  minutely  scabro-ciliate  on  the  margins; 
basal  leaves  oblong-spatulate  to  elliptic,  tapering  into  a  broad  margined 
petiole  which  is  sometimes  as  long  as  the  blade,  either  closely  or  remotely 
serrate,  mostly  obtuse  at  apex,  10-15  cm.  long;  the  stem  leaves  numerous, 
sessile,  mostly  small  (2-3  cm.):  inflorescence  nearly  glabrous,  the  lower  pe- 
dunculate branches  leaf  y-bracteate :   heads  about   6  mm.   high;   involucral 
bracts  in  about  3  rows,  the  2  inner  rows  subequal,  minutely  ciliate  on  the 
margins,  linear,  most  of  them  obtusish  and  slightly  dilated  upwards:  rays 
8-10,  conspicuous:  achenes  short  and  lightly  pubescent. — Authentic  speci- 
mens from  type  locality  only,  Yellowstone  Park. 

5.  Solidago  missouriensis  Nutt.  Journ.  Acad.  Phila.  7:  32.  1834.     Stem 
rather  slender,  2-4  dm.  or  more  high:  leaves  firm  or  thick;  those  of  the  stem 


506  COMPOSITAE  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY) 

sessile,  acuminate  at  apex,  narrowed  at  base,  5-10  cm.  long,  very  rough- 
margined,  entire,  or  sparingly  serrate  with  low,  sharp  teeth;  the  basal  and 
lowest  ones  larger,  spatulate,  petioled:  heads  5-6  mm.  high;  bracts  of  the  in- 
volucre oblong,  greenish-tipped,  obtuse,  or  the  inner  acute,  thick:  rays  6-13, 
short.  (<S.  glaberrima  Rydb.  in  Fl.  Col.  348.  1896.) — Coming  into  our  range 
from  the  prairie  States  to  the  eastward. 

6.  Solidago  concinna  A.  Nels.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  25:  377.  1898.    Stems 
tufted,  often  numerous,  glabrous,  1.5-4  dm.  high:  root  leaves  narrowly  ob- 
lanceolate,  8-15  cm.  long;;  stem  leaves  narrowly  oblong  or  oblanceolate,  those 
of  the  inflorescence  small  and  linear;  all  the  leaves  obscurely  scabro-ciliate  on 
the  margins,  usually  a  few  of  them  showing  slight  serrations,  triple-nerved, 
but  the  lateral  ones  often  incomplete  or  obscure:  heads  about  5  mm.  high, 
very  numerous,  closely  f astigiate-glomerate ;  bracts  of  the  involucre  oblong, 
subacute  or  obtuse,  thin-margined,  greenish  down  the  middle:  rays  small,  5-9; 
disk-flowers  10-15.    S.  missouriensis  extraria. — Frequent  in  the  foothills  and 
mountains;  New  Mexico  to  the  Canadian  Rocky  Mountains. 

7.  Solidago  serotina  Ait.  Hort.  Kew  3:  211.  1789.    Stem  stout,  6-18  dm. 
high,  very  smooth  and  glabrous  up  to  or  near  the  ample  panicle,  sometimes 
glaucous:  leaves  commonly  ample,  lanceolate  or  broader,  8-15  cm.  long, 
sharply  and  saliently  serrate,  in  the  typical  plant  glabrous  both  sides:  heads 
crowded,  rather  large,  6-7  mm.  long;  bracts  of  the  involucre  broadly  linear 
or  linear-oblong:  rays  7-14,  moderately  large  and  conspicuous.     [S.  Pitcheri 
(Nutt.)  Rydb.  in  Fl.  Col.  1.  c.] — Colorado  to  Montana  and  thence  across  the 
continent.  * 

8.  Solidago  elongata  Nutt.  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  7:  327.  1841.     Stems 
rather  slender,  3-8  dm.  high,  smooth  or  minutely  pubescent,  strict:  leaves 
lanceolaie,  acute  or  acuminate  at  both  ends,  sparingly  serrate,  nearly  glabrous, 
obscurely  3-nerved:  panicle  elongated,  virgate  or  narrowly  pyramidal,  1-2  dm. 
long,  the  racemes  at  length  somewhat  spreading:  bracts  of  the  involucre 
linear-subulate:  rays  small  and  slender:  achenes  pubescent.     (S.  polyphylla 
and  S.  serra  Rydb.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  31:  650.  1904.)— Mostly  in  dry 
ground;  throughout  our  range  and  far  northwestward. 

.  9.  Solidago  canadensis  L.  Sp.  PL  878.  1753.  Stems  4-12  dm.  high,  from 
scabrous-  or  cinereous-puberulent  to  hirsute:  leaves  mostly  lanceolate,  pu- 
berulent,  pubescent,  or  nearly  glabrous,  sharply  serrate  or  the  upper  entire, 
veiny,  and  with  lateral  ribs  prolonged  parallel  to  the  midrib:  heads  small, 
ordinarily  only  4-5  mm.  long;  bracts  of  the  involucre  small  and  pale,  narrowly 
linear,  acutish  or  obtuse:  rays  9-16,  more  numerous  than  the  disk-flowers. — 
Common  and  very  variable ;  from  New  Mexico  to  Montana  and  to  the  Atlantic 
States. 

9<z.  Solidago  canadensis  procera  (Ait.)  T.  &  G.  Fl.  2:  224.  1841.  Leaves 
less  serrate,  sometimes  all  entire,  cinereous-pubescent  with  short-appressed 
hairs. — Range  of  the  species. 

96.  Solidago  canadensis   scabriuscula  Porter,   Mem.  Torr.  Club   5:  318. 

1894.  Leaves  shorter,  sparingly  serrate  or  entire,  rough  above,  rugose  be- 
neath: heads  usually  larger.     [S.  scabriuscula  (Porter)  Rydb.  1.  c^  33:  153. 
1906.] — Range  about  the  same  as  the  species. 

9c.  Solidago  canadensis  gilvocanescens  Rydb.  Contrib.  Nat.  Herb.  3:  162. 

1895.  Only  2^4  dm.  high,  leafy,  canescent,  pale  or  yellowish:  leaves  remotely 
serrate  or  entire:  inflorescence  crowded.    (S.  gilvocanescens  Rydb.  Bull.  Torr. 
Bot.  Club  33:  153.  1906.) — On  the  dry  plains;  Colorado  and  Wyoming  to 
Nebraska. 

10.  Solidago  pulcherrima  A.  Nels.  1.  c.  42.  Closely  cinereous-puberulent 
throughout;  stems  tufted,  diffusely  spreading,  6-8  dm.  long:  lower  stem  leaves 
very  narrowly  oblanceolate,  obscurely  3-nerved,  entire,  6-12  cm.  long;  upper 
leaves  oblong;  those  of  the  long,  virgate,  secund  inflorescence  regularly  re- 
duced but  leaf -like  except  at  the  summit  where  they  become  mere  bracts: 
panicle  narrow,  racemose,  2-4  dm.  long,  the  short  crowded  branches  scorpioid: 
heads  about  6  mm.  high;  bracts  of  the  involucre  oblong-elliptic,  obtuse,  gla- 
brous, greenish  with  thin  colorless  margins:  rays  usually  5;  small,  spatulate; 


C'OMPOSITAE  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY)  507 

disk-flowers  10  or  fewer:  achene  closely  puberulent,  cylindrical.  S.  nemoralis 
as  to  our  range.  (S.  radulina  Rydb.  1.  c.  31:  650.  1904.)— Frequent;  Col- 
orado to  Montana. 

11.  Solidago  mollis  Bartl.  Ind.  Sem.  Goett.  5.    1836.    Stems  rigid,  stout, 
low,  canescent  or  slightly  scabrous,  1.5-3  dm.  high:  leaves  pale,  canescent  or 
rough,  entire  or  dentate,  strongly  3-nerved,  oblong,  ovate,  or  ob lanceolate; 
the  lower  petioled,  5-7  cm.  long,  6-25  mm.  wide,  obtuse;  the  upper  sessile, 
smaller:  heads  4-6  mm.  high,  somewhat  or  scarcely  secund  on  the  short 
branches  of  the  erect,  dense  panicle:  bracts  of  the  involucre  oblong:  rays 
5-9:  achenes  pubescent.     S.  nemoralis  incana. — In  the  eastern  part  of  our 
range  to  the  Dakotas,  Nebraska,  and  Texas. 

12.  Solidago  trinervata  Greene,  Pitt.  3:  100.  1896.    Stems  decumbent  and 
ascending,    from    branching    and    widely    spreading    horizontal    rootstocks; 
herbage  cinereous-scabrous:  leaves  widely  spreading,  linear-lanceolate,  entire, 
very  acute,  many  of  them  distinctly  triple-nerved,  mostly  5-8  cm.  long: 
panicle  of  unilateral  racemes  rather  lax:  bracts  of  the  involucre  in  few  series 
and  acutish,  glabrous  and  conspicuously  green-tipped:  achenes  hispidulous. 
— Frequent  in  the  dry  canons  of  the  foothills  throughout  our  range. 

13.  Solidago  nana  Nutt.  1.  c.    Stems  1-3  dm.  high,  canescent  with  minute, 
dense  puberulence,  not  scabrous  in  age:  leaves  mostly  obovate  or  spatulate 
and  entire,  small:  heads  5-6  mm.  long,  rather  broad,  few  or  numerous  in  an 
oblong  or  corymbiform  panicle,  not  at  all  secund;  bracts  of  the  involucre  oval 
or  oblong,  very  obtuse:  rays  5-9,  often  more  numerous  than  the  disk-flowers. 
— In  the  mountains  and  on  the  high  dry  plateaus;  New  Mexico  to  Montana 
and  to  Arizona  and  Nevada. 

14.  Solidago  occidentalis  Nutt.  T.  &  G.  Fl.  2:  226.  1842.    Stems  4-10  dm. 
high,  paniculately  branched  above:  leaves  very  numerous,  linear,  1-3-nerved, 
more  or  less  finely  punctate,  glabrous,  the  margins  obscurely  scabrous:  heads 
in  corymbose  clusters,  4-5  mm.  high;  bracts  of  the  involucre  chartaceous, 
linear-lanceolate:    rays    16-20;    disk-flowers    8-12.      (Euthamia    occidentalis 
Nutt.) — Wet  ground;  New  Mexico  to  Montana  and  to  the  Pacific  States. 

15.  Solidago  camporum  (Greene)  A.  Nels.    Stems  simple  or  paniculately 
branched  above,  3-6  dm.  high,  whitish,  striate,  glabrous:  leaves  light  green, 
narrowly  oblong  to  lance-linear,  1-nerved,  or  the  lateral  nerves  faint,  mar- 
ginally serrulate-scabrous,  so  also  the  midvein  above,  but  the  lower  face  of 
the  leaf  wholly  glabrous,  strongly  and  closely  punctate  on  both  faces:  inflo- 
rescence somewhat  fastigiate,  branchlets  and  pedicels  with  remotely  scabrous 
angles:  heads  not  densely  glomerate;  bracts  of  involucre  thinnish,  yellowish 
throughout,  obtuse  or  acute.     S.  lanceolata.     (Euthamia  camporum  Greene, 
Pitt.  5:  74.  1902.) — Eastern  Colorado  and  Wyoming  to  Minnesota  and  the 
Dakotas. 

16.  Solidago  rigida  L.  Sp.  PI.  880.  1753.    Stem  stout,  simple,  or  branched 
above,  densely  rough-pubescent  or  hoary,  3-15  dm.  high:  leaves  thick,  rigid, 
often  obtuse,  rough  on  both  sides;  the  upper  sessile,  clasping  and  rounded  or 
sometimes  narrowed  at  the  base,  3-5  cm.  long,  mostly  entire;  lower  and  basal 
leaves  long-petioled,  sometimes  3  dm.  long  and  7  cm.  wide,  entire  or  serru- 
late: heads  8-10  mm.  high,  many-flowered,  in  a  terminal  dense  corymbose 
cyme;  involucre  broadly  campanulate,  the  bracts  oblong,  obtuse,  the  outer 
pubescent:  rays  6-10,  large:  achenes  glabrous,  10-15-nerved.     (Oligoneuron 
rigidum  Small,  Fl.  S.  E.  U.  S.  1188.  1903;  O.  canescens  Rydb.  Bull.  Torr. 
Bot.  Club  31:  652.  1904;  S.  rigida  humilis  Porter.) — The  eastern  part  of  our 
range  and  far  eastward  and  southward. 

20.  TOWNSENDIA  Hook. 

Annual,  biennial,  or  perennial  herbs,  often  tufted,  acaulescent  or  caulescent 
(simple  or  branched  from  the  base).  Heads  large;  the  pink,  purple,  or  whitish 
rays  in  1  series,  rather  long,  pistillate,  sometimes  infertile;  disk-flowers  per- 
fect, with  tubular-obconic  5-toothed  corollas.  Branches  of  the  style  lanceo- 
late, acutish,  hairy  towards  the  ends.  Involucres  hemispherical  or  subglobose, 


508  COMPOSITAE  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY) 

of  numerous  rather  large,  imbricated  and  appressed,  scarious-margined, 
lacerate-fringed  and  often  tinted  scales.  Achenes  flattened,  pubescent  or 
glabrous,  2-3-nerved.  Pappus  of  numerous  stout  barbellate  bristles,  that  of 
the  ray  commonly  shorter,  or  reduced  in  part  or  wholly  to  short-subulate 
bristles  or  little  scales. 

Bracts  of  the  involucre  acuminate;  heads  large,  when  expanded  4-5  cm. 

or  more  broad. 

Stems  evident,  0.5-4  dm.  high. 
Erect,  simple  at  least  below. 

Perennial;  stems  glabrate,  monocephalous          .         .         .  1.  T.  formosa. 

Biennials;  stems  cinereous-canescent. 

Pappus  of  two  subulate  awns  and  a  circle  of  short  squamellae       2.  T.  eximia. 
Pappus  of  both  ray- and  disk-flowers  plurisetose     .         .         .       3.  T,  Parryi. 

Divaricately  branched  from  the  base 4.  T.  grandiflora. 

Stemless,  or  stems  less  than  5  cm.  long. 

Cinereous-pubescent 5.  T.  alpina. 

Woolly-canescent 6.  T.  condensata. 

Bracts  of   the   involucre  acute   (not   acuminate)   or  obtuse;     heads 

smaller,  when  expanded  usually  only  2-3  cm.  broad. 
Leafy  stems  evident,  at  maturity  a  few  cm.  to  1  dm.  or  more  long; 

the  whole  plant  more  or  less  canescent. 

Winter  annuals  or  biennials,  branched  from  the  crown  of  the  tap- 
root. 

Involucral  bracts  cinereous-canescent  on  the  back    .         .  7.  T.  Watsonii. 

Involucral  bracts  green  but  often  strigillose  on  the  back. 

Diminutive   plants  with  almost   filiform   stems  and   roots; 

heads  few 8.  T.  Fendleri. 

Stouter  stems  and  roots;  heads  several  to  many   .         .  9.  T.  strigosa. 

Perennial  with  compact  branched  caudex     .....     10.  T.  incana. 
•Stemless,  or  the  stems  very  short  (1-3  cm.)  even  at  maturity. 
Pale-pubescent;  the  leaves  often  surpassing  the  sessile  heads. 

Cinereous  with  appressed  pubescence  or  glabrescent  .         .         .11.  T.  exscapa. 

White  with  long  fine  wool 12.  T.  spathulata. 

Green  but  often  more  or  less  strigillose,  especially  when  young. 
Achenes  pubescent  (glochidiate-capitellate). 

Caudex  branched  (heads  several);  involucral  bracts  acute      .     13.  T.  glabella. 
Caudex  simple  (heads  usually  solitary);  involucral  bracts  ob- 
tuse        .         .         .         .         I 14.  T.  Rqthrockii. 

Achenes  glabrous      .         .         .         .  .         .         .         .     15.  T.  dejecta. 

1.  Townsendia  formosa  Greene,  Leaflets  1:  213.  1906.    Perennial,  from  a 
branched  caudex,  the  sterile  branches  ending  in  a  rosette  of  leaves,  the  others 
in  a  stout,  upright,  leafy,  monocephalous  stem:  basal  leaves  cuneately  to  spatu- 
lately  obovate,  very  obtuse,  entire,  2-4  cm.  long,  of  thin  texture,  glabrous, 
except  as  to  the  ciliolate  margins;  those  of  the  stem  numerous,  spatulate- 
oblong:  heads  large,  4-5  cm.  broad  from  tip  to  tip  of  the  broad  purple  rays; 
bracts  of  involucre  oblong  to  lanceolate,  thin,  broadly  scarious-margined. 
(T.  pinetorum  Greene,  in  herb.) — Mountains  of  New  Mexico,  and  probably  in 
Colorado. 

2.  Townsendia  eximia  Gray,  PI.  Fendl.  70.  1848.   Stems  erect,  simple  or 
sparingly  branching,  1-3  dm.  high:  leaves  spatulate  or  the  upper  lanceolate: 
head  sparingly  leafy-bracted   or  naked  at  base;   involucral  bracts  ovate- 
lanceolate  and  somewhat  rigidly  cuspidate-acuminate,  whitish-scarious  with 
green  center:  rays  blue  or  purplish:  achenes  broadly  obovate,  almost  cartilagi- 
nous, glabrate  (sprinkled  with  a  few  short  and  obscure  glochidiate-tipped 
hairs) ;  pappus  wholly  persistent,  of  2  subulate  at  length  corneous  stout  awns 
which  are  rather  shorter  than  the  achene  (sometimes  wanting  in  the  ray),  and 
a  circle  of  rigid  squamellae  which  are  mostly  coroniform-concreted  at  base 
and  rigid  in  age.    (T.  Vreelandii  Rydb.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  28:  22.  1901.) — 
Mountain  sides;  Colorado  and  New  Mexico. 

3.  Townsendia  Parryi  Eaton,  Am.  Nat.  8:  212.  1874.    Perennial  or  bien- 
nial, canescently  pubescent;  the  caudex  very  short:  leaves  rosulate,  obovate- 
spatulate,  often  apiculate,  tapering  into  a  petiole:  peduncles  stout,  5-15  cm. 
long,  solitary  or  several,  somewhat  leafy  below,  naked  above  and  bearing 
single  large  heads:  bracts  of  the  involucre  in  3  or  4  series,  lanceolate,  acute, 
herbaceous,  with  scarious  lacerate-ciliate  margins,  the  inner  ones  acuminate: 
rays  bright  blue,  double  the  length  of  the  involucre :  pappus  the  same  in  rays 
and  disk,  persistent,  of  stout  and  unequal  barbellate  bristles,  a  little  longer 


COMPOSITAE  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY)  509 

than  the  achenes. — Mountains  of  northwestern  Wyoming  and  in  those  of 
Idaho  and  Montana. 

4.  Townsendia   grandiflora   Nutt.   Trans.   Am.   Phil.   Soc.   7:  306.  1841. 
Perennial  from  a  long  woody  root,  branching  at  the  base  and  sometimes  also 
above,  pubescent,   or  at  length  glabrate,   5-20  cm.  high:  leaves  linear  or 
linear-spatulate,  3-7  cm.  long,  canescent:  heads  3-4  cm.  broad,  solitary  at 
the  ends  of  the  branches;  involucre  hemispheric,  the  bracts  scarious-margined, 
lanceolate,  conspicuously  acuminate:  rays  violet  or  purple:  pappus  of  the  ray- 
flowers  a  crown  of  short  scales,  that  of  the  disk-flowers  of  rigid  bristles  longer 
than  the  achene. — Wyoming  to  Nebraska  and  New  Mexico. 

5.  Townsendia  alpina  (Gray)  Rydb.  Mem.  N.  Y.  Bot.  Card.  1:  390.  1900. 
Allied  to  the  foregoing  but  nearly  or  quite  stemless  and  more  pubescent  and 
cinereous:  leaves  small,  only  10-15  mm.  long:  bracts  of  the  involucre  short- 
acuminate:  rays  rose-purple  or  pink. — Probably  very  rare;  high  mountains, 
in  northwestern  Wyoming  and  adjacent  Idaho  and  Montana. 

6.  Townsendia  condensata  Parry,  1.  c.  213.     Very  lanuginous  with  long 
and   soft   arachnoid   hairs,    the   spatulate-obovate   leaves   rosulate-crowded 
around  the  large  and  broad  sessile  heads,  the  whole  forming  a  globular  or 
hemispherical  woolly  tuft  3^-4  cm.  high  and  surmounting  a  slender  stoloni- 
form  caudex:  bracts  of  the  involucre  linear  and  soft,  with  a  weak  attenuate 
apex,  all  nearly  equal  in  length:  rays  100  or  more,  narrow:  pappus  of  ray  and 
disk  plurisetose  and  long. — Wyoming,  on  a  high  alpine  peak  of  the  Owl  Creek 
range. 

7.  Townsendia  Watsonii  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.   16:  84.  1881.     Winter 
annual  or  biennial,  canescent  with  a  fine  appressed  pubescence;  stems  many, 
branching,  7-15  cm.  long:  leaves  linear-spatulate,  2-4  cm.  long:  heads  showy, 
very  many,  sometimes  leafy-bracted,  but  mostly  on  naked  peduncles  2-3  cm. 
long;  involucre  hemispherical,  10-12  mm.  wide,  the  bracts  in  about  3  series, 
the  broad  white  scarious  margins  deeply  fringed:  rays  pink:  pappus  of  the 
ray  composed  of  minute  lacerate  scales;  that  of  the  disk  of  stout  bristles 
3  mm.  long,  with  a  few  shorter  ones  intermixed;  achenes  minutely  pubescent. 
T.  strigosa. — Western  Wyoming  to  Utah  and  Idaho. 

8.  Townsendia  Fendleri  Gray,  PI.  Fendl.  70.  1848.    Winter  annual  or  bi- 
ennial, the  root  very  slender;  stems  few  from  the  crown,  spreading,  unequal, 
slender,  flowering  when  very  short,  strigose:  leaves  linear,  slightly  dilated 
upward ;  the  cauline  rather  few,  the  uppermost  near  the  head :  involucre  6-8 
mm.  broad,  the  bracts  in  about  3  ranks:  rays  blue  or  white:  pappus  subulate- 
setiform,  scabrous;  that  of  the  ray  reduced  to  a  crown  of  short  squamellae. — 
Extending  into  southern  Colorado  from  New  Mexico. 

9.  Townsendia  strigosa  Nutt.  1.  c.    Winter  annual  or  more  probably  bi- 
ennial, branching  from  the  crown  of  a  moderately  slender  taproot;   stems 
spreading,  beginning  to  flower  when  very  short,  cinereous  with  fine,  close, 
strigillose  pubescence  as  are  also  the  leaves:  early  leaves  spatulate;  the  later 
ones  linear:  involucres  8-12  mm.  broad,  the  bracts  in  about  2  ranks,  abruptly 
acute:  pappus  as  in  the  preceding. — Gravelly  plains;  Wyoming  to  New  Mex- 
ico and  Arizona. 

10.  Townsendia  incana  Nutt.  1.  c.     Perennial  from  a  branched  woody 
caudex  from  the  crowns  of  which  spring  simple  or  branched  spreading  stems 
5-12  cm.  long;  stems  densely  white-strigose :  leaves  silky-canescent,  oblong- 
spatulate,  tapering  into  a  short  petiole,  numerous  and  usually  involucrating 
the  rather  small  heads:  involucral  bracts  silky-pubescent,  with  broad  scarious 
and  conspicuously  fimbriate-ciliate  margins:  rays  white  to  lilac:  pappus  of 
the  ray  similar  to  that  of  the  disk  but  shorter. — In  arid  gravelly  and  sandy 
soils  of  the  high  plains;  Wyoming  to  Utah  and  Nevada. 

11.  Townsendia  exscapa  (Rich.)  Porter,  Mem.  Torr.  Club  5:  321.  1894. 
Depressed-acaulescent  perennial,  with  closely  sessile  solitary  or  few  heads  on 
the  crown  next  the  ground,  surrounded  and  surpassed  or  equaled  by  the 
linear  or  linear-spatulate  leaves,  at  length  multicipital  and  pulvinate-tufted, 
2-5  cm.  high:  head  15-25  mm.  long;  involucral  bracts  narrowly  lanceolate, 
mostly  acute:  rays  white  or  purplish-tinged:  pappus  of  the  ray  plurisetose 


510  COMPOSITAE  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY) 

like  that  of  the  disk  (forma  papposa  Gray,  PL  Fendl.),  or  of  fewer  but  similar 
bristles,  or  (in  the  northern  part  of  its  range)  with  most  of  the  bristles  short 
and  aristiform,  and  even  reduced  to  squamellae  little  longer  than  the  width 
of  the  achene.  T.  sericea. — One  of  the  earliest  flowers  in  our  range;  through- 
out our  range  to  the  Canadian  Rocky  Mountains. 

lla.  Townsendia  exscapa  Wilcoxiana  (Wood)  A.  Nels.  Leaves  spatulate- 
linear,  in  age  tending  to  become  glabrate :  heads  slightly  larger.  (T.  Wilcoxiana 
Wood,  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  6:  163. 1875;  T.  intermedia  Rydb.  Brit.  Man.  944. 
1901.) — This  is  the  more  robust  form  of  the  plains;  from  Oklahoma  and  Kan- 
sas to  Colorado. 

12.  Townsendia  spathulata  Nutt.  1.  c.    Depressed  and  multicipital  from  a 
slender  perennial  root,  forming  a  tuft  3-4  cm.  high:  leaves  crowded,  spatulate, 
densely  villous-lanate ;  the  upper  about  equaling  the  heads:  bracts  of  the  in- 
volucre oblong-lanceolate,  acute:  rays  rather  short,  pinkish:  pappus  of  ray 
and  disk  similar  and  of  the  same  length,  of  slender  bristles. — Hills  and  moun- 
tains of  interior  Wyoming. 

13.  Townsendia  glabella  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  16:  84.  1881.    Perennial, 
the  caudex  simple  or  with  short  slender  branches,  sparsely  pilose-pubescent 
when  young:  leaves  rosulate  on  the  crowns  or  crowded  on  the  very  short 
branches,  rather  thick,  soon  glabrous,  spatulate,  2-8  cm.  long  (including  the 
petiole):  heads  on  naked  peduncles,  often  surpassing  the  leaves;  involucre 
glabrous,  the  bracts  oblong,  acute,  in  about  3  series:  pappus  plurisetose, 
that  of  the  ray  very  short.     (T.  Bakeri  Greene,  Pitt.  4:  157.  1900.)— New 
Mexico  and  southern  Colorado. 

14.  Townsendia  Rothrockii  Gray,  in  Wheeler  Rept.  6:  148.  pi.  7.  1878. 
Leaves  spatulate,  15-25  mm.  long,  rosulate  around  the  solitary  head  which  is 
closely  sessile  at  the  surface  of  the  ground,  or  at  length  with  1  or  2  additional 
heads  and  tufts  from  the  same  crown:  involucre  short  and  broad;  the  bracts 
oblong,  mostly  obtuse:  ray-pappus  of  squamellate  bristles  not  longer,  than 
the  breadth  of  the  achene,  or  with  1  or  2  more  elongated. — Mountains  of 
South  Park,  Colorado,  in  the  alpine  district,  at  13,500  feet. 

15.  Townsendia  dejecta  A.  Nels.  Bot.  Gaz.  37:  267.  1894.     Depressed- 
acaulescent,  the  caudex  bearing  a  few  heads  in  a  small  rosulate  tuft:  leaves 
linear-spatulate  or  oblanceolate,  somewhat  petioled,  1-2  cm.  long,  surpassing 
the  heads,  green  and  apparently  glabrous  but  strigose  on  both  faces:  heads 
sessile,  about  1  cm.  high;  involucral  bracts  in  2-3  series,  oblong-ovate,  mostly 
subacute,   purple  or  some  with  green    centers,   ciliate-margined,   otherwise 
nearly  glabrous:  rays  white  or  purplish;  disk-flowers  numerous,  the  corolla 
lobes  purple:  pappus  similar  in  disk  and  ray-flowers:  achenes  brown,  flattened, 
spatulate-cuneate,  about  4  mm.  long,  glabrous.    (T.  scapigera  as  to  our  range.) 
— In  the  mountains;  Utah  to  western  Wyoming  and  Montana. 

21.  XYLORHIZA  Nutt. 

Perennial,  from  deep-set  woody  roots  surmounted  by  a  short  more  or  less 
branched  caudex.  Stems  solitary  or  several  from  the  crowns,  erect,  leafy, 
monocephalous  or  with  monocephalous  branches.  Leaves  entire  or  spinulose- 
toothed,  usually  narrow  (linear  to  oblanceolate),  mucronulate.  Heads  large, 
with  conspicuous  white  or  pinkish-red  rays.  Involucral  bracts  mostly  in 
2  series,  oblong  or  lanceolate,  carinate  below,  herbaceous  with  scarious  mar- 
gins, acute  or  acuminate,  the  inner  as  long  as  the  disk,  the  outer  but  little 
shorter.  Appendages  of  the  style  lanceolate,  acute.  Achenes  oblong,  com- 
pressed, densely  silky.  Pappus  fulvous. — Aster  in  part. 

Peduncles  barely  exceeding  the  leaves. 

Herbage  glabrate      .         .         .         .         .         .  .  ...  .  1.  X.  glabriuscula. 

Herbage  softly  short-villous     .         .         .         .  .  .         .  .  2.  X.  Parryi. 

Peduncles  about  as  long  as  the  leafy  part  of  the  stem  .  .         .  .  3.  X.  venusta. 

1.  Xylorhiza  glabriuscula  Nutt.  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  7:  297.  1841. 
Glabrate  or  rarely  obscurely  short-villous  or  lanate;  stems  leafy,  1-2  dm. 
high,  terminating  in  a  single  (sometimes  3-5)  short  peduncle:  leaves  3-6  dm. 


COMPOSITAE  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY)  511 

long,  narrowly  oblong-lanceolate  or  linear:  involucre  10-14  mm.  broad,  the 
bracts  acute,  somewhat  ciliate :  rays  white,  a"bout  12  mm.  long.  Aster  Xylorhiza. 
— Naked  clayey  saline  soils;  south-central  Wyoming. 

la.  Xylorhiza  glabriuscula  yillosa  (Nutt.)  A.  Nets.  Intermediate  between 
the  preceding  and  the  following  species:  softly  villous  or  tomentose.  (X. 
villosa  Nutt.  1.  c.  298.) — Habitat  and  range  of  the  species. 

2.  Xylorhiza  Parryi  Gray,  Am.  Nat.  8:  212.  1874.    Somewhat  hoary  with 
a  thin,  loose,  villous  tomentum;  stems  several  from  the  woody  crowns,  1-2  dm. 
high:  leaves  spatu late-linear,  cuspidate,  3-5  cm.  long:  peduncles  solitary: 
involucral  bracts  oblong-lanceolate,  long-acuminate,  cinereous-pubescent:  rays 
numerous,  white,   10-14  mm.  long:  achenes  white- villous.    Aster  Parryi. — 
In  denuded  or  saline  soils;  western  Wyoming,  Colorado,  and  adjacent  Utah. 

3.  Xylorhiza  venusta  (Jones)  Heller,  Cat.  N.  A.  Plants  8.  1900.     Softly 
villous-tomentose  up  to  the  canescent  involucre;  stems  many,  erect,  stout, 
simple,  shrubby  at  base:  leaves  all  entire,  oblanceolate  or  lowest  spatulate, 
scarcely  petioled,  5-8  cm.  long,  generally  apiculate,  larger  ones  indistinctly 
3-nerved:  peduncles  monocephalous,  1-2  dm.  long:  involucral  bracts  oblong- 
ovate  and  abruptly  long-acuminate,  in  about  3  series:  rays  white  or  light 
purple,  linear-oblanceolate,  20-25  mm.  long:  pappus  of  unequal,  stiff  bristles; 
achene  silky. — Western  Colorado  to  Utah. 

22.  ASTER  L.     ASTER 

Perennial  or  rarely  annual  herbs,  with  alternate  entire  or  serrate  leaves 
and  racemose,  paniculate,  or  corymbose  (rarely  solitary)  heads  of  flowers  with 
white,  purple,  or  blue  ray,  and  yellow  (often  changing  to  purple)  disk  corollas. 
Heads  many-flowered;  the  ray-flowers  in  a  single  series,  not  very  numerous, 
pistillate;  those  of  the  disk  tubular,  perfect.  Bracts  of  the  involucre  more 
or  less  imbricated,  usually  with  herbaceous  or  foliaceous  tips.  Receptacle 
flat  or  convex,  naked.  Appendages  of  the  style  (in  the  disk-flowers)  lanceo- 
late or  subulate,  acute.  Pappus  simple;  of  numerous,  often  unequal,  scabrous 
capillary  bristles.  Achenes  usually  compressed. — (Includes  Brachyaetis 
Ledeb./  Bucephalus  Nutt.,  and  Unamia  Greene.) 

ANNUALS  (Brachyaetis  Ledeb.) 

Involucral  bracts  linear,  acute        .         .         .         .         .         .  1.  A.  angustus. 

Involucral  bracts  oblong,  obtuse    .         .         .         .         .         .  2.  A.  frondosus. 

PERENNIALS  (Eucephalus  Nutt.) 

INVOLUCRAL    BRACTS    WITH    PROMINENT    OR    KEELED    MIDRIB,    DRY    AND    CHARTACEOUS, 
USUALLY    PURPLE-TIPPED 

Stems  mostly  simple  below;  the  involucral  bracts  acute. 

Stout,  usually  6-15  dm.  high;  heads  large  (12-15  mm.  high)    .       3.  A.  Engelmannii. 
Slender,  3-6    dm.   high;  heads    smaller,    with    conspicuously 

purple-tipped  bracts 4.  A   elegans. 

Stems  mostly  branched  throughout;  at  least  the  outer  involucral 

bracts  obtuse        .         .          .         .         .         .         .         .  5.  A.  glaucus. 

PERENNIALS 

INVOLUCRAL    BRACTS    NEITHER    KEELED    NOR    WITH    PROMINENT    MIDRIB, 
AT    LEAST    THE    TIPS    GREEN 

Stems  low,  usually  less  than  1  dm.  high,  monocephalous;  high 

alpine. 
From  a  low  woody  crown  or  caudex. 

Stems  and  involucre  lanate-pubescent          .         .         .  6.  A.  culminis. 

Stems  and  involucre  minutely  glandular      .         .         .  7.  A.  Kingii. 

From  filiform  creeping  rootstocks    .          .         .  .  8.  A.  andinus. 

Stems  taller,  usually  more  than   1  dm.  high,  bearing   solitary, 
few,  or  many  heads,  mostly  from  rootstocks  which  are  often 
branching  and  matted  or  tufted. 
Peduncles  and  involucres  glandular. 

Stems  simple,  rarely  branching  at  summit. 

Heads  solitary  or  racemed        ....  .  15.  A.  campestris- 

Heads  not  in  racemes. 


512 


COMPOSITAE  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY) 


He^ds  few  to  several,  corymbed. 

Heads  small;   leaves  linear,  or  the  lower  spatulate 
to  lanceolate       ....... 

Heads  large;   leaves  ample,  ovate  or  oblong,  8-12 
cm.  long     ........ 

Heads  in  a  narrow  crowded  panicle;  leaves  large,  ob- 
lanceolate to  lanceolate          ..... 

Stems  branched. 

More  or  less  scabrous-hispid  or  -ciliate. 

Tall  and  C9arse,  6-15  dm.  high     ..... 

Low  and  rigid,  1-4  dm.  high. 

Leaves  hispidulpus-scabrous,  spreading  or  deflexed  . 
Leaves  ciliate-hispid  on  the  margins,  ascending 
Leaves  glabrate,  granular-glandular          . 
Peduncles  and  involucres  not  glandular. 

Leaves  not  glabrous  on  their  faces,  cinereous,  scabrous,  or 

hirsutulous. 

Stems  subsimple,  erect,  with  a  few  erect  or  ascending 
branches  bearing  solitary  or  few  rather  large  heads 
(1  cm.  high) 
Leaves  cinereous;  rays  violet        ..... 

Leaves  obscurely  scabrous;  rays  white 
Stems  divaricately  branched;  heads  many  to  very  nu- 
1      merous,  small  (less  than  1  cm.  high). 
Bracts  unequal,  usually  hispidulous;  heads  small,  very 

numerous. 
All  the  bracts  acute  ....... 

Some  of  the  bracts  obtuse.         ..... 

Bracts  subequal;  heads  larger  and  fewer. 

Heads  paniculate       ....... 

Heads  strictly  axillary-racemose        .... 

Leaves  glabrous  on  their  faces  (pubescence,    if  any,   not 

harsh),  often  ciliate  or  hispid  on  the  margins. 
Outer  involucral  bracts  shorter  than  the  inner  (not  folia- 

ceous). 

Stems  and  peduncles  wholly  glabrous. 
Leaves  linear,  none  auriculate-clasping. 
Leaves  1-nerved;  heads  paniculate 
Leaves  3-nerved;  heads  in  a  flat-topped  corymb     . 
Leaves  broadly  oblanceolate,  oblong,  or  lanceolate, 

the  upper  auriculate-clasping. 

Leaves  abruptly  reduced  in  size  on  the  branches     . 

Leaves  gradually  reduced  in  size  on  the  branches 

Stems  and  peduncles  pubescent  at  least  in  longitudinal 

lines. 

Lower    leaves    ovate-cordate,    often    serrate,    long- 
petioled      .  .         .         ... 

Lower  leaves  oblanceolate,  lanceolate,  or  linear. 
Pubescence  of  branchlets  characteristically  in  lines. 
All  the  bracts  narrowly  linear     ... 
Outer  bracts  broader  than  the  inner 
Pubescence  of  branchlets  more  or  less  uniform,  not 

characteristically  in  lines. 
Bracts  ascending  or  erect,  not  refracted. 

Bracts  oblanceolate,  usually  some  of  the  outer 

obtuse. 

Stems  slender,  erect,  4-7  dm.  high 
Stems  stouter,  ascending,  2-4  dm.  high 
Bracts  broadly  oblong  to  linear-lanceolate  or 

linear,  all  acute. 

Stem  leaves  oblanceolate  to  linear. 
Heads  several  to  many,  paniculate 
Heads  few   (rarely  solitary),  in  a  flat- 
topped  corymb         .... 

Stem    leaves    ovate,    elliptic,    or     ovate- 
lanceolate. 
Stems  simple  below          .... 

Stems  branched  from  the  base 
Bracts  refracted  (at  least  some  of  them)      . 
Outer  involucral  bracts  as  long  as  or  longer  than  the  inner, 

more  or  less  foliaceous. 
Bracts  refracted  (at  least  some  of  them) 
Bracts  ascending  or  erect. 
Plants  low  (1-3  dm.). 

Outer  bracts  little,  if  any,  longer  than  the  inner     . 

Outer  bracts  foliaceous,    much  longer    than   the 

inner       ........ 

Plants  tall  (4-8  dm.). 

Bracts  mostly  linear      ...... 

Bracts  oblong  or  oblanceolate        .         . 


9.  A.  pauciflorus. 

10.  A.  conspicuus. 

11.  A.  integrifolius. 

12.  A.  novae-angliae. 

13.  A.  oblongifolius. 

14.  A.  Fendleri. 

15.  A.  campestris. 


16.  A.  griseus. 

17.  A.  ptarmicoides. 


18.  A.  multiflorus. 

19.  A.  hebecladus. 

20.  A.  commutatus. 

21.  A.  Cordineri. 


22.  A.  Porteri. 

17.  A.  ptarmicoides. 


23.  A.  laevis. 

24.  A.  Geyeri. 


25.  A.  Lindleyanus. 


26.  A.  caerulescens. 

27.  A.  laetevirens. 


28.  A.  Nelsonii. 

29.  A.  adscendens. 


30.  A.  longifolius. 

31.  A.  Fremontii. 


32.  A.  Canbyi. 

33.  A.  meritus. 

34.  A.  proximus. 


34.  A.  proximus. 

35.  A.  apricus. 

36.  A  fulcratus. 


37.  A.  frondeus. 
32.  A.  Canbyi. 


COMPOS  IT  AE  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY)  513 

1.  Aster  angustus  T.  &  G.  Fl.  N.  A.  2:  162.  1842.    Stems  1-3  dm.  high, 
•branching,  leafy,  nearly  glabrous,  except  that  the  linear  chiefly  entire  leaves 
are  somewhat  ciliate :  numerous  rather  small  heads  disposed  to  be  racemose- 
paniculate;  bracts  of  the  involucre  acute:  corolla  of  the  ray-flowers  reduced 
to  the  tube  and  much  shorter  than  the  elongated  style. — Wet  saline  soil;  from 
Colorado  and  Utah  to  the  Saskatchewan  and  Minnesota. 

2.  Aster  frondosus  T.  &  G.  1.  c.  165.    Stems  1-3  dm.  high,  branching  from 
the  base,  when  low  usually  spreading,  when  taller  the  branches  bearing  nu- 
merous spicately  paniculate  heads  (of  8  mm.  in  height):  outer  bracts  of  the 
involucre    linear-oblong,    obtuse,    wholly    foliaceous    and    loose,    numerous: 
rays  in  anthesis  exserted,  2  mm.  long,  linear,  pinkish-purple,  always  longer 
than  the  style,  but  equaled  or  surpassed  by  the  mature  copious  pappus. — 
Springy  places  and  borders  of  pools;  Wyoming  and  Colorado  to  the  Sierras. 

3.  Aster  Engelmannii  Gray,  Am.  Journ.  Sci.  II.  33:  238.   1862.    Rather 
tall  and  robust,  green,  puberulent  to  glabrous:  leaves  thin,  ovate-oblong  to 
broadly  lanceolate,  5-10  cm.  long,  the  larger  sometimes  with  a  few  small  teeth, 
upper  acuminate:  heads  12-15  mm.  high;  involucral  bracts  acute  or  acuminate; 
some  outer  ones  partly  herbaceous,  or  with  loose  pointed  tips;  inner  purplish: 
rays  12-14  mm.  long. — Mountains  of  Colorado,  Utah,  and  Wyoming,  to  the 
Cascades. 

4.  Aster  elegans  T.  &  G.  1.  c.  159.    Slender,  3-6  dm.  high,  mostly  scabro- 
puberulent:  leaves  thickish,  pale,  lanceolate,  3-5  cm.  long,  erect,  the  upper 
apiculate-mudronate :  heads  several  at  summit  of  simple  stem  or  branches, 
comparatively  small  and  few-flowered,  8-10  mm.  high;  involucral  bracts  all 
close  and  conspicuously  woolly-ciliate,  barely  acute,  outer  ovate,  none  with 
pointed  tips:  rays  rather  few,  about  8  mm.  long. — Mountains  of  Wyoming 
and  Montana  to  Nevada  and  Oregon. 

5.  Aster  glaucus  T.  &  G.  1.  c.  150.     Throughout  smooth  and  glabrous, 
glaucescent  or  pale;  stems  3-7  dm.  high  from  extensively  creeping  filiform 
rootstocks,  branching,  bearing  several  or  numerous  paniculate  heads:  leaves 
thickish,  lanceolate,  3-7  cm.  long,  6-12  mm.  broad,  rather  obtuse:  involucre 
imbricated  in  about  3  ranks:  rays  bright  violet,  8-12  mm.  long. — Mountains 
of  Wyoming  to  Colorado  and  Utah. 

5a.  Aster  glaucus  formosus  A.  Nels.  Involucral  bracts  very  broad  and 
obtuse  (suborbicular),  sometimes  with  a  mucro.  (Bucephalus formosus  Greene, 
Pitt.  4:  156.  1900.) — Pagosa  Peak,  Colorado. 

6.  Aster  culminis  A.  Nels.     Caudex  low,  woody;  stems  solitary  from  the  en- 
larged crown,  rather  stout,  short-lanate,  pubescent,  1  dm.  or  less  high,  bearing 
a  large  solitary  head:  leaves  linear,  spatulate,  1-3  cm.  long,  mostly  basal, 
cinereous-hirsute  to  silky:  involucral  bracts  loosely  erect,  broadly  linear,  silky, 
short-lanate,  all  nearly  equaling  the  disk:   rays  white,   shading  to  violet: 
achenes  with  short  pubescence;   pappus  simple.    (A.  alpinus  L.  as  to  our 
range.) — Berthoud  Pass,  Colorado. 

7.  Aster  Kingii  Eaton,  Wats.  Bot.  King's  Exp.  141.  pi.  16.  1871.    Caespitose, 
5-12  cm.  high:  leaves  mainly  radical,  spatulate,  entire,  or  with  few  sharp 
'/eeth,  mucronate,  thinnish,  glabrous  or  nearly  so,  3-6  cm.  long:  flowering 
stems  pubescent  and  above  glandular,  bearing  solitary  or  3-5  middle-sized 
heads:  involucre  8-10  mm.  high,  merely  puberulent-glandular,  hardly  at  all 
viscid;  the  bracts  linear-lanceolate  with  attenuate  and  squarrose-spreading 
green  tips:  rays  white. — Utah,  in  the  Wasatch  Mountains. 

8.  Aster  andinus  Nutt.  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  7:  290.  1841.    Dwarf,  with 
decumbent  stems  5-8  cm.  long,  from  filiform  creeping  rootstocks,  bearing  a 
solitary  comparatively  large  head:  leaves  12  mm.  long;  radical  and  lower 
cauline  spatulate;  cauline  (2  or  3)  linear-lanceolate:  heads  8  mm.  high:  rays 
(35-40)  violet. — "  In  the  mountains  of  Wyoming,  near  perpetual  snow  "  (Nut- 
tall). — It  is  a  question  whether  this  species  has  since  been  found,  although 
some  specimens  from  the  alpine  regions  of  Colorado  have  been  referred  to  it. 

9.  Aster  pauciflorus  Nutt.  Gen.  2:  154.  1818.    Stems  2-5  dm.  high  from  a 
slender  creeping  rootstock,  simple  and  bearing  few  heads,  or  branching  above: 
leaves  moderately  fleshy,  linear,  or  the  radical  subspatulate  or  elongated- 

ROCKY  MT.  BOT. 33 


514  COMPOSITAE  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY) 

lanceolate;  uppermost  reduced  to  bracts:  bracts  of  the  short  hemispherical  in- 
volucre rather  fleshy  and  green,  moderately  unequal  and  rather  loose,  in  only 
2  or  3  ranks:  achenes  narrow,  compressed,  striate-nerved,  appressed-pubescent. 
— In  saline  soil;  from  New  Mexico  and  Arizona  to  Utah;  infrequent. 

10.  Aster  conspicuus  Lindl.  Hook.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  2:  7.  1834.     Scabrous; 
stems  3-10  dm.  high,  stout,  rigid,  bearing  several  or  numerous  corymbosely 
cymose  heads:  leaves  rigid,  ovate,  oblong,  or  the  lower  oboyate,  acute,  ample, 
often  9-12  cm.  long,  3-8  cm.  broad,  acutely  serrate,  reticulate-venulose  as 
well  as  veiny:  involucre  broadly  campanulate,  about  equaling  the  disk,  10-12 
mm.  high;  the  bracts  in  several  series,  minutely  glandular-puberulent  or  vis- 
cidulous,  lanceolate,  acute,  the  greenish  tips  a  little  spreading:  rays  12  mm. 
long,  violet:  achenes  minutely  pubescent. — In  the  mountains;  Wyoming  and 
Montana  to  Washington. 

11.  Aster  integrifolius  Nutt.  1.  c.     Stems  stout,  simple,  2-4  dm.  high  or 
more,  villous-pubescent,  the  summit  and  the  simple  corymb  glandular  and 
viscid :  leaves  of  firm  texture,  oblong  or  spatulate,  or  the  upper  ones  lanceolate, 
the  larger  ones  10-15  cm.  long,  sometimes  obsoletely  repand-serrulate,  apic- 
ulate,  traversed  by  a  strong  midrib,  glabrate,  half-clasping;  lowest  tapering 
into  a  long,  stout,  wing-margined  petiole  with  clasping  base:  heads  fully  12-15 
mm.  broad,  hemispherical ;  involucre  and  branchlets  viscid-glandular;  the  bracts 
few-ranked,  linear,  ascending;  the  outer  commonly  larger  and  more  foliaceous, 
nearly  equaling  the  inner:  rays  15-25,  bluish-purple,  12  mm.  long:  achenes 
compressed-fusiform,    5-nerved,    and   sometimes   with   intermediate   nerves, 
sparsely  pubescent;  pappus  decidedly  rigid. — Moist  open  subalpine  woods; 
Colorado  to  Montana  and  to  the  Pacific  States. 

12.  Aster  novae-angliae  L.  Sp.   PI.  875.  1753.    Stems  stout  and  strict, 
6-15  dm.  high,  very  leafy  to  the  top,  coarsely  hirsute  or  hispid  with  many- 
jointed  hairs,  also  with  glandular  pubescence:  leaves  lanceolate  or  broadly 
linear,  pubescent,  5-12  cm.  long,  entire,  slightly  if  at  all  narrowed  below, 
half-clasping  by  a  strongly  auriculate~cordate  base :  heads  crowded :  rays  50-60 
or  more,  10-12  mm.  long,  purple:  involucre  of  middle-sized  heads  well  imbri- 
cated; the  unequal  bracts  with  loose  squarrose-spreading  tips. — Colorado  to 
the  Saskatchewan  and  eastward. 

13.  Aster  oblongifolius  Nutt.  1.  c.   156.     Stems  2-5  dm.  high,  hirsute- 
pubescent,  very  leafy,  corymbosely  branched:   leaves  narrowly  oblong  to 
broadly  linear;  the  larger  cauline  5  cm.  long,  somewhat  puberulent:  involucre 
aromatic-scented;    the    linear   bracts    granulose-glandular    and    viscidulous: 
rays  25-30,  bright  violet,  10-12  mm.  long. — Hardly  within  our  range,  but 
represented  in  Colorado  by 

13a.  Aster  oblongifolius  rigidulus  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  1:  179.  1884.  Low, 
more  fastigiate,  with  more  rigid  and  hispidulous  scabrous  leaves.  (Aster 
Kumleinii  Fries.) — Colorado  to  Kansas  and  Texas. 

14.  Aster  Fendleri  Gray,  PI.  Fendl.  66.  1849.    Rigid,  1-3  dm.  high,  sparsely 
hispidulous:  the  linear,  1 -nerved,  firm  leaves  hispid-ciliate,  otherwise  usually 
smooth  and  glabrous:  involucre  somewhat  campanulate,  5-7  mm.  high;  outer 
bracts  shorter,  linear-oblong,  obtuse,  pruinose-glandular:  rays  violet,  8  mm. 
long. — Plains  and  sandhills;  from  western  Kansas  to  southern  Colorado  and 
northern  New  Mexico. 

15.  Aster  campestris  Nutt.  Trans.  Am.   Phil.  Soc.  7:  293.  1841.     From 
creeping  underground  rootstocks;  stems  erect,  rather  slender,  nearly  simple, 
minutely  granular-glandular,  becoming  glandular  or  viscid-pubescent  above, 
brownish  and  more  or  less  tinged  with  purple,  especially  above,  2-4  dm.  high: 
leaves  broadly  linear,  acute  at  apex,  3-5  dm.  long,  about  5  mm.  broad,  in- 
distinctly 3-nerved,  ciliate  on  the  margins,  both  faces  sprinkled  with  minute 
nearly  sessile    glands:    heads    solitary-terminal,    or    several    and    racemose- 
paniculate;  involucre  low-hemispherical,  about  15  mm.  broad,  half  as  high; 
bracts  in  about  3  only  moderately  unequal  rows,  linear-lanceolate,  somewhat 
acuminate,  with  glandulosity  like  that  of  the  stem:  rays  20-30,  a  beautiful 
dark  azure  blue,  linear-oblong,  about  15  mm.  long  and  2  mm.  wide:  pappus  a 
sordid  white;  the  short  achenes  pubescent.    (A.  Andrewsii  A.  Nels.  Proc.  Biol. 


COMPOSITAE  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY)  515 

Soc.  Wash. -17:  179.  1904.  It  is  possible  that  this  name  should  be  retained 
for  the  plants  of  our  range  and  A.  campestris  restricted  to  the  north  Pacific 
States.) — Colorado  to  Montana  and  westward. 

16.  Aster   griseus  Greene,    Leaflets   1:  147.  1905.     Stems  decumbent  or 
ascending,    2-4   dm.   high,    branching,    sparingly   villous-hairy;   foliage   and 
bracts  pale  as  if  glaucous,  but  finely  strigose-pubescent :  lowest  leaves  pb- 
lanceolate,  5  cm.  long;  the  cauline  oblong-linear  to  linear;  all  obtuse,  entire, 
1-nerved,  ciliate  or  ciliolate:  heads  of  middle  size;  involucres  broadly  cam- 
panulate  or  nearly  hemispherical;  the  bracts  imbricated  in  3  series,  erect,  ap- 
pressed  even  to  the  tips,  the  outer  obovate,  obtuse,  the  inner  more  elongated, 
acutish,  all  pubescent  and  more  or  less  ciliate:  rays  many,  showy,  pale  violet. 
— Mountains  of  Colorado. 

17.  Aster  ptarmicoides  T.  &  G.  Fl.  2:  160.  1842.     Rather  rigid,  2-5  dm. 
high,  in  a  tuft,  from  smooth  to  puberulent,  bearing  a  corymbiform  cyme  of 
several  or  numerous  heads :  leaves  firm,  linear  or  the  lower  spatulate-lanceolate : 
bracts  of  the  involucre  oblong-lanceolate,  obtuse,  thickish,  rather  rigid:  rays 
4-8  mm.  long,  broadish:  pappus  white,  of  rather  rigid  bristles,  longer  ones 
manifestly  clavellate  at  tip.     (Unamia  ptarmicoides  Greene,  Leaflets  1:  6. 
1903.) — From  Colorado  to  the  Saskatchewan  and  New  England. 

18.  Aster  multiflorus  Ait.  Hort.  Kew.  3:  203.  1789.    Stem  much  branched 
and  bushy,  grayish-strigose,  3-20  dm.  high,  the  branches  ascending  or  spread- 
ing: leaves  rigid,   linear  or  linear-oblong,  entire,  mostly  obtuse,  sessile  or 
slightly  clasping  at  the  base,  strigose  or  glabrate,  those  of  the  stem  1-2.5  cm. 
long,  those  of  the  branches  very  small  and  crowded:  heads  6-8  mm.  broad, 
densely  crowded,  nearly  sessile;  involucre  turbinate,  4-6  mm.  high;  the  bracts 
coriaceous,  pubescent,  in  3  or  4  series,  the  short  green  tips  obtuse  or  mu- 
cronate,  spreading:  rays  10-20,  white,  3-4  mm.  long:  pappus  brownish-white; 
achenes  puberulent. — In  the  northeastern  part  of  our  range  to  the  New  Eng- 
land States. 

19.  Aster  hebecladus  DC.  Prodr.  5:  242.  1836.    Stems  erect,  ascending  or 
decumbent,  usually  simple  below,  branched  above,  4-7  dm.  high,  densely 
hirsute   with   short   divaricate   hairs:    stem   leaves   linear   or   oblong-linear, 
3-6  cm.  long,  2-3  mm.  wide,  rather  firm,  hirsute,  with  short  spreading  hairs, 
acute  with  a  short  spinulose  tip;  those  of  the  branchlets  merging  into  the 
bracts  of  the  involucres:  heads  numerous;  involucre,  5-8  mm.  high;  bracts 
in  3-4  series,  minutely  spinulose-mucronate,  very  thick,  hirsute  especially 
on  the  margin,  with  oval  herbaceous  tip:  rays  white,  5-7  mm.  long:  achenes 
strigose.    [A.  crassulus  Rydb.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  28:  504.  1901;  A.  exiguus 
(Fern.)  Rydb.  1.  c.  505;  A.  polycephalus  Rydb.  1.  c.  33:  153.  1906.] — From 
the  Dakotas  to  Texas  and  New*  Mexico. 

20.  Aster  commutatus  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  1:  185.  1884.     Similar  to  the  pre- 
ceding species,  except  in  the  inflorescence ;  the  stem  rough-pubescent  or  some- 
times nearly  glabrous,  4-7  dm.  high,  with  ascending  or  divergent  branches: 
leaves  linear  or  linear-oblong,  obtuse,  entire,  sessile  or  slightly  clasping  at  the 
base;  those  of  the  stem  2-7  cm.  long:  heads  larger  than  those  of  A.  multi- 
florus, 12-16  mm.  broad;  involucre  6-8  mm.  high,  the  bracts  squarrose-tipped 
and  sometimes  foliaceous:  rays  20-30,  about  6  mm.  long.     (A.  adsurgens 
Greene,   Pitt.  4:  216.  1900;  A.  incanopilosus  Sheld.   Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club 
20:  286.  1893;  A.falcatus  Lindl.  T.  &  G.  Fl.  2:  126.  1842,  as  to  our  range.)— 
Northwest  territory  to  Texas  and  New  Mexico. 

21.  Aster  Cordineri  A.  Nels.  Bot.  Gaz.  40:  64.  1905.     Dark  green  and 
seemingly  glabrous  but  sparsely  scabrous  on  the  margins  of  leaves  and  in- 
volucral  bracts;  stems  3-6  dm.  long,   generally  simple  below,   racemosely 
short-branched  above,  decumbent  at  base  and  either  widely  spreading  or 
nearly  erect,  often  puberulent  especially  upward,  very  leafy:  leaves  broadly 
linear,  crowded,  spinulose-tipped ;  primary  ones  4-7  cm.  long,  4-6  mm.  broad; 
secondary  ones  similar  but  smaller,  more  or  less  fascicled  in  the  axils:  heads 
solitary  at  the  ends  of  the  short,  leafy,  axillary,  racemosely  disposed  branch- 
lets,  rather  large;  involucre  nearly  1  cm.  high  and  somewhat  broader;  bracts 
erect,  glabrate,  dark  green  on  the  spatulate-linear  blade,  lighter  at  base, 


516  COMPOSITAE  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY) 

spinulose-tipped:  rays  20-30,  bluish  shading  to  white:  pappus  rather  coarse 
and  dingy;  achene  short-pubescent. — Sandy  plains;  Colorado  and  Wyoming. 

22.  Aster  Ported  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  16:  99.  1881.     Sterns  1-3  dm. 
high,  glabrous  and  smooth  (except  ciliolation  of  lowest  leaves),  either  simple 
or  branching  above:  leaves  linear  or  the  lower  spatulate-linear,  5-10  cm.  long, 
2-5  mm.  wide;  radical  narrowly  spatulate:  heads  broad,  rather  small  (6-8  mm. 
high),  thyrsoidly  or  cprymbosely  arranged;  bracts  rigid,  narrow,  with  subulate, 
green,  nearly  erect  tips:  rays  numerous,  bright  white,  8  mm.  long:  achenes 
minutely  pubescent. — Common  in  the  Colorado  mountains. 

23.  Aster  laevis  L.  Sp.  PL  876.  1753.    Rather  stout,  5-12  dm.  high,  rigid: 
leaves  ovate  or  oblong  to  lanceolate,  9-12  cm.  long,  decreasing  upward;  the 
radical  and  lowest  cauline  contracted  below  into  a  winged  petiole;  the  upper  all 
with  auriculate  or  subcordate  partly  clasping  base:  heads  sparsely  thyrsoid- 
paniculate,  on  short  and  rigid  branchlets;  involucre  campanulate  or  obscurely 
turbinate;  the  whitish  coriaceous  bracts  bearing  abrupt  rhomboid  or  deltoid 
short  green  tips:  rays  20  or  30,  broadish,  sky-blue  verging  to  violet. — Eastern 
slopes  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  and  eastward  across  the  continent. 

24.  Aster  Geyeri  (Gray)  Howell,  Fl.  308.  1897.    Whole  plant  very  smooth 
and  glabrous;  stem  stout,  3-7  dm.  high,  rigid:  leaves  ovate  or  oblong  to  lanceo- 
late, 9-12  cm.  long,  decreasing  upward  to  subulate  bracts;  the  radical  and 
lowest  cauline  contracted  below  into  a  winged  petiole;  the  upper  all  with  auricu- 
late or  subcordate  partly  clasping  base:  heads  sparsely  thyrsoid-paniculate, 
on  short  and  rigid  branchlets;  involucre  campanulate,  the  whitish  subcor- 
iaceous  bracts  mostly  attenuate-acute,  with  obscurely  green  tips:  rays  20-30, 
broadish,  sky-blue  to  violet:  achenes  glabrous  or  nearly  so,  4-5-ribbed. — 
Wyoming  to  Idaho  and  Montana. 

25.  Aster  Lindleyanus  T.  &  G.  Fl.  2:  122.  1842.     Glabrous  or  sparingly 
pubescent,  3-10  dm.  high,  branched  above:  leaves  rather  thick,  glabrous  or 
slightly  pubescent,  especially  on  the  veins;  the  lower  and  basal  ones  cordate 
at  the  base,  sharply  serrate,  ovate,  acute  or  acuminate,  5-10  cm.  long,  with 
slender  naked  petioles;  upper  leaves  ovate  or  lanceolate,  less  serrate  or  en- 
tire, sessile  or  with  margined  petioles,  those  of  the  branches  lanceolate  or 
linear-lanceolate,  smaller:  heads  few,  8-10  mm.  high;  bracts  imbricated,  gla- 
brous or  nearly  so,  the  tips  green:  rays  10-20,  blue  or  violet,  6-10  mm.  long 
pappus  nearly  white. — The  form  in  our  range  is  not  typical  of  this  species; 
Colorado  to  Montana  and  thence  nearly  across  the  continent. 

26.  Aster  caerulescens  DC.  1.  c.  235.     Tall,  5-15  dm.  high,  paniculately 
polycephalous,  from  nearly  glabrous  and  smooth  to  scabrous-pubescent:  leaves 
lanceolate  to  linear,  entire  or  the  larger  with  a  few  denticulations,  5-12  cm. 
long:  heads  rather  crowded,  7-10  mm.  high;  involucre  of  narrowly  linear  or 
more  attenuate  erect  bracts,  either  unequal  and  imbricated,  or  with  some 
loose  and  slender  exterior  ones  which  equal  the  inner:  rays  purple,  white  or 
violet,  6-10  mm.  long.     (A.  fluvialis  Osterh.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  32:  611. 
1905;  A.  Osterhoutii  Rydb.  1.  c.  31:  654;  A.  Wootoni  Greene,  Leaflets  1:  146. 
1905;  Brachyactis  hybrida  Greene,  Leaflets  1:  147.  1905;  A.  salicifolius  Lam. 
in  part,  as  to  our  range.) — Wyoming  to  New  Mexico  and  westward.    ' 

27.  Aster  laetevirens  Greene,  Pitt.  4:  219.  1900.    Stems  very  erect,  3-6  dm. 
high,  glabrous  except  as  marked  by  lines  of  pubescence  decurrent  from  the 
leaves,  commonly  red  or  purple,  otherwise  pale  and  glaucescent,  leafy,  and 
somewhat  equably  so,  even  to  the  narrow  and  fastigiate  or  broader  and  sub- 
corymbose  panicle:  leaves  lanceolate  or  oblong-lanceolate,  sessile  by  a  broad 
and  almost  auriculate-clasping  base,  thinnish,  light  green  or  glaucescent,  en- 
tire or  obscurely  and  remotely  serrate-toothed,  marked  by  a  white  midvein 
and  some  fine  less  obvious  reticulation:  involucres  turbinate  or  subcampan- 
ulate;    bracts    narrowly  lance-linear,    very    acute,    the   narrow  light   green 
herbaceous  tips  with  a  fine  but  distinct  white  midnerve,  the  margins  re- 
motely serrulate-ciliolate :  rays  many,  usually  long  and  showy,  pinkish  to 
rose-purplish.     (Many  specimens  of  this  species  have  been  variously  referred 
to  A.  salicifolius  Lam.  and  A.  paniculatus  Lam.,  species  which  are  scarcely 
within  our  range.) — Near  streams;  in  Colorado  and  Wyoming. 


COMPOSITAE  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY)  517 

28.  Aster  Nelsonii  Greene,  1.  c.    Stems  slender,  wiry,  4-8  dm.  high,  from 
branching  and  only  superficially  seated  subligneous  rootstocks,  simple,  leafy 
throughout  and  racemosely  or  subcorymbosely  floriferous  above  the  middle: 
cauline  leaves  5-8  cm.  long,  firm,  narrowly  linear,  entire,  acute,  sessile  and 
half -clasping,  1-nerved,  glabrous  on  both  faces,  the  margin  scabrellous:  in- 
volucres broadly  turbinate,  6-8  mm.  high;   bracts  imbricated  in  about  3 
series,  the  short  outermost  often  wholly  herbaceous,  oblong  and  obtuse,  the 
others  successively  narrower  and  lanceolate  or  linear,  acute,  pubescent  on 
the  back  and  marginally  ciliate,  mostly  well  differentiated  into  lanceolate 
green  tip  and  marginally  colorless  linear  base:  rays  about  20,  violet  or  paler, 
rather  narrow  and  inconspicuous. — Frequent  on  moist  banks;  Wyoming  and 
Colorado. 

29.  Aster  adscendens  Lindl.  Hook.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  2:  8.  1834.    Stem  slender, 
rigid,  glabrous  or  sparingly  hirsute-pubescent,  branched  or  simple,  2-5  dm. 
high:  leaves  firm,  entire,  rough-margined,  sometimes  ciliolate;  those  of  the 
stem  linear-lanceolate  or  linear-oblong,   acute  or  obtusish,    2-7  cm.   long, 
4-10  mm.  wide,  sessile  by  a  more  or  less  clasping  base;  basal  leaves  spatulate, 
narrowed  into  short  petioles:  heads  not  numerous,  about  25  mm.  broad;  in- 
volucre hemispheric;  the  bracts  imbricated  in  3-5  series,  oblong-linear  or 
spatulate,  the  tips  usually  obtuse  or  obtusish,  slightly  spreading,  the  inner 
often  mucronulate:  pappus  nearly  white;  achenes  pubescent.     (A.  Nuttallii 
T.  &  G.;  A.  denudatus  Nutt.;  A.  orthophyllus  Greene,  Leaflets  1:  146.  1905; 
A.  pratincola  Greene,  Pitt.  4:  215.  1900;  A.  vallicola  Greene,  1.  c.  213;  A. 
Underwoodii,  A.  T  weedy  i,  A.  griseolus,  A.  corymbi/ormis  Rydb.  Bull.  Torr. 
Bot.  Club  31:  653-5.  1904;  A.  subracemosus  Rydb.  Mem.  N.  Y.  Bot.  Gard. 
1:  394.  1900.) — Quite  variable;  throughout  our  range  and  northwestward. 

29a.  Aster  adscendens  armeriaefolius  (Greene)  A.  Nels.  Resembling  the 
species  but  the  heads  usually  few;  the  branches  and  branchlets  slender  above 
and  with  greatly  reduced  leaves.  (A.  armeriaefolius  Greene,  Pitt.  4:  214. 
1900.) — In  the  mountains  of  Colorado. 

30.  Aster  longifolius  Lam.  Encycl.  1:  306.  1783.    Stems  glabrous  or  some- 
what pubescent,  leafy,  paniculately  branched,  3-9  dm.  high:  leaves  lanceolate 
to  linear-lanceolate,  entire  or  nearly  so,  acuminate,  narrowed  into  a  sessile, 
clasping,  usually  slightly  cordate  base,  7-20  cm.  long,  4-12  mm.  wide:  heads 
rather  numerous,  about  25  mm.  broad;  involucre  hemispheric,  8-10  mm.  high; 
the  bracts  glabrous,  narrow,  green,  acute,  imbricated  in  only  1  or  2  series, 
nearly  equal:  rays  numerous,  about  8  mm.  long,  violet  or  pale  purple:  pappus 
pale.     (A.  lonchophyllus  Greene,  Leaflets  1:  146.  1905.)— Colorado  to  Mon- 
tana and  thence  to  New  England. 

31.  Aster  Fremontii  T.  &  G.  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  1:  191.  1884.    Stems  slender, 
erect,  2-5  dm.  high,  glabrous  or  the  upper  parts  soft-pubescent:  leaves  thin- 
nish,  the  margins   either  quite  naked   and   smooth   or  obscurely  ciliolate- 
scabrous;  the  radical  and  lowest  cauline  oblong  or  oblanceolate,  or  somewhat 
obovate,  3-7  cm.  long,  tapering  into  a  slender-margined  petiole;  the  cauline 
oblong-lanceolate  to  linear,  commonly  half-clasping  at  base:  heads  solitary 
in  the  smaller  specimens,  several  in  the  larger,  8-12  mm.  high,  somewhat 
naked-pedunculate;  bracts  of  the  involucre  narrowly  linear,  obtuse,  or  the 
inner  acute,  some  of  the  outer  shorter,  all  loose  and  similar:  rays  numerous, 
8-12  mm.  long. — Wet  mountain  meadows;  in  our  range  and  to  the  north- 
westward. 

32.  Aster  Canbyi  Vasey,  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  1:  185.  1884.    Stems  rather  stout, 
simple  or  branched  above,  leafy  to  the  top,  2-6  dm.  high:  leaves  thickish, 
ample;  the  upper  cauline  mostly  oblong,  and  with  broadly,  half-clasping,  usually 
auriculate  insertion:  heads  solitary,  several  or  many,  large  or  smaller  as  the 
number  increases;  bracts  oblong  or  spatulate,  acute  or  obtuse,  the  outer 
usually  shorter,  or  sometimes  more  foliaceous  and  then  equaling  the  disk. 
[A.  Burkei  (Gray)  Howell,  Fl.  310.  1897;  A.  majusculus  Greene,  Pitt.  4:  215. 
1900;  A.  spathulatus  Lindl.  (A.  subspathulatus  Rydb.  Mem.  N.  Y.  Bot.  Gard. 
1:  395.  1900);  A.  ciliomarginatus  Rydb.  1.  c.  392;  A.  Cusickii  Gray,  as  to  our 
range.] — In  the  mountains;  New  Mexico  to  Montana,  Utah,  and  Washington. 


518  COMPOSITAE  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY) 

33.  Aster  meritus  A.  Nels.  Bot.  Gaz.  37:  268.  1904.     Stems  1-several 
from  each  of  the  many  crowns  of  the  woody  rootstocks,  the  tufted  stems 
suberect  or  more  usually  widely  spreading  and  forming  a  mat  5-10  dm.  across, 
2-4  dm.  long,  green  but  under  a  lens  sparsely  pubescent,  simple  or  branched, 
leafy  throughout:  leaves  oblong  or  sometimes  elliptic,  3-7  cm.  long,  subacute, 
entire  or  obscurely  crenulate-serrate,  glabrous  above,  often  sparingly  and 
minutely  ciliolate-scabrous  below  and  on  the  margins:  heads  several  to  nu- 
merous, usually  in  a  crowded  corymbose  leafy  cyme,  turbinate-campanulate ; 
involucral  bracts  broadly  linear,   in  3-4  rows,   subacute  or  obtuse,   erect, 
purple-tipped  and  margined,  delicately  ciliate,  sometimes  puberulent  (as  are 
the  peduncles  and  pedicels):  rays  mostly  fewer  than  15,  purple  or  violet: 
pappus  brownish.      (A.  Richardsonii  Spreng.  as  to  our  range.) — Northern 
Wyoming  to  Idaho  and  Montana. 

34.  Aster  proximus  Greene,  Pitt.  4:  220.  1900.    With  vegetative  characteris- 
tics of  A.  laetevirens  (See  no.  27)  but  of  a  deeper  green,  the  foliage  more  ampliate 
and  spreading,  all  the  leaves  quite  entire:  inflorescence  more  truly  paniculate 
and  open:  involucres  campanulate;  the  outer  bracts  wholly  herbaceous  and 
spreading,  the  green  tips  of  even  the  innermost  also  spreading,  all  cuspi- 
dately  acute:  rays  35  or  more,  large  and  showy,  flesh-color  to  rose-purple. — 
Northern  Wyoming;  probably  in  Montana  and  Idaho. 

35.  Aster  apricus  (Gray)  Rydb.  Mem.  N.  Y.  Bot.  Gard.   1:  396.  1900. 
Low,  usually  less  than  2  dm.  high,  the  stems  clustered,  from  tufted  rootstocks; 
the  flowering  branches  mostly  few,  suberect,  sparsely  leaved:  lower  stem 
leaves  comparatively  ample,  thickish,  oblong,  broadly  lanceolate  or  spatu- 
late,  tapering  into  winged  petioles  with  clasping  base:  heads  from  solitary 
to  several;  the  bracts  all  alike,  somewhat  spatulate-linear,  obtuse  or  acutish: 
rays  "deep  blue-violet  and  reddish-purple  intermixed."    (A.  incertus  A.  Nels. 
1.  c.  269.) — In  the  higher  mountains;  Colorado  to  Montana. 

36.  Aster  fulcratus  Greene,  Pitt.  4:  217.  1900.     Stems  low,  slender,  de- 
cumbent, numerous,  from  a  loose  but  extensive  system  of  slender  horizontal 
rootstocks  and  partly  subterranean  stolons:  the  leaves  terminating  the  latter 
small  and   obovate  to    spatulate-oblong;    those   of   the   red-purple,    white- 
puberulent  proper  stems  linear  and  lance-linear,  5-10  cm.  long,  1-nerved,  all 
entire  and  glabrous:  heads  large,  solitary  at  the  ends  of  the  smaller  stems, 
few  and  racemose  or  subcorymbose  on  the  taller  stems,  but  these  only  3  dm. 
high;  involucres  turbinate  but  broadly  so;  the  bracts  few  and  little  imbricated, 
almost  wholly  herbaceous,  the  outer  12-25  mm.  long,  linear,  entire,  acute, 
wholly  glabrous  as  are  also  the  short,  spatulate-linear  inner  ones:  rays  15-20, 
16-18  mm.  long,  rich  rose-purple  or  paler  and  roseate-lilac. — In  the  moun- 
tains; southern  Colorado. 

37.  Aster  frondeus  (Gray)  Greene,  Proc.  Acad.  Sci.  Phila.  551.  1895.    Stems 
simple  or  with  sparing  erect  flowering  branches,  sparsely  leaved:  leaves  com- 
paratively ample,  8-12  cm.  long;  the  lower  tapering  into  winged  petioles; 
the  upper  often  with  clasping  base:  heads  solitary  or  few,  naked-pedunculate, 
broad;  involucral  bracts  linear-lanceolate,  loose  and  not  imbricate,  all  equal- 
ing the  disk,  occasionally  the  outermost  broader  and  leaf-like.    A .  foliaceus 
principally;  typical  A.  foliaceus  Lindl.  does  not  occur  in  this  range.     (A. 
glastifolius  Greene,  1.  c.  218.) — Subalpine  in  the  Rocky  Mountains,  and  west- 

The  relationship  and  validity  of  the  following  are  not  yet  clear:  A.  distichophyllus, 
A.  spithamaeus,  A.  violaceus  Greene,  Pitt.  4:  213,  217,  and  218,  respectively. 

23.  MACHAERANTHERA  Nees. 

Annual,  biennial,  or  perennial  branched  herbs,  with  leafy  stems,  alternate, 
entire,  serrate,  or  pinnatifid  leaves,  the  teeth  or  lobes  usually  bristle-tipped, 
and  large  heads  of  both  tubular  and  radiate  flowers.  Involucre  of  numerous 
series  of  imbricated  canescent  or  glandular  bracts  with  herbaceous  or  folia- 
ceous  spreading  or  reflexed  tips.  Receptacle  alveolate,  the  alveoli  usually 


COMPOSITAE  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY)  519 

toothed  or  lacerate.  Ray-flowers  numerous,  violet  to  red  or  purple,  pistillate; 
disk-flowers  perfect,  the  corollas  tubular,  5-lobed,  yellow,  changing  to  red 
or  brown;  anthers  exserted,  appendaged  at  the  tip,  rounded  at  the  base; 
style-appendages  subulate  to  lanceolate.  Achenes  turbinate,  narrowed  be- 
low, pubescent.  Pappus  of  numerous  stiff,  rough,  unequal  bristles. — Aster 
in  part. 

Annuals. 

Leaves  bipinnatifid,  pale  green;  stems  usually  simple  below   .         .       1.  M.  tanacetifolia. 
Leaves  pinnatifid,  dark  green;  stems  branching  throughout    .  2.  M.  coronopifolia. 

Biennials  or  rarely  perennials. 

Involucral  bracts  for  the  most  part  recurved  or  reflexed. 

Stems  hirsute  or  hispid  throughout,  glandular-viscid  at  least 

above         ..........       3.  M.  aspera. 

Stems  glabrate  or  puberulent,  not  hispid. 

Densely  glandular-viscid  on  the  branchlets  and  involucre. 

Involucral  bracts  very  viscid      .         .         .         .         .  4.  M.  varians. 

Involucral  bracts  hispid  as  well  as  glandular     .         .  5.  M.  Pattersonii. 

Moderately  glandular-viscid  on  the  involucre  but  obscurely  or 

not  at  all  on  the  branchlets. 
Stem  leaves  mostly  spatulate-oblanceolate,  3-nerved. 

Involucral  bracts  lance-linear,  the  tips  sharply  deflexed       6.  M.  latifolia. 
Involucral  bracts  almost  filiform,  squarrose-spreading     .       7.  M.  Bigelovii. 
Stem  leaves  mostly  broadly  linear  or  oblong,  1-nerved. 

Heads  large,  few;  stems  reddish      .         .         .         .  8.  M.  rubricaulis. 

Heads  many;  stems  green 9.  M.  viscosa. 

Involucral  bracts,  for  the  most  part,  erect. 

Leaves  and'  stems  canescently  puberulent  (rarely  nearly  gla- 
brous). 
Involucres  obscurely  or  not  at  all  glandular. 

Stems  generally  simple  below  and  paniculately  branched 

above  ...         .         .         .         .         .         .         .     10.  M.  canescens. 

Stems  low,  branched  from  the  base     .         .         .         .         .     11.  M.  shastensis. 

Involucres  evidently  glandular. 

Fastigiately  branched  from  the  base,  with  suberect  stems     12.  M.  pulverulenta. 
Divaricately  branched  throughout,  with  widely  spreading 

stems  .........     13.  M.  ramosa. 

Leaves  and  stems  glabrate 14.  M.  glabella. 

1.  Machaeranthera  tanacetifolia  Nees.  Ast.  224.  1832.    Pubescent,  often 
rather  viscid,  very  leafy,  commonly  2-5  dm.  high:  lowest  leaves  2-3-pinnately 
parted;  uppermost  simply  pinnatifid  or  on  the  flowering  branchlets  entire; 
lobes  short,  setulose-mucronate :  heads  12  mm.  high;  bracts  of  the  involucre 
narrowly  linear,  with  slender,  mostly  linear-subulate,  spreading,  foliaceous  tips, 
or  the  outermost  almost  wholly  foliaceous:  rays  numerous,  bright  violet: 
achenes  rather  broad,  villous. — Southern  Colorado  to  Texas  and  Arizona. 

2.  Machaeranthera  cpronopifolia  (Nutt.)  A.  Nels.  Bot.  Gaz.  37:  268.  1904. 
Annual,   or  possibly  biennial,   divaricate-branched  from  the  base  upward, 
1-2  dm.  high,  green  but  puberulent  and  minutely  glandular:  leaves  moder- 
ately to  very  deeply  pinnatifid,  oblanceolate  in  outline,  1-4  cm.  long;  the  seg- 
ments very  variable,  linear  to  oblong  or  merely  with  broad  teeth  upon  the 
margins  of  the  blade,  setulose-mucronate:  heads  large;  the  involucral  bracts 
in  about  5  series,  the  slender,  green,  reflexed  portion  of  the  bract  about  as 
long  as  the  scarious-imbricated  base:  rays  often  nearly  2  cm.  long,  bluish- 
purple:  achenes  sparingly  appressed-pubescent.    Aster  tanacetifolius  in  part. — 
Wyoming  to  Nebraska  and  Northern  Colorado. 

3.  Machaeranthera  aspera  Greene,  Pitt.  3:  62.  1896.     Biennial,  stoutish, 
freely  branching,  5-8  dm.  high,  rough  throughout,  with  a  gland-tipped  in- 
dument  which  is  short  and  scabrous  on  the  leaves,  longer  and  hispidulous  on 
the  stem  and  branches :  cauline  leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  sessile  by  a  broad, 
half-clasping  base,  spinulosely  serrate-toothed:  heads  large,  somewhat  race- 
mosely  disposed  at  the  ends " of  the  branches;  involucres  hemispherical;  the 
bracts  with   long   lanceolate    spreading   herbaceous   tips,    these    glandular- 
scabrous:    achenes  compressed,  cuneate-oblong,   striate,   strigose-pubescent. 
(M.  Fremontii  Rydb.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  32:  123.  1905;  M.  cichoriacea 
Greene,  Leaflets  1:  148.  1905.)— Frequent  -at  middle  elevations;  central  Col- 
orado. 

4.  IVlachaeranthera  varians  Greene,  Pitt.  4:  98.  1899.    Biennial  or  short- 


520  COMPOSITAE  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY) 

lived  perennial,  the  solitary  or  few  stems  erect  from  the  base,  2-8  dm.  high, 
simple  and  leafy  up  to  the  corymbose  or  somewhat  panicled  summit,  from 
nearly  glabrous  below  to  glandular-puberulent  above,  the  upper  portion  and 
the  branches  glandular-hispidulous  or  hispid :  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  3-7  cm. 
long,  sessile,  entire  to  more  or  less  regularly  spinulose-toothed,  mostly  glabrous 
on  both  faces  but  marginally  glandular-pubescent  or  ciliate:  heads  numerous, 
large  and  showy  with  many  purple  rays;  bracts  of  the  hemispherical  or  sub- 
campanulate  involucre  in  4  or  5  series,  all  with  long,  linear-subulate,  spread- 
ing, glandular- viscid  herbaceous  tips:  oblong-linear  achenes  nearly  glabrous, 
hardly  striate.  (M .  viscosula  Rydb.  1.  c.  124.) — New  Mexico  to  Wyoming. 

5.  Machaeranthera  Pattersonii  (Gray)  Greene,  Pitt.  3:  63.  1896.    Branched 
from  the  summit  of  the  taproot,  1-3  dm.  high;  stems  and  branches  with  soft 
or  cottony  pubescence,  or  glabrate:  leaves  thickish,  spatulate  or  lingulate, 
entire  or  coarsely  few-toothed,  conspicuously  hirsute-ciliate  at  base:  heads 
solitary  or  few;  involucral  bracts  lanceolate,  hispidulous  as  well  as  viscid,  very 
squarrose:  rays  about  30,  12-15  mm.  long,  bright  violet:  achenes  glabrate. 
(M.  commixta  Greene,  Pitt.  4:  71.  1899.) — In  the  high  mountains;  Colorado 
and  Utah. 

6.  Machaeranthera  latifolia  A.  Nels.  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.  20:  38.  1907. 
Perennial  from   short-branched   caudex;   stems   few-several,   slender,  erect, 
2-7  dm.  high,  minutely  puberulent:  leaves  minutely  puberulent  (the  upper 
face  nearly  glabrous),  mostly  entire,  rarely  with  a  few  small  spinulose  teeth, 
generally  3- veined  from  the  base  and  somewhat  reticulate  above;  the  basal 
and  lower  stem  leaves  broadly  oblanceolate  to  obovate,  2-3  cm.  long,  tapering 
into  a  short,  narrowly  margined  petiole;  the  upper  stem  leaves  sessile  or 
nearly  so,  those  of  the  inflorescence  reduced  and  becoming  bractlike:  heads 
few,  cprymbose,  relatively*  large,  8-14  mm.  high;  involucre  campanulate;  the 
bracts  in  5-6  series,  oblanceolate  or  oblong-lanceolate,  the  dark  green  acute  or 
acuminate  tips  ultimately  reflexed,  minutely  glandular-puberulent:  rays  blue 
with  a  slight  violet  tinge:  achenes  sparsely  and  obscurely  pubescent,  shorter 
than  the  pappus.     (M.  paniculata  A.  Nels.  1.  c.) — In  the  canons  of  Utah 
(Garrett). 

7.  Machaeranthera  Bigelovii  (Gray)  Greene,  1.  c.     Stems  3-7  dm.  high, 
leafy,  branching  above,  roughish-hirsute  to  glabrate;  the  flowering  branches 
or  peduncles  glandular-hirsute,   terminated  by  large  showy  heads:   leaves 
oblong  or  lanceolate,  irregularly  and  sometimes  incisely  dentate,  sometimes  en- 
tire; the  radical  lanceolate-spatulate ;  the  cauline  oblong  to  lanceolate,  usually 
with  broadish  partly  clasping  base:  involucral  bracts  very  numerous,  linear- 
attenuate  or  the  prolonged  and  much  recurved  tips  almost  filiform:  rays  very 
many,  15-20  mm.  long. — Southern  Colorado  to  Mexico. 

8.  Machaeranthera  rubricaulis   Rydb.  1.  c.   28:  506.  1901.     Biennial  or 
perhaps  perennial;  stems  solitary  or  few,  erect  or  nearly  so,  simple  below, 
branched  above,  2-6  dm.  high,  terete,  striate,  usually  tinged  with  red  or  pur- 
ple, finely  strigose-puberulent,  not  viscid:  leaves  linear  or  linear-oblanceolate, 
sessile,  acute,   entire  or  dentate,   scabrous-ciliolate   on  the  margins:  heads 
corymb ose-cymose;  involucre  10-12  mm.  high,  12-15  mm.  in  diameter;  bracts 
numerous,  linear-lanceolate  with  attenuate,  almost  terete,  squarrose  tips,  viscid- 
puberulent:  rays  numerous,  dark  blue,  about  12  mm.  long:  achenes  flat,  spar- 
ingly and  minutely  strigose.    (M.  spectabilis  Greene,  Leaflets  1:  148.  1905; 
M.  Selbyi  Rydb.  1.  c.  32:  123.  1905.)— Colorado. 

9.  Machaeranthera  viscosa  (Nutt.)  Greene,  Pitt.  4;  22.  1899.     Biennial; 
the  stems  solitary  or  several,  erect,  3-5  dm.  high,  usually  spicate  or  racemose 
in  the  middle,  but  more  corymbose  at  summit,  or  not  rarely  wholly  corymbose; 
herbage  green  and  seemingly  glabrous,  but  under  a  lens  puberulent,  the 
inflorescence  and  especially  the  involucres  glandular  and  viscid:  lower  cau- 
line leaves  narrowly  oblanceolate,  rather  remotely  but  sharply  serrate:  bracts 
of  the  large  and  nearly  turbinate  involucre  in  5  or  6  series  and  closely  imbri- 
cated, the  green  herbaceous  tips  long  and  narrow,  closely  reflexed  and  very 
viscid:  rays  purple  or  violet,  18  or  20. — Montana  to  Colorado  and  westward. 

10.  Machaeranthera  canescens   (Nutt.)   Gray,   PL   Wright.   1:  89.  1852, 


COMPOSITAE  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY)  521 

Biennial,  erect,  2-4  dm.  high,  fastigiately  or  more  corymbosely  branching, 
the  herbage  canescently  puberulent:  early  cauline  leaves  (fallen  before  the 
flowering)  spatulate,  commonly  with  a  few  serrations;  those  of  the  branches 
linear  or  at  least  narrowly  oblanceolate,  entire:  bracts  of  the  involucre  in 
about  3  series,  the  lanceolate  green  tips  ascending  or  slightly  spreading: 
rays  rather  deep  blue  or  purplish. — From  Assiniboia  and  the  Dakotas  to 
Colorado. 

11.  Machaeranthera    shastensis    Gray,    Proc.    Am.    Acad.    6:  539.  1865. 
Stems  several  from  the  crown  of  the  biennial  or  perennial  root,  paniculately 
branched,  canescently  puberulent  as  are  also  the  leaves,  somewhat  purplish: 
leaves  mostly  entire,  2-4  cm.  long;  the  lower  spatulate  or  oblanceolate  as  are 
the  narrower  stem  leaves:  heads  rather  numerous;  the  involucre  subturbinate 
to  campanulate,  12  mm.  high;  the  bracts  rather  thin,  purplish  and  canescent, 
mostly  erect:  rays  few  (8-16),  rather  broad,  blue  varying  to  purple.     (M: 
linearis  Rydb.  Mem.-N.  Y.  Bot.  Card.  1:  398.  1900;  M.  superba  A.  Nels. 
Bot.  Gaz.  30:  197.  1900.) — Northwestern  Wyoming  to  California  and  Wash- 
ington. 

12.  Machaeranthera   pulverulenta    (Nutt.)    Greene,    1.    c.    23.      Biennial, 
erect,  1-3  dm.  high,  somewhat  fastigiately  panicled,  more  or  less  canescent 
with  a  fine  pubescence,  this  on  the  peduncular  branchlets  and  involucres 
mixed  with  sessile  or  subsessile  very  minute  resiniferous  glands:  rather  small 
and  scattered,  leaves   oblanceolate,  entire   or  serrate-toothed:   heads  small, 
subturbinate;  involucral  bracts  in  about  3  series,  rigid,  the  short  green  tips 
suberect:  rays  few  (8-16).     (M.  divaricata  and  M.  subalpina  Greene,  1.  c.) — 
Northern  Colorado  to  Montana. 

13.  Machaeranthera  ramosa  A.  Nels.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  28:  233.  1901. 
Stems   several   to   numerous,    prostrate-spreading^  or   somewhat   assurgent, 
each  freely  branched  (often  intricately  so)  throughout,  3-4  dm.  long,  the 
whole  plant  forming  a  conspicuous  mat  from  0.5  m.  to  nearly  1  m.  across; 
stems  and  slender  branchlets  green  with  a  fine  puberulence:  leaves  green, 
nearly  glabrous;  the  radical  and  cauline  entire  or  irregularly  denticulate, 
broadly  linear  or  linear-spat  ulate,  3-5  cm.  long,  often  wanting  at  anthesis; 
the  rameal  numerous,   small,   linear,   entire  or  nearly  so,   often  somewhat 
fascicled:   heads  numerous,   terminating  the  branchlets;   involucres  broad, 
subhemispherical;  the  lanceolate  bracts  in  5  or  6  series  and  rather  loosely 
imbricated,  the  green,  acuminate  tips  at  length  reflexed,  distinctly  glandular- 
viscid:   rays  20    (more  or  less),   purple. — Sandy  gravelly  plains;   southern 
Wyoming. 

14.  Machaeranthera  glabella  Greene,  Rydb.  in  Fl.  Col.  358.  1906.    Nearly 
or  quite  glabrous  throughout,  2-3  dm.  high;  stems  few  to  several  from  the 
somewhat  branched  crown  of  the  taproot,  mostly  erect,  simple  below:  leaves 
linear  to  narrowly  oblanceolate,  somewhat  rosulate  on  the  crowns,  2-4  cm. 
long:  heads  rather  small,  in  an  open  corymbose  panicle;  involucres  campanulo- 
turbinate;  the  bracts  pale  except  the  short-lanceolate  dark  green  tips,  erect 
or  some  of  them  tardily  recurved:  rays  10-15,  10-12  mm.  long. — Mountains 
of  Colorado. 

24.  OREASTRUM  Greene 

Acaulescent  perennials,  with  narrow  subcoriaceous  entire  leaves  and  scap- 
iform  monocephalous  branches  from  a  stout  somewhat  fusiform  and  not 
freely  branching  taproot.  Bracts  of  the  involucre  narrow,  subequal,  in  about 
2  series.  Rays  rather  numerous,  elongated,  purple;  disk-corollas  tubular- 
funnelform,  5-toothed  and  the  teeth  erect.  Style-branches  filiform  to  subulate- 
linear,  strongly  hirsutulous.  Achenes  subterete,  distinctly  5-8-cpstate.  Pappus 
a  single  series  of  brownish  barbellate-scabrous  and  rather  fragile  or  deciduous 
bristles. 

1.  Oreastrum  alpigineum  (T.  &  G.)  Greene,  Pitt.  3:  147.  1896.  Scapiform 
stems  spreading  and  assurgent,  6-12  cm.  long,  tomentose  at  the  summit: 
radical  leaves  lingulate-spatulate  to  narrowly  linear,  glabrous,  obtuse,  nerve- 


• 

522  COMPOSITAE  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY) 

less,  3-7  cm.  long:  heads  fully  12  mm.  high  and  broad;  bracts  of  the  involucre 
not  very  unequal,  usually  pubescent,  linear,  acute:  rays  purple,  12-16  mm. 
long:  style-appendages  linear-subulate:  achenes  linear,  striate,  glabrate  below, 
hirsute  near  the  top.  (Aster  pulchellus  Eaton,  Bot.  King's  Exp.  143.  1871.) — 
In  the  higher  mountains;  Wyoming  and  Montana  to  Washington. 

25.  IONACTIS  Greene 

Low  tufted  perennials,  often  lignescent  at  base,  never  stoloniferous  or  with 
radical  leaves.  Stems  clothed  equably  with  narrow,  entire,  rigid,  1-nerved 
and  veinless  leaves  and  terminating  in  1  or  more  showy  heads  with  violet 
rays.  Involucre  of  well  imbricated  bracts  of  coriaceous  texture,  without 
herbaceous  tips,  appressed  even  to  the  tips.  Achenes  narrow,  villous.  Pap- 
pus double,  the  more  copious  inner  series  bristly,  the  outer  short  and  setulose. 

•1.  lonactis  alpina  (Nutt.)  Greene,  Pitt.  3:  245.  1897.  Puberulent  and 
somewhat  cinereous;  stems  tufted,  rigid,  only  9-15  cm.  high,  terminated  by 
a  solitary  pedunculate  head:  leaves  short,  6-12  mm.  long,  rigid,  oblong 
to  linear  or  the  lowest  spatulate,  the  broader  obtuse  with  an  abrupt  mucro, 
callous-margined:  involucre  broadly  campanulate;  the  bracts  imbricated  in 
about  3  series,  scabro-puberulent,  lanceolate:  rays  10-12  mm.  long,  light 
violet:  outer  pappus  sometimes  distinctly  chaffy.  Aster  scopulorum. — In  the 
mountains  of  Montana  and  Wyoming  and  thence  far  westward. 

26.  LEUCELENE*  Greene 

Low  perennials  with  diffusely  branching  leafy  stems  from  a  slender  lig- 
neous base.  Leaves  numerous,  subulate  and  appressed,  or  more  spreading 
and  nearly  linear.  Heads  small,  solitary,  and  terminal  upon  the  nearly  fili- 
form ultimate  branchlets.  Involucres  turbinate,  imbricated;  the  bracts 
"  narrow,  nearly  plane,  herbaceous  but  with  narrow,  scarious  margins.  Rays 
and  disk  both  white  or  the  former  reddish  or  at  least  often  turning  red  in 
drying.  Disk-corollas  tubular-funnelform,  5-toothed  but  not  deeply  so;  style- 
tips  ovate,  acutish.  Achenes  long  and  slender,  manifestly  compressed,  hir- 
sutulous.  Pappus  a  single  series  of  long  and  slender,  scabrous,  bright-white 
bristles. 

1.  Leucelene  ericoides  (Torr.)  Greene,  Pitt.  3:  148.  1896.  Usually  only 
8-14  cm.  high,  canescent  and  glandular-scabrous,  much  branched;  branches 
erect  or  diffuse,  terminated  by  somewhat  pedunculate  heads:  leaves  commonly 
hispid-ciliate,  erect  or  little  spreading,  6-12  mm.  long;  the  lowest  spatulate  and 
tapering  into  a  petiole;  the  upper  linear  to  nearly  filiform:  bracts  of  the  in- 
volucre in  about  3  series,  lanceolate,  acute  or  apiculate,  thinnish,  scarious- 
margined:  rays  white  or  sometimes  rose-color.  Aster  ericaefolius. — Dry  hills; 
Wyoming  and  Utah  to  Kansas  and  Texas. 

27.  ERIGERON  L.     FLEABANE.     ERIGERON 

Branching  or  scapose  herbs,  with  alternate  or  basal  leaves,  and  corymbose, 
paniculate,  or  solitary  pedunculate  heads  of  both  tubular  and  radiate  (rarely 
all  tubular)  flowers.  Involucre  hemispheric  or  campanulate;  the  bracts  nar- 
row, nearly  equal,  imbricated  in  but  1  or  2  series  in  our  species.  Receptacle 
nearly  flat,  usually  naked.  Ray-flowers,  in  our  species,  white,  violet,  or  purple, 
or  rarely  yellow,  pistillate;  disk-flowers  yellow,  tubular,  perfect,  the  corollas 
mostly  5-lobed.  Anthers  obtuse  and  entire  at  the  base.  Style-branches  more 
or  less  flattened,  the  appendages  short,  mostly  rounded  or  obtuse.  Achenes 
flattened,  usually  nerved.  Pappus-bristles  fragile,  slender,  scabrous  or  den- 
ticulate, in  1  series,  or  often  an  additional  outer  shorter  series. 

*  This  genus  is  essentially  monotypic.  Several  species  have  been  proposed  but  they  rest 
on  characters  shading  imperceptibly  into  each  other.  These  species  are  L.  arenosa  Heller, 
Cat.  N.  A.  Plants  8.  1900  (Aster  ericaefolius  tennis  Gray);  L.  alsinoides  Greene,  Pitt. 
4:  99.  1899;  L.  hirtella  Rydb.  (Diplopappus  ericaefolius  hirtella  Gray);  and  L.  serotinq 
Rydb,  (L.  ericoides  serotina  Greene),  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  33:  153.  1906, 


COMPOSITAE  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY) 


523 


RAYS  CONSPICUOUS  (much  surpassing  the  disk) 

PERENNIALS 

Leaves  entire  or  merely  toothed. 

Stems  usually  more  than  3   dm.  high,  simple  below,  solitary 

from  the  ends  of  distinct  (sometimes  branched)  root-stocks. 

Involucre  with  spreading  or  reflexed    bracts;    rays   rather 

broad;  pappus  simple. 

Involucre  glabrous  or  glandular          .         .,.       . 
Involucre  woolly,  or  hirsute  and  viscidulous. 
Involucre  very  woolly    .         .         . 
Involucre  viscidulous  and  moderately  hirsute 
Involucre  with  mostly  appressed  bracts;  rays  numerous  and 

narrow;  pappus  double. 
Rather  equably  leafy,  the  upper  stem  leaves  not  greatly 

reduced. 
Leaves  few,    short,    and   distant,    broadly   obovate  to 

ovate  or  broadly  oblong 

Leaves  more  numerous,  oblanceolate  to  ovate  and  oblong 
Bracts  glabrate,  obscurely  glandular 
Bracts  more  or  less  hirsute. 

Herbage  nearly  or  quite  glabrous. 
Herbage  clearly  pubescent 

Quite  inequably  leafy,  the  upper  stem  leaves  greatly  re- 
duced in  size. 

Pale  green  and  apparently  glabrate,  but  under  a  lens 
minutely  rough-hirsute    ...... 

Dark  green  and  distinctly  pubescent,  often  viscidulous, 
especially  above       ....... 

Stems  usually 'less  than  3  dm.  high  (mostly  1-2  dm.),  either 

branched  near  the  base  or  somewhat  caespitose. 
Stems  mostly  simple  and  monocephalous. 

Stems  leafy  below,   either  scapiform  or  with  greatly  re- 
duced  leaves   above;    heads   mostly  solitary  on   the 
bracted  or  naked  peduncle. 
Leaves  spatulate  or  oblanceolate  to  linear. 
Involucre  woolly. 

Wool  of  involucre  blue-black;  rays  white 
Wool   of   involucre   mostly   white;   rays  violet   or 
whitish     ........ 

Involucre  hispid  or  minutely  hirsute. 
Rays  not  yellow. 
Rays  white. 

Bracts  hispid-ciliate          ..... 

Bracts  appressed-hirsute  .         .         . 

Rays  blue,  violet,  or  purple. 

Hispid-ciliate  throughout          .         . 
Pubescence  not  hispid,  mostly  short  and  ap- 
pressed. 
Rays  violet  ....... 

Rays  pale  purple 

Rays  yellow , 

Leaves  obovate  to  short-oblong. 

Plant  green  and  glabrate     ....... 

Plant  pale-canescent   ....... 

Stems  leafy  throughout. 

Leaves  all  broad,  obovate  to  short-oblong 
Leaves  narrowly  lanceolate  to  linear. 

Involucre    glabrous    but  pruinose-glandular;    foliage 

glabrous  or  nearly  so  . 
Involucre  hirsute  or  pubescent. 

Leaves  glandular-scabrous  and  hirsute  . 
Leaves  not  glandular. 
Rays  not  yellow. 

Rays  purple  or  violet. 
Leaves  subglabrous. 

Plants  low  (4-10  cm.);  pubescence  spread- 
ing     ....... 

Plants  taller  (8-16  cm.);  pubescence  ap- 
pressed 

Leaves  hispid-hirsute    . 
Rays  white. 

Bracts  hispid-ciliate 
Bracts  appressed-hirsute 
Rays  yellow          ... 

Stems  more  or  less  branched  and  with  few-several  heads, 
white. 

ives  1 -nerved. 
Herbage  minutely  hirsute. 

Bracts  hispid-ciliate         .         •         »        •         . 


1.  E.  salsuginosus 

2.  E.  elatior. 

3.  E.  Coulteri 


4.  E/superbus. 

5.  E.  macranthus. 

6.  E.  .speciosus. 

7.  E.  subtrinervis. 


8.  E.  asper. 

9.  E.  formosissimus. 


10.  E.  melanocephalus. 

11.  E.  uniflorus. 


19.  E.  Engelmannii. 

20.  E.  Eatonii. 

21.  E.  poliospermus. 


18.  E.  ursinus. 
17.  E.  radicatus. 
22.  E.  luteus. 

12.  E.  Garrettii. 

13.  E.  tener. 


14.  E.  nauseosus. 


15.  E.  leiomeris. 

16.  E.  glandulosus. 


17.  E,  radicatus. 

18.  E.  ursjnus. 

21.  E.  poliospermus. 

19.  E.  Engelmannii. 

20.  E.  Eatonii. 

22.  E.  luteus. 


19.  E.  Engelmannii. 


524  COMPOSITAE  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY) 

Bracts  appressed-hirsute          .....  20.  E.  Eatonii. 

Herbage  conspicuously  hispid  or  hirsute-ciliate .         .  24.  E.  pumilus. 

Leaves  3-nerved,  at  least  at  base 23.  E.  microlonchus. 

Rays  not  white. 

Pubescence  very  short. 

Leaves  3-nerved 25.  E.  corymbosus. 

Leaves  1 -nerved ',-.         .  26.  E.  caespitosus. 

Pubescence  hispid,  long  and  spreading          .         .         .  27.  E.  concinnus. 
Leaves  dissected  or  deeply  cleft. 
Leaves  ternately  divided. 

Twice  to  thrice  ternate  .         .         .         .         .         .         .  28.  E.  compositus. 

Once  ternate  or  quinate         .         .         .         .         .         .  29.  E.  trifidus. 

Leaves  pinnately  divided 30.  E.  pinnatisectus. 

ANNUALS  OR  BIENNIALS 

Leaves  not  cordate-clasping. 

Stems  simple  at  least  below;  the  heads  few,  large. 

Involucre  hirsute  or  strigose          .         .         .         .         .         .       8.  E.  asper. 

Involucre  more  or  less  glandular  or  viscid        .  .         .9.  E.  formosissimus. 

Stems  branched;  the  heads  small,  several  to  many. 

Stems  simple  at  base  but  branching  upward        .         .         .     31.  E.  ramosus. 
Stems  branching  from  the  base  and  in  no.  32  also  above. 

Leafy  throughout       ........     32.  E.  divergens. 

Leafy  below  and  terminating  in  a  scape-like  peduncle. 
The  few  stems  erect,  but  sometimes  with  a  few  short 

stolons  from  the  base        ......     33.  E.  colo-mexicanus. 

The  earlier  stems  erect,  the  later  slender-stoloniferous, 

leafy  and  often  rooting  .....     34.  E.  flagellaris. 

Leaves  cordate-clasping 35.  E.  philadelphicus. 

RAYS  INCONSPICUOUS  (short  or  wanting) 
Inflorescence  corymbiform  or  paniculate. 

Plant  3-6  dm.  high;  stem  mostly  solitary 36.  E.  lapiluteus. 

Plant  1-3  dm.  high;  stems  often  several    .....     37.  E.  acris. 
Inflorescence  mostly  racemose;  the  stem  or  stems  slender     .         .     38.  E.  lonchophyllus. 

1.  Erigeron  salsuginpsus  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.   16:  93.  1880.     Root- 
stocks  short  and  thickish;  stems  2-5  dm.  high,  the  summit  of  peduncles 
lanate-pubescent  or  puberulent,  no  bristly  or  hirsute  hairs:  leaves  very  smooth 
and  glabrous  or  glabrate,  thickish;  radical  and  lower  cauline  leaves  spatulate 
to  nearly  obovate,  with  base  attenuate  into  a  margined  petiole,  3-7  cm.  long; 
upper  cauline  ovate-oblong  to  lanceolate,   sessile,  mucronate  or  apiculate- 
acuminate;  uppermost  small  and  bract-like:  bracts  of  the  involucre  loose  or 
even  spreading,  linear-subulate  or  attenuate,  viscidulpus  or  puberuldus:  disk 
12-14  mm.  in  diameter:  rays  broad,  giving  an  Aster-like  effect,  50-70,  purple 
or  violet,  12-15  mm.  long. — On  wet  ground;  in  the  mountains  of  our  range 
and  far  northwestward. 

la.  Erigeron  salsuginosus  glacialis  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  1:  209.  1886.  Lower, 
few-leaved,  often  monocephalous.  This  and  var.  angusti/olius  grade  into  the 
species.  (E.  glacialis  A.  Nels.  Bot.  Gaz.  37:  207.  1904.) — Alpine  stations. 

2.  Erigeron  elatior  (Gray)  Greene,  Pitt.  3:  163.  1897.     Stems  somewhat 
clustered,  stout,  erect,  4-7  dm.  high,  leafy  up  to  the  monocephalous  or  usually 
distinctly  corymbose  summit,  hirsute-pubescent,  the  foliage  scabrous:  leaves 
ovate-lanceolate,  acute,  entire:  heads  1-8,  on  bracted  peduncles;  involucres 
very  large,  often  more  than  J.2  mm.  high  and  15-18  mm.  broad;  the  linear, 
attenuate-acuminate   bracts   squarrose-spreading,    imbedded   in   dense,    soft 
wool:  rays  showy,  numerous  and  narrow:  achenes  pubescent;  pappus  of  rather 
firm  bristles  and  a  conspicuous  outer  circle  of  white  squamellae.    E.  grandi- 
ftorus  elatior. — Along  streams;  in  the  mountains  of  our  range. 

3.  Erigeron  Coulteri  Porter,  Fl.  Col.  61.  1874.    Stems  2-5  dm.  high,  equably 
leafy,  bearing  solitary  or  rarely  2  or  3  slender-pedunculate  heads:  leaves 
membranaceous,  obovate  to  oblong,  either  entire  or  serrate  with  several  sharp " 
teeth,  pilose-pubescent  to  glabrous;  the  cauline  hardly  mucronate:  disk  about 
12-14  dm.  wide:  involucral  bracts  less  attenuate  and  spreading,  obscurely  vis- 
cidulous but  hirsute  with  spreading  hairs:  rays  rather  narrowly  linear,  12  mm. 
or  more  long,  white,  varying  to  purplish. — In  the  mountains  of  our  range. 

4.  Erigeron    superbus    Greene,    ex   Rydb.   Fl.   Col.  364.     1906.     Nearly 
glabrous  throughput,  3-6  dm.  high,  nearly  simple  and  strict:  leaves  rela- 
tively few  and  distant,  rather  large,  sparsely  ciliate;  the  basal  and  lower 


COMPOSITAE  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY)  525' 

cauline  tapering  into  a  petiole  from  an  elliptic  or  oblanceolate  blade;  the 
upper  sessile  «and  becoming  ovate,  acute :  heads  few,  corymbose,  large :  the 
involucre  12-16  mm.  broad,  slightly  hirsute  at  base  only,  obscurely  glandular 
as  are  also  the  pedicels:  rays  numerous,  12-16  mm.  long.  Formerly  referred 
in  part  to  E.  salsuginosus  and  in  part  to  E.  macranthus. — Colorado  and' 
Wyoming  to  Utah. 

5.  Erigeron  macranthus  Nutt.  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  7:  310.  1841.    Gla- 
brous or  sparingly  strigillose  above,  the  stem  leafy,  4-8  dm.  high:  leaves  from 
oblanceolate  below  to  elliptic-oblong  and  oval  above,  8  cm.  to  less  than  3  cm. 
in  length,  more  or  less  hispid-ciliolate  on  the  margins:  inflorescence  corymb i- 
form,  leafy:  heads  7-8  mm.  high;  bracts  linear-subulate,  acuminate,  glandular- 

?uberulent,  not  at  all  hirsute,  in  2  series  but  almost  equal  and  crowded :  disk 
2-15  mm.  wide:  rays  very  numerous,  fully  1  cm.  long.    (E.  scdicinus  Rydb. 
Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  32:  125.  1905;  E.  platyphyllus  Greene,  Leaflets  1:  145. 
1905.) — In  the  mountains  of  our  range. 

6.  Erigeron  speciosus  DC.  Prodr.  5:  284.  1836.    Stem  from  a  woody  base, 
3-5  dm.  high,  strict,  glabrate  or  sparsely  hirsute  with  rather  long  white  hairs, 
leafy  to  the  top:  lower  leaves  oblanceolate,  5-10  cm.  long,  acute,  tapering  into 
a  winged  petiole,  which  is,  as  well  as  the  leaves,  ciliate-margined ;  upper 
leaves  lanceolate,  sessile,  more  or  less  clasping:  heads  corymbose,  7-10  mm. 
high  and  1.5-2  cm.  in  diameter;  bracts  linear-acuminate,  minutely  glandular 
and  somewhat  hirsute:  rays  blue  or  violet,  very  numerous,  rather  narrow, 
12-18  mm.  long:  achenes  strigose;  pappus  double,  the  outer  of  few  short 
setose-squamellate  hairs.      (E.  conspicuus  Rydb.   Mem.   N.   Y.   Bot.   Gard. 
1:  400.  1900.) — In  the  mountains;  Colorado  to  Montana  and  Washington. 

7.  Erigeron  subtrinervis  Rydb.  Mem.  Torr.  Club  5:  328.  1894.    Similar  to 
the  preceding  species,   finely .  pubescent;  stems  leafy  to  the  inflorescence: 
leaves  entire,  thin;  the  basal  and  lower  ones  oblanceolate  to  oblong,  obtuse 
or  acute,  petioled;  the  upper  lanceolate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  sessile  or  some- 
what clasping,  acute,  rather  distinctly  3-nerved:  heads  25-35  mm.  broad, 
corymbose,  or  rarely  solitary:  rays  numerous,  blue  to  pink:  pappus  double, 
the  outer  bristles  very  short.     (E.  striatus  Greene,  as  to  our  range;  E.  Vree- 
landii  Rydb.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  32:  125.  1905.)— From  Colorado  and  South 
Dakota  to  Utah  and  Idaho. 

8.  Erigeron  asper  Nutt.  Gen.  2:  147.  1818.     Stem  simple,  or  branched 
above,  more  or  less  pubescent,  sometimes  hirsute,   1.5-6  dm.  high:  leaves 
glabrous,  pubescent,  or  ciliate,  entire;  the  basal  ones  spatulate,  obtuse,  5-10  cm. 
long,  6-25  mm.  wide,  narrowed  into  margined  petioles;  stem  leaves  oblong- 
lanceolate  or  linear-lanceolate,  obtuse  or  acute,  the  upper  smaller:  heads 
several  or  solitary,  slender-peduncled,  2-5  cm.  broad;  bracts  linear,  acute, 
hirsute  or  pubescent:  rays  100-150,  very  narrow,  violet,  purple,  or  white, 
8-14  mm.  long:  pappus  double,  the  outer  row  of  bristles  much  snorter  than 
the  inner.    (E.  glabellus  Nutt.  1.  c.;  E.  consobrinus  Greene,  Pitt.  3:  186.  1897; 
E.  oblanceolatus  Rydb.  1.  c.  24:  294;  E.  Earlii  Rydb.  1.  c.  32:  126.)— Colorado 
to  Montana  and  extending  far  eastward. 

9.  Erigeron  formosissimus  Greene,  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  25:  121.  1898. 
Perennial,  somewhat  tufted,  3-5  dm.  high,  the  stems  erect  or  at  base  slightly 
decumbent:  basal  leaves  oblanceolate,  obtuse,  entire,  1 -nerved,  6-12  cm.  long, 
including  the  long,  winged  petiole,  green  and  glabrous  or  cinereous-pubescent, 
ciliolate-margined;  those  of  the  stem  2-4  cm.  long  or  more,  oblong-lanceolate, 
acute,  sessile:  stem  somewhat  hirsute-pubescent,  ending  in  few  to  several 
large  heads:  involucre  low-hemispherical,  16-20  mm.  broad;  the  biserial  equal 
bracts  with  spreading  green  tips  and  with  little  pubescence:  rays  100  or  more, 
narrow,  almost  18  mm.  long,  light  rose-color  to  deep  purple.    (E.  glabellus 
mollis.    E.  eximius  Greene;  E.  incanescens  and  E.  viscidus  Rydb.  1.  c.  28:  23  & 
24.  1901.) — Throughout  our  range. 

10.  Erigeron  melanocephalus  A.   Nels.   Bull.  Torr.   Bot.   Club   26:  246. 
1900.    Caudex  thick  and  nearly  simple  or  more  or  less  branched,  the  branches 
short;  stems  few  to  several  (often  10  or  more),  slender,  erect,  5-15  cm.  high, 
monocephalous,  pubescent  with  purplish  hairs:  leaves  numerous  on  the  crowns, 


526  COMPOSITAE  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY) 

nearly  sessile  to  long-petioled,  blade  elliptic  to  narrowly  oblong,  2-5  cm.  long 
(including  the  petiole),  almost  glabrous;  stem  leaves  several,  broadly  linear, 
acuminate,  2-3  cm.  long;  pubescence  similar  to  that  of  the  stem:  heads  large, 
when  fully  expanded  3  cm.  broad;  involucral  bracts  involved  in  a  dense,  dark 
purple  wool.  (E.  oreocharis  Greene.) — Subalpine  in  moist  parks;  Colorado 
and  Wyoming. 

11.  Erigeron  uniflorus  L.  Sp.  PL  864.  1753.    Stems  3-8  cm.  high  or  more, 
strictly  monocephalous,  few-leaved,  often  naked  and  pedunculiform  at  summit: 
radical  leaves  spatulate  or  ob lanceolate,  2-4  cm.  long;  cauline  lanceolate  to 
linear:  involucre  usually  hirsute  as  well  as  lanate,  occasionally  becoming 
naked;  the  linear-acute  bracts  rather  close,  or  merely  the  short  tips  spreading: 
rays  purple  or  paler,  4-8  mm.  long.     (E.  simplex  Greene,  Fl.  Fr.  387.  1897; 
E.  leucotrichus  Rydb.  1.  c.  28:  23.  1901;  E.  grandiflorus  Hook.,  as  to  our 
range.) — Alpine;  from  Colorado  to  the  arctic  regions. 

12.  Erigeron  Garrettii  A.  Nels.    Perennial  from  a  short  woody  somewhat 
branched  and  tufted  crown:  leaves  all  basal,  nearly  or  quite  glabrous,  2-4  cm. 
long,  oblanceolate,  obtuse  or  subacute,  tapering  to  a  short  petiole:  scape  7-12 
cm.  long;  the  solitary  heads  large,   2-3  cm.  broad;  involucre  dark  green, 
7-8  mm.  high,  obscurely  hirsutulous  as  is  also  the  scape;  the  bracts  linear- 
subulate:  rays  40-50,   white,   linear-spatulate,   the  ligule  8-10  mm.   long: 
outer  pappus  minute  or  wanting. — Reported  only  from  Cottonwood  Canon, 
Utah. 

13.  Erigeron  tener  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  16:  91.  1880.     Whole  plant 
canescent  (almost  silvery)  with  minute  rather  soft  pubescence;  caudex  branch- 
ing, bearing  many  rigid,  erect,  slender  stems  8-12  cm.  high,  sparingly  branched 
near  the  summit,  the  branches  monocephalous:  radical  leaves  thickish  and 
firm,    broadly    obovate-spatulate,    abruptly   acuminate,    rather   indistinctly 
callous-tipped,  12-18  mm.  long  by  7-10  mm.  wide,  on  slender  petioles  twice 
their  length;  stem  leaves  few  and  small,  spatulate-lanceolate :  heads  rather 
small;  bracts  of  the  involucre  narrow-lanceolate,   greenish  with  somewhat 
scarious  margins:  achenes  compressed,  hirsute:  pappus  simple.     (E.  Tweedyi 
Canby,  Bot.  Gaz.  13:  17.  1888.) — Rocky  dry  hills;  from  Montana  and  Wyo- 
ming to  Nevada. 

14.  Erigeron  nauseosus  (Jones)  A.  Nels.  Bot.  Gaz.  37:  270.  1904.    Tufted 
perennial,  1-2  dm.  high,  leafy  throughout,  the  whole  plant  minutely  scabrous 
and  the  leaves  hispid-ciliate :  basal  leaves  spatulate  to  obovate,  4-8  cm.  long; 
the  upper  similar  but  gradually  smaller,  sessile  or  almost  clasping:  heads 
mostly  solitary  on  the  leafy  ascending  stems ;  the  peduncle  proper  only  2-3  cm. 
long,  glutinous  or  viscid,  as  is  also  the  involucre,  and  with  a  nauseating  odor; 
the  bracts  somewhat  scabrous,  abruptly  acuminate:  rays  white  or  nearly  so. 
— Hot  sandy  benches  at  the  base  of  cliffs;  mountains  of  Utah. 

15.  Erigeron  leiomeris  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  1:  211.  1884.    Stems  8-15  cm.  high 
from  the  somewhat  surculose  branches  of  the  caudex,  smooth  and  very  gla- 
brous (or  some  minute  hairiness  at  least  on  the  petioles) :  leaves  bright  green, 
mainly  radical  and  spatulate,  very  obtuse  (larger  3-4  cm.  long,  with  taper- 
ing base  or  petiole  of  at  least  equal  length),  3-10  mm.  wide;  cauline  only 
2  or  3  and  smaller:  involucre  6-7  mm.  high;  the  bracts  lanceolate  and  not 
attenuate,    glabrous   but   pruinose-glandular,    brownish-purple:   rays   about 
40,  linear,  violet,  6-8  mm.  long.    (E.  spathulifolius  Rydb.  1.  c.  26:  545.  1899.) 
— In  the  alpine  regions;  Wyoming  and  Colorado  to  Utah  and  Nevada. 

16.  Erigeron  glandulosus  Porter,  Fl.  Col.  60.  1874.     Caespitose  from  a 
stout  caudex.  1-2  dm.  high,  rigid,  granulose-glandular  or  glandular-scabrous 
and  with  sparse  or  hispid  hairs,  especially  on  the  margins  of  the  leaves:  leaves 
thickish,  spatulate  to  llnear-oblanceolate,  3-8  cm.  long:  head  8-10  mm.  high; 
involucre  glandular  or  viscid  as  well  as  pubescent:  rays  40  or  50,  violet  or 
purple,  8-12  mm.  long. — Middle  elevations  in  the  foothills;  Wyoming  and 
Colorado. 

17.  Erigeron  radicatus  Hook.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  2:  17.  1834.    Stems  slender, 
ascending,  5-10  cm.  high,  more  or  less  tufted  on  the  woody  caudex:  leaves  all 
spatulate-linear  or  wider,  the  broadest  only  2-4  mm.  wide,  hirsute  or  hir- 


( 
E 


COMPOSITAE  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY)  527 

sutely  ciliate  or  sometimes  nearly  glabrous,  no  glandular  roughness:  involucre 
more  or  less  villous-pubescent,  only  5-6  mm.  high:  rays  mostly  pale  purple. 
E.  Parryi  Canby  &  Rose,  Bot.  Gaz.  15:  65.  1890;  E.  Scribneri  Canby,  1.  c.; 
vetensis  Rydb.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  32:  126.  1905.)—  In  the  highest 
mountains  of  our  range  and  extending  far  northward. 

18.  Erigeron  ursinus  Eat.  Bot.  King's  Exp.  148.  1871.    Stems  1-2  dm.  high, 
loosely  caespitose:  leaves  green,  mostly  smooth  and  glabrous,  but  their  mar- 
gins more  or  less  hirsute-ciliate,  spatulate  to  narrowly  oblanceolate  ;  cauline 
ones  lanceolate  or  linear  and  acute:  involucre  (6  mm.  high)  and  naked  summit 
of  flowering  stem  hirsute-pubescent:  rays  40  or  50,  purple,  narrowly  linear, 
6  mm.  long.  —  Alpine  and  lower  in  our  range  and  westward  to  California. 

18a.  Erigeron  ursinus  gracilis  (Rydb.)  A.  Nels.  More  leafy  and  the  whole 
plant  more  or  less  strigose-pubescent.  (E.  gracilis  Rydb.  Mem.  N.  Y.  Bot. 
Gard.  1:  404.  1900.)  —  Subalpine  in  open  grassy  places;  Yellowstone  Park. 

19.  Erigeron  Engelmannii  A.  Neb.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  26:  247.  1899. 
Crown  woody,  from  nearly  simple  to  numerously  but  very  short-branched: 
leaves  numerous,  crowded  on  the  crowns,  linear,  on  very  slender  petioles 
which  about  equal  the  blade,  closely  subcinereous,  somewhat  ciliolate  on 
the  petioles,  2-6  cm.  long  (including  the  petioles):  stems  weak,  decumbent 
or  prostrate,  moderately  leafy,  3-6  cm.  long,  monocephalous  or  with  2  or  3 
heads:  peduncles  short,  ascending,  1   or  more-bracted  ;   heads  rather  small; 
involucre  about  5  mm.  high;  the  bracts  equal,  narrowly  linear,  acuminate, 
dark  green  with  light  margins,  ciliolate:  rays  white,  broadly  linear,  40  (more 
or  less),  the  ligules  about  5  mm.  long,  equal  (E.  simulans  Greene,  PI.  Baker. 
3:  31.  1901).—  Stony  slopes  and  foothills  at  middle  elevations;  Wyoming, 
Colorado,  and  Utah. 

20.  Erigeron  Eatonii  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  16:  91.  1880.    Stems  several 
from  the  crown  of  a  strong  taproot,  slender  and  weak,  diffuse,  1-2  dm.  long, 
simple  or  with  2  or  3  monocephalous  branches:  leaves  all  linear,  thickish, 
minutely  pubescent;  the  radical  about  5  cm.  long  and  the  broadest  4  mm.  wide: 
heads  only  6  mm.  high;  bracts  of  the  sparsely  hirsute  involucre  little  unequal: 
rays  seldom  over  20,  at  most  6  mm.  long,  white  or  purplish.    (E.  nematophyllus 
Rydb.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  32:  124.  1905.)—  On  the  lower  slopes  of  the 
mountains;  Wyoming  to  Colorado  and  Utah. 

21.  Erigeron  poliospermus  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  1:  210.  1884.     Caudex  multi- 
cipital,  the  branches  short  and  crowded;  stems  simple,  numerous,  rather  closely 
pubescent  with  spreading  unequal  hairs,  leafy  below,  naked-pedunculate  above, 
7-15  cm.  long:  leaves  crowded  on  the  crowns,  short-hirsute  all  over,  the  mar- 
gins strongly  hirsute-ciliate  especially  on  the  petioles,  linear-spatulate,  3-5 
cm.  long  (including  petiole)  ;  stem  leaves  several,  similar  but  becoming  smaller 
upward:  peduncles  naked  or  with  a  filiform  bract,  monocephalous;  heads 
large,  including  the  spreading  rays  20-25  mm.  broad;  involucral  bracts  nar- 
row,   in  2  rows,  hirsute,  long-acuminate,  with  a  dark  green  midrib:  rays  20- 
50,  purple  or  violet.     (E.  wyomingensis  and  E.  inamoenus  A.  Nels.  Bull.  Torr. 
Bot.  Club  26:  248.  1899.)  —  Gravelly  hills;  Wyoming  to  Montana  and  Oregon. 

22.  Erigeron  luteus  A.  Nels.  1.  c.  27:  33.  1900.     Densely  tufted  on  a  multi- 
cipital  caudex  :  leaves  closely  crowded  on  the  crowns,  all  narrowly  linear  with 
slightly  tapering,  petiole-like  base,  subcinereous,  3-5  cm.  long:  stems  mono- 
cephalous, simple,  scape-like  but  bearing  2  or  more  short  leaves  below,  the  pe- 
duncular portion  usually  with  1  small  bract,  from  barely  exceeding  the  leaves  to 
about  twice  as  long:  heads  6-8  mm.  high;  the  involucral  bracts  linear,  acutish, 
somewhat  unequal  and  in  2  rows,  rather  shorter  than  the  disk:  rays  30-40,  a 
pure  yellow,  rather  broad  and  short,  the  ligules  only  3-4  mm.  long:  pappus  in  2 
series,  the  outer  of  very  short,  inconspicuous  bristles;  the  inner  bristles  rather 
sparse  and  coarse,  nearly  as  long  as  the  tube  of  the  disk-corollas;  achenes 
minutely  pubescent.     (Chrysopsis  hirtella  DC.  5:  327.  1836;  E.  curvi/olius 
Piper,  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  27:  396.  1900.)  —  Sandy  stream  banks;  Yellow- 
stone Park  to  the  plains  of  the  Columbia. 

23.  Erigeron  microlonchus  Greene,  Pitt.  3:  293.  1898.     Slenderly  fusiform 
perennial  root  bearing  at  the  crown  a  central  tuft  of  leaves  encircled  by  several 


528  COMPOSITAE  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY) 

slender  decumbent  flowering  stems  10-15  cm.  high;  herbage  subcinereous  with 
a  fine  appressed  pubescence  of  straight  hairs:  basal  leaves  7-12  cm.  long  in- 
cluding the  short  petiole,  linear-lanceolate,  acute  at  both  ends,  entire,  3- 
nerved;  stems  with  few  and  rather  remote,  sessile,  linear-lanceolate  leaves: 
heads  commonly  solitary,  rarely  2  or  3.  on  slender  naked  peduncles ;  bracts 
of  the  rather  small  involucre  subequal,  hispid  at  the  very  base:  rays  30  or 
more,  rather  narrow,  purplish:  achenes  sparsely  strigose-hispid ;  bristles  of 
the  pappus  fine  and  fragile,  subtended  by  an  obscure,  short-setiform  outer 
series. — Common  in  the  foothills  of  our  mountains. 

24.  Erigeron  pumilus  Nutt.  Gen.  2:  147.  1818.     Stems  tufted,  slender, 
simple  or  branched^  1-2.5  dm.  high:  leaves  entire,  hirsute,  the  lower  and 
basal  ones  narrowly  spatulate  or  linear,  petioled,  2-10  cm.  long,  2-4  mm.  wide; 
stem  leaves  linear:  heads  12-20  mm.  broad,  short-peduncled:  bracts  linear, 
acute,  hirsute:  rays  50-80,  white,  6-8  mm.  long,  at  length  deflexed:  pappus 
double,  the  outer  row  of  bristles  short  and  more  or  less  intermixed  with  the 
inner;  achenes  pubescent. — Dry  sandy  plains;  South  Dakota  to  Kansas  and 
west  to  Utah  and  Idaho. 

25.  Erigeron  corymbosus  Nutt.  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  7:  308.  1841.    Stems 
erect  from  a  creeping  rootstock,  often  3-4  dm.  high,  soft-cinereous  or  some- 
times hispidulous  with  mostly  spreading  short  pubescence:  radical  leaves 
narrow-lanceolate  or  spatulate-lanceolate,  largest  8-12  cm.  long,  6-8  mm. 
wide,  3-nerved;  the  cauline  linear  and  narrow:  heads  sometimes  solitary,  usually 
several   and   corymbosely  disposed   on   short   slender  peduncles;    involucre 
6  mm.  high,  canescently  pubescent:  rays  30-50,  mostly  narrow  and  6-10  mm. 
long,  blue  or  violet,  apparently  sometimes  white.     (E.  Nelsonii  Greene,  1.  c. 
294.) — Colorado  to  Montana  and  far  northwestward. 

26.  Erigeron  caespitosus  Nutt.  1.  c.  307.    Stems  tufted,  canescent,  simple 
or  branched  above,  1.5-3  dm.  high:  leaves  canescent  or  pubescent,  entire,  the 
lower  and  basal  ones  petioled,  narrowly  oblanceolate  or  spatulate,  2-7  cm. 
long:  heads  solitary  or  several,  short-peduncled,  25-35  mm.  broad;  bracts 
lanceolate  or  linear-oblong,  acute,  canescent:  rays  40-60,  6-12  mm.  long, 
white  or  pinkish:  pappus  double,  the  outer  series  of  very  short  bristles.     (E. 
subcanescens  Rydb.   Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club   24:  294.  1897.)— Dry  flats  and 
ridges;  throughout  our  range  and  west  to  the  Pacific  States. 

27.  Erigeron  concinnus  (H.  &  A.)  T.  &  G.  Fl.  2:  174.  1842.    Very  hirsute 
throughout  with  long,  spreading,  white  hairs;  stems  several  from  the  same  root 
or  caudex,  1-2  dm.  high,  slender,  leafy,  branching  above,  the  branches  ter- 
minated, by  single  heads:  leaves  narrowly  linear,  elongated,  entire,  attenuate 
at  the  base,  the  lowermost  tapering  into  a  slender  petiole:  heads  10-12  mm. 
in  diameter;  bracts  of  the  involucre  linear,  very  acute,  densely  hirsute:  rays 
numerous,  12  mm.  long,  white  to  blue.    The  variety  aphanactis  [E.  aphanac- 
tis  (Gray)  Greene  Fl.  Fr.  389.  1907]  is  a  rayless  form  which  may  occur  in 
the  western  part  of  our  range. — Infrequent;  in  the  arid  areas  of  the  western 
parts  of  our  range  to  the  Pacific  States. 

28.  Erigeron  compositus  Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  2:  538.  1814.     Herbage 
hirsute  to  glabrate  and  more  or  less  viscidulous;  stems  very  short,  from  a 
somewhat  woody  creeping  base,  densely  leafy:  leaves  fan-shaped  in  outline, 
usually  2-3-ternately  .parted  into  linear  or  shpjgand  narrow  spatulate  lobes, 
4-12  mm.  long,  on  long,  slender,  hispid-ciliate  petioles;  the  few  on  the  erect 
flowering  stems  3-lobed,  or  entire  and  linear:  involucre  6-8  mm.  high,  sparsely 
hirsute:  rays  40-60,  not  very  narrow,  white  (purple  or  violet),  mostly  6-8  mm. 
long.     (E.  multifidus  Rydb.  Mem.  N.  Y.  Bot.  Gard.  1:  402.  1900.)— Dry, 
stony  slopes,  middle  elevations;  throughout  our  range  and  to  the  Pacific  States. 

28a.  Erigeron  compositus  discoideus  *£!ray,  Am.  Journ.  Sci.  33:  237. 
1862.  Rays  wanting  or  abortive:  heads  commonly  smaller. — Same  range 
as  the  species  and  often  growing  with  it.  Two  other  varieties,  nudus  Rydb. 
and  incertus  A.  Nels.,  are  merely  glabrate  forms  of  the  species  and  the  variety, 
respectively. 

29.  Erigeron  trifidus  Hook.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  2:  17.  pi.  120.  1834.    Very  near 
to  the  preceding,  hirsute:  leaves  slightly  fleshy,  on  long  petioles,  3-cleft;  the 


COMPOSITAE  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY)  529 

segments  short,  entire,  or  the  lateral  often  2-lobed;  scapes  nearly  naked: 
rays  twice  the  length  of  the  very  hirsute  involucre:  achenes  minutely  hairy; 
pappus  hispid-scabrous,  as  long  as  the  corolla  of  the  disk.  (E.  ftabellifolius 
Rydb.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  26:  545.  1899.) — Colorado  and  Utah  to  Mon- 
tana and  Idaho. 

29a.  Erigeron  trifidus  discoideus  A.  Nels.  Rayless  form  of  the  species, 
and  sometimes  glabrate. — Same  range. 

30.  Erigeron  pinnatisectus  (Gray)  A.  Nels.  1.  c.  26:  246.  1899.     From 
cinereous-hirsute  to  glabrate,  somewhat  tufted,  the  rather  few  stems  mostly 
erect,  1-2  dm.  high:  leaves  petioled,  the  blade  pinnately  divided  into  9-11 
linear  and  entire  or  more  or  less  cleft  lobes:  heads  rather  large  (8-10  mm.  high) 
or  in  depauperate  specimens  small :  the  rays  purple  or  violet-purple,  numerous, 
8-14  mm.  long.     E.  compositus  pinnatisectus. — Mostly  high  alpine;  in  the 
mountains  of  our  range. 

31.  Erigeron  ramosus  (Walt.)  B.  S.  P.  Prel.  Cat.  N.  Y.  27.  1788.    Annual, 
with  somewhat  appressed  pubescence;  the  stem  erect,  3-6  dm.  high,  corym- 
bosely  branched:  stem  leaves  linear-oblong  or  linear-lanceolate,  most  of  them 
entire;  basal  and  lowest  cauline  spatulate  or  oblong,  usually  serrate:  bracts  of 
the  involucre  glabrous  or  nearly  so:  pappus  double;  the  inner  a  series  of  slen- 
der, fragile,  deciduous  bristles  (often  wanting  in  the  ray-flowers) ;  the  outer  a 
persistent  series  of  short,  partly  united,  slender  scales:  rays  white,  rarely 
purplish,  occasionally  minute  or  wanting.     E.  strigosus.     E.  annuus  L.  is 
quite  similar  but  taller  and  with  more  spreading  pubescence  and  smaller 
heads. — Neither  are  indigenous  to  our  range,  but  the  former  occurs  in  many 
fields  and  the  latter  will  no  doubt  be  found  sooner  or  later.    Both  are  known 
as  DAISY  FLEABANE. 

32.  Erigeron  divergens  T.  &  G.  Fl.  2:  175.  1841.    Stems  several  or  nu- 
merous, ascending,  from  a  stout  taproot,  sometimes  decumbent  at  base;  her- 
bage roughened  with  a  short  hispid  pubescence:  leaves  linear,  1-2  cm.  long, 
or  the  lower  somewhat  longer  and  linear-spatulate,  the  uppermost  reduced: 
heads  solitary,  terminating  slender  peduncles:  rays  numerous,  filiform,  6  mm. 
long,  violet  or  purplish  [or  white  (?)]:  inner  pappus  of  scanty  slender  bristles, 
the  outer  of  much  shorter  subulate  squamellae. — From  Texas  to  Montana 
and  west  to  the  Pacific. 

32a.  Erigeron  divergens  arenarius  (Greene)  A.  Nels.  Freely,  slenderly, 
and  diffusely  branched:  leaves  small  and  numerous:  rays  pale  (lavender): 
the  pappus  apparently  simple.  (E.  arenarius  Greene,  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club 
25:  121.  1898.) — Through  the  southern  part  of  our  range  to  Arizona. 

326.  Erigeron  divergens  nudiflorus  (Buckley)  A.  Nels.  Branches  rather 
few  and  suberect,  densely  leafy  for  two  thirds  of  their  length  and  terminating 
in  a  rather  stout  naked  peduncle:  leaves  linear-spatulate,  densely  cinereous- 
hirsute.  (E.  nudiflorus  Buckley,  Proc.  Acad.  Sci.  Phila.  456.  1862;  E. 
pedunculata  Heller.) — Colorado  to  Arizona.  The  varieties  as  well  as  the 
species  are  probably  biennial.  Intermediate  forms  are  common. 

33.  Erigeron  colo-mexicanus  A.  Nels.    Stems  few  to  several  from  a  slender 
annual  taproot,   ascending,   naked-pedunculiform  above  the  middle,   very 
leafy,  flowering  when  very  short,  the  later  heads  on  stems  7-15  cm.  long: 
leaves  mostly  linear-spatulate  to  linear,  the  basal  sometimes  oblanceolate 
and  3-lobed  at  apex,  all  softly  cinereous-pubescent:  heads  much  as  in  E. 
divergens.     (E.  cinereus  Gray,  PI.  Fendl.  68.  1848;  not  E.  cinereus  H.  &  A. 
Comp.  Bot.  Mag.  2:  50.  1836.) — Southern  Colorado  and  New  Mexico. 

34.  Erigeron  flagellaris  Gray,  Mem.  Am.  Acad.  4:  68.  1849.    More  or  less 
cinereous  with  appressed  pubescence;  stems  slender,  diffusely  decumbent  and 
flagellif orm  but  leafy,  some  prostrate,  some  at  length  rooting  at  the  apex  and 
proliferous:  leaves  small,  entire;  radical  spatulate  and  petioled;  those  of  the 
branches  becoming  linear:  solitary  peduncles  4-10  cm.  long:  rays  white  or 
purplish:  pappus  double,  the  outer  of  subulate  bristles.     (E.  MacDougallii 
Heller,  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  26:  599.  1899.)— Moist  soil;  from  Montana  to 
New  Mexico  and  Texas. 

35.  Erigeron  philadelphicus  L.  Sp.  PL  863.  1753.     Perennial  by  stolons 

ROCKY  MT.  BOT. — 34 


530  COMPOSITAE  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY) 

and  offsets,  soft-pubescent  or  sometimes  nearly  glabrous;  stems  slender, 
mostly  branched  above,  3-9  dm.  high:  basal  and  lower  leaves  spatulate  or 
obovate,  obtuse,  dentate,  2-7  cm.  long,  narrowed  into  short  petioles;  upper 
stem  leaves  clasping  and  often  cordate  at  the  base:  heads  several  or  numerous, 
corymbose-paniculate,  10-25  mm.  broad,  slender-ped  uncled;  bracts  linear, 
usually  scarious-margined :  achenes  puberulent. — Through  much  of  North 
America;  in  fields  and  woods;  rather  rare  in  our  range. 

36.  Erigeron  lapiluteus  A.  Nels.    Biennial,  with  a  strong  vertical  taproot; 
generally  only  one  stem  from  the  enlarged  crown,  simple,  stout,  striate,  erect, 
paniculately  branched  as  to  the  inflorescence,  3-6  dm.  high,  purplish,  glabrate, 
the   whitish   hairs   very  straggling,    obscurely   granular:    leaves   numerous, 
glabrate;  crown  leaves  oblanceolate,  petioles  3-6  cm.  long;  lower  stem  leaves 
similar  but  with  short- winged  petioles;  upper  leaves  sessile,  narrowly  lanceo- 
late, not  much  reduced;  bracts  small,  linear:  heads  numerous,  on  rather  slen- 
der peduncles;  involucral  bracts  dark  green,  in  2  rows,  subequal,  very  narrow, 
acuminate,  shorter  than  the  1  cm.  high  disk:  flowers  very  numerous;  rays 
filiform,  purplish,  largely  concealed  by  copious  pappus:  achenes  linear,  less 
than  2  mm.  long;  the  soft,  dirty-white  pappus  nearly  3  times  as  long.     (E. 
yellowstonensis  A.  Nels.  Bot.  Gaz.  30:  198.  1900,  a  name  to  be  rejected.) — At 
middle  elevations,  in  open  woods  or  burned  over  timber  lands;  Colorado  to 
Montana. 

37.  Erigeron  acris  L.  Sp.  PL  863.  1753.    More  or  less  hirsute-pubescent; 
stems  1-2  dm.  high  from  a  biennial  or  perennial  root,  the  larger  plants  branch- 
ing and  bearing  several  or  numerous  somewhat  paniculately  disposed  heads: 
leaves  pubescent  or  glabrate,  entire;  the  radical  and  lower  cauline  spatulate, 
mostly  obtuse,  3-8  cm.  long,  petioled;  the  upper  cauline  mostly  oblong  or  ob- 
lanceolate, obtuse  or  acutish,  sessile:  involucre  hemispheric,  the  bracts  linear, 
hirsute:  rays  numerous,  purple,  equaling  or  exceeding  the  brownish  pappus: 
tubular  pistillate  flowers  filiform,  numerous:  pappus  simple  or  nearly  so, 
copious. — Across  the  continent  northward,  and  south  in  our  mountains  to 
Colorado. 

37a.  Erigeron  acris  debilis  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  1:  220.  1884.  Sparsely  pilose; 
stems  7-15  cm.  high  from  an  apparently  perennial  root,  slender:  leaves  bright 
green;  the  radical  obovate  or  oblong;  the  cauline  spatulate  to  lanceolate,  short: 
heads  1-3  in  a  terminal  cluster,  8-10  mm.  high;  bracts  of  the  involucre  sparsely 
hirsute  below,  the  smooth  attenuate  tips  spreading:  rays  in  flower  rather 
conspicuously  surpassing  the  disk.  (E.  jucundus  Greene,  Pitt.  3:  165.  1897.) 
— In  the  mountains  of  our  range  and  northward.  The  variety  Droebachensis 
probably  does  not  occur  in  our  range. 

38.  Erigeron  lonchpphyllus  Hook.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  1:  18.  1834.     Sparsely 
more  or  less  hirsute  with  spreading  bristly  hairs;  stems  clustered  on  the  small 
rootstock,   1-3  dm.  high,  leafy:  leaves  hirsutely  ciliate  below  the  middle, 
otherwise  glabrous  or  glabrate,  entire;  the  cauline  linear  or  linear-lanceolate 
(4-10  cm.  long,  2-6  mm.  wide),  the  lowest  linear-spatulate  or  oblanceolate 
and  usually  tapering  into  slender  petioles:   heads  ped uncled  and  simple- 
racemose,  or  rarely  panicled;  involucre  6-8  mm.  long:  rays  more  numerous 
than  the  disk-flowers,  the  purplish  or  whitish  nearly  filiform  ligules  when 
fully  developed  projecting  only  1-2  mm.  beyond  the  pappus:  disk-flowers 
filiform.     (E.  armeriaefolius  Turcz.  in  DC.  Prodr.  5:  291.  1836;  E.  racemosus 
Nutt.  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  7:  312.  1841.) — Moist  saline  meadows  in  the 
mountains  of  our  range  and  in  the  Sierra  Nevada,  and  far  northward. 

28.  WYOMINGIA  A.  Nels.     WYOMING  DAISY 

Perennials  with  woody  more  or  less  branched  roots  and  short,  woody, 
caespitose,  multicipital  caudices  whose  branches  are  roughened  or  sheathed 
by  the  bases  of  the  leaves  of  the  previous  years.  Stems  simple,  monocephalous, 
1  or  more  from  each  crown,  becoming  naked  and  pedunculiform  above.  Leaves 
crowded  on  the  crowns  and  on  the  bases  of  the  stems.  Heads  large ;  involucral 
bracts  in  3-4  successively  shorter  rows,  rigid  with  a  thickened  midrib.  Flowers 


COMPOSITAE  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY)  531 

ulster-like;  rays  broad,  comparatively  few;  disk-flowers  numerous.  Style- 
appendages  short,  triangular-cuspidate.  Achenes  short,  densely  pubescent, 
subterete. — Erigeron  in  part. 

Caudex  merely  an  enlarged  crown,  or  the  branches,  if  any,  very  short. 
Glistening  silvery-white,  the  pubescence  microscopically  fine,  ap- 
pressed      1.  W.  argentata. 

Greenish  but  more  or  less  cinereous-lanate. 

Leaves  short,  mostly  1-3  cm.  long       .         .         .         .         .         .2.  W.  cana. 

Leaves  long,  mostly  4-8  cm.  long      .         .         .         .         .         .     3.  W.  Tweedyana. 

Caudex  freely  branched,  forming  a  dense  tuft,  with  one  or  more  stems 

from  each  crown. 

Leaves  1-2  mm.  wide;  stems  slender,  curved-ascending     .         .         .4.  W.  pulcherrima. 
Leaves  2-5  mm.  wide;  stems  stoutish,  strict 5.  W.  cinerea. 

1.  Wyomingia   argentata    (Gray)    A.    Nels.      Silvery   white    pubescence 
throughout  very  close  and  fine,  the  separate  hairs  indistinguishable;  stems 
1-3  dm.  high:  radical  leaves  very  densely  clustered,  linear-spatulate  or  broader, 
2-5  cm.  long;  the  cauline  scattered  and  much  smaller:  heads  broad,  12-15  mm. 
high:  rays  rather  broad  and  large,  12-14  mm.  long:  achenes  sericeous-pubescent 
or  villous,  5-8-nerved.     (Erigeron  argentatus  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  8:  649. 
1873.) — Desert  regions  of  western  Colorado  to  Utah  and  Nevada. 

2.  Wyomingia  cana  (Gray)  A.  Nels.     Silvery  appressed  pubescence  ob- 
viously strigillose  under  a  lens,  that  of  the  involucre  loose  and  spreading :  stems 
1-2  dm.  high,  leafy:  the  linear  cauline  leaves  gradually  diminishing  upward; 
the  radical  spatulate-lanceolate  or  narrower:  head  about  8  mm.  high:  rays 
narrow,  6  mm.  long:  achenes  glabrous.    (Erigeron  canus  Gray,  PI.  Fendl.  67. 
1848.) — Arid  areas;  western  Nebraska  to  Wyoming  and  New  Mexico. 

3.  Wyomingia  Tweedyana  (Canby  &  Rose)  A.  Nels.    Perennial,  from  a  mul- 
ticipital  caudex,  1-2  dm.  high,  simple  or  somewhat  branched,  soft-pubescent 
below,  becoming  lanate  above  (apparently  densely  white,  lanate  when  young) : 
leaves  narrowly  linear,  4-8  cm.  long,  crowded  at  base,  reduced  and   scat- 
tered above,  somewhat  pubescent:  heads  6-10  mm.  high,  a  little  broader, 
terminating  the  simple  stems  or  the  branches:  the  peduncles  long  and  naked 
or  with  few  bract-like  leaves:  involucre  of  numerous  narrow  acuminate  bracts, 
so  crowded  as  to  seem  but  1-2  series,  with  tips  a  little  spreading,  densely 
lanate:  rays  numerous,  conspicuous,  white:  pappus  double,  the  outer  mul- 
tisquamellate;  achenes  pubescent.     (Erigeron   Tweedyana  Canby  &   Rose, 
Bot.  Gaz.  15:  65.  1890;  E.  montanensis  Rydb.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  24:  296. 
1898.) — Arid  districts;  Montana. 

4.  Wyomingia  pulcherrima  (Heller)  A.  Nels.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  26:  249. 
1899.     Stems  about  20  cm.  high,  tufted  at  the  base,  simple,  slender,  leafy, 
with  prominent  yellowish  lines,  pubescent  with  short,  appressed,  white  hairs: 
leaves  all  very  narrow,  about  1  mm.  wide;  the  basal  ones  linear-spatulate, 
about  1.5  cm.  long;  those  of  the  stems  2-4  cm.  long,  linear,  acute,  white- 
pubescent:  peduncles  a  prolongation  of  the  stems,  2-5  cm.  long:  heads  large, 
3.5  cm.  in  diameter,  7  mm.  high;  involucral  bracts  in  about  4  rows,  slightly 
spreading,  linear-lanceolate,  with  spreading  pubescence:  rays  20-30,  either 
white,  pinkish,  or  violet  blue,  1.5  cm.  long,  2  mm.  wide,  emarginate.— -Sandy 
hills;  New  Mexico  and  probably  southern  Colorado. 

5.  Wyomingia  cinerea  A.  Nels.  1.  c.  .250.    Stems  erect,  fascicled,  somewhat 
striate  with  yellowish-green  lines,  about  2  dm.  high,  the  upper  part  naked- 
pedunculate,  usually  with  a  single  bract:  leaves  linear  or  some  of  the  crown 
leaves  spatulate,  acute,  cinereous  (as  are  also  the  stems)  with  a  short,  close, 
appressed  pubescence:  heads  large,  when  fully  open  3  cm.  or  more  across; 
involucre  broadly  hemispherical,  about  1  cm.  high;  the  bracts  acute,  cinereous 
with  a  spreading,  crinkled  pubescence:  rays  30  (more  or  less),  5-7-nerved, 
white  or  pinkish,  the  tube  finely  pubescent  as  are  also  the  disk  florets,  3  mm. 
broad,  3-toothed  at  the  rounded  apex:  pappus  tawny,  in  a  single  series,  about 
as  long  as  the  disk-corollas,  the  bristles  mostly  abruptly  flexed  one  third  their 
length  below  the  apex:  achene  short,  striately  marked  with  2-4  greenish- 
yellow  lines:  receptacle  flat,  alveolate. — Desert  hillsides;  south  central  Wyo- 
ming. 


532  COMPOSITAE  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY) 

29.  LEPTILON  Raf.     CANADA  FLEABANE 

Annual  or  biennial  caulescent  herbs.  Leaves  alternate;  blades  narrow, 
entire,  or  sparingly  toothed.  Heads  small,  radiate  or  discoid.  Involucres 
usually  campanulate ;  bracts  several,  in  2-3  series.  Receptacle  naked.  Ray- 
flowers  few,  pistillate,  with  short  white  or  purplish  ligules;  disk-flowers 
several,  perfect,  the  corollas  usually  with  4  lobes.  Stigmas  flattened,  with 
short  appendages.  Achenes  flattened,  often  pubescent.  Pappus  of  many 
brittle  hair-like  bristles  in  1  series. 

1.  Leptilon  canadense  (L.)  Brit.  111.  Fl.  3:   391.   1898.      From  sparsely 
hispid  to  almost  glabrous;  stem  strict,  2-12  dm.  high,  with  numerous  narrowly 
paniculate  heads,  or  in  depauperate  plants  only  a  few  scattered  heads:  leaves 
linear,  entire,  or  the  lowest  spatulate  and  incised  or  few-toothed:  rays  white, 
usually  a  little  exserted  and  surpassing  the  style-branches.     (Erigeron  cana- 
dense.)— A  weed  in  waste  grounds  throughout  the  continent. 

2.  Leptilon  divaricatum  Raf.  Fl.  Tell.  2:  265.  1818.     Low,  1-2  dm.  high, 
diffusely  much  branched,  somewhat  fastigiate:  leaves  all  narrowly  linear  or 
subulate,  entire:  rays  purplish,  rarely  surpassing  the  style-branches  or  the 
pappus.    E.  divaricatum. — Possibly  coming  into  our  southeastern  border. 

30.  BACCHARIS  L. 

More  or  less  shrubby,  with  alternate,  simple  leaves,  and  the  branches 
striate,  bearing  small  heads  of  white  or  yellowish  flowers.  Heads  completely 
dioecious,  many-flowered.  Involucre  regularly  imbricated.  Receptacle  mostly 
flat  and  naked,  rarely  chaffy.  Flowers  of  the  staminate  heads  with  tubular- 
funnelform,  5-cleft  corolla;  the  pistillate  with  corolla  reduced  to  a  slender 
truncate  or  minutely  toothed  tube.  Achenes  5-10-costate.  Pappus  of  the 
staminate  flowers  a  series  of  scabrous  and  often  tortuous  bristles;  those  of  the 
fertile  flowers  usually  more  numerous,  finer,  and  often  elongated  fn  fruit. 

Herbaceous  except  at  base. 

Pappus  copious,  elongating  in  fruit  and  surpassing  the  style-branches 


leaves  linear,  entire 
Pappus  scanty,  scarcely  elongating  in  fruit;  leaves  elongated-lanceolate 

somewhat  serrate  .... 

Shrubs,  1-4  m.  high. 

Involucral  bracts  all  acute    .... 
Involucral  bracts  obtuse  (at  least  most  of  them) 


1.  B.  Wrightii. 

2.  B.  glutinosa. 

3.  B.  salicina. 

4.  B.  Emoryi. 


1.  Baccharis  Wrightii  Gray,  PI.  Wright.  1:  101.  1852.     Herbaceous  from 
a  woody  base,  very  smooth  and  glabrous,  3-6  dm.  high,  diffusely  branching, 
sparsely  leaved;  slender  branches  terminated  by  solitary  heads:  leaves  linear, 
small;  the  uppermost  linear-subulate:  involucre  campanulate,  7-10  mm.  high; 
the  bracts  lanceolate,  gradually  acuminate,  conspicuously  scarious-margined, 
with  a  green  back:  pappus  very  copious  and  pluriserial,  soft,  elongating  in 
fruit,  fulvous  or  purplish,  4  times  the  length  of  the  scabrous-glandular  8-10- 
nerved  achene. — Western  Texas  to  southern  Colorado  and  Arizona. 

2.  Baccharis  glutinosa  Pers.  Syn.  2:  425.  1807.    Stems  herbaceous  above 
but  woody  toward  the  base,  1-3  m.  high;  branches  somewhat  striate-angled : 
leaves  elongated-lanceolate,  serrate  with  few  or  several  scattered  teeth  on 
each  side,  more  or  less  distinctly  3-nerved  from  near  the  base,  7-15  cm.  long: 
heads  mostly  6  mm.  long,  numerous  and  corymbosely  cymose  at  the  summit 
of  comparatively  simple  stems  or  branches;  involucre  stramineous:  pappus 
not  very  copious  or  flaccid,  and  elongated  hardly  at  all  in  fruit;  achene 
5-nerved. — From  southern  California  to  southern  Colorado  and  Texas. 

3.  Baccharis  salicina  T.  &  G.  Fl.  2:  258.  1842.    Branching  shrubs,  1-4  m. 
high,  glabrous  or  nearly  so,  usually  viscous,  with  a  resinous  exudation:  leaves 
mostly  subsessile,  oblong  to  linear-lanceolate,  sparingly  toothed,  rarely  en- 
tire: heads  or  glomerules  pedunculate;  involucre  campanulate,  about  6mm. 
high;  the  bracts  ovate  and  acutish:  pappus  more  or  less  copious,  but  mostly 
uniserial,  conspicuously  elongating  in  fruit,  white,  soft  and  flaccid;  achenes 
10-nerved. — Southern  Colorado  to  Texas  and  far  westward. 


COMPOSITAE  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY)        533 

4.  Baccharis  Emoryi  Gray,  Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  83.  1859.  Erect,  with 
slender  branches,  1-4  m.  high:  cauline  leaves  mostly  oblong  or  the  lower 
broader,  with  attenuate  or  cuneate  base  and  the  larger  somewhat  petioled, 
more  or  less  triple-nerved,  often  with  2-4  short  lobes  or  teeth;  those  of  the 
branches  oblanceolate  to  linear,  mostly  entire,  1-nerved:  heads  somewhat 
nakedly  paniculate  on  the  branchlets,  short-pedunculate  or  the  glomerules 
more  or  less  pedunculate;  involucre  campanulate  or  oblong,  5-7  mm.  long, 
mostly  of  firm  coriaceous  and  obtuse  bracts;  the  outermost  oval,  the  inner 
oblong,  the  innermost  thin,  linear,  and  acutish. — Southern  California  to 
Nevada  and  Arizona,  and  reported  from  southwestern  Colorado. 

31.  FILAGO  L. 

Low  woolly  annuals  with  small  more  or  less  glomerate  heads.  Receptacle 
hemispherical  or  conical.  Fertile  pistillate  flowers  in  2  sets,  the  outer  set 
separated  from  the  inner  by  a  circle  of  open,  scarious  or  chaff -like  nearly  gla- 
brous bracts;  flowers  of  the  outer  set,  which  is  borne  on  the  margin  of  the 
receptacle,  commonly  destitute  of  pappus,  each  loosely  infolded  by  a  concave 
or  boat-shaped  long-woolly  bract;  flowers  of  the  inner  set  provided  with  a 
pappus  of  copious  capillary  bristles,  not  infolded  by  bracts.  Hermaphrodite 
flowers  in  the  center  of  the  head  few,  often  fertile,  their  pappus  abundant. 
Achenes  terete  or  nearly  so,  either  smooth  or  minutely  granular. — Evax 
Gaertn. 

1.  Filago  prolifera  (Nutt.)  Brit.  Mem.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  5:  329.  1894. 
Rather  stout;  stem  7-12  cm.  high,  simple  and  erect,  or  with  ascending  branches 
from  the  base,  bearing  numerous  small  spatulate  leaves  and  a  capituliform 
glomerule,  10-12  mm.  in  diameter,  whence  proceed  1-3  nearly  leafless 
branches  similarly  terminated;  sometimes  again  proliferous:  fructiferous 
bracts  scarious,  oval  or  oblong,  mainly  naked;  those  embracing  staminate 
flowers  more  herbaceous  and  woolly-tipped,  of  firmer  or  more  herbaceous 
texture:  staminate  flowers  each  on  a  filiform  stipe  representing  an  abortive 
ovary.  Evax  prolifera. — Dakota,  Colorado,  and  southward. 

32.  ANTENNARIA*  Gaertn. 

Dioecious  or  polygamo-dioecious  perennial  herbs  with  alternate  leaves  and 
many-flowered  heads  of  inconspicuous  flowers.  Heads  discoid;  the  pistillate 
flowers  with  filiform  truncate  corolla  shorter  than  the  2-cleft  style ;  the  stami- 
nate with  tubular  5-lobed  corolla  and  style  with  undivided  truncate  apex.  In- 
volucre of  imbricated,  scarious,  persistent  bracts,  at  least  their  tips  white  or 
colored.  Receptacle  flat  or  convex,  naked.  Achenes  small,  nearly  terete  or 
flattish,  mostly  glabrous.  Pappus  a  single  series  of  capillary  bristles,  those  of 
the  fertile  flowers  very  slender,  connate  at  base,  and  so  falling  from  the  achene 
in  a  body;  those  of  the  sterile  often  crisped,  mostly  thickened  at  the  apex. 

PLANTS  SURCULOSE-PROLIFEROUS  WITH  LEAFY  STOLONS 
Leaves  comparatively  small,  5-25  mm.  long. 
Tips  of  involucral  bracts  green  or  brown. 

Stems  very  slender,  2-7  cm.  high     .         .         .         .         .  1.  A.  media. 

Stems  medium,  8-15  cm.  high.  • 

Leaves  broadly  spatulate;  involucres  6-7  mm.  high  .       2.  A.  fusca. 

Leaves  spatulate-oblanceolate;  involucres  about  5  mm.  high. 

Leaves  obtuse,  tomentose  .         .         .         .         .  3.  A.  reflexa. 

Leaves  acute,  canescent  4.  A.  umbrinella. 

Tips  of  involucral  bracts  not  brown  or  green. 

Heads  comparatively  small,  involucres  5  (4-6)  mm.  high. 
Tips  of  involucral  bracts  rose-color  or  rarely  whitish. 

Leaves  narrowly  oblanceolate,  acute  .         .         .         .       5.  A.  rosea. 

Leaves  spatulate,  obtuse  '    .         .         .         .         .  6.  A.  concinna. 


*  The  treatment  of  this  genus  is  largely  an  adaptation  from  Prof.  Elias  Nelson's  clear 
and  discriminating  revision  of  a  large  part  of  the  genus,  in  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Museum  23: 
697-713.  1901. 


534  COMPOSITAE  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY) 

Tips  of  invqlucral  bracts  white. 
Stems  evident. 

Stems  generally  more  than  1  dm.  high  (1-4  dm.);  to- 

mentum  fine,  silky,  appressed. 

Leaves  of  the  stolons  narrowly  oblanceolate,  acute         .       7.  A.  corymbosa 
Leaves  of  the  stolons  spatulate,  obtuse  or  acute  .       8.  A.  parvifolia. 

Stems  rarely  more  than  1  dm.  high  (3-15  cm.);  hoary- 

tomentose. 

Leaves  conduplicate  for  the  most  part          .          .  9.  A.  arida. 

Leaves  not  conduplicate  .         .         .         .         .     10.  A.  scariosa. 

Stems  wanting,  the  heads  sessile  in  the  rosulate  leaves         .     11.  A.  rosulata. 
Heads  comparatively  large,  involucres  8  (7-9)  mm.  high. 
Leaves  permanently  tomentose  on  both  surfaces. 

Pistillate  bracts  acute 12.  A.  oxyphylla. 

Pistillate  bracts  generally  obtuse 13.  A.  aprica. 

Leaves  glabrous  above  or  nearly  so 14.  A.  marginata. 

Leaves  comparatively  large,  3-5  cm.  long. 
Leaves  green  and  glabrate  above. 

Leaves  oblanceolate  to  linear  .         .         .         .         .         .     15.  A.  oblancifoha. 

Leaves  broadly  oval  to  oblong  .          .          .          .          .          .     16.  A.  racemosa. 

Leaves  tomentose  above  also          .         .         .         .         .         .         .     17.  A.  obovata. 

PLANTS  NOT  SURCULOSE-PROLIFEROUS 
Plants  more  than  1  dm.  high;  pappus-bristles  of  the  staminate  heads 

clavate. 
Plants  tall  (3-6  dm.);  bracts  tomentose  except  the  scarious  tips. 

Leaves  linear  or  narrowly  oblanceolate  ....     18.  A.  luzuloides. 

Leaves  lanceolate  or  spatulate-lanceolate  ....     19.  A.  pulcherrima. 

Plants  lower  (less  than  3  dm.);  bracts  nearly  glabrous          .         .     20.  A.  oblanceolata. 
Plants  less  than  1  dm.  high;  pappus-bristles  not  clavate       .         .         .     21.  A.  dimorpha. 

1.  Antennaria  media  Greene,  Pitt.  3:  286.  1898.    Rarely  more  than  6  cm. 
high;  stolons   1-3  cm.  long:   leaves  spatulate-oblanceolate,   often  narrowly 
so,  abruptly  acute  or  acutish,  15  mm.  or  less  long,  white  or  grayish-tomentose 
on  both  surfaces:  involucres  (pistillate)  about  4  mm.  high;  tips  of  the  pis- 
tillate bracts  oblong  to  oblong-linear,  obtuse,  rarely  acutish,  green  or  greenish- 
brown,  rarely  light  brown  and  whitish  at  the  very  tips;  tips  of  the  staminate 
bracts  oval,  obtuse,  of  same  color  as  the  pistillate  ones. — From  the  mountains 
of  California  to  British  Columbia  and  in  the  Rocky  Mountains  from  Colorado 
to  Alberta. 

2.  Antennaria  fusca  E.  Nels.  Bot.  Gaz.  30:  120.  1900.    About  1  dm.  high: 
leaves  spatulate,  obtuse  and  more  or  less  truncate  at  apex,  indistinctly  mucro- 
nate,  about  2  cm.  long,  5-7  mm.  broad,  canescently  tomentulose  or  striate- 
woolly  on  both  surfaces:  involucres  6-7  mm.  high,  the  tips  of  the  bracts 
(pistillate)    oblong    or  oblong-linear,   obtuse,   greenish-brown   to  buff-color: 
staminate  plant  unknown. — In  the  mountains;  Wyoming. 

3.  Antennaria  reflexa  E.  Nels.  Bot.   Gaz.  27:  208.  1899.     Slightly  suf- 
frutescent,  5-15  cm.  high:  leaves  spatulate  or  spatulate-obovate,  obtuse,  6-15 
mm.  long  (usually  10  mm.),  dull  grayish-white,  tomentose  on  both  surfaces: 
involucres  4-5  mm.  high;  the  bracts  few,  in  less  than  3  series;  the  tips  of  the 
pistillate  usually  from  oval  in  the  outer  to  oblong-linear  in  the  inner,  all  ob- 
tuse, less  frequently  ovate  or  lanceolate  in  the  outer  to  linear  in  the  inner,  and 
acute  or  acuminate,  greenish-brown  to  yellowish-white,  rarely  rose-color;  the 
tips  of  the  staminate  oval,  obovate  or  oblong,  obtuse  or  truncate,  usually  of 
firm  texture,  like  the  pistillate  ones  as  to  color.    (A.  flavescens  Rydb.  Mem. 
N.  Y.  Bot.  Gard.  1:  411.  1900.)— Colorado  to  Montana. 

4.  Antennaria-  umbrinella  Rydb.   Bull.  Torr.   Bot.   Club   24:  302.  1897. 
Stems  10-15  cm.  high;  stolons  4  cm.  long  or  less:  leaves  narrowly  spatulate- 
oblanceolate,   acute   or    abruptly  acute   and   mucronate,    15-25  mm.   long, 
canescent  on  both  surfaces,  rarely  tomentose:  involucres  5-6  mm.  high;  tips 
of  the  bracts  (pistillate)  oblong  or  oblong-lanceolate,  obtuse,  rarely  acutish, 
greenish-brown,  the  very  tips  often  whitish:  typical  staminate  plants  un- 
known.   (A.  mucronata  E.  Nels.  1.  c.  209.) — Colorado  to  Montana  and  Oregon. 

5.  Antennaria  rosea  (Eat.)  Greene,  Pitt.  3:  281.  1898.     Slender,  2-4  dm. 
high;  sterile  basal  branches  ascending  to  erect,  rarely  prostrate;  the  canescent 
tomentum  of  the  leaves  and  the  striate  wool  of  the  stems  slightly  viscid: 
leaves  very  narrowly  oblanceolate  or  elongated-spatulate,  acute,  15-20  mm. 


COM  POSIT  AE  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY)  535 

long,  less  than  5  mm.  wide:  heads  in  close  and  rounded  or  often  rather  open 
clusters:  involucres  5-6  mm.  high;  bracts  (pistillate)  in  about  3  series,  nearly 
equal  or  somewhat  imbricated,  the  tips  oval  to  linear,  usually  all  obtuse,  rose- 
color  to  dull  white:  staminate  plant  unknown. — From  Colorado  to  Alberta 
and  the  Pacific  States. 

5a.  Antennaria  rosea  imbricata  E.  Nels.  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Museum  23:  707. 
1901.  Leaves  obovate  or  oblanceolate,  *>btusish,  20-25  mm.  long,  about  5 
mm.  wide,  thin  in  texture,  the  indument  appressed,  whitish:  involucral  bracts 
(pistillate)  broader  than  in  the  species,  in  about  4  series,  imbricated,  rose- 
color  to  nearly  white. — Wyoming  and  Montana  to  California  and  Oregon. 

6.  Antennaria  concinna  E.  Nels.  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Museum  23:  705.  1901. 
Caespitose,  with  leafy  offsets  or  procumbent  stolons,  the  latter  at  most  5  cm. 
long;  stems  slender,  leafy,  10-15  cm.  high:  leaves  spatulate,  with  no  distinc- 
tion of  blade  or  petiole,  scarcely  abruptly  acute,  about  1  cm.  long  and  2-4  mm. 
broad,  white-tomentose  on  both  surfaces;  the  cauline  linear-oblong  to  linear, 
acute,  shorter  than  the  internodes:  heads  6-8  and  glomerate,  or  often  as  many 
as  15,  and  the  cluster  then  rather  open;  involucres  6-7  mm.  high;  bracts 
(pistillate)  in  about  3  series,  all  obtuse  and  about  1  mm.  wide,  the  herbaceous 
portion  livid  green,  the  outer  bracts  with  a  brown  middle  portion  and  their 
tips  light  brown,  the  tips  of  the  others  rose-color  or  yellowish-white:  stami- 
nate plant  unknown. — Colorado  and  Wyoming  to  Washington. 

7.  Antennaria    corymbosa    E.    Nels.   Bot.    Gaz.    27:    212.     March   1899. 
Stem  slender,  12-25  cm.  high;  stolpns  flexible:  leaves  from  almost  linear  to 
narrowly  oblanceolate,   rarely  oblanceolate,   acute,   cuspidately  mucronate, 
25-35  mm.  long,  canescent  or  lightly  tomentose,  rarely  green  and  glabrate: 
heads  more  or  less  pediceled  and  corymbosely  disposed;  involucres  4-5  mm. 
high;  bracts  with  a  brownish  spot  at  the  middle,  the  tips  dull  white  or  milky 
white,  the  pistillate  ones  ovate  to  oblong,  obtuse,  the  staminate  rotund  to 
oblong,  obtuse  or  truncate.     [A.  nardina  Greene,  Pitt.  4:  82.  Dec.  1899.] — 
In  the  mountains;  Colorado  to  Montana. 

8.  Antennaria  parvifolia  Nutt.  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  7:  406.  1842.    Slen- 
der, 1-3  dm.  high;  stolons  short,  procumbent:  leaves  rhomboidally  spatulate 
and  acute  or  rarely  with  the  terminal  dilated  portion  obovate  and  obtuse, 
5-15  mm.  long,  silvery-tomentose  on  both  surfaces  or  only  canescent  above: 
heads  in  a  rounded  cluster  or  in  an  open  corymb;  involucres  5-6  mm.  high; 
tips  of  the  pistillate  bracts  usually  narrow,  obtuse  or  acute,  dull  white  or 
somewhat  yellowish;  those  of  the  staminate  bracts  rotund  to  oblong,  obtuse 
or  truncate,   dull  white  or  yellowish- white.     (A.  microphylla  Rydb.   Bull. 
Torr.   Bot.   Club   24:  303.  1897.) — Colorado  to  Nevada  and  northward  to 
Alberta. 

8a.  Antennaria  parvifolia  bracteosa  (Rydb.)  A.  Nels.  About  3  dm.  high: 
leaves  broadly  spatulate,  thin  in  texture,  canescent  or  tomentose,  15-20  mm. 
long;  the  cauline  about  3  cm.  long:  involucral  bracts  (pistillate)  narrow,  the 
tips  white,  acutish  to  acuminate.  (A.  bracteosa  Rydb.  Mem.  N.  Y.  Bot.  Gard. 
1:  413.  1900.) — Colorado  to  Montana. 

9.  Antennaria  arida  E.  Nels.  Bot.  Gaz.  27:  210.  1900.     Stems  7-15  cm. 
high:  leaves  small  (8-12  mm.  long)  and  inclined  to  be  conduplicate,  spatulate, 
acute,  hoary-tomentose :  involucres  about  6  mm.  high;  the  bracts  (pistillate) 
nearly  all  equal,  obtuse,  or  somewhat  imbricated  and  acutish,  the  tips  dull 
white,  very  rarely  pinkish:  staminate  plant  unknown. — In  the  arid  desert 
areas;  Colorado,  Wyoming,  and  Utah. 

9a.  Antennaria  arida  viscidula  E.  Nels.  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Museum  23:  710. 
1901.  Size,  habit,  and  leaves  of  the  species,  but  glandular  about  the  inflores- 
cence, stem,  and  usually  on  the  leaves  below:  middle  portions  of  outer  bracts 
(pistillate)  greenish-yellow  or  brown,  the  tips  dirty  white  or  pale  brown. — 
Wyoming  and  Colorado. 

96.  Antennaria  arida  humilis  (Rydb.)  E.  Nels.  1.  c.  General  aspect  of  the 
species  but  taller,  15-20  cm.  high,  rarely  more:  the  leaves  somewhat  larger: 
the  involucral  bracts  moce  unequal.  (A.foliacea  humilis  Rydb.  Mem.  N.  Y. 
Bot.  Gard.  1:  414.  1900.)— Montana  and  Wyoming. 


536  COMPOSITAE  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY) 

10.  Antennaria  scariosa  E.  Nels.  Bot.  Gaz.  27:  211.  1899.     Caespitose, 
lightly  hoary-tomentose  throughout;  stems  3-6  cm.  high;  stolons  short,  at 
most  4  cm.  long:  leaves  1.4  cm.  long  or  less,  spatulate,  obtuse  or  acutish,  in- 
clined to  be  conduplicate ;  cauline  leaves  rather  ample,  oblanceolate  to  nar- 
rowly oblong,  occasionally  the  lowest  spatulate:  heads  6  mm.  high,  sessile,  6-8 
in  a  subcapitate,  leafy-bracted  cluster;  bracts  (pistillate)  rather  conspicuously 
scarious,  all  obtuse,  the  scarious  portion  milk-white,  elliptic  to  obovate. — 
Southwestern  Wyoming. 

11.  Antennaria   rosulata    Rydb.    Bull.    Torr.    Bot.    Club    24:  300.  1897. 
Densely  matted  and  depressed,  the  heads  scarcely  rising  above  the  leaves: 
these  spatulate,  obtuse  or  acutish,  6-10  mm.  long:  involucres  about  7  mm. 
high.    (A.  Sierrae-blancae  Rydb.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  31:  127.  1905,  "leaves 
glabrate  above.") — Arizona  to  southern  Colorado. 

12.  Antennaria  oxyphylla  Greene,  Pitt.  4:  284.  1901.      Stems    15-25  cm. 
high:    leaves  spatulate-obovate,  permanently  tomentose  on  both  surfaces,  2 
cm.  long  or  less:  heads  6-15;  involucres  7-8  mm.  high;  bracts  in  about  4  series, 
imbricated,  "all  acute  and  of  a  rather  dull  white,"  rarely  .pinkish :  staminate 
plant  unknown. — Southern  Wyoming  to  South  Dakota  and  British  Columbia. 

13.  Antennaria  aprica  Greene,  Pitt.  3:  282.  1898.    Low  and  usually  densely 
matted,  less  than  17  cm.  high:  leaves  cuneate-obovate  to  narrowly  oblanceo- 
late, permanently  tomentose  on  both  surfaces,  acute  to  obtuse:  heads  large 
for  the  plant,  the  pistillate  involucres  6-8  mm.  high;  bracts  numerous  and 
imbricated;  the  tips  in  the  pistillate  plant. acute  or  obtuse,  dull  white  or  pink, 
often  with  a  brown  spot  at  the  base  of  the  scarious  portion;  in  the  staminate 
plant  broad  and  obtuse,  white.     (A.  Holmii  Greene,  Pitt.  4:  81.   1899.) — 
Dry  ground,  foothills  and  plains;  New  Mexico  to  Nebraska  and  northward 
to  Assiniboia  and  Manitoba. 

14.  Antennaria  marginata  Greene,  Pitt.  3:  290.  1898.    Like  A.  aprica,  but 
leaves  glabrous  above,  or  nearly  so,  and  prominently  mucronate:  staminate 
involucral  bracts  with  rhomboid-ovate  and  obtuse  or  acute  tips. — New  Mex- 
ico and  southern  Colorado. 

15.  Antennaria  oblancifolia  E.  Nels.  Bot.  Gaz.  30:  121.  1900.    Caespitose; 
stolons  very  short;  stems  slender,  15  cm.  high  or  less:  radical  leaves  oblanceo- 
late, those  of  the  stolons  narrowly  so,  acute,  mucronate,  about  2  cm.  long, 
sparsely  canescent  to  glabrous  above,  canescently  tomentose  below;  cauline 
leaves  linear  or  oblong-linear,  the  lower  acute,  the  upper  acuminate:  heads 
4-13,  in  close  racemose  or  paniculate  clusters;  involucres  (staminate)  4  mm. 
high,  the  herbaceous  portion  of  the  bracts  sparsely  woolly,  the  scarious  por- 
tion oval,  obtuse,  brownish  or  white. — Yellowstone  Park. 

16.  Antennaria  racemosa  Hook.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  1:  329.  1834.     Freely  sur- 
culose  by  long  and  slender,  sparsely  leafy  stolons,  lightly  woolly,  becoming 
glabrate;  flowering  stems  1-4  dm.  high,  slender,  sparsely  leafy,  bearing  few  or 
numerous  racemosely  or  paniculately  disposed   heads,   nearly  all  slender- 
peduncled:  leaves  thin,  the  radical  broadly  oval,  acute  at  each  end,  slender- 
petioled,  obscurely  3-nerved  at  base,  rather  veiny,  densely  tomentose  beneath, 
green  and  glabrate  above;  cauline  leaves  similar  but  smaller  and  sessile, 
lanceolate:  involucre  campanulate,  6  mm.  high;  the  bracts  green  or  brownish; 
those  of  the  staminate  heads  obtuse,  the  inner  obscurely  white-tipped ;  those 
of  the  pistillate  heads  narrow  and  mostly  acute,  with  scarious  white  tips. — 
Moist  woods  and  rocky  banks;  Oregon  to  British  Columbia  and  the  Rocky 
Mountains. 

17.  Antennaria  obovata  E.  Nels.  Bot.  Gaz.  27:  213.  1899.    Stems  30  cm. 
high;  stolons  5-8  cm.  long:  leaves  tomentose  on  both  sides;  the  basal  3  cm. 
long,  3-ribbed,  the  midrib  continuous  to  the  apex,  obovate-cuneate,  about  13 
mm.   broad;   cauline   leaves   small,    oblong-linear:   heads   3-7,   corymbosely 
disposed  on  pedicels  5-20  mm.  long;  involucres  sparingly  long,  woolly;  bracts 
(pistillate)  in  several  series;  the  outer  short  and  obtusish;  the  inner  twice  as 
long,  narrow,  acute  to  acuminate;  nearly  all  with  a  purplish  spot  at  the  mid- 
dle.   (A.  Howellii  Greene,  as  to  our  range.) — Along  the  eastern  base  of  the 
mountains;  Colorado  to  the  Black  Hills. 


COMPOSITAE  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY)  537 

18.  Antennaria  luzuloides  T.  &  G.  Fl.  2:  430.  1842.    "  Closely  silky-woolly  ; 
stems  slender,  2-3  dm.  high:  leaves  all  narrowly  linear  or  some  of  the  lowest 
narrowly   lanceolate-spatulate ;  the  small  uppermost  linear-subulate:   heads 
small,  4-5  ihm.  long,  several  or  numerous;  involucre  glabrous  nearly  or  quite 
to  the  base;  the  inner  bracts  in  the  pistillate  heads  obtuse:  achenes  glandular; 
the  spatulate  and  as  it  were  petaloid  tips  of  the  staminate  pappus  obtuse. "- 
British  Columbia  to  Oregon  and  Wyoming. 

19.  Antennaria  pulcherrima  (Hook.)  Greene,  Pitt.  3:  176.  1898.    Stems  sim- 
ple, not  surculose,  3-4  dm.  high,  stout:  basal  leaves  oblanceolate,  10-15  cm. 
long,  acute,  more  or  less  distinctly  3-nerved,  loosely  tomentose;  stem  leaves 
lance-linear,  acute,  the  upper  ones  small:  heads  6-8  mm.  high,  almost  hemi- 
spheric, tomentose  at  the  base;  the  bracts  in  3-4  series,  brown  or  with  scarious 
tips,  in  the  sterile  head  obtuse  or  truncate,  in  the  fertile  obtuse  or  acutish: 
pappus  (staminate)  moderately  dilated  above.    (A.  anaphaloides  Rydb.  Mem. 
N.  Y.  Bot.  Gard.  1:  409.  1900.)— Colorado  to  Montana  and  far  northward. 

20.  Antennaria  oblanceolata  Rydb.  Mem.  N.  Y.  Bot.  Gard.  1:  409.  1900. 
Stems  simple,  from  a  branching  caudex,  10-25  cm.  high,  slender:  basal  leaves 
oblanceolate  or  spatulate,  white  silky-tomentose,  mucronate,  3-nerved,  3-5  cm. 
long;  stem  leaves  similar,  narrower,  reduced:  heads  in  a  small  corymb,  small, 
4-5  mm.  high;  involucre  tomentose  only  at  the  base;  the  bracts  otherwise 
glabrous,  brownish,  only  the  inner  ones  with  a  white  tip,  in  the  sterile  obtuse, 
in  the  fertile  acutish:  pappus  (staminate)  much  dilated  at  the  end. — Colorado 
to  Montana,  British  Columbia,  and  California. 

21.  Antennaria  dimorpha  (Nutt.)  T.  &  G.  1.  c.  430.    Depressed,  caespitose, 
forming  dense  matted  tufts  2-5  cm.  high;  the  thickish  rootstocks  creeping; 
stems  very  leafy:  leaves  spatulate,  attenuate  below  to  a  petiole,  10-20  mm. 
long,  whitish-tomentose  both  sides:  heads  solitary,  6-8  mm.  high;  bracts  of 
the  involucre  well  imbricated,  the  outer  successively  shorter  and  obtuse,  the 
inner  acute  or  acuminate;  those  of  the  fertile  heads  narrow,  with  hyaline 
acuminate  tips:   achenes  oblong,  pubescent;  pappus  of  the  fertile  flowers 
copious,  of  soft  and  very  slender  bristles  that  are  not  at  all  thickened  upward. 
— Dry  plains;  Colorado,  far  northward  and  westward. 

33.  ANAPHALIS  DC.     PEARLY  EVERLASTING 

White-tomentose,  woolly  perennial  herbs  with  leafy  erect  stems,  entire 
leaves,  and  numerous  small  discoid  heads  of  yellow  disk-flowers.  Heads  dioe- 
cious but  usually  with  a  few  hermaphrodite  flowers  in  the  center  of  the  pistil- 
late heads.  Bristles  of  the  pappus  of  the  staminate  flowers  but  little  if  at  all 
thickened  at  the  apex;  those  of  the  pistillate  flowers  not  united  at  base  but 
falling  separately. 

1.  Anaphalis  subalpina  (Gray)  Rydb.  Mem.  N.  Y.  Bot.  Gard.  1:  415. 
1900.  Commonly  3-5  dm.  high,  in  tufts,  very  leafy,  the  white  floccose  wool 
rarely  becoming  tawny:  leaves  5-10  cm.  long,  rather  broadly  to  linear- 
lanceolate,  green  above,  the  broader  ones  indistinctly  3-nerved :  heads  numer- 
ous, corymbosely  cymose;  bracts  of  the  involucre  very  numerous,  almost 
wholly  pearly  white,  radiating  in  age.  A  naphalis  margaritacea,  as  to  our  range. 
— In  the  mountains  of  our  range  and  westward.  * 

34.  NACREA  A.  Nels. 

Perennial  from  horizontal  rootstocks.  Stems  stoutish,  erect,  permanently 
lanate  as  are  also  the  leaves.  Heads  discoid,  congested  in  a  cymose  corymb; 
involucral  bracts  thin,  pearly  white,  pluriserially  imbricated.  Flowers  all 
hermaphrodite.  Corolla  inserted  below  the  summit  of  the  achene  which  pro- 
jects into  the  tube  of  the  corolla  as  a  short,  cylindrical  base  supporting  the 
style.  Receptacle  plane,  alveolate.  Pappus-bristles  capillary,  thickened  at 
the  apex.  Achene  constricted  at  the  point  where  the  corolla  is  inserted,  basal 
portion  obconical. 


538  COMPOSITAE  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY) 

1.  Nacrea  lanata  A.  Nels.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  26:  357.  1899.  Stems 
single,  very  strict,  leafy,  2-4  dm.  high:  leaves  (like  the  stem)  densely  white 
lanate,  thick,  rather  rigid,  erect  or  somewhat  appressed  to  the  stem,  sessile  or 
clasping,  all  nearly  similar,  narrowly  oblong,  the  rounded-tapering  apex  sub- 
acute,  4-8  cm.  long,  the  floral  much  reduced:  heads  about  6  mm.  high,  bracts 
wanting  except  for  a  few  foliar  ones  at  the  lower  pedicels;  involucral  bracts 
ovate  to  narrowly  obovate,  the  inner  ones  with  a  narrowed  base :  corolla-tube 
slender,  the  limb  slightly  expanded,  yellow:  pappus-bristles  barbellulate,  the 
unicellular  barbules  becoming  large  and  obtuse  toward  the  thickened  apex 
of  the  bristle;  achenes  roughened  with  upwardly  pointed  papillae. — Known  as 
yet  only  from  Goose  Creek  Canon,  northern  Wyoming. 

35.  GNAPHALIUM  L.     CUDWEED.     EVERLASTING 

Floccose-woolly  herbs  with  sessile  and  sometimes  decurrent  leaves  and 
commonly  numerous  heads  of  small  flowers  in  cymose  clusters  or  glomerules. 
Heads  heterogamous,  discoid,  fertile  throughout,  of  few  or  many  series  of 
pistillate  flowers  surrounding  a  smaller  number  of  hermaphrodite  ones.  In- 
volucre pluriserial,  imbricated,  the  scarious  and  commonly  partly  woolly 
bracts  with  or  without  colored  papery  tips  or  appendages.  Style  of  her- 
maphrodite flowers  2-cleft.  Pappus  of  numerous  merely  scabrous  capillary 
bristles  in  a  single  series.  Achenes  terete  or  flattish,  mostly  nearly  nerveless. 

Heads  not  leafy-bracted;  involucre  woolly  only  at  base;  achenes  glabrous. 
Leaves  tomentose  on  both  faces. 

Narrowed  at  the  base  and  not  at  all  decurrent  .         .  1.  G.  Wrightii. 

Narrowed  at  the  base  and  more  or  less  decurrent          .         .         .     2.  G.  chilense. 
Leaves  green  on  the  upper  face  and  glandular-viscid        .         .         .     3.  G.  decurrens. 
Heads  leafy-bracted;  involucres  more  involved  in  wool. 
Freely  and  divaricately  branched  from  the  base. 

Tomentum  dense  and  flpccose;  leaves  oblong  to  spatulate          .     4.  G.  palustre. 
Tomentum  sparse  (especially  on  the  leaves)  and  appressed ;  leaves 

all  linear     .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .  5.  G.  angustifolium. 

Simple  and  erect  or  with  a  few  erect  basal  branches        .         .         .     6.  G.  strictum. 

1.  Gnaphalium  Wrightii  Gray,  PL  Wright.  1:  124.  1850.     Low,  1-2  dm. 
high,  branched  from  the  base,  v  the  stems  more  or  less  branched  throughout 
or  simple  to  near  the  summit ;  stems  and  leaves  grayish-woolly :  radical  leaves 
oblanceolate,  about  35  mm.  long;  the  cauline,  narrowly  oblanceolate  to  linear, 
1-3  cm.  long:  heads  sessile  in  small  glomerules  terminating  the  branches;  in- 
volucres 4-5  mm.  high;  bracts  dull  white,  from  ovate  in  the  outer  to  linear 
in  the  inner,  obtuse  or  acutish,  nearly  all  apiculate.     (G.  sulphurescens  Rydb. 
Mem.  N.  Y.  Bot.  Gard.  1:  415.  1900;  G.  thermale  E.  Nels.  Bot.  Gaz.  30:  121. 
1900,  the  description  of  which  is  here  used.) — Colorado  to  Texas  and  New 
Mexico  and  on  the  Hot  Springs  formations,  Yellowstone  Park. 

2.  Gnaphalium  chilense  Spreng.  Syst.  3:  480.  1826.    Stems  usually  stout, 
2-7  dm.  high:  leaves  lanceolate  or  linear,  or  the  lowest  spatulate,  densely 
white-woolly  or  sometimes  thinly  floccose,  the  short  decurrent  bases  or  ad- 
nate  auricles  rather  broad,  slightly  if  at  all  glandular  or  heavy-scented :  heads 
in  single  or  few  close  glomerules  terminating  the  stem  or  branches;  involucre 
hemispherical,  white  or  yellowish,  becoming  rusty-tinged.     G.  Sprengelii. — • 
Texas  to  southern  California  and  to  Montana  and  Oregon. 

3.  Gnaphalium  decurrens  Ives,  Am.  Journ.  Sci.  1:  380.  pi.  1.  1819.    Stem 
stout,   5-8  dm.  high,  corymbosely  branched  above  and  bearing  cymosely 
crowded  glomerules  of  broad  heads:  leaves  very  numerous,  lanceolate  or  the 
upper  linear,  obviously  adnate-decurrent,  the  upper  face  becoming  naked  and 
green  in  age  and  with  the  stem  glandular-pubescent  or  viscid,  white-woolly 
beneath,  strongly  balsamic-scented:  involucre  campanulate,  white,  becoming 
rusty-tinged. — From  Texas  and   New  Mexico  to   Washington  and   British 
Columbia,  and  eastward  to  New  England. 

4.  Gnaphalium  palustre  Nutt.  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  7:  403.  1841.    Loosely 
floccose  with  long  wool;  stems  erect  or  diffusely  branching  from  the  base, 
5-15  cm.  high:  leaves  spatulate  to  oblong  or  lanceolate-linear,  15-20  mm. 


COMPOSITAE  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY)  539 

long:  heads  very  numerous,  in  small  glomerules  terminating  the  stem  or 
branches;  involucre  campanulate,  the  bracts  linear,  with  glabrous,  white,  acute 
tips. — Borders  of  ponds  and  damp  places;  British  Columbia  to  California  and 
the  Rocky  Mountains. 

5.  Gnaphalium  angustifolium  A.  Nels.  Bull.  Torr.   Bot.  Club   26:  357. 
1899.    Low  annual,  branching  from  the  base;  stems  decumbent-spreading 
or  assurgent,  8-12  cm.  long,  loosely  floccose  on  the  stems  and  involucres, 
appressed-pubescent  on  the  leaves:  leaves  narrowly  to  broadly  linear,  2-4  cm. 
long:  the  small  heads  glomerate  in  the  axils,  the  upper  internodes  very  short 
forming  a  congested  leafy  cluster:  heads  moderately  involved  in  wool,  about 
3  mm.  high;  involucral  bracts  lanceolate,  acutish,  the  scarious  tips  white, 
brownish  below:  achene  roughened  with  short,  cylindrical  papillae. — Moist 
places;  Wyoming  and  Colorado. 

6.  Gnaphalium  strictum  Gray,  Pac.  R.  Rep.  4:  110.  1858.     Appressed- 
woolly;  stem  strict  and  simple,  1-2  dm.  high,  sometimes  branching  or  with 
ascending  stems  from  the  base:  leaves  all  linear,  seldom  2  mm.  wide:  heads 
in  spicately  disposed  glomerules  in  the  axils  or  on  short  lateral  branches; 
involucral  bracts  with  brownish  or  somewhat  whitish  tips,  obtuse. — Rocky 
Mountain  region,  from  Wyoming  to  New  Mexico  and  Arizona. 

36.  MELAMPODIUM  L. 

Annual  or  perennial  small  caulescent  herbs  or  shrubby  plants.  Leaves 
opposite;  blades  often  narrow,  thickish,  entire,  toothed,  or  pinnatifid.  Heads 
radiate,  sometimes  conspicuous.  Involucre  double,  the  outer  of  4-5  partially 
united  flat  bracts,  the  inner  a  series  of  bracts  each  embracing  an  achene 
and  deciduous  with  it,  but  unarmed.  Receptacle  convex  or  conic.  Ray- 
flowers  in  1  series,  pistillate;  li gules  white  or  yellow;  disk-flowers  perfect 
but  not  fruit-producing.  Anthers  entire  at  the  base.  Achenes  broadened 
upward,  somewhat  incurved.  Pappus  wanting. 

1.  Melampodium  cinereum  DC.  Prodr.  5:  518.  1836.  Branched  from  the 
base,  1.5-3  dm.  high,  cinereous  or  even  silvery-canescent  with  a  close  pubes- 
cence, or  greener:  leaves  linear  or  the  lower  lanceolate  or  spatulate,  entire  or 
undulate,  or  even  sinuate-pinnatifid :  ligules  5-9,  cuneate-oblong,  2-3-lobed 
at  apex,  6-12  mm.  long;  bracts  of  the  involucre  ovate,  appressed,  slightly 
united  at  base;  fructiferous  bracts  nearly  terete,  somewhat  incurved,  muri- 
cate  with  sharp  tubercles ;  the  hood  about  the  length  of  the  body  and  very 
much  wider,  nearly  smooth,  the  truncate  and  usually  even  margin  commonly 
incurved.  (M.  leucanthum  T.  &  G.) — Southern  Colorado  to  Arkansas,  Texas, 
and  Arizona. 

37.  PARTHENICE  Gray 

Tall  branched  annual.  Fertile  flowers  6-8,  with  ligule  obsolete  or  reduced 
to  2  or  3  small  teeth;  sterile  flowers  40  or  50,  with  funnelform  corolla.  In- 
volucre of  5  somewhat  herbaceous  oval  exterior  bracts,  and  of  6  or  8  somewhat 
larger  orb icular-ob  ovate  and  more  scarious  interior  ones,  these  subtending  the 
fertile  flowers.  Receptacle  convex,  with  linear-oblong  or  spatulate  chaffy 
bracts  subtending  the  outer  series  of  sterile  flowers,  but  mostly  minute  or 
wanting  to  the  inner  flowers.  Achenes  pblong-obpvate,  glabrous,  wingless 
but  acute-margined,  with  an  incurved  apiculation,  inserted  by  a  very  small 
base,  falling  away  at  maturity  with  the  involucral  and  2  receptacular  bracts, 
but  these  readily  separating.  Pappus  none,  and  corolla  deciduous. 

1.  Parthenice  mollis  Gray,  PI.  Wright.  2:  85.  1853.  Annual,  with  odor  of 
Artemisia,  1-2  m.  high,  paniculately  branched,  minutely  cinereous  through- 
out, wholly  destitute  of  any  coarser  pubescence:  leaves  all  alternate,  ovate, 
some  of  the  larger  (2-3  dm.  long)  subcordate,  acuminate,  irregularly  or  doubly 
dentate,  long-petioled :  heads  small,  4  mm.  broad,  numerous,  in  loose  axillary 
and  terminal  somewhat  leafy  panicles:  flowers  greenish- white. — Southern 
Colorado  to  Arizona. 


540  COMPOSITAE  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY) 

38.  BOLOPHYTA  Nutt. 

An  acaulescent  caespitose  perennial,  with  the  ligule  wanting,  the  corolla 
reduced  to  a  truncate  tube  which  is  obscurely  notched  at  the  front  and  back. 
— Parthenium . 

1.  Bolophyta  alpina  Nutt.  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  7:  347.  1841.  Densely 
tufted  on  a  thick  branching  caudex,  depressed,  rising  only  3-5  cm.  high: 
leaves  crowded,  silvery-canescent  with  a  fine  appressed  pubescence,  and 
villous  in  the  axils,  spatulate-linear,  2-3  cm.  long,  entire:  heads  solitary  and 
nearly  sessile  among  the  leaves:  pappus  a  pair  of  oblong-lanceolate  mem- 
branaceous  scales.  Parthenium  alpinum. — "  On  rocks  near  the  Three  Buttes," 
Rocky  Mountains  in  Wyoming  (at  7,000  feet).  (Nuttall.) 

39.  OXYTENIA  Nutt. 

Shrubby  perennial  with  erect  branches.  Leaves  alternate,  3-5-parted  into 
filiform  divisions,  or  the  upper  ones  often  sparse  and  entire.  Involucral  bracts 
about  5,  somewhat  coriaceous,  the  tips  rigidly  acuminate.  Bracts  of  the 
receptacle  slender,  chaffy,  with  cuneate-dilated  tips.  Pistillate  flowers  about 
5,  destitute  of  corolla;  staminate  flowers  10-20.  Young  achenes  obovate,  very 
villous  with  long  soft  hairs,  terminated  by  a  large  areola.  Pappus  none  or  a 
mere  vestige. 

1.  Oxytenia  acerosa  Nutt.  PI.  Gamb.  172.  1848.  Stems  canescent,  half- 
woody,  1-2  m.  high,  sometimes  leafless  and  rush-like,  sometimes  covered  with 
leaves  1.5  dm.  or  less  long:  heads  4  mm.  high,  numerous,  in  dense  panicles. — 
Dry  alkaline  plains;  southern  Colorado  to  California. 

40.  IVA  L. 

Ours  coarse  herbs  with  thickish  alternate  or  opposite  leaves  and  small 
nodding  heads  of  greenish-white  flowers.  Involucre  hemispherical,  the  bracts 
few  and  rounded.  Receptacle  with  chaff-like,  linear  or  spatulate  bracts. 
Marginal  flowers  of  the  head  pistillate,  1-5  in  number,  the  corollas  tubular 
or  none;  disk-flowers  perfect,  with  5-lobed  funnelform  corolla  and  undivided 
style.  Anthers  almost  distinct.  Achenes  flattened,  glabrous.  Pappus  none. 

Tall  coarse  plants;  the  heads  in  panicled  crowded  spikes       .         .  1.  I.  xanthifolia. 

Low  and  often  clustered  stems;  the  heads  solitary  axillary     .         .          .     2.  I.  axillaris. 

1.  Iva  xanthifolia  Nutt.  Gen.  2:  185.  1818.     Tall  and  coarse,  7-18  dm. 
high,  pubescent,  at  least  when  young:  leaves  mainly  opposite,  broadly  ovate, 
ample,  coarsely  or  incisely  serrate,  acuminate,  3-4-ribbed  at  base,  puberu- 
lently  scabrous  above:  panicles  axillary  and  terminal:  outer  involucral  bracts 
5,  broadly  ovate  and  herbaceous;  the  inner  of  as  many  membranaceous, 
dilated-obovate  or  truncate  ones,  which  are  strongly  concave  at  maturity  and 
half  embrace  the  obovate-pyriform  and  glabrate  achenes. — From  New  Mexico 
to  Idaho  and  the  Saskatchewan. 

2.  Iva  axillaris  Pursh,  Fl.  743.  1814.     Stems  or  branches  nearly  simple, 
ascending,  1-4  dm.  high:  leaves  obovate  or  oblong  to  nearly  linear,  obtuse, 
entire,  sessile,  1-3  cm.  long,  even  the  uppermost  usually  much  surpassing  the 
mostly  solitary  heads  in  their  axils:  bracts  of  the  involucre  connate  into  a  4 
or  5-lobed  or  sometimes  parted  or  merely  crenate  cup. — From  New  Mexico 
to  Dakota  and  the  Saskatchewan,  and  westward. 

41.  DICORIA  T.  &  G. 

Diffusely  branched  annuals  of  the  desert  area.  Upper  leaves  alternate. 
Inflorescence  loosely  paniculate.  Involucral  bracts  6  or  7,  distinct;  the  5 
outer  ones  herbaceous;  1  or  2  of  the  inner  ones  much  larger,  scarious  and  sub- 


COMPOSITAE  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY)  541 

tending  the  fertile  flowers,  or  these  wanting  in  staminate  heads.  Receptacular 
bracts  few,  narrow.  Pistillate  flowers  1  or  2,  destitute  of  corolla;  staminate 
flowers  6-12,  the  filaments  almost  free  from  the  corolla  and  monadelphous 
up  to  the  lightly  connected  anthers.  Achenes  surpassing  the  outer  involucre, 
convex  on  the  dorsal  side,  flat  on  the  anterior  face,  conspicuously  margined 
with  a  scarious  pectinate  border.  Pappus  of  several  small  squamellae. 

1.  Dicoria  Brandegei  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  11:  76.  1875.  Strigillose- 
canescent,  diffusely  and  alternately  branched:  leaves  of  the  branches  oblong- 
lanceolate  or  partly  spatulate,  obtuse,  mostly  entire,  2-3  cm.  long,  and  with 
slender  petiole:  heads  sparse,  racemose-paniculate:  fertile  flower  solitary;  the 
dilated-cuneate  hyaline  subtending  bract  hardly  surpassing  the  outer  invo- 
lucre: achene  naked  and  exserted,  bordered  with  pectinate  callous  teeth 
connected  by  an  indistinct  scarious  margin. — Sandy  bottoms  of  the  San  Juan, 
Colorado. 

42.  AMBROSIA  L.     RAGWEED 

Coarse  herbs  with  mostly  lobed  or  dissected  opposite  and  alternate  leaves 
and  dull  inconspicuous  flowers.  Sterile  heads  racemose  or  spicate  and  with  no 
bracts;  fertile  flowers  usually  glomerate  in  axils  below.  Involucre  of  the 
staminate  flowers  depressed-hemispherical  to  turbinate,  5-12-lobed  or  trun- 
cate, herbaceous.  Receptacle  flat  or  flattish,  usually  with  some  filiform  chaff 
among  the  outer  flowers.  Involucre  of  the  solitary  fertile  flower  nutlike,  apicu- 
late  or  beaked  at  the  apex,  and  usually  armed  with  4-8  tubercles  or  short 
spines  in  a  single  series  below  the  beak. 

Leaves  entire  or  palmately  3-cleft;  involucre  of  staminate  heads 

3-4-ribbed         .         .         f 1.  A.  trifida. 

Leaves  once  to  thrice  pinnatifid;  involucres  of  staminate  flowers  not 
ribbed. 

Annual;  fruit  with  acute  teeth 2.  A.  artemisiaefolia. 

Perennial  from  rootstocks;  fruit  unarmed  or  with  blunt  teeth         .     3.  A.  psilostachya. 

1.  Ambrosia  trifida  L.  Sp.  PL  987.  1753.     Tall  and  stout,  1-3  m.  high, 
roughish-hispid  or  almost  glabrous:  leaves  all  opposite,  very  deeply  3-lobed  or 
the  lower  5-lobed;  the  lobes  acuminate,  serrate:  sterile  racemes  long  and  dense; 
fertile  heads  clustered  and  as  if  involucrate  by  short  bracts:  fruit  very  thick, 
with  5-7  strong  ribs  or  angles  terminating  above  in  spinous  tubercles  around 
the  base  of  the  conical  beak.    Var.  integrifolia  T.  &  G.  with  entire  leaves. 
GREAT  RAGWEED. — Moist  banks  and  draws;  Colorado  and  far  northward  and 
eastward. 

2.  Ambrosia  artemisiaefolia  L.  1.  c.    Variously  pubescent  or  hirsute,  panic- 
ulately  branched,  3-6  dm.  high,  or  taller:   leaves  thinnish,  bipinnatifid  or 
pinnately  parted,  with  the  divisions  irregularly  pinnatifid  or  sometimes  nearly 
entire,  on  the  flowering  branches  often  undivided:  sterile  heads  pediceled: 
fruit  short-beaked,  armed  with  4-6  short  acute  teeth  or  spines. — A  weed  in 
waste   and   cultivated   grounds  across  the   continent,   known   variously  as 
ROMAN  WORMWOOD,  RAGWEED,  and  BITTERWEED. 

3.  Ambrosia  psilostachya  DC.  Prodr.  5:  526.  1836.     Stems  simple,  erect, 
commonly  5-10  (2-15)  dm.  high  from  slender  running  rootstocks;  herbage 
scabrous  or  short-hirsute,  somewhat  strigose:  leaves  once  or  the  lower  twice 
pinnatifid,  with  acute  lobes:  fruit  an  obovoid  turgid  bur,  about  3  mm.  long, 
mostly  solitary  in  the  axils,  pubescent,  rugose-reticulated,  bearing  4  pro- 
tuberances or  sometimes  unarmed.    WESTERN  RAGWEED. — A  common  weed 
along  roadsides  and  in  waste  places  throughout  western  North  America. 

43.  FRANSERIA  Cav. 

Ours  are  herbaceous,  with  chiefly  alternate  leaves,  and  the  spines  of  the 
fruiting  and  1-2-flowered  involucre  comparatively  few.  Heads  of  staminate 
flowers  as  in  A  rnbrosia.  or  sometimes  intermixed  with  the  pistillate.  Fertile 
involucre  1-4-flowered,  1-4-celled,  a  single  pistil  to  each  cell,  1-4-rostrate, 


542  COMPOSITAE  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY) 

more  or  less  bur-like,  being  armed  over  the  surface  with  several  or  numerous 
prickles  or  spines  (the  spiny  free  tips  of  the  component  bracts)  in  more  than  1 
series.  Leaves  mostly  alternate. 

Leaves  twice  or  thrice  pinnately  dissected. 

Annuals  .         .         .         ...         .         .  .  1.  F.  acanthicarpa. 

Perennials. 

Leaves  regularly  pinnate,  the  lobes  linear  or  narrowly  oblong       .  2.  F.  tenuifolia. 

Leaves  interruptedly  pinnate,  the  lobes  ovate  or  triangular  .         .  3.  F.  tomentosa. 

Leaves  simple  or  simply  pinnate 4.  F.  Grayi. 

1.  Franseria  acanthicarpa  (Hook.)  Coville,  Contr.  U.  S.  Nat.  Herb.  4:  129. 
1903.    Diffusely  spreading  or  sometimes  rather  strict,  3-6  dm.  or  more  high, 
from  an  annual  or  more  enduring  (?)  root;  in  age  scabrous  or  short-hirsute  and 
somewhat  canescent:  leaves  on  long  petioles,  broadly  ovate  in  outline,  once 
or  twice  pinnatifid  into  short,  rounded,  often  toothed  lobes:  staminate  racemes 
solitary  or  in  small  panicles,  the  heads  nodding  on  short  slender  peduncles; 
fruiting  involucres  in  the  axils  below,  either  solitary  or  2  or  3  together,  1- 
flowered,   glabrous;  spines  flat,   thin,   lanceolate-subulate,   with  straight  or 
slightly  curved  but  not  uncinate  tips.~  F.  Hookeriana. — Common  on  sandy 
plains;  throughout  our  range  and  westward  to  the  coast. 

2.  Franseria  tenuifolia  Gray,  PI.  Fendl.  80.  1848.     Erect,  3-10  dm.  high, 
leafy  to  the  top,  hispid,  variously  pubescent,  or  glabrate :  leaves  mostly  2-3- 
pinnately  parted  or  dissected  into  narrowly  oblong  or  linear  lobes,  the  ter- 
minal elongated:  sterile  racemes  commonly  elongated  and  paniculate;  fertile 
heads  in  numerous  glomerules  below,  in  fruit  minutely  glandular,  usually 
2-flowered,  armed  with  6-18  short  and  stout  incurving  spines,  their  tips 
almost  always  hooked,   and  an  excavated  cartilaginously  bordered  areola 
above  each.    (Gaertneria  linearis  Rydb.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  32:  133.  1905.) 
— Kansas  and  Colorado  to  Texas  and  California. 

3.  Franseria  tomentosa   (Nutt.)  A.   Nels.     Erect  from  perennial  slender 
creeping  rootstocks,  1-3  dm.  high:  leaves  canescently  tomentose  beneath, 
green  and  glabrate  above,  interruptedly  pinnatifid,  oblong  in  outline,  com- 
paratively large,  the  lowest,  often  8-12  cm.  long;  the  lobes  usually  short  and 
broad:    sterile   racemes   commonly   solitary;    fruiting   involucre    2-flowered, 
canescent,  armed  with  rather  short,  conical-subulate,  very  acute,  and  straight 
spines.     (Ambrosia  tomentosa  Nutt.;  F.  discolor  Nutt.;  Gaertneria  tomentosa 
A.  Nels.  Bot.  Gaz.  34:  34/1902.) — A  most  ineradicable  weed  in  cultivated 
ground;  Montana  to  New  Mexico. 

4.  Franseria  Grayi  A.  Nels.    Stems  about  3  dm.  high,  rather  stout,  erect, 
from  an  apparently  perennial  base,  canescent  with  a  dense  sericeous  tomen- 
tum:   leaves  very  white  beneath,   cinereous  above,   pinnately  3-5-cleft  or 
parted;  the  terminal  division  large,  oblong  or  broadly  lanceolate,  serrate; 
upper  lateral  similar  but  smaller;  the  lowest  commonly  very  small  and  entire: 
fruiting  involucre  6  mm.  long,  2-flowered,  nearly  glabrous;  the  short  spines 
conical-subulate,   very  acute,   and  the  very  tip  usually  uncinate-incurved. 
(F.  tomentosa  Gray,  PL  Fendl.  80.  1848;  Gaertneria  Grayi  A.  Nels.  1.  c.  35.) — 
Along  streams;  Kansas,  Nebraska,  and  eastern  Colorado. 

44.  XANTHIUM  L.     COCKLEBUK 

Coarse  annual  weeds  with  widely  branching  and  very  stout  stems.  Leaves 
alternate,  toothed  or  lobed,  petioled.  Heads  unisexual,  the  flowers  greenish. 
Staminate  heads  subglobose,  in  a  terminal  cluster;  involucre  of  several  dis- 
tinct narrow  bracts  in  1  or  2  series;  receptacle  cylindrical;  flowers  many, 
separated  by  the  bracts  of  the  receptacle;  corolla  tubular.  Pistillate  heads 
axillary,  below  the  staminate;  involucre  closed,  forming  in  fruit  an  ovoid  or 
oblong  indurated  bur  covered  with  hooked  prickles,  1  or  2-beaked,  2-celled, 
each  cell  containing  1  seed;  corolla  none;  pappus  none;  style  2-cleft,  the 
branches  exserted  through  the  beaks. 

1.  Xanthium  echinatum  Murr.  Comm.  Goett.  6:  32.  1783.  Stem  often 
punctate  with  brown  spots:  leaves  cordate  or  ovate,  3-ribbed  from  the  base, 


COMPOSITAE  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY)  543 

with  dentate  margins  and  often  incised  or  lobed,  on  long  petioles:  fruiting 
involucre  about  20-25  mm.  long,  densely  beset  with  rather  long  prickles,  the 
2  stout  beaks  at  maturity  usually  hooked  or  incurved,  the  surface  and  base  of 
the  prickles  more  or  less  hispid.  X.  canadense.  (X.  commune  Brit.  Man. 
912.  1901.) — A  troublesome  weed  in  waste  and  cultivated  ground. 

45.  CRASSINA  Scepin 

With  opposite  and  mostly  entire  sessile  leaves  and  single  showy  heads  ter- 
minating the  branches;  in  ours  the  leaves  are  narrow  and  rigid,  connate-sessile 
and  crowded,  and  the  achenes  2-4-aristate.  Involucre  campanulate  or  cylin- 
draceous;  the  closely  appressed-imbricated  bracts  dry  and  firm,  broad,  with 
rounded  summit  often  margined.  Receptacle  becoming  conical  or  cylin- 
draceous;  the  chaffy  bracts  conduplicate  around  the  disk-flowers.  Lobes 
of  the  disk-corolla  mostly  velvety-villous.  Pappus  when  present  of  erect  awns 
or  chaffy  teeth. — Zinnia. 

1.  Crassina  grandiflora  (Nutt.)  Kuntze,  Rev.  Gen.  PL  331.  1891..  Sca- 
brous; stems  or  branches  15  cm.  or  more  high  from  a  stout  woody  base:  leaves 
linear,  3-nerved  at  base:  involucre  narrow,  8  mm.  long:  ligules  4  or  5,  at  ma- 
turity 10-16  mm.  long,  dilated-obovate  or  roundish,  light  yellow  or  sulphur- 
color,  becoming  white. — Plains  and  bluffs;  Eastern  Colorado  to  Texas  and 
Arizona. 

46.  HELIOPSIS  Pers. 

With  loosely  branching  stems,  veiny  and  mostly  serrate  3-ribbed  leaves  on 
naked  petioles,  and  pedunculate  showy  heads  with  numerous  yellow  rays. 
Involucre  short,  of  nearly  equal  oblong  or  lanceolate  bracts.  Receptacle  from 
high-convex  to  conical;  the  pointless  chaffy  bracts  partly  embracing  the  disk- 
flowers.  '  Ligules  large;  disk-corollas  glabrous.  Achenes  obtusely  4-angular, 
with  broad  truncate  summit,  wholly  destitute  of  pappus  or  of  2-4  teeth  or  a 
coroniform  border. 

1.  Heliopsis  scabra  Dunal,  Mem.  Mus.  Par.  5:  54.  1819.  Hispidulous- 
scabrous,  especially  the  leaves,  5-10  dm.  high;  leaves  broadly  ovate  and 
subcordate  to  ovate-lanceolate,  the  upper  occasionally  entire:  rays  oblong, 
2-3  cm.  in  length:  achenes  smooth,  but  the  angles  above  pubescent  when 
young,  the  summit  usually  bearing  an  obscure  or  evident  and  irregular  coron- 
iform chaffy  pappus,  or  sometimes  2  or  3  conspicuous  and  rigid  teeth.  H. 
laevis. — Frequent  eastward;  rare  in  the  eastern  part  of  our  range. 

47.  BRAUNERIA  Necker 

Perennial  herbs,  with  rather  stout  erect  stems,  undivided  leaves,  the  lower 
long-petioled,  and  solitary  large  heads  on  long  peduncles  terminating  the 
stem  and  few  branches.  Rays  flesh-color  to  rose-purple,  elongating  with  age. 
Involucre  imbricated  in  2  or  3  or  more  series;  the  bracts  lanceolate.  Disk  at 
first  only  convex,  becoming  ovoid  and  the  receptacle  acutely  conical;  chaffy 
bracts  of  the  latter  persistent,  carinate-concave,  acuminate  into  a  rigid  and 
spinescent  cusp.  Disk-corollas  cylindraceous,  with  5  erect  teeth  and  almost 
no  proper  tube.  Achenes  acutely  quadrangular,  somewhat  obpyramidal,  with 
a  thick  coroniform  pappus  more  or  less  extended  into  triangular  teeth  at  the 
angles. — Echinacea. 

1.  Brauneria  angustifolia  (DC.)  Heller,  Muhl.  1:  5.  1900.  Hispid,  3-5 
dm.  high,  mostly  simple:  leaves  broadly  lanceolate  to  nearly  linear,  entire, 
3-nerved,  all  attenuate  at  base,  the  lower  into  slender  petioles:  bracts  of  the 
involucre  in  orily.  about  2  series. — Within  the  eastern  limit  of  our  range  and 
extending  eastward. 


544  COMPOSITAE  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY) 

48.  GYMNOLOMIA  H.B.K. 

Annual  or  perennial  caulescent  herbs  or  shrubby  plants,  with  pubescent 
foliage.  Leaves  alternate  or  opposite,  narrow,  entire  or  toothed.  Heads 
radiate,  rather  conspicuous.  Involucres  hemispheric  or  campanulate ;  bracts 
narrow,  in  2  or  3  series,  the  inner  ones  somewhat  longer  than  the  outer.  Re- 
ceptacle more  or  less  conic,  chaffy.  Ray-flowers  pistillate,  yellow;  disk- 
flowers  perfect,  with  yellow  or  brownish  corollas.  Stigmas  of  the  disk-flowers 
obtuse  or  with  acute  appendages.  Achenes  4-angled,  either  somewhat  flat- 
tened or  turgid,  truncate.  Pappus  a  denticulate  crown,  or  wanting. 

1.  Gymnolomia  multiflora  (Nutt.)  B.  &  H.,  Rothrock  in  Wheeler's  Rep. 
6:  160.  1878.  Perennial,  3-10  dm.  high,  pubescent  or  scabrous,  sometimes 
also  hispid,  often  much  branched:  leaves  narrowly  linear  to  lanceolate, 
either  alternate  or  mainly  opposite,  entire  or  obscurely  denticulate:  rays 
10-15,  golden-yellow:  disk  hemispherical,  in  age  little  more  elevated  and 
receptacle  obtusely  conical ;  the  bracts  linear,  obtuse  or  the  inner  acute :  achenes 
smooth. — Very  polymorphous;  from  Arizona  to  Wyoming  and  western  Texas. 

49.  RUDBECKIA  L.     CONE-FLOWER.     BLACK-EYED  SUSAN 

Mostly  perennial  herbs  with  alternate  leaves  and  rather  large  showy  heads 
terminating  the  stem  or  branches.  Heads  many-flowered;  the  ray-flowers 
neutral,  in  a  single  series;  those  of  the  disk  tubular  and  perfect.  Bracts  of  the 
involucre  foliaceous,  in  about  2  series,  spreading.  Receptacle  conical  or  of- 
ten more  or  less  elongated  and  spiciform.  Disk-corollas  with  a  short  but 
usually  manifest  proper  tube  and  erect  or  spreading  teeth.  Style-branches 
tipped  with  an  acute  or  obtuse  hispid  appendage.  Achenes  4-angled,  pris- 
matic, in  some  species  quadrangular-compressed.  Pappus  a  coriaceous  or 
firm-scarious  and  often  4-toothed  crown,  sometimes  deep  and  cupuliform, 
sometimes  obsolete. 

Rays  present  and  conspicuous. 

Leaves  entire  or  sparingly  serrate     .         .         .         .         .         .         .  1.  R.  hirta. 

Leaves  deeply  3-7-cleft  or  -divided  (at  least  some  of  them)      .         .  2.  R.  laciniata. 
Rays  wanting. 

Leaves  entire  or  sparingly  toothed    .         .         .         .         .         .         .  3.  R.  occidentalis. 

Leaves  pinnately  parted 4.  R.  montana. 

1.  Rudbeckia  hirta  L.  Sp.  PI.  907.  1753.     Rather  stout,  3-8  dm.  high, 
rough-hispid   and    hirsute:    leaves   oblong   to    lanceolate,    sparingly  serrate 
or  nearly  entire,  5-12  cm.  long,  the  lower  narrowed  into  margined  petioles: 
rays  when  well  developed  3-5  cm.  long,  golden-yellow,  sometimes  deeper 
colored  toward  the  base:  disk  at  first  nearly  black,  in  age  dull  brown,  becom- 
ing ovoid  in  fruit:  achenes  small,  quadrangular,  wholly  destitute  of  pappus. 
(R.  flava  Moore,  in  Greene,  Pitt.  4:  179.  1900.) — In  the  eastern  part  of  our 
range  and  eastward  to  the  Atlantic  States. 

2.  Rudbeckia  laciniata  L.  1.  c.  906.     Glabrous  and  smooth,  sometimes 
minutely  scabrous,  at  least  on  the  margins  and  upper  face  of  the  leaves;  stem 
1-2  m.  high,  branching  above:  leaves  veiny,  broad,  incisely  and  sparsely  ser- 
rate; the  radical  commonly  pinnately  5-7-foliolate  or  nearly  so,  and  divisions 
often  laciniately  2-3-cleft;  the  lower  cauline  3-5-parted,  upper  3-cleft,  and 
those  of  the  branches  few-toothed  or  entire:  rays  few  or  several,  3-5  cm.  long, 
drooping,  pure  yellow:  disk  dull  yellowish:  the  tip  of  the  chaffy  bracts  canes- 
cent:  pappus  a  short  4-toothed  or  nearly  entire  crown.     (R.  ampla  A.  Nels. 
Bull.  Torr.   Bot.  Club  28:  234.  1901.)— Moist  banks;  Arizona  to  Montana 
and  eastward  across  the  continent. 

3.  Rudbeckia   occidentalis    Nutt.    Trans.    Am.    Phil.    Soc.    7:  355.  1841. 
Nearly  glabrous  and  smooth,  or  somewhat  scabrous-puberulent;  stems  stout, 
6-20  dm.  high,  nearly  simple:  leaves  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate, 
entire  or  irregularly  and  sparingly  dentate,  1-2  dm.  long,-  upper  ones  sessile 
by  a  rounded  or  subcordate  base,  lower  ones  abruptly  contracted  into  a  short, 


COMPOSITAE  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY)  545 

winged  petiole:  heads  few,  on  long  peduncles:  rays  wholly  wanting:  disk 
brownish,  ovoid  to  oblong,  becoming  3-5  cm.  long;  the  chaffy  bracts  puberu- 
lent  at  tip:  achenes  3-4  mm.  long,  with  conspicuous,  coroniform,  scarious 
pappus. — Moist  shaded  banks;  Wyoming  and  Montana  to  the  Pacific  States. 
4.  Rudbeckia  montana  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  17:  217.  1882.  Smoother, 
somewhat  glaucous,  tall  and  very  stout:  leaves  2-3  dm.  long,  pinnately  parted 
into  3-9  oblong-lanceolate  divisions,  or  the  lanceolate  uppermost  cauline 
with  2-4  narrow  lateral  lobes:  disk  cylindrical,  at  length  often  6-7  cm.  long 
and  in  diameter:  achenes  with  the  deep  coroniform  pappus  6-8  mm.  long. — 
Mountains  of  Colorado. 

60.  RATIBIDA  Raf.     CONE-FLOWER 

Herbs,  with  pinnately  parted  leaves,  and  terminal,  long-peduncled,  showy 
heads,  the  drooping  rays  yellow  or  partly  brown-purple.  Truncate  inflexed 
tips  of  the  chaff  pubescent.  Disk  yellowish,  becoming  darker.  Achenes  short 
and  broad,  compressed,  acutely  margined  or  sometimes  winged  at  one  or  both 
edges,  on  a  slender-subulate  receptacle.  Pappus  a  chaffy  tooth  over  one  or 
both  edges,  or  none.  Chaffy  bracts  of  the  receptacle  conduplicate,  with 
thickened  and  truncate  summit,  embracing  and  hardly  surpassing  the  achenes, 
at  length  deciduous  with  them.  Corollas  of  the  disk  with  hardly  any  proper 
tube.  Ligules,  involucre,  etc.,  of  Rudbeckia. — Lepachys. 

Disk  in  fruit  cylindrical,  2-4  cm.  long     . 1.  R.  columnaris. 

Disk  in  fruit  oblong,  about  1  cm.  long     .         .         .         .         .         .         .     2.  R.  Tagetes. 

1.  Ratibida  columnaris  (Sims)  D.  Don.  in  Sweet,  Brit.  Flow.  Gard.  II.  pi. 
361.  1838.     Strigose-scabrous,  3-5  dm.  high,  branching  from  the  base,  ter- 
minated by  long  peduncles  bearing  a  showy  head:  divisions  of  the  cauline 
leaves  5-9,  oblong  to  narrowly  linear,  sometimes  2-3-clef t :  rays  commonly  3 
cm.  long  or  more,  normally  all  yellow:  disk  at  length  columnar,  2-4  cm.  long: 
pappus  of  1  or  sometimes  2  awn-like  deciduous  teeth  and  usually  a  series  of 
minute  and  delicate  squamellae  around  the  broad  flat  summit. — Plains  along 
the  eastern  base  of  the  mountains  to  Texas. 

la.  Ratibida  columnaris  pulcherrima  (DC.)  D.  Don.  1.  c.  Differs  only  in 
having  a  part  or  even  the  whole  upper  face  of  the  ray  brown-purple. 

2.  Ratibida  Tagetes   (James)    Barnhart,   Bull.  Torr.   Bot.   Club   24:  410. 
1897.    Perennial,  1-4  dm.  tall,  gray-strigose ;  stems  commonly  much  branched: 
leaves  numerous;  blades  2-6  cm.  long,  pinnately  parted  into  3-7  narrowly 
linear  thickish  segments:  peduncles  2-5  cm.  long:  disk  subglobose  or  oval, 
about  1  cm.  long:  ligules  of  the  ray-flowers  soon  reflexed,  5-9  mm.  long, 
mainly  brown-purple. — Colorado  and  New  Mexico  to  Arkansas  and  Texas. 

61.  BALSAMORRHIZA  Hook.     BALSAM-ROOT 

Low,  with  thick,  deep,  and  balsamic  roots,  a  tuft  of  radical  leaves  mostly 
on  long  petioles,  and  short,  simple,  few-leaved  flowering  stems  or  naked  scapes 
bearing  large  and  mostly  solitary  heads  of  yellow  flowers.  Involucre  broad; 
the  outer  bracts  foliaceous,  sometimes  enlarged.  Receptacle  flat  or  merely 
convex.  Achenes  destitute  of  pappus,  all  fertile;  those  of  the  ray  triquetrous 
or  obcompressed;  those  of  the  disk  quadrangular.  Chaff  linear-lanceolate. 

Leaves  entire  or  somewhat  toothed     .         .         .         .         .         .         .  1.  B.  sagittata. 

Leaves  not  entire,  laciniately  dentate  to  bipinnatifid. 

Green,  glabrous  or  sparingly  hirsute 2.  B.  macrophylla. 

Canescent  or  lanate. 

The  sericeous  pubescence  appressed  or  spreading      .         .         .  3.  B.  Hookeri. 

The  white  tomentum  often  floccose 4.  B.  incana. 

1.  Balsamorrhiza  sagittata  (Pursh)  Nutt.  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  7:  350. 
1841.  Silvery-canescent  or  tomentose  and  the  involucre  white-woolly:  rad- 

ROCKY  MT.  BOT. — 35 


546  COMPOSITAE  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY) 

ical  leaves  cordate-oblong  to  hastate,  1-3  dm.  long,  the  base  5-15  cm.  wide, 
on  petioles  of  greater  length;  the  few  and  inconspicuous  cauline  linear  to 
spatulate:  scape  at  length  3  dm.  or  more  high:  rays  3-5  cm.  long.  (B.  tomen- 
tosa  Rydb.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  27:  628.  1900.)— "Used  by  the  Indians  for 
food  ";  mountains  of  Colorado  to  Montana  and  British  Columbia. 

2.  Balsamorrhiza  macrophylla  Nutt.  1.  c.     Green,  not  at  all  canescent, 
glabrate,  except  the  ciliate  margins  of  the  leaves,  usually  minutely  glandular- 
viscidulous:  leaves  ample,  ovate  or  oblong  in  outline,  1.5-3  dm.  long,  some  with 
only  1  or  2  lobes  or  coarse  teeth,  most  of  them  pinnately  parted  into  broadly 
lanceolate  and  commonly  entire  lobes:  scapes  3-5  dm.  high:  bracts  of  the 
involucre  narrowly  lanceolate  to   spatulate  and  foliaceous,   3-5  cm.   long, 
nearly  equal,  either  half  or  fully  the  length  of  the  rays. — Rocky  and  Wasatch 
Mountains  in  Wyoming  and  Utah. 

2a.  Balsamorrhiza  macrophylla  terebinthacea  (Nutt.)  A.  Nels.  Differs 
from  the  species  in  being  somewhat  hispidulous-scabrous  or  hirsutulous  on 
the  leaf-margins,  and  lanate-tomentose  on  the  involucre.  (B.  terebinthacea 
Nutt.  1.  c.) — -Stony  ground;  Wyoming  to  Oregon. 

3.  Balsamorrhiza  Hookeri  Nutt.  1.  c.     Canescent  with  fine  sericeous  or 
more  tomentose  pubescence,  but  not  at  all  hirsute:  scapes  and  leaves  1.5-3  dm. 
high;  the  latter   lanceolate  or  elongated-oblong  in  outline,  pinnately  or  bi- 
pinnately  parted  into  lanceolate  or  linear  divisions  or  lobes,  or  some  of  them 
only  pinnatifid  or  incised:  involucre  canescently  puberulent  to  lanate;  the 
bracts  linear  to  oblong-lanceolate,  either  unequal  and  well  imbricated  or 
sometimes  the  outermost  foliaceous  and  enlarged. — West  of  our  range,  but 
represented  by 

3a.  Balsamorrhiza  Hookeri  hirsuta  (Nutt.)  A.  Nels.  The  pubescence 
roughish-hirsute  and  spreading,  not  canescent  or  tomentose.  (B.  hirsuta 
Nutt.  1.  c.) — Wyoming  to  Utah  and  northwestward. 

4.  Balsamorrhiza  incana  Nutt.  1.  c.    Densely  white-tomentose  throughout; 
stems  1-2  dm.  high:  leaves  oblong-  or  deltoid-lanceolate  in  outline,  pinnately 
or  bipinnately  parted  or  lobed,  the  divisions  oval  or  oblong:  bracts  of  the  in- 
volucre lanceolate  to  linear,  15-20  mm.  long,  imbricated  in  2  or  3  series:  rays 
12-14,  3-4  cm.  long:  chaff  of  the  receptacle  much  shorter  than  the  flowers. 
(B.  floccosa  Rydb.  1.  c.  629.) — Wyoming  to  Montana  and  to  the  Pacific  States. 

52.  WYETHIA  Nutt. 

Coarse  perennial  herbs  with  usually  simple  stems,  alternate  mostly  entire 
leaves,  and  large  heads  of  yellow  flowers.  Heads  many-flowered.  Bracts  of 
the  campanulate  involucre  loosely  imbricated  in  2  or  3  series,  nearly  equal, 
foliaceous,  the  innermost  smaller  and  resembling  the  chaff.  Receptacle 
slightly  convex;  the  chaff  lanceolate,  carinate,  acute,  as  long  as  the  flowers 
and  embracing  them.  Rays  large,  pistillate,  sometimes  with  sterile  filaments; 
disk-corollas  cylindrical,  elongated,  with  a  short  proper  tube,  5-toothed. 
Style-branches  in  the  ray-flowers  glabrous;  in  the  disk  elongated,  filiform, 
re  volute,  strongly  hispid  on  the  inner  faces.  Achenes  stout,  elongated,  4-5- 
angled,  terminated  with  a  coroniform  5-10-toothed  or  laciniate  pappus,  1  or 
more  of  the  teeth  usually  prolonged  into  a  rigid  persistent  awn. 

Rays  pale,  yellowish  to  white 1.  W.  helianthoides. 

Rays  bright  yellow. 

Plant  glabrous  and  smooth  throughout          .         .         .         .         .     2.  W.  amplexicaulis. 
Plant  hirsutely  pubescent  or  scabrous. 

Leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  tapering  to  both  ends      .         .         .3.  W.  arizonica. 
Leaves  broadly  linear         ........     4.  W.  scabra. 

1.  Wyethia  helianthoides  Nutt.  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  7:  351.  1841. 
Stems  2-4  dm.  high,  simple  and  with  a  single  large  head,  or  rarely  3  or  4, 
hirsute:  leaves  oval  to  broadly  lanceolate,  denticulate  or  entire,  1-2  dm. 
long,  mostly  narrowed  at  base  into  a  short-margined  petiole:  heads  2-3  cm. 
high;  bracts  of  the  involucre  narrowly  lanceolate,  numerous:  rays  4-5  cm. 


COMPOSITAE  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY)  547 

long:  achenes  7-8  mm.  long,  either  prismatic-quadrangular  or  flattish,  12- 
nerved:  pappus  sometimes  minute,  chaffy  coroniform  and  cleft  into  few  or 
several  teeth. — Yellowstone  Park  and  Montana  to  Oregon. 

2.  Wyethia  amplexicaulis  Nutt.  1.  c.    Stems  3-5  cm.  high,  robust:  leaves 
mostly  lanceolate-oblong,  entire  or  denticulate;  the  radical  often  3-4  dm.  long; 
the  upper  cauline  partly  clasping  by  a  rounded  or  somewhat  narrowed  base: 
heads  solitary  or  several,  short-peduncled ;  involucral  bracts  broadly  lanceo- 
late, 1  or  2  outer  ones  occasionally  foliaceous  and  larger:  rays  about  4  cm. 
long:  achenes  with  a  conspicuous  crown  cleft  into  acute  teeth,  and  sometimes 
a  small  awn. — Called  "  PE-IK  "  by  the  Indians;  from  Colorado  to  Montana  and 
British  Columbia. 

3.  Wyethia  arizonica   Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  8:  655.  1873.     Hirsutely 
pubescent,  3  dm.  high,  bearing  a  single  or  few  heads:  leaves  oblong-lanceolate, 
tapering  to  both  ends,  or  the  upper  and  sessile  cauline  broader:  involucre  of 
rather  foliaceous  and  erect  bracts:  rays  8-12:  pappus  a  very  narrow  crown, 
extended  into  3  or  4  stout  subulate  teeth,  or  into  1  or  2  short  awns. — Colorado 
to  Utah  and  Arizona. 

4.  Wyethia  scabra  Hook.  Lond.  Journ.  Bot.  6:  245.  1847.    Very  scabrous, 
3-5  dm.  high,  rigid:  cauline  leaves  linear,  thick,   10-15  cm.  wide,  sessile, 
attenuate-acute:  involucral  bracts  imbricated  in  3  or  4  series,  all  the  outer 
with  an  appressed  base,  which  is  acuminate  into  a  longer,  subulate,  filiform, 
spreading,  very  hispid-scabrous  appendage:  rays  several,  10-14  mm.  long: 
achenes  acutely  angled,  the  3  or  4  angles  extended  into  a  pappus  of  as  many 
short  blunt  teeth,  which  are  barely  confluent  at  base. — New  Mexico  and 
Colorado  to  Utah  and  Wyoming. 

53.  HELIANTHUS  L.    SUNFLOWER 

Annual  or  perennial  caulescent  herbs.  Leaves  alternate  or  opposite;  blades 
simple,  entire  or  toothed.  Heads  conspicuous.  Involucres  flat  or  hemispheric; 
bracts  in  several  series,  fleshy  or  leathery.  Receptacle  flat,  convex  or  conic, 
chaffy.  Ray-flowers  neutral;  ligules  yellow;  disk-flowers  perfect;  corollas 
brownish  or  purple.  Stigmas  with  pubescent  appendages.  Achenes  flattened 
or  somewhat  4-angled.  Pappus  of  2  awns  or  scales,  and  these  sometimes 
accompanied  by  2-4  shorter  ones,  all  early  deciduous. 

Plants  annual;  receptacle  flat  or  nearly  so. 

At  least  the  lower  leaves  broadly  ovate,  and  more  or  less  cordate     1.  H.  annuus. 
Leaves  ovate-lanceolate  to  narrowly  oblong-lanceolate         .         .     2.  H.  petiolaris. 
Plants  perennial;  receptacle  more  or  less  convex. 
Disk-flowers  purple  or  brown. 

Leaves  linear    . 3.  H.  orgyalis. 

Leaves  ovate  to  lanceolate        .         .         .         .         .         .         .     4.  H.  scaberrimus. 

Disk-flowers  yellow  or  yellowish. 

All  the  leaves  opposite  (except  the  few  foliar  bracts);  roots  not 

thickened-tuberiform          .         .         .         .         .         .         .     5.  H.  pumilus. 

Some  or  many  of  the  upper  leaves  alternate;  the  roots  more  or 

less  fasciculate-thickened. 
Stem  and  leaves  scabrous     .         .         .         .  .         .     6.  H.  Maximilianus. 

Stem  smooth  or  nearly  so,  often  glaucous. 

Leaves  usually  coarsely  toothed,  more  or  less  pubescent 

(not  scabrous)  beneath       .         .         .         .         .         .     7.  H.  grosse-serratus. 

Leaves  entire  or  denticulate,  glabrate  or  scabrous  beneath     8.  H.  Nuttallii. 

1.  Helianthus  annuus  L.  Sp.  PL. 904.  1753.    Annual,  markedly  pubescent; 
stem  hispid  or  hirsute,  1-2  m.  high,  branched  above:  leaves  mainly  alternate; 
blades  broadly  ovate,  7-30  cm.  long,  or  smaller  above,  usually  slightly  acumi- 
nate at  the  apex,  decidedly  toothed,  those  of  the  lower  leaves  cordate  at  the 
base,  those  of  the  upper  cuneate:  bracts  of  the  involucre  ovate  to  oblong  or 
oblong-lanceolate,  long-acuminate,1  hirsute:  ligules  of  the  ray-flowers  2-4  cm. 
long:  disk  flat,  3-5  cm.  broad.    (H.  lenticularis  Dougl.) — From  the  mountains 
to  the  Mississippi;  many  forms  (often  very  large)  in  cultivation. 

2.  Helianthus  petiolaris  Nutt.  Journ.  Acad.  Phila.   2:  115.  1812.     Stem 
2-6  dm.  high,  branching,  strigose-hispidulous,  rarely  hirsute:  leaves  oblong- 


548  COMPOSITAE  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY) 

lanceolate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  entire  or  sparingly  denticulate,  3-8  cm.  long, 
cuneately  attenuate  or  the  lower  abruptly  contracted  into  a  long  and  slender 
petiole:  bracts  of  the  involucre  lanceolate  or  oblong-lanceolate,  with  acute 
and  mucronate  or  sometimes  more  attenuate  tips,  canescent  or  sometimes 
ciliate:  disk  12-15  mm.  in  diameter.  (H.  aridus  Rydb.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club 
32:  127.  1895.) — Range  about  the  same  as  the  last. 

3.  Helianthus  orgyalis  DC.  Prodr.  5:  586.  1836.     Stem  smooth  and  gla- 
brous, 4-15  dm.  high,  very  leafy  to  the  top:  leaves  mostly  alternate,  from 
long-linear,  1-3  dm.  long,  4-8  mm.  wide  (or  the  lowest  lanceolate),  to  almost 
filiform,  slightly  papillose-scabrous,  the  lower  narrowed  into  a  petiole  and 
sometimes  serrulate:  bracts  of  the  involucre  filiform-attenuate;  those  of  the 
receptacle  entire:  achenes  oblong-obovate  with  a  rounded  summit,  5-6  mm. 
long. — Dry  plains;  Nebraska  to  Texas,  west  to  southeast  Colorado. 

4.  Helianthus  scaberrimus  Ell.  Bot.  S.  C.  &  Ga.  2:  423.  1824.    Stem  3-12 
dm.  high,  rigid,  sparingly  branched:  leaves  very  firm-coriaceous  and   thick, 
both  sides  hispidulous-scabrous,  shagreen-like,  entire  or  serrate;  the  lower  ovate 
and  ovate-lanceolate,  attenuate  at  base  into  short- winged  petioles;  the  upper 
mostly  lanceolate:  heads  comparatively  large,  showy:  disk  15-18  mm.  high, 
dark  purple  or  brownish ;  involucre  pluriserially  imbricated ;  the  bracts  mainly 
ovate,   obtuse  or  acutish,   rigid,   appressed,   densely  and  minutely  ciliate. 
H.  rigidus.    (H.  subrhomboideus  Rydb.  Mem.  N.  Y.  Bot.  Card.  1:  419.  1900.) 
— Plains  and  prairies;  Montana  to  Colorado  and  Georgia. 

5.  Helianthus  pumilus  Nutt.  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  7:  366.  1841.    Hispid 
and  scabrous  throughout;  stems  simple,  3-6  dm.  high,  bearing  5-7  pairs  of 
leaves  and  a  few  rather  short-peduncled  heads:  leaves  mostly  broadly  ovate- 
lanceolate,  acute,  entire  or  nearly  so,  4-10  cm.  long,  rigid,  abruptly  contracted 
at  base  into  a  short-margined  petiole:  involucre  about  12  mm.  high,  white- 
hirsute  or  scabro-hispidulous;  the  bracts  imbricated  in  about  3  series,  oblong- 
lanceolate,  acutish:  disk  yellow. — Eastern  Rocky  Mountains  and  adjacent 
plains,  from  Wyoming  and  Colorado  to  Nebraska  and  Kansas. 

6.  Helianthus  Maximilianus  Schrad.  Ind.  Sem.  Hort.  Goett.    1835.    His- 
pidulous-scabrous; stem  stout,  4-20  dm.  high,  below  mostly  rough-hispid: 
leaves  almost  all  alternate,  thickish,  becoming  rigid,  very  scabrous  above, 
lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate  at  both  ends,  mostly  subsessile,  all  entire  or 
sparingly  denticulate:  involucre  of  more  rigid  bracts:  rays  numerous,  often 
3-4  cm.  long,  golden-yellow. — Prairies  and  plains  west  of  the  Mississippi,  and 
from  the  Saskatchewan  to  Texas. 

7.  Helianthus  grosse-serratus  Martens  Sel.  Sem.  Hort.  Loven.  1839.    Stem 
very  smooth  and  glabrous,  commonly  glaucous,   1-2  m.  high,  bearing  nu- 
merous rather  cymosely  disposed  and  short-peduncled  heads:  leaves  slender- 
petioled,   thinnish,   oblong-lanceolate  or  narrower,   or  some  of  the  cauline 
almost  deltoid-lanceolate,   gradually  acuminate,   sharply  serrate,   or  upper 
merely  denticulate,   slightly   scabrous  above,   whitish  and   soft-puberulent 
beneath;  the  larger  cauline  commonly  1-2  dm.  and  the  petiole  3-5  cm.  long: 
the  deep  yellow  oblong  rays  2-3  cm.  long. — Dry  plains;  from  Texas  to  Dakota 
and  as  far  east  as  Ohio. 

8.  Helianthus  Nuttallii  T.  &  G.  Fl.  2:  324.  1842.    Roots  fleshy,  fascicled 
or  variously  branched,  mostly  fusiform,  often  nearly  1  dm.  long;  stems  gen- 
erally solitary,  simple  below,  branched  above,  1  m.  (more  or  less)  high,  gla- 
brous, striate:  lower  leaves  opposite,  7-15  cm.  long,  all  lanceolate,  the  upper- 
most narrowly  so,  with  short,  sparse,  incurved,  hispid  hairs:  peduncles  pubes- 
cent, slender,  those  from  the  lower  axils  often  much  elongated:  involucre 
hemispherical;   the  bracts  linear-lanceolate,   white-ciliate-pubescent  on  the 
margins,  10-15  mm.  long,  the  loose  acuminate  tips  often  reflexed:  rays  usually 
14-18,  25-30  mm.  long,  naribwly  oblong:  disk  yellowish-brown,  1  cm.  high 
and  fully  as  broad :  chaff  oblong,  acute,  pubescent  on  the  brownish  tip :  achenes 
oblong,  brown,  4  mm.  long,  nearly  as  long  as  the  corollas;  pappus  of  2  linear- 
lanceolate  awns  as  long  as  the  achenes.     (H .  fascicularis  Greene,  PI.  Baker. 
3:  28.  1901;  H.  utahensis  A.  Nels.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  29:  405.  1902.)— 
Throughout  our  range  to  Oregon  and  British  Columbia. 


COMPOSITAE  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY)  549 

64.  HELIANTHELLA  T.  &  G. 

Perennial  herbs  with  mostly  simple  stems,  entire,  scattered,  and  sessile 
leaves,  and  solitary  heads  with  yellow  ray  and  yellow  or  purplish-brown  disk- 
flowers.  Heads  many-flowered,  the  ray-flowers  neutral;  those  of  the  disk 
perfect.  Bracts  of  the  involucre  in  about  2  series,  loose,  somewhat  foliaceous. 
Chaff  of  the  receptacle  persistent,  embracing  the  achenes.  Corolla  of  the  disk 
cylindrical,  elongated,  5-toothed,  with  a  very  short  proper  tube.  Branches  of 
the  style  very  hispid,  more  or  less  obtuse.  Achenes  compressed,  with  one  or 
both  margins  slightly  winged  and  produced  at  the  summit  into  short  auricu- 
late  and  lacerate-persistent  appendages  or  into  an  awn,  sometimes  with  inter- 
mediate squamellae. 

Disk  yellowish;  the  anthers  dark. 

Heads  large;  disk  2-3  cm.  broad;  rays  3-4  cm.  long     .         .         .  1.  H.  quinquenervis. 

Heads  half  as  large 2.  H.  Parryi. 

Disk  purple. 

Heads  several,  small;  rays  5-6  mm.  long       .         .         .         .         .  3.  H.  microcephala. 

Heads  solitary  or  few,  larger;  rays  20-25  mm.  long          .         .         .  4.  H.  uniflora. 

1.  HeHanthella  quinquenervis  (Hook.)  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  19:  10.  1883. 
Somewhat  hirsutely  pubescent  or  almost  glabrous;  stems  solitary  or  scat- 
tered, 6-12  dm.  high:  leaves  mostly  opposite,  oblong-  or  ovate-lanceolate, 
acuminate,  1-2,  dm.  long,  uppermost  sessile;  the  lower  ones  tapering  into  mar- 
gined petioles,  and  the  lowest  (2-3  dm.  long)  into  longer  petioles:  head  mostly 
long-ped uncled,  ample,  the  disk  2-3  cm.  in  diameter:  rays  15-20,  pale  yellow, 
commonly  3-4  cm.  long:  pappus  of  2  slender  awns,  half  the  length  of  the 
achene,  and  nearly  thrice  the  length  of  the  squamellae,  which  form  a  con- 
spicuous, finely  dissected  fringe. — Mountains;  from  Dakota  and  Montana  to 
southern  Colorado. 

2.  Helianthella   Parryi  Gray,  Proc.  Acad.  Phila.  68.  1863.     Hispidulous- 
hirsute;  stems  numerous  from  a  thickened  root,  3-4  dm.  high,  rather  slender: 
leaves  mostly  alternate,  more  rigid,  lanceolate  and  3-6  cm.  long,   or  the 
lowest  and  radical  oblong-spatulate  and   double  the   size:   heads  and  rays 
barely  half  the  size  of  the  preceding:  pappus  of  fimbriately  dissected  squamel- 
lae only,  or  with  a  pair  of  slender  awns  not  surpassing  them. — Mountains  of 
Colorado  and  New  Mexico. 

3.  Helianthella  microcephala  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.    19:  10.  1883.    His- 
pidulous-scabrous;  stems  numerous  from  a  greatly  thickened  root,  2-3  dm. 
high,  slender,  somewhat  paniculately  or  corymbosely  branched  at  summit  and 
bearing  several  heads:  leaves  rigid,  all  but  the  lower  alternate;  the  radical 
lanceolate-spatulate :  the  upper  cauline  nearly  linear  and  sessile,  2-3  cm.  long: 
involucral  bracts  linear-oblong,  mostly  obtuse:  rays  not  over  6  mm.  long: 
pappus  of  several  slender  squamellae  intermixed  with  the  long  hairs,  2  mar- 
ginal ones  often  extended  and  awn-like. — Borders  of  Colorado  and  adjacent 
New  Mexico  and  Utah. 

4.  Helianthella  uniflora  (Nutt.)  T.  &  G.  ex  Gray,  1.  c.    Minutely  pubescent 
or  glabrate;  stems  3-6  dm.  high:  leaves  more  commonly  opposite,  sometimes 
all  alternate,  oblong-lanceolate,  5-12  cm.  long;  the  lower  short-petioled :  invo- 
lucre pubescent  or  slightly  hirsute:  rays  25-30  mm.  long:  chaffy  bracts  of  the 
receptacle  firm-chartaceous:  achenes  more  or  less  ciliate;  pappus  a  pair  of  long 
awns  and  rather  conspicuous  squamellae.     (H.  multicaulis  Eat.  Bot.  King's 
Exp.) — Mountains  of  Montana  and  eastern  Idaho  to  southern  Utah. 

55.  XIMENESIA  Cav. 

Annual  caulescent  herbs,  with  pubescent  foliage.  Leaves  alternate  or 
sometimes  opposite,  simple,  toothed  or  somewhat  laciniate.  Heads  solitary 
or  few,  radiate,  showy,  peduncled.  Receptacle  convex,  chaffy.  Ray-flowers 
pistillate,  numerous,  yellow;  disk-flowers  numerous,  perfect.  Stigmas  with 
slender  pubescent  appendages.  Achenes  flat,  winged.  Pappus  of  short  and 
straight  awns. 


550  COMPOSITAE  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY) 

1.  Ximenesia  encelioides  Cav.  Ic.  2:  60.  pi.  178.  1793  (?).  Stems  3-6  dm. 
high,  freely  branching,  pale  and  cinereous  or  sometimes  canescent:  leaves 
mostly  alternate,  and  the  upper  face  green,  ovate  or  cordate  to  deltoid- 
lanceolate,  variously  serrate  or  laciniate-dentate,  most  with  winged  petioles, 
and  commonly  with  auriculate-dilated  appendage  at  base:  disk  16-20  mm.  in 
diameter:  rays  12,  15-25  mm.  long,  deeply  3-cleft  at  summit:  achenes  obovate, 
mostly  broadly  winged  and  with  short  awns.  Verbesina  encelioides. — From 
Montana  to  Texas  and  Arizona. 

66.  COREOPSIS  L.    TICKSEED 

Annual  or  perennial  herbs.  Heads  terminating  the  peduncle-like  branches, 
the  ray-flowers  neutral,  yellow  or  parti-colored.  Disk-flowers  perfect.  In- 
volucres campanulate  or  hemispheric,  the  bracts  in  2  series,  all  more  or  less 
united  at  the  base,  those  of  the  outer  series  usually  narrow  and  herbaceous, 
the  inner  series  broad,  variously  colored,  either  thin  and  scarious  or  with 
scarious  margins.  Receptacle  flat  or  slightly  convex,  chaffy.  Achenes  flat 
or  more  or  less  convex  on  the  back,  oblong  to  orbicular,  winged  or  wingless. 
Pappus  in  ours  wanting  or  minute. 

Leaves  once  or  twice  pinnately  divided 1.  C.  tinctoria. 

Leaves  simple          ,         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .     2.  C.  lanceolata. 

1.  Coreopsis  tinctoria  Nutt.  Journ.  Acad.  Phila.  2:  114.  1821.     Glabrous, 
5-8  dm.  Jiigh:  leaves  opposite,  and  all  1-2-pinnately  divided  into  lanceolate 
or  linear  divisions:  outer  involucre  short  and  close:  rays  12-16  mm.  long, 
either  yellow  with  crimson-brown  base  or  nearly  all  crimson-brown:  disk- 
flowers  dark  purple  or  brown:  achenes  moderately  incurved;  pappus  none  or 
an  obscure  border. — From  Colorado  and  Arizona  to  the  Saskatchewan  and 
Texas. 

2.  Coreopsis  lanceolata  L.  Sp.  PL  908.  1753.     Low,  only  3-5  dm.  high, 
including  the  long  and  simple  naked  peduncles:  leaves  ordinarily  a  few  pairs, 
oblong-spatulate  to  lanceolate  or  nearly  linear,  obtuse,  thickish,  all  entire, 
or  rarely  1  or  2  small  lateral  lobes:  rays  commonly  25  mm.  long  and  12  mm. 
broad,  sometimes  smaller:  pappus  very  small  or  obsolete. — Mostly  to  the 
eastward  of  our  range. 

67.  BIDENS  L.     BUR  MARIGOLD.  SPANISH  NEEDLES.  BEGGAR'S  TICKS 

Leaves  opposite,  simple  or  compound.  Heads  of  mostly  yellow  flowers 
solitary  or  paniculate.  Bracts  of  the  involucre  distinct,  or  united  only  at  the 
common  base.  Rays  neutral,  yellow  or  white,  sometimes  wanting.  Achenes 
neither  winged  nor  beaked,  2-5-awned;  the  awns  retrorsely  hispid. 

Leaves  simple. 

Heads  radiate I.E.  glaucescens. 

Heads  rayless 2.  B.  comosa. 

Leaves  pinnately  parted  or  divided. 
Achenes  flat,  obovate  or  cuneate. 

Leaves  narrowly  acuminate;  heads  many,  small,  the  outer  bracts 

4-8 3.  B.  frondosa. 

Leaves  acute;  heads  few,  large,  the  outer  bracts  8-16    .         .         .     4.  B.  vulgata. 
Achenes  linear-tetragonal;  leaf-segments  small. 

Leaf-segments  linear      .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .     5.  B.  tenuisecta. 

Leaf-segments  deltoid  or  oblong     .         .         .         .         .         .         .     6.  B.  bipinnata. 

1.  Bidens  glaucescens  Greene,  Pitt.  4:  258.  1901.  Stout,  often  freely  and 
widely  branched,  3-8  dm.  high,  glabrous,  the  terete  stem  glaucescent,  the  in- 
ternodes  short  and  foliage  ample:  leaves  elliptic-lanceolate,  the  largest  10-15 
cm.  long,  closely  striate-nerved  between  midnerve  and  margin  and  as  closely 
serrate:  heads  large,  hemispherical;  outer  involucre  surpassing  the  rays;  these 
many  (occasionally  wanting):  disk-corollas  exceeding  the  awns,  the  tube 
longer  than  the  short  cylindric  limb:  achenes  mostly  4-angled  and  4-awned, 


COMPOSITAE  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY)  551 

the  angles  more  or  less  corky.    B.  chrysanthemoides;  it  has  passed  also  as 
B.  cernua  L. — Common  in  wet  ground  throughout  our  range. 

2.  Bidens  comosa  (Gray)  Wieg.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  24:  436.  1897.    Stem 
stout,  3-8  dm.  high:  leaves  elliptic-lanceolate,  serrate,  acute,  attenuate  into 
a  margined  petiole,  or  the  upper  sessile:  peduncles  short  and  stout:  outer 
bracts  pf  the  involucre  6-8,  often  2-5  times  the  length  of  the  disk,  erect :  rays 
wanting:  disk-corollas  funnelform,  pale  yellow,  4-lobed:  achenes  large  and 
flat,  8-10  mm.  long,  3  mm.  wide,  brown  or  olive,  the  3  long  awns  retrosely 
barbed. — In  damp  soil;  Maine  to  Colorado  and  Louisiana. 

3.  Bidens   frondosa  L.   Sp.   832.  1753.     Stem  slender,   bushy-branched, 
nearly  glabrous,  3-8  dm.  high:  leaf-blades  pinnately  3-divided  or  rarely  5- 
divided,  the  segments  lanceolate,  serrate,  with  sharp  spreading  teeth,  acumi- 
nate :  heads  not  large ;  outer  bracts  of  the  involucre  6-8,  subequal,  spatulate, 
sparsely  ciliate,  usually  exceeding  the  disk:  rays  usually  present,   golden- 
yellow,  the  ligules  equaling  the  disk,  the  ovaries  hairy  and  with  2  short  re- 
trorsely  barbed  awns:  disk-corollas  orange,  5-lobed:  achenes  black,  about  6 
mm.  long  and  3  mm.  wide,  cuneate,  flattish;  barbs  on  the  2  awns  either  erect 
or  re  flexed. — Common  eastward  and  extending  into  our  range. 

4.  Bidens  vulgata  Greene,  1.  c.  72.    Stem  tall,  branched,  nearly  glabrous: 
leaf -blades   commonly   5-divided,   the   segments  lanceolate,    acute,    serrate: 
heads  large,  15-25  mm.  wide;  outer  bracts  of  the  involucre  8-16,  unequal, 
usually  longer  than  the  disk,  ciliate,  with  narrowed  tips:  rays  pale  yellow, 
the  ligules  equaling  the  disk,  the  ovaries  awnless;  disk-corollas  funnelform, 
pale,  4-5-lobed:  achenes  7-9  mm.  long,  very  flat,  brown  or  olive,  the  2  long 
awns  and  the  upper  part  of  the  achene-margins  retrorsely  barbed. — Closely 
allied  to  the  preceding,  more  frequent  as  a  weed  and  the  more  common  form 
in  our  range. 

5.  Bidens  tenuisecta  Gray,  PI.  Fendl.  86.  1848.     Stems  3-6  dm.  high, 
branched  from  the  base,  sparsely  hirsute  or  glabrous:  leaves  2-3-ternately  or 
pinnately  dissected  into  narrow  linear  lobes:  heads  on  naked  rather  long  and 
stout  peduncles,  many-flowered,  8-12  mm.  high  in  flower:  achenes  glabrous, 
2-awned;  inner  10  mm.  long,  with  tapering  summit;  outermost  6  mm.  long, 
stouter  and  with  broad  summit  and  usually  short  awns:'  rays  yellow,  mostly 
surpassing   the    disk. — Along   water  courses;   Colorado,    New   Mexico,   and 
Arizona. 

6.  Bidens   bipinnata   L.    Sp.    PI.    832.  1753.     Stem   glabrous,    4-angled, 
branched,  slender,  3-10  dm.  high:  primary  leaf-segments  thin,  deltoid,  the 
ultimate  one  lanceolate,  incised  or  lobed:  outer  involucral  bracts  7-10,  linear, 
shorter  than  the  acute  inner  ones:  rays  few,  the  ligules  yellowish-white,  about 
equaling  the  disk,  mostly  entire:  achenes  spindle-shaped,  in  fruit  much  longer 
than  the  involucre,  the  outer  slightly  shorter;  awns  3—4,  yellow,  retrorsely 
barbed.     (B.  Bigelovii  Gray,  as  to  our  range  at  least.) — Damp  scil  and  waste 
grounds;  a  common  and  disagreeable  weed,  widely  dispersed ;  usually  known 
as  SPANISH  NEEDLES. 

58.  THELESPERMA  Less. 

Smooth  and  glabrous  perennials,  with  opposite  usually  finely  dissected 
leaves,  pedunculate  heads,  and  the  rays  golden-yellow  (if  present).  Bracts 
of  the  inner  involucre  united  into  a  cup;  outer  of  shorter  and  narrow  bracts, 
connate  at  base  with  the  inner.  Chaff  of  the  flat  receptacle  white-scarious. 
Rays  about  8,  cuneate-obovate.  Disk-corollas  with  long  and  slender  tube, 
and  abrupt  campanulate  or  cylindrical  throat.  Anthers  wholly  exserted. 
Achenes  slightly  obcompressed  or  terete,  narrowly  oblong  to  linear,  margin- 
less,  beakless;  the  abrupt  summit  crowned  with  a  pair  of  persistent  and 
stout  awns  or  scales,  or  sometimes  pappus  wanting. 

Heads  rayless  (discoid) 1.  T.  gracile. 

Heads  radiate. 

Leaves  linear;  plant  perennial. 

Leafy  throughout;  pappus  evident 2.  T.  ambiguum. 


552  COMPOSITAE  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY) 

Leaves  largely  basal;  pappus  nearly  or  quite  obsolete     .         .         .     3.  T.  subnudum 
Leaves  filiform-linear;  plant  annual,  biennial,  or  short-lived  perennial     4.  T.  trifidum. 

1.  Thelesperma   gracile    (Torr.)    Gray,    Kew   Journ.    Bot.    1:  253.  1849. 
Rather  rigid,  3-6  dm.  high,  from  a  deep  root,  branched,  naked  above:  leaves 
once  or  twice  ternately  or  quinately  divided  or  parted  into  filiform-linear  or 
broader  lobes,  or  some  upper  ones  filiform  and  entire:  bracts  of  the  outer  in- 
volucre 4-6,  very  short,  ovate  or  oblong;  those  of  the  inner  one  connate  to 
above  the  middle,  the  edges  of  their  lobes  slightly  scarious:  disk  mostly  yellow, 
barely  brownish  after  anthesis:  achenes  slightly  papillose  or  roughened,  the 
breadth  of  the  summit  exceeded  by  the  subulate  awns:  rays  usually  none, 
rarely  present  and  4-5  mm.  long. — On  the  plains;  Montana  to  Arizona  and 
Texas. 

2.  Thelesperma  ambiguum  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  19:  16.  1883.    Stems 
3-5  dm.  high,  rather  rigid:  leaves  bipinnately  divided  into  narrowly  linear 
or  filiform  lobes:  bracts  of  the  outer  involucre  8,   subulate-linear,  almost 
equaling  or  half  the  length  of  the  inner,  which  are  connate  to  or  above  the 
middle:  rays  broad,  10-15  mm.  long,  rarely  wanting:  disk  usually  purple, 
turning  brownish:  outer  achenes  becoming  coarsely  papillose;  the  stout  pappus- 
scales  not  longer  than  the  width  of  the  achene.    (T.  intermedium  Rydb.  Bull. 
Torr.  Bot.  Club  27:  631.  1900.) — Montana  to  New  Mexico  and  Texas. 

3.  Thelesperma  subnudum  Gray,  1.  c.  10:  72.  1874.    Rather  stout:  leaves 
thickish  and  rigid,  once  or  twice  ternately  parted  into  linear  or  lanceolate 
lobes:  peduncles  1-2  dm.  long;  head  12  mm.  high:  rays  sometimes  none, 
sometimes  ample:  pappus  a  minute,  4-5-toothed  naked  crown,  or  obsolete. — 
Wyoming  to  New  Mexico  and  Arizona. 

4.  Thelesperma  trifidum   (Poir.)   Brit.  Trans.  N.   Y.  Acad.  Sci.  9:  182. 
1890.    Stems  3-5  dm.  high,  loosely  branching,  leafy:  leaves  not  rigid,  bipin- 
nately divided  into  filiform  lobes  no  wider  than  the  rachis :  bracts  of  the  outer 
involucre  8,  subulate-linear,  almost  equaling  or  more  than  half  the  length  of 
the  inner,  which  are  connate  only  to  the  middle:  rays  broad,  12-15  mm.  long: 
disk   usually  purple,   turning   brownish:    outer   achenes   becoming  coarsely 
papillose  on  the  back;  the  stout  triangular-subulate  pappus-scales  not  longer 
than  the  width  of  the  achenes.     (T.  tenue  Rydb.  1.  c.) — Dry  plains;  Colorado 
to  Arkansas  and  Texas. 

59.  MADIA  Molina.     TARWEED 

Glandular  and  viscid  herbs,  mostly  heavy-scented,  with  entire  or  merely 
toothed  leaves,  some  or  all  of  them  alternate.  Heads  axillary  and  terminal, 
many-several-no wered.  Involucre  ovoid  or  oblong,  few  to  many-angled  by 
the  salient  narrow  backs  of  the  involucral  bracts.  Receptacle  flat  or  convex, 
bearing  a  single  series  of  bracts  inclosing  the  disk-flowers  as  a  kind  of  inner  in- 
volucre, either  separate  or  connate  into  a  cup.  Ray  flowers  1-20,  with  cuneate 
or  oblong  3-lobed  ligules;  the  achenes  laterally  compressed,  and  inclosed 
in  conduplicate-infolded  involucral  bracts. — Ours  belongs  to  the  section 
Eumadia,  in  wliich  the  rays  are  few  and  inconspicuous  or  none  and  the  pappus 
mostly  wanting. 

1.  Madia  glomerata  Hook.  Fl.  2:  24.  1834.  Stems  2-5  dm.  high,  rigid,  very 
leafy,  hirsute,  glandular  only  toward  the  inflorescence:  leaves  narrowly  linear: 
heads  glomerate:  rays  2-5  or  sometimes  none,  not  surpassing  the  about  equal 
number  of  disk-flowers:  achenes  narrow;  those  of  the  disk  4-5-angled;  those  of 
the  ray  somewhat  curved  and  1-nerved  on  each  face. — Mountains  of  Colorado, 
to  the  Saskatchewan,  the  Sierras  of  California,  Oregon,  and  Washington. 

60.  LAYIA  H.  &  A. 

Branches  terminated  by  showy  heads  of  (in  ours)  white  flowers.  Herbage 
hispid  or  hirsute,  somewhat  viscid  above,  beset  with  scattered,  stipitate,  black- 
ish glands.  Heads  many-flowered,  broad.  Ray-flowers  8-20,  with  3-  lobed  or 


COMPOSITAE  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY)  553 

-toothed  ligules.  Bracts  of  the  involucre  flattened  on  the  back  below,  with 
abruptly  dilated  thin  margins  infolded  so  as  to  inclose  the  ray-achene.  Re- 
ceptacle broad  and  flat,  bearing  a  series  of  thin  chaffy  bracts  between  the  ray- 
and  disk-flowers.  Achenes  of  the  ray  obcompressed,  almost  always  smooth, 
destitute  of  pappus;  those  of  the  disk  similar  or  more  linear-cuneate,  mostly 
pubescent,  bearing  a  pappus  of  10-20  bristles  or  scales,  or  rarely  none. 

1.  Layia  glandulosa  H.  &  A.  Bot.  Beech.  350.  1833.  Stems  2-4  dm.  high, 
diffusely  branched:  lower  leaves  lanceolate  or  linear,  laciniate-pinnatifid  or 
incised;  the  upper  narrow  and  entire:  rays  8-13,  large  and  conspicuous  (bright 
white  or  tinged  with  rose),  8-14  mm.  long,  3-lobed:  villous  hairs  of  the  pappus 
bristles  copious,  the  outer  straight  and  erect,  the  inner  soon  crisped  and  inter- 
laced into  a  woolly  mass.  (Blepharipappus  glandulosus  Hook.) — In  barren 
ground;  chiefly  west  of  our  range. 

61.  PSILOSTROPHE  DC. 

Low  and  corymbosely  branched  woolly  herbs,  with  alternate  and  spatulate 
or  linear  leaves,  the  cauline  entire,  and  small  heads  of  yellow  flowers.  Bracts 
of  the  involucre  distinct,  but  connected  by  the  intricate  wool  so  as  to  seem  con- 
nate. Heads  with  3  or  4  ray  and  5-12  disk-flowers,  all  fertile.  Involucre  of 
4-10  linear  coriaceous  woolly  bracts,  and  a  few  smaller'  scaripus  ones  within, 
with  sometimes  an  additional  narrow  outer  one.  Receptacle  small,  flat. 
Ligules  broad,  abruptly  contracted  at  base  into  a  short  tube,  truncate  and 
2-3-lobed;  disk-corollas  with  short  externally  glandular-bearded  teeth.  Pap- 
pus of  4-6  hyaline  scales. — Riddellia. 

Pappus-scales  oval,  obtuse         . 1.  P.  Bakeri. 

Pappus-scales  lanceolate,  acute  .         .         .         .         .         .         .     .     2.  P.  tagetina. 

1.  Psilostrophe  Bakeri  Greene,  PI.  Baker.  3:  29.  1901.    Herbaceous,  per- 
ennial, much-branched,  1-2  dm.  high,  the  branches  short,  almost  divaricate, 
at  earliest  flowering  not  much  exceeding  the  large,  spatulate-  obovate  or 
-oblong  green  but  thinly  villous-lanate  basal  leaves,  which  are  obtuse,  entire, 
some  of  the  cauline  coarsely  toothed  or  3-lobed  at  or  near  the  apex,  all  ob- 
viously 1-3-nerved:  heads  large,  apparently  always  5-rayed  and  the  rays  10-14 
mm.  long,  deeply  3-lobed;  bracts  of  involucre  green-herbaceous,  distinct,  the 
tips  spreading:  achenes  glabrous,  closely  and  strongly  striate;  scales  of  the 
pappus  obtuse,  more  or  less  toothed,  little  longer  than  broad,  not  half  as  long 
as   the  achene.     (P.  pumila  A.  Nels.  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.  16:  22.  1903.)— 
Western  Colorado  and  Utah. 

2.  Psilostrophe  tagetina  (Nutt.)  Greene,  Pitt.  2:  176.  1891.     Loosely  or 
somewhat  villosely  lanate,  sometimes  glabrate  in  age,  rather  widely  branched : 
radical  and  even  lower  cauline  leaves  often  laciniate-pinnatifid:  heads  nu- 
merous, mostly  cymosely  clustered  and  short-peduncled :  scales  of  the  pappus 
oblong-lanceolate,  entire,  usually  more  than  half  as  long  as  the  disk-corollas. 
Riddellia  tagetina. — Southern  Colorado  (?)  to  Arizona  and  western  Texas. 

62.  PERICOME  Gray 

Strong-scented  yellow-flowered  branching  perennials,  with  long-acuminate 
leaves.  Head  many-flowered,  homogamous.  Involucral  bracts  lightly  con- 
nate by  their  edges  into  a  campanulate  cup.  Disk-corollas  with  viscous- 
glandular  tube  and  much  exserted  anthers.  Achenes  strongly  villous-ciliate. 
Pappus  a  lacerate-ciliate  crown,  and  sometimes  a  pair  of  short  awns,  one  from 
each  angle  of  the  achene. 

1.  Pericome  caudata  Gray,  PL  Wright.  2:  82.  1852.  Leaves  opposite, 
long-petioled,  green  and  minutely  somewhat  resinous-atomiferous,  triangular- 
hastate,  5-10  cm.  long,  with  sparingly  crenate-dentate  or  entire  margins, 
caudately  long-acuminate,  as  also  in  less  degree  are  the  basal  angles:  heads 
numerous  in  terminal  corymbiform  cymes,  9-12  mm.  high;  flowers  golden- 


554  COMPOSITAE    (COMPOSITE   FAMILY) 

yellow,  conspicuously  longer  than  the  glabrous  involucre:  pappus  a  crown 
of  hyaline  scales  which  are  more  or  less  connate  and  fimbriate-lacerate  at 
summit,  the  fringe  dissected  into  bristles  or  hairs  somewhat  simulating  those 
of  the  margin  of  the  achene. — Rocky  canons,  etc.;  southern  Colorado,  New 
Mexico,  and  Arizona. 

63.  HYMENOPAPPUS  L'Her. 

Perennial  or  biennial  herbs  with  sulcate-angled  erect  stems,  alternate 
mostly  once  or  twice  pinnatifid  or  parted  leaves,  and  corymbosely  cymose 
or  solitary  pedunculate  heads  of  yellow  or  white  flowers.  Involucre  cam- 
panulate,  many-flowered,  of  6-12  mostly  appressed  bracts  with  scarious- 
membranaceous  usually  colored  tips.  Rays  none;  disk-corollas  numerous,  all 
alike,  with  narrow  tube,  abruptly  dilated  throat,  and  reflexed  or  widely  spread- 
ing lobes.  Style-branches  with  short  and  thick  conical  appendages.  Achenes 
obpyramidal,  4-5-angled,  with  attenuate  base,  the  faces  1-3-nerved.  Pappus 
of  10-20  thin-scarious  and  mostly  hyaline  obtuse  scales;  sometimes  very  short 
or  obsolete. 

Stems  leafy  throughout,  mostly  corymbosely  branched  and  with  numer- 
ous heads. 

Pappus  evident  and  nearly  as  long  as  the  corolla-tube      .         .         .     1.  H.  tenuifolius. 
Pappus  either  wanting  or  hidden  by  the  hairs  of  the  achenes      .         .     2.  H.  luteus. 
Stems  leafy  below,  upward  the  leaves  reduced,  few  or  wanting;  heads 

not  numerous. 
Stems  somewhat  branched,  2-5  dm.  high. 

Pappus  hidden  by  the  hairs  of  the  achene     .         .         .         .         .     3.  H.  filifolius. 

Pappus  evident,  nearly  as  long  as  the  corolla-tube    .         .         .         .4.  H.  arenosus. 

Stems  scapose,  less  than  2  dm.  high    .         .         .         .         .         .         .     5.  H.  scaposus. 

1.  Hymenopappus  tenuifolius  Pursh,  Fl.  2:  742.  1814.     Lightly  tomen- 
tose,  or  soon  glabrate  and  green,  leafy:  leaves  rather  rigid,  once  or  twice 
pinnately  parted  into  very  narrowly  linear  or  filiform  divisions,  the  margins 
soon  revolute:  heads  only  6-10  mm.  high,  numerous  and  cymose;  involucre 
rather  erect  and  close;  the  bracts  oblong-obovate,  greenish  with  whitish  apex 
and  margins:  corolla  dull  white:  achenes  long-villous. — Eastern  Wyoming 
and  southward  through  Nebraska  and  Kansas. 

2.  Hymenopappus   luteus    Nutt.   Trans.    Am.    Phil.    Soc.    7:  374.  1841. 
Stems  1  or  more  from  each  crown;  crowns  densely  lanate;  stems  spreading, 
1-3   dm.    long:   leaves   white-tomentose;   basal   leaves  numerous,    petioled, 
pinnateiy  parted;  the  pinnae  irregularly  pinnatifid  into  3-9  short-linear  di- 
visions;  cauline   leaves    similar   but   smaller  and   narrower:    heads   loosely 
corymbose-paniculate,  when  fully  developed,  about  1  cm.  high;  bracts  of  the 
involucre  oblong,  obtuse,  truncate  or  even  retuse,  greenish  and  sparsely  lanate, 
margins  and  tip  membranous:  flowers  numerous  (40-60);  corolla  yellowish- 
white,  tube  glandular,  about  half  the  length  of  the  campanulate  throat;  lobes 
much  shorter  than  the  throat:  pappus  wanting  or  obscure  and  short:  achene 
softly  pubescent. — Desert  areas;  Wyoming,  Colorado,  and  Utah. 

3.  Hymenopappus  filifolius  Hook.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  1 :  317.  1833.    Tomentose- 
canescent,  or  somewhat  denudate  and  glabrate,  leafless  above;  stems  1.5-3 
dm.  high,  sometimes  scapiform:  leaves  nearly  as  in  the  last,  or  of  more  fili- 
form rigid  divisions:  heads  8-12  mm.  high,  few;  bracts  of  the  involucre  oblong 
or  obovate-oblong,  largely  green  or  else  white-woolly,  the  tips  whitish  or 
purplish-tinged:  corolla  yellowish- white  or  sometimes  clea$  yellow:  achenes 
very  long-villous. — From  Nebraska  and  Montana  to  New  Mexico  and  southern 
California. 

4.  Hymenopappus  arenosus  Heller,  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  25:  200.  1898. 
Stems  clustered,  leafy  below,   branching,   floccose-tomentose:  leaves  thrice 
or  the  upper  ones  only  twice  pinnately  divided,  the  divisions  all  linear,  from 
0.5-2  cm.  long,  petioled:  heads  corymbosely  cymose,  on  stoutish  peduncles, 
1  cm.  high;  flowers  yellow;  bracts  of  the  involucre  obovate-oblong,  the  mar- 
gins thin,  whitish,  floccose-tomentose  at  base:  corollas  5  mm.  long,  the  tube 
nearly  half  the  length,  the  triangular-lanceolate  lobes  little  more  than  one 


COMPOSITAE  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY)  555 

fourth  the  length  of  the  throat:  achenes  villous  with  rather  long  hairs;  scales 
of  the  pappus  oblong,  a  little  longer  than  the  corolla-tube.  (H.  cinereus  Rydb. 
Bull.  Tofr.  Bot.  Club  27:  634.  1900;  H.  ochroleucus  Greene,  PL  Baker.  3:  30. 
1901.) — Colorado  and  New  Mexico. 

5.  Hymenopappus  scaposus  Rydb.  1.  c.  An  almost  scapose  perennial  with 
a  caespitose  caudex;  stem  with  1-2  reduced  leaves:  basal  leaves  5-7  cm.  long, 
bipinnately  divided  into  linear  segments,  3-15  mm.  long,  more  or  less  densely 
tomentose,  especially  at  the  base:  heads  few,  corymbose,  hemispherical,  about 
1  cm.  high  and  broad;  bracts  obovate,  with  yellowish  or  purplish-scarious 
margins:  corollas  yellow;  tube  and  throat  each  nearly  2  mm.  long;  the  latter 
campanula te  and  longer  than  the  lobes:  achenes  densely  silky;  scales  of  the 
pappus  fully  2  mm.  long,  longer  than  the  tube  of  the  corolla.  (H .  parvulus 
Greene,  1.  c.) — Colorado  to  New  Mexico  and  Nevada. 

64.  LEUCAMPYX  Gray 

Perennial  herb  with  the  aspect  of  Hymenopappus.  Heads  heterogamous, 
radiate;  those  of  the  disk  perfect;  both  fertile.  Involucre  broadly  hemispheri- 
cal; bracts  in  2-3  series,  imbricated,  broadly  scarious  at  the  apex.  Recepta- 
cle somewhat  convex,  covered  with  broad  membranaceous-hyaline  chaffy 
scales  half  inclosing  the  achenes.  Branches  of  the  style  in  the  perfect  flowers 
with  short  penicillate  appendages.  Achenes  cuneate,  incurved,  dorsally  com- 
pressed, subtriquetrous,  attenuate  at  base,  obtuse  at  apex.  Pappus  none. 

1.  Leucampyx  Newberryi  Gray,  Porter  &  Coulter,  Fl.  Col.  77.  1874. 
Herbaceous,  at  first  woolly,  at  length  nearly  glabrous;  stems  stout,  3-6  dm. 
high,  corymbosely  branched:  leaves  2-3  pinnately  parted,  segments  short, 
linear,  revolute  on  the  margins;  the  radical  ones  lanceolate  in  outline,  8-15  cm. 
long  including  the  petioles:  heads  many,  rather  large,  long-peduncled ;  bracts 
of  the  involucre  obovate,  obtuse,  with  broad  scarious  tips:  corolla  of  the  disk 
yellow,  of  the  ray  white  or  cream-colored  with  a  spreading  cuneate  limb  10-12 
mm.  long:  achenes  glabrous,  angled,  black. — In  canons;  Colorado  and  New 
Mexico. 

65.  POLYPTERIS  Nutt. 

Herbs  more  or  less  scabrous-pubescent,  with  undivided  and  mostly  entire 
petiolate  leaves,  all  or  the  upper  alternate  and  loosely  cymose  or  paniculate 
and  pedunculate  heads  of  rose-purple  flowers.  Involucre  broadly  campanu- 
late  to  turbinate;  the  bracts  spatulate  to  linear-lanceolate,  commonly  in  2 
series  and  equal.  Rays  in  our  species  e volute  into  a  palmate,  3-cleft  ligule, 
fertile;  corolla  of  the  disk-flowers  with  long  lobes;  stamens  wholly  exserted. 
Achenes  from  linear  and  downwardly  attenuate  to  clavate-obpyramidal, 
4-sided,  minutely  pubescent.  Pappus  of  6-12  equal  hyaline  scarious  scales. 

1.  Polypteris  Hookeriana  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  19:  30.  1883.  Stout, 
2-6  dm.  high,  above  glandular-pubescent  and  somewhat  viscid:  leaves  nar- 
rowly to  broadly  lanceolate:  involucre  many-flowered,  broad,  10-14  mm. 
high,  of  12-16  lanceolate  bracts  in  2  series,  the  outer  looser  and  often  wholly 
herbaceous,  inner  with  purplish  tips:  ray-flowers  8-10,  the  rose-red  rays 
10-12  mm.  long,  but  sometimes  reduced  or  abortive:  pappus  of  the  disk  of 
thin  scales  attenuate  at  apex  into  a  slender  point  or  short  awn,  nearly  the 
length  of  the  achene. — Sandy  plains;  from  Nebraska  to  Texas,  and  extending 
within  the  eastern  limits  of  our  range. 

66.  ERIOPHYLLUM  Lag. 

Mostly  floccose-woolly  herbs,  with  alternate  or  partly  opposite  leaves  and 
peduncled  heads  of  golden-yellow  flowers;  in  ours  the  heads  are  solitary  or 
scattered.  Involucre  of  1  or  sometimes  2  series  of  oblong,  permanently  erect 
bracts,  either  distinct  or  sometimes  partially  united  into  a  cup,  at  least 
in  fruit  concave  at  center,  partially  receiving  the  achenes.  Receptacle  from 
convex  or  rarely  conical  to  plane.  Ray-flowers  usually  with  broad  ligules, 


556  COMPOSITAE  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY) 

very  rarely  none.     Achenes  narrow,  from  clavate-linear  to  cuneate-oblong, 
mostly  4-angled.    Pappus  of  nerveless  and  mostly  pointless  scales. 

Plants  small,  1  dm.  or  less  high;  heads  sessile  or  nearly  so  .         .         .I.E.  Wallacei. 
Plants  1-3  dm.  high;  heads  pedunculate 2.  E.  integrifolium. 

1.  Eriophyllum  Wallacei   Gray,   Proc.   Am.   Acad.    19:  25.  1883.     Stem 
freely  branching  from  the  base;  the  branches  ascending,  2-10  cm.  high;  the 
copious  matted  wool  tardily  or  not  at  all  deciduous:  leaves  spatulate  or  obo- 
vate,  obtuse,  mostly  entire,  1  cm.  or  less  long:  heads  short-pedunculate;  in- 
volucre 5  mm.  high,  the  overlapping  bracts  not  united:  receptacle  low-conical, 
obtuse:  rays  about  10,  yellow,  4  mm.  long  and  nearly  as  broad:  anther-tips 
subulate:  style-branches  conical,  acutish:  scales  of  the  pappus  6-10,  oblong  or 
obovate,  obtuse,  erose,  one  half  to  one  fourth  as  long  as  the  corolla. — Desert 
soils;  southern  Wyoming  to  Arizona  and  California. 

2.  Eriophyllum  integrifolium  (Hook.)  Greene,  Fl.  Fran.  444.  1891.     Low, 
often  dwarf,  caespitose,  1-3  dm.  high:  leaves  narrowly  spatulate  and  entire  to 
more  dilated  and  3-lobed,  floccosely  hoary:  heads  rather  long-peduncled ;  in- 
volucre cylindrical,  of  6-8  narrowly  oblong  bracts:  achenes  glabrous,  rarely 
somewhat  glandular-atomiferous  near  the  summit;  scales  of  the  pappus  mostly 
of  the  same  length,  about  equaling  the  very  glandular  but  not  hirsute  corolla- 
tube.    (E.  multiflorum  Nutt.) — In  the  mountains;  Wyoming  to  California  and 
Washington. 

67.  PLATYSCHKUHRIA  (Gray)  Rydb. 

Herbaceous  from  a  perennial  caudex.  Leaves  all  alternate  and  entire, 
coriaceous.  Scales  of  the  pappus  about  10,  linear-lanceolate,  with  a  distinct 
excurrent  or  percurrent  costa. — Section  Platyschkuhria  Gray,  under  Bahia. 

1.  Platyschkuhria  integrifolia  (Gray)  Rydb.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  33:  155. 
1906.  Cinereous-puberulent  and  glabrate,  upper  part  of  the  scapiform  stem 
and  involucre  minutely  glandular,  1-3  dm.  high:  leaves  nearly  all  radical, 
oval  or  spatulate-oblong,  tapering  into  a  slender  petiole:  heads  solitary  or 
few  and  somewhat  corymbosely  paniculate,  10-12  mm.  high;  involucre  of 
about  10  oblong  bracts:  rays  6-9,  oblong:  pappus  fully  half  the  length  of  the 
cuneate-linear,  sparsely  hairy  achene;  the  thin  margins  of  the  scales  of  the 
pappus  erose.  Bahia  nudicaulis. — Arid  areas;  Wyoming  and  Colorado. 

68.  BAHIA  Lag. 

Ours  are  herbaceous  plants,  sometimes  canescent  but  not  woolly,  with  op- 
posite or  sometimes  alternate  leaves  and  rather  small  pedunculate  heads  of 
yellow  flowers  terminating  the  branches.  Involucre  hemispherical  or  obovate 
and  lax  or  open  in  fruit;  the  plane  bracts  distinct  to  and  commonly  narrower 
at  the  base,  not  embracing  achenes.  Receptacle  mostly  flat.  Pistillate  flowers 
with  exserted  ligules,  or  rarely  none.  Achenes  narrow,  quadrangular.  Pappus 
of  several  scarious  scales. — Includes  Picradeniopsis  Rydb.  and  Achryopappus 
H.B.K. 

Perennial  from  a  lignescent  root 1.  B.  oppositifolia. 

Annuals. 

Rays  none;  leaves  mainly  opposite 2.  B.  neo-mexicana. 

Rays  conspicuous;  leaves  mainly  alternate    .         .         .         .         .  3.  B.  dissecta. 

1.  Bahia  oppositifolia  Nutt.  T.  &  G.  Fl.  2:  376.  1842.  Tufted,  1-2  dm. 
high,  fastigiately  branched  and  many-stemmed,  very  leafy  up  to  the  short- 
peduncled  heads,  cinereous  with  fine  close  pubescence:  leaves  petioled,  pal- 
mately  or  pedately  3-5-parted  into  linear  divisions  little  broader  than  the 
margined  petiole:  bracts  of  the  involucre  oblong  or  oval,  comparatively  close: 
rays  5  or  6,  oval,  hardly  surpassing  the  disk-flowers:  achenes  slender,  glan- 
dular; pappus  half  the  length  of  the  corolla-tube. — Sterile  hills  and  plains; 
Nebraska  to  Wyoming  and  New  Mexico. 


COMPOSITAE  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY)  557 

2.  Bahia  neo-mexicana  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  19:  27.  1883.    Stems  1-2.5 
dm.  high,  minutely  puberulent :  leaves  3-7-parted  into  narrow  linear  divisions ; 
the  uppermost  little  shorter  than  the  slender  peduncles:  involucre  of  about  10 
sparingly  pubescent  spatulate  bracts:   disk-corollas   small,   with   glandular 
tube,  almost  equaled  by  the  obovate  scales  of  the  pappus,  which  are  much 
thickened  at  and  near  the  base. — New  Mexico  and  southern  Colorado. 

3.  Bahia  dissecta  (Gray)  Brit.  Trans.  N.  Y.  Acad.  Sci.  8:  68.  1889.    Stems 
stoutish,  3-10  dm.  high,  puberulent  or  glabrous  below,  above  with  the  flower- 
ing branches  and  short  peduncles  glandular-pubescent  and  viscid:   leaves 
1-3-ternately  divided  or  parted;  the  lobes  from  oblong  and  obtuse  to  nearly 
linear:  heads  10-14  mm.  high  and  broad;  bracts  of  the  involucre  16-20, 
crowded,  oblong-lanceolate  to  obovate-oblong,  most  of  them  conspicuously 
acuminate.     B.  chrysanthemoides. — Along  water  courses;  Wyoming  to  New 
Mexico  and  Arizona. 

69.  CHAENACTIS  DC. 

Herbs  with  alternate  mostly  pinnately  dissected  leaves,  pedunculate  soli- 
tary or  cymose  heads  of  yellow  or  (in  ours)  white  or  flesh-colored  flowers,  and 
pappus  mostly  of  entire  or  merely  erose  persistent  scales  (in  ours  4-14).  Re- 
ceptacle flat.  Heads  rayless  but  the  marginal  flowers  enlarged.  Achenes 
slender,  linear-tetragonal  or  more  compressed,  pubescent. 

Annual 1.  C.  stevioides. 

Perennials. 

Heads  corymbose,  short-peduncled;  pappus-scales  8-14       .         .         .  2.  C.  Douglasii. 

Heads  solitary;  pappus-scales  4-6 3.  C.  alpina. 

1 .  Chaenactis  stevioides  H.  &  A.  Bot.  Beech.  353. 1840.    Floccose-tomentose, 
glabrate  in  age,  2-3  dm.  high,  freely  and  loosely  branched,  bearing  numerous 
somewhat  cymosely  disposed  heads  on  short,  slender  peduncles:  leaves  1-2- 
pinnately  parted  into  short,  linear  lobes,  uppermost  rarely  entire:  bracts  of 
involucre  narrowly  linear,  obtuse,  with  obscure  midrib:  marginal  corollas 
with  moderately  ampliate  unequally  5-lobed  limb,  not  surpassing  the  disk: 
scales  of  the  pappus  scarcely  thickened  at  base,  those  of  the  inner  flowers 
oblong-lanceolate  and  shorter  than  the  corolla,  of  the  outer  one  ovate  or  ob- 
long, often  unequal,  sometimes  much  shorter. — Arid  areas  of  our  range,  and 
westward. 

2.  Chaenactis  Douglasii  H.  &  A.  1.  c.    Canescent  with  a  fine,  somewhat 
floccose  tomentum,  or  sometimes  glabrate,   1-4  dm.  or  more  high:  leaves 
mostly  of  broad  outline  and  bipinnately  parted  into  crowded,  short,  and  very 
obtuse  divisions  and  lobes:  heads  12-18  mm.  long,  in  larger  plants  several 
or  numerous  and  corymbosely  cymose:  scales  of  the  pappus  from  linear-ligulate 
to  narrowly  oblong  and  one  half  to  three  fourths  the  length  of  the  corolla. — 
From  Montana  to  New  Mexico  and  westward. 

2a.  Chaenactis  Douglasii  achilleaefolia  (H.  &  A.)  A.  Nels.  Dwarf,  the 
leaves  more  rosulate-tufted  and  their  divisions  crowded-approximate.  (C. 
achilleaefolia  H.  &  A.  1.  c.). — In  arid  sterile  soils;  Wyoming  to  Montana  and 
Washington. 

3.  Chaenactis  alpina    (Gray)   Jones,  Proc.  Cal.  Acad.  II.  5:  699.  1895. 
Dwarf,  6-16  cm.  high,  consisting  of  a  rosette  or  thick  tuft  of  leaves  with  very 
approximate  divisions,  and  naked  or  scapiform  stems,  bearing  mostly  solitary 
heads,  surmounting  the  subterranean  branches  of  a  multicipital  perennial 
caudex  or  rootstock:  heads  large,  with  broadly  linear,  rough,  greenish  bracts: 
pappus  scales  narrowly  oblong,  usually  6,  2  of  which  are  somewhat  shorter 
and  narrower.     C.  Douglasii  alpina.      (C.  pedicularia   Greene,  Pitt.  4:  98. 
1899). — In  the  mountains  of  Colorado. 

70.  HULSEA  T.  &  G. 

Herbs,  viscid-pubescent  and  balsamic-scented,  most  of  the  species  when 
young  floccose-woolly,  with  alternate,  mostly  sessile,  entire  or  dentate  or 


558  COMPOSITAE  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY) 

pinnatifid  leaves,  and  solitary  or  scattered  large  heads  of  yellow  flowers,  or 
rays  sometimes  purple.  Bracts  of  the  involucre  linear  or  lanceolate.  Ray- 
flowers  numerous  and  ligulate,  but  sometimes  short  and  inconspicuous; 
disk-corollas  with  proper  tube  slender  or  narrow,  but  shorter  than  the  cylin- 
draceous  throat.  Achenes  linear-cuneate,  compressed  or  somewhat  tetragonal, 
soft-villous,  especially  the  margins.  Pappus  mostly  of  4  truncate  scales, 
erose  or  lacerate  at  summit  or  nearly  entire. 

1.  Hulsea  carnosa  Rydb.  Mem.  N.  Y.  Bot.  Gard.  1:  423.  1900.  Very 
fleshy;  stems  from  creeping  rootstocks  and  a  deep  thick  root,  in  big  clumps, 
1.5-3  dm.  high,  very  leafy  throughout,  pubescent,  more  or  less  viscid:  leaves 
very  fleshy,  linear,  sinuately  lobed,  5-8  cm.  long:  heads  solitary,  1.5-2  cm. 
high,  hemispheric;  the  bracts  linear-lanceolate,  viscid-pubescent  and  more  or 
less  villous:  rays  light  yellow,  less  than  1  cm.  long:  achenes  tapering  down- 
ward, densely  silky-strigose :  pappus  of  fimbriate  scales  about  2  mm.  long. — 
Wet  rocky  ravines;  Montana  and  Yellowstone  Park. 

71.  ACTINELLA  Nutt. 

Mostly  scapose,  villous-pubescent  or  glabrous,  bitter  and  aromatic  herbs, 
with  alternate  or  basal  often  punctate  entire  leaves,  and  equally  peduncled 
heads  of  both  tubular  and  radiate  yellow  (rarely  flesh-colored)  flowers,  or 
rays  rarely  wanting.  Involucre  hemispheric,  campanulate  or  depressed,  the 
bracts  imbricated  in  2-3  series,  appressed.  Receptacle  convex  or  conic, 
naked.  Ray-flowers  pistillate  and  fertile,  the  rays  3-toothed;  disk-flowers 
perfect,  fertile,  the  corollas  with  4-5-toothed  limbs.  Style-branches  truncate 
and  penicillate  at  the  summit.  Achenes  turbinate,  5-10-ribbed  or  angled, 
villous  or  pubescent.  Pappus  of  5-12  thin,  aristate,  acuminate,  or  truncate 
scales. — (Tetraneuris  Greene.) 

Leaves  borne  wholly  on  the  crowns  of  the  caudex. 

Leaves  densely  pubescent  (silky,  vilious,  or  canescent). 

Plants  broadly  low-caespitose,   the  numerous  crowns  bearing  a 

solitary  head  on  a  scape  1-10  cm.  long    .....       1.  A.  acaulis. 

Plants  simple  or  tufted,  the  crowns  few,  the  scapes  slender,  10-30 

cm.  high. 
Rays  present. 

Pubescence  silky-sericeous      .         .         .         .         .         .  2.  A.  simplex. 

Pubescence  short,  dense  and  silvery-white     .         .         .  3.  A.  incana. 

Rays  wanting. 

Disk  yellow 4.  A.  eradiata. 

Disk  flesh-color       .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .  5.  A.  carnosa. 

Leaves  loosely  villous  or  glabrate. 
Crowns  of  the  caudex  short. 

The  leaf-bases  involved  in  long  white  or  brown  hairs. 

Sparsely  long-villous  throughout    .         .  .         .  6.  A.  lanata. 

Leaves  green  and  nearly  or  quite  glabrous     .         .         .  7.  A.  Torreyana. 

The  leaf-bases  naked  or  nearly  so. 

Leaves  green,  broadly  linear  .         .         .    •     .         .         .       8.  A.  epunctata. 

Leaves  pale,  narrowly  linear  .         .         .         .         .         .       9.  A.  linearis. 

Crowns  of  the  caudex  fastigiate  and  elongated  (1-2  dm.  high)        .     10.  A.  fastigiata. 
Leaves  borne  on  the  crowns  of  the  caudex  and  1-4  on  the  lower  portion 

of  the  slender  scape      .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .11.  A.  leptoclada. 

1.  Actinella  acaulis  (Pursh)  Nutt.  Gen.  2:  173.  1818.     Densely  caespitose, 
the  branches  of  the  caudex  short,  thick,  and  crowded,  canescently  villous  or 
sericeous,  sometimes  more  naked:  scape  1-10  cm.  high:  leaves  thickish,  all 
entire,  spatulate  to  nearly  linear,  commonly  short,   2-5  cm.   long,  densely 
crowded  on  the  caudex:  rays  long. — Mountains  and  the  bordering  plains  and 
hills;  Dakota  to  Montana,  and  south  to  Colorado. 

la.  Actinella  acaulis  caespitosa  A.  Nels.  Densely  silky  or  sericeous- 
canescent:  heads  sessile  or  subsessile  among  the  crown  leaves.  (A.  depressa 
Gray;  A.  depressa  pygmaea  Gray;  Tetraneuris  brevifolia  Greene,  Pitt.  3:  266. 
1898;  T.  acaulis  caespitosa  A.  Nels.  Bot.  Gaz.  28:  127.  1899.) — Same  range  as 
the  species. 

2.  Actinella  simplex  A.  Nels.    Caudex  short,  consisting  of  one  or  more  thick 


COMPOSITAE  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY)  559 

crowns  which  are  densely  covered  with  brown  dead  leaf-bases:  leaves  appressed 
pubescent,  nearly  naked  in  the  axils  or  sparsely  long-hairy,  glabrate  in  age 
when  the  fine  punctation  becomes  evident,  crowded  on  the  crowns,  ascending 
or  erect,  linear-spatulate,  tapering  only  slightly  to  the  margined  base,  sub- 
acute,  4-7  cm.  long:  scapes  simple,  single  from  the  crowns,  15-25  cm.  high, 
slender,  erect,  lightly  pubescent  below,  becoming  silky  or  lanate  above  and 
on  the  involucre:  heads  large,  2.5-4  cm.  across:  rays  with  a  broad  ligule  (5-8 
mm.):  achene  pubescent.  (Tetraneuris  simplex  A.  Nels.  1.  c.) — Southern 
Wyoming  to  New  Mexico  and  Arizona. 

3.  Actinella  incana  A.  Nels.     Root  rather  slender,  simple  or  branched; 
caudex  simple  or  few  branched,  the  crowns  enlarged  by  a  dense  covering  of 
the  broadly  expanded  bases  of  the  petioles  which  are  more  or  less  involved  in 
white,  hirsute  wool:  leaves  crowded  on  the  crowns,  silvery-white  with  an 
appressed  pubescence,  linear-oblanceolate,  2-4  cm.  long:  scapes  naked,  slender, 
curved-ascending,  1-2  dm.  high:  involucre  silvery-silky;  bracts  few,  shorter 
than  the  1  cm.  high  disk,  the  outer  oblong,  obtuse,  the  inner  spatulate,  scarious- 
margined:  rays  few,  the  ligule  as  long  as  the  disk:  pappus-scales  oblong,  aris- 
tate;  achene  slender,  nearly  as  long  as  the  corolla,  pubescent.     (Tetraneuris 
incana  A.  Nels.  1.  c.) — White  barren  clay  hills  and  ridges;  east-central  Wyo- 
ming. 

4.  Actinella  eradiata  A.  Nels.    Densely  silky  throughout;  caudex  short,  of 
one  or  more  crowns,  slightly  lanate  and  covered  with  the  expanded  bases  of 
the  petioles:  leaves  crowded  on  the  crowns,  linear  or  narrowly  ob lanceolate, 
5-8  cm.  long,  the  short  petiole  margined  and  expanding  at  its  scarious  base: 
scapes  slender,  12-25  cm.  high:  heads  wholly  eradiate,  1  cm.  or  more  high, 
the  disk  almost  orange  or  tinged  with  brown:  pappus-scales  obovate,  glistening- 
white,  tipped  with  a  slender  awn,  including  the  awn  almost  as  long  as  the 
silvery  achene  and  scarcely  shorter  than  the  corolla.     (Tetraneuris  eradiata 
A.  Nels.  Bot.  Gaz.  37:  275.  1904.) — Eastern  base  of  the  Big  Horn  Mountains, 
Wyoming. 

5.  Actinella  carnosa  A.  Nels.    Caespitose,  caudex  6-8  cm.  high,  branching 
underground  from  a  perennial,  woody  root;  whole  plant  hirsute-canescent : 
leaves  all  radical,  simple,  from  oblong  to  orbicular,  8-12  mm.  long  on  petioles 
equaling  them  or  twice  as  long;  blade  coriaceous,  acute  or  obtuse,  entire  or 
crenate,   margins  re  volute;   lower   surface  densely  covered  with  appressed 
white  hairs;  upper  surface  impressed-punctate  and  sparingly  hirsute:  heads 
15  mm.  high  and  broad;  involucral  scales  linear-oblong,  obtuse,  about  12, 
arranged  in  2  series,  densely  pubescent  externally,  glabrous  and  marked  by 
prominent  nerves  within;  the  inner  series  longer,  with  reddish  scarious-margined 
tips:  lobes  of  flesh-colored  corolla  equal:  stamens  included:  style-tips  broad: 
achenes  clavate,   densely  villous;   pappus  of  8  nearly  equal,   hyaline    scales 
one  half  the  length  of  the  achenes,  with  prominent  midrib  and  erose  tips. 
(Chaenactis   scaposa   Eastw.    Zoe    2:    231.    1891;    Chamaechaenactis    scaposa 
Rydb.    Bull.   Torr.   Bot.   Club   33:  156.   1906.) — From   type   locality   only, 
Grand  Junction,  Colorado. 

6.  Actinella  lanata  Nutt.  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  7:  379.  1881.     Caudex 
caespitose,  the  crowns  short  and  densely  hairy  or  woolly:   leaves  linear- 
oblanceolate,  loosely  silky- villous  but  often  glabrate*  in  age,  nearly  impunctate: 
scape  7-12  cm.  long:  bracts  of  the  involucre  oblong  lanceolate,  in  about  3 
series,  the  inner  with  scarious  margins:  pappus-scales  5-6,  ovate,  tipped  with 
short  awns.     (Tetraneuris  lanata  Greene,  Pitt.  1.  c.  265.) — Wyoming  to  New 
Mexico  and  Arizona. 

7.  Actinella  Torreyana  Nutt.  1.  c.     Caudex  very  stout,  depressed,  the 
crowns  greatly  thickened  by  the  copious  brown  hair  or  wool  which  involves 
the   old   leaf-stalks:    leaves    green   and   becoming  almost   glabrous,    linear- 
oblanceolate,  subglutinous  and  strongly  impressed  glandular-punctate:  scapes 
6-12  cm.  high,  silky-pubescent  as  is  also  the  involucre:  inner  involucral  bracts 
scarious-margined:  heads  large,  with  conspicuous  yellow  rays  which  have  a 
greenish  tinge:  pappus-scales  nearly  awnless.     (Tetraneuris  Torreyana  Greene 
J.  c.) — On  rocky  hills  of  Colorado,  Wyoming,  and  Utah. 


560  COMPOSITAE  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY) 

8.  Actinella  epunctata  A.  Nels.    Gaud  ex  simple  or  with  2-several  crowns: 
leaves  crowded  on  the  crowns,  glabrate  and  bright  green,  obscurely  punctate, 
narrowly  spatulate  or  ob lanceolate,  2-4  cm.  long,  the  margined  petiolar  bases 
imbricated  on  the  crowns  but  not  involved  in  the  usual  wool:  scapes  1  dm.  or 
less  high,  sparsely  silky-canescent:  heads  large,  25-30  mm.  broad  when  fully 
expanded;  involucre  silky-lanate;  the  green  tips  of  the  oblong-acute  bracts 
mostly  free  from  the  wool:  the  bright  yellow  rays  about  12  mm.  long:  pappus 
scales  nearly  as  long  as  the  disk-corollas,  obovate,  abruptly  long-acuminate. 
(Tetraneuris  epunctata  A.  Nels.  1.  c.;  T.  glabra  Greene,  1.  c.  268,  not  T.  glabra 
Nutt.;  T.  glabriuscula  Rydb.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  33:  155.  1906.) — Colorado 
and  Utah  to  Nevada  and  New  Mexico. 

9.  Actinella  linearis  (Nutt.)  A.  Nels.     Caespitose,  but  the  short  caudex 
slender:  leaves  very  narrow  and  almost  linear,  pubescent  but  not  villous,  the 
punctation  manifest  but  superficial  rather  than  impressed:  scapes  tall  and 
slender:  scales  of  the  pappus  obovate,  obtuse,  tipped  with  a  rather  long  awn. 
(A.  scaposa  linearis  Nutt.  1.  c.;  Tetraneuris  linearis  Greene,  1.  c.  267;  T.  an- 
gustifolia  Rydb.  1.  c.  32:  128.  1905.) — Texas  and  New  Mexico  and  rarely  in 
southern  Colorado. 

10.  Actinella  fastigiata  (Greene)  A.  Nels.     Subligneous  stem  1-2  dm.  high, 
parted  into  many  fastigiate  densely  leafy  branches  and  forming  a  compact 
tufted  undershrub-like  plant:  leaves  spatulate-linear,  acute,  glabrous  or  some- 
what scabrous,  superficially  punctate,  the  basal  part  much  dilated,  with 
strong  midvein  and  no  lateral  nerves,  the  margin  hirsute  with  long  deflexed 
hairs:  scapes  slender,  shorter  than  the  leafy  branches,  7-12  cm.  long:  invo- 
lucre narrow  and  small,  the  bracts  oblong,  obtuse,  pubescent.    (Tetraneuris 
fastigiata  Greene,  1.  c.  268;  T.  stenophylla  Rydb.  1.  c.  33:  155.) — Dry  hills  in 
Kansas;  reported  also  from  Colorado. 

11.  Actinella  leptoclada  Gray,  Pacif.  R.  R.  Rept.  4:  107.  1857.    Tufted, 
with  woody  root  and  multicipital  caudex,  the  short  thickened  crowns  clothed 
with  the  expanded,  membranous,  lanate  leaf -bases:  leaves  glabrous,  4-8  cm. 
long,  crowded  on  the  crowns,  linear-oblanceolate,  acute  or  cuspidate,  rather  mi- 
nutely punctate:  stems  few  to  several,  1-2  dm.  long,  bearing  a  few  (usually  2) 
leaves:  heads  large;  disk  about  1  cm.  high;  involucre  silky-lanate;  the  bracts 
in  two  or  three  rows,  the  inner  oblong  or  somewhat  expanded  upward  by  the 
scarious  margins:  scales  of  the  pappus  oblong-elliptic  with  an  acumination  as 
long  as  the  body  proper,  equaling  the  disk-corollas:  ligules  of  the  rays  15-18 
mm.  long,  6-8  mm.  broad.    [The  fact  that  the  stem  leaves  are  often  concealed 
among  the  others  has  probably  contributed  in  part  to  the  making  of  the  fol- 
lowing synonyms:  T.  mancosensis  A.  Nels.  1.  c.  28.  1898;  T.  intermedia  Greene, 
PI.  Baker.  3:  29.  1901;  T.  CrandattiiHydb.  1.  c.  32:  127.  1905;  T.  arizonica 
Greene,  Pitt.  3:  266. 1898;  T.  pilosa  Greene  (?)].— Colorado  to  New  Mexico  and 
Arizona. 

72.  HYMENOXYS  Cass. 

Herbaceous  plants  with  aromatic  herbage,  alternate  leaves,  and  pedunculate 
heads.  Ray-flowers  pistillate  or  the  heads  homogamous.  Bracts  of  the  in- 
volucre in  two  series,  in  our  species  the  narrow  and  rigid  outer  bracts  united  at 
base  into  a  shallow  cup*  inclosing  the  broadly  oblong  obtuse  inner  ones. 
Flowers  yellow.  Achenes  turbinate,  hairy.  Pappus  of  5-12  conspicuous 
hyaline  paleae. — Actinella  in  part. 

Perennial,  the  stems  from  a  low  branched  caudex,  simple  below. 

Heads  solitary  or  few  at  the  ends  of  the  stems      .         .         .  .  1.  H.  Richardsonii. 

Heads  several  to  many,  in  a  corymbose  inflorescence     .         .  .  2.  H.  floribunda. 

Annual  or  biennial,  branched  throughout,  with  a  taproot    .         .  .  3.  H.  multiflora. 

1.  Hymenoxys  Richardsonii  (Hook.)  Ckll.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  31:  471. 
1904.  Stems  1-2  dm.  high,  in  tufts  from  a  multicipital  caudex,  puberulent  or 
nearly  glabrous,  woolly  in  the  axils  of  radical  leaves,  polycepnalous :  upper 
leaves  mostly  once,  and  the  lower  twice,  ternately  parted  into  long  and  sim- 
ple filiform-linear  lobes,  rather  rigid:  involucre  4-6  mm.  high,  6-9-angled;  the 


COMPOSITAE  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY)  561 

6-9  bracts  of  the  outer  series  strongly  carinate,  united  for  the  lower  quarter  or 
third:  rays  broadly  or  sometimes  narrowly  cuneate,  4-8  mm.  long.  Actinella 
Richardsonii.  (Hymenopappus  ligulaeflorus  A.  Nels.  Bull.  Wyo.  Exp.  Sta. 
28:  135.  1896;  Picradenia  pumila  Greene,  Pitt.  3:  271.  1898;  P.  macrantha  A. 
Nels.  Bot.  Gaz.  28:  130.  1899.  These  are  reduced  to  varieties  and  some  other 
varieties  added  by  Cockerell  in  his  revision,  cited  above.) — Plains;  Saskatche- 
wan and  eastern  Oregon  to  Utah  and  New  Mexico. 

2.  Hymenoxys  floribunda  (Gray)  Ckll.  1.  c.    Taller  and  more  slender  than 
H.  Richardsonii,  the  wool  at  base  of  stem  more  silky ;  stems  repeatedly  branched : 
heads  many  times  more  numerous,  less  than  half  the  size,  forming  a  broad, 
flat-topped  inflorescence:  scales  of  the  pappus  lanceolate,  some  slenderly  acu- 
minate, others  not  so.     This  species  received  some  notice  a  few  years  since 
as  a  possible  source  of  rubber  and  became  known  as  the  COLORADO  RUBBER 
PLANT. — In  dry  or  gravelly  soil;  Colorado  to  Texas,  New  Mexico,  and  Arizona. 

3.  Hymenoxys  multiflora  (Buckley)  Rydb.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  33:  157. 
1906.    Diffuse  and  at  length  much  branched,  from  an  annual  or  biennial  root, 
1-3  dm.  high,  with  scattered  small  heads  terminating  leafy  branches:  leaves 
once  to  thrice  ternately  parted  into  filiform  lobes,  not  rigid:  involucre  cam- 
panulate,  rigid ;  the  outer  of  7  or  8  oblong  bracts,  united  at  base :  scales  of  the 
pappus  aristately  attenuate.     (Picradenia  multiflora  Greene,  1.  c.;  H.  chry- 
santhemoides  multiflora  Ckll.  1.  c.;  H.  Osterhoutii  Ckll.  1.  c.) — Dry  plains;  Kan- 
sas and  Colorado  to  Texas  and  Arizona. 

73.  RYDBERGIA  Greene 

Stout  but  low,  upright,  sparingly  branched  alpine  woolly  perennials,  with 
very  large  heads  with  long  and  narrow  spreading  yellow  rays.  Bracts  of  the 
low-hemispherical  involucre  all  alike,  distinct,  herbaceous,  in  several  series, 
loose,  woolly.  Receptacle  broad  and  hemispherical.  Rays  15-30,  2-3  cm. 
long,  linear-cuneiform,  broadest  and  deeply  3-toothed  at  apex.  Scales  of  the 
pappus  white,  elongated-lanceolate,  and  slenderly  acuminate. 

Leaves  glabrate;  involucre  short-villous 1.  R.  Brandegei. 

Leaves  floccose-woolly;  involucre  woolly      .         .         .         ...         .     2.  R.  grandiflora. 

1.  Rydbergia  Brandegei   (Gray)   Rydb.   Bull.  Torr.   Bot.  Club   33:  156. 
1906.    Leaves  glabrate,  with  2  or  3  lobes  toward  the  upper  part,  or  some  en- 
tire, narrowly  linear,  only  2  or  3  on  the  somewhat  scapiform  simple  flowering 
stem  (1-2  dm.  high):  head  therefore  conspicuously  pedunculate,  10-12  mm. 
high  and  wide;  involueral  bracts  lanceolate:  rays  12-16,  6-8  mm.  long. — In 
the  high  mountains;  southern  Colorado  and  New  Mexico. 

2.  Rydbergia  grandiflora  (Pursh)  Greene,  Pitt.  3:  270.  1898.     Stem  1-3 
dm.  high,  very  stout,  floccose-woolly,  somewhat  glabrate  in  age;  stem  simple 
or  branching  below,  leafy:  leaves  with  petiole  scarious-dilated  at  base,  lower 
ones  2-3-ternately  or  quinately  parted,  upper  with  3-5  simple  lobes:  invo- 
lucre about  20-25  mm.  broad,  very  woolly,  the  bracts  linear:  rays  30  or  more, 
12-16  mm.  long.     Actinella  grandiflora. — Alpine  regions  from  Montana  to 
Colorado. 

74.  DUGALDIA  Cass. 

Tall,  erect,  rather  stout  perennials  or  possibly  biennials,  with  entire  or 
parted  alternate  leaves  which  are  more  or  less  resinous-atomiferous  and 
impressed-punctate.  Heads  usually  several  and  rather  long-pedunculate. 
Bracts  of  the  involucre  numerous,  in  2  series,  tardily  re  flexed.  Rays  fertile, 
numerous,  long,  and  narrow;  disk-corollas  with  moderately  long  proper 
tube.  Pappus  of  elongated  scales. — Helenium  in  part. 

All  the  leaves  entire      .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .     1.  D.  Hoopesii. 

Some  of  the  leaves  parted  or  divided 2.  D.  helenioides. 

1.  Dugaldia  Hoopesii  (Gray)  Rydb.  Mem.  N.  Y.  Bot.  Gard.  1:  425.  1900. 
Slightly  tomentose  or  pubescent  when  young,  soon  glabrate;  stem  stout,  3-8 

ROCKY  MT.  BOT. — 36 


562  COMPOSITAE  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY) 

dm.  high,  leafy,  bearing  several  or  sometimes  only  a  solitary  large  head :  leaves 
thickish,  oblong-lanceolate,  or  the  lower  spatulate  with  long  tapering  base: 
rays  becoming  2-3  cm.  long,  tardily  reflexed:  disk  12-16  mm.  high,  hemispher- 
ical: scales  of  the  pappus  ovate-lanceolate,  long-attenuate-acuminate,  a  little 
shorter  than  the  corolla.  Helenium  Hoopesii. — In  the  mountains;  Wyoming 
to  New  Mexico  and  Arizona. 

2.  Dugaldia  helenioides  (Rydb.)  A.  Nels.  A  comparatively  tall,  finely 
pubescent  plant  with  apparently  only  biennial  root;  stem  leafy,  about  5  dm. 
high,  with  several  to  many  erect  branches:  leaves  rather  firm,  distinctly 
ribbed,  finely  pubescent;  the  lower  petioled,  entire,  very  narrowly  linear- 
oblanceolate;  middle  stem  leaves  erect,  fully  1  dm.  long,  parted  into  3-5 
linear  divisions;  upper  stem  leaves  linear,  entire:  heads  corymbose;  involucre 
somewhat  tomentose,  8-10  mm.  high  and  often  15  mm.  broad;  outer  bracts 
lanceolate,  longer  than  the  inner,  14-18:  rays  orange,  about  1  cm.  long: 
achenes  silky;  scales  of  the  pappus  broadly  lanceolate,  acuminate.  (Picra- 
denia  helenioides  Rydb.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  28:  21.  1901.)— Type  locality 
only,  Sangre  de  Cristo  Creek,  Colorado. 

75.  HELENIUM  L.     SNEEZEWEED 

Herbs,  with  alternate  simple  leaves,  commonly  decurrent,  resinous- 
atomiferous  and  punctate,  and  pedunculate  heads  of  yellow  flowers.  Bracts 
of  the  involucre  spreading,  subulate  or  linear.  Rays  fertile  or  sterile,  rarely 
none;  disk-corollas  with  4-5-toothed  limb;  the  teeth  obtuse,  glandular- 
pubescent.  Pappus  usually  of  5  or  6  thin  scarious  scales. 

1.  Helenium  autumnale  L.  Sp.  PI.  866.  1753.  Perennial;  stem  puberulent 
or  glabrous,  rather  stout,  narrowly  winged  by  the  decurrent  bases  of  the 
leaves,  corymbosely  branched  above,  3-10  dm.  high:  leaves  firm,  acuminate 
or  acute  at  apex,  narrowed  to  the  sessile  base,  pinnately  few- veined,  5-12  cm. 
long,  0.5-5  cm.  wide,  green:  heads  numerous,  3-5  cm.  broad,  borne  on  long 
puberulent  peduncles;  bracts  of  the  flattish  involucre  densely  canescent, 
linear-lanceolate:  rays  10-18,  drooping,  bright  yellow,  3-cleft:  achenes  pubes- 
cent on  the  angles;  pappus-scales  ovate,  acuminate  or  aristate,  often  lac- 
erate or  toothed.  (H.  montanum  Nutt.  differs  only  in  being  lower,  somewhat 
Suberulent,  paler,  and  the  heads  more  crowded-corymbose.) — Wet  lands; 
*om  Arizona  to  British  Columbia  and  eastward  across  the  continent. 

76.  FLAVERIA  Juss. 

Glabrous  herbs  with  small  and  fascicled  or  glomerate  heads  of  yellowish  or 
yellow  flowers  and  opposite  sessile  leaves.  Heads  1 -several-flowered ;  the 
flowers  all  fertile,  homogamous  and  tubular,  or  1  pistillate  and  short-ligulate. 
Disk-corollas  5-toothed.  Involucre  of  2-5  mostly  carinate-concave  bracts. 
Pappus  none.  Achenes  mostly  smooth  and  glabrous. 

1.  Flaveria  angustifolia  (Cav.)  Pers.  Syn.  2:  489.  1807.  Erect,  2-5  dm. 
high :  leaves  linear  to  lanceolate,  serrulate  or  entire,  sessile  by  broadish  or 
little  contracted  base:  heads  in  subsessile  or  short-pedunculate  or  leafy- 
involucrate,  chiefly  terminal  glomerules;  involucre  mostly  of  3  bracts,  3-5- 
flowered  or  some  only  2-flowered. — Alkaline  soil;  eastern  Colorado  and  New 
Mexico  to  western  Texas. 

'  77.  GAILLARBIA  Foug. 

Herbs  with  alternate  leaves  and  ample  showy  heads  on  terminal  pe- 
duncles. Ours  are  more  or  less  pubescent  or  hirsute  and  leafy-stemmed,  with 
yellow  rays  and  disk-flowers  apt  to  turn  brown,  villous  achenes,  and  scales 
of  the  pappus  slender-awned.  Involucre  broad;  the  bracts  in  2  or  3  series, 
hirsute;  receptacle  with  setiform  or  subulate-setaceous  fimbrillae  throughout. 


COMPOSITAE  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY)  563 

Ligules  3-toothed  or  3-cleft;  disk-corollas  with  5  ovate-triangular  to  subu- 
late teeth,  which  are  beset  with  jointed  hairs.  Achenes  turbinate,  5-costate, 
covered  with  long  villous  hairs.  Pappus  conspicuous,  longer  than  the  achenes, 
of  5-10  hyaline-scarious  scales  with  a  costa  mostly  excurrent  into  an  awn. 

Lobes  of  the  disk-corollas  acute,  tipped  with  a  seta  beset  with  beaded     ' 

hairs  .          .          .          .          .          .          .          .          .          .          .     1.  G.  aristata. 

Lobes  of  the  disk-corollas  short  and  obtuse        .         .         .         .         .     2.  G.  pinnatifida. 

1.  Gaillardia  aristata  Pursh  Fl.  2:  573.  1814.     More  or  less  hirsute,  often 
5-8  dm.  high:  leaves  lanceolate  or  broader,  or  lower  spatulate,  entire  to 
laciniate-dentate  or  sinuate-pinnatifid :  rays  in  the  largest  heads  3-4  cm. 
long:  lobes  of  disk-corollas  subulate-acute  and  tipped  with  a  cusp:  pappus 
aristate. — From   New   Mexico    and    southern   Colorado  to   Oregon,    British 
Columbia,  and  the  Saskatchewan. 

2.  Gaillardia  pinnatifida  Torr.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  2:  214.  1828.    Cinereous- 
pubescent;  peduncles  scapiform  or  from  short  leafy  stems,  1-3  dm.  long:  some 
or  even  all  the  leaves  pinnatifid,  sometimes  linear  or  with  linear  lobes,  some- 
times spatulate  and  sinuate  or  even  entire :  teeth  of  the  disk-corollas  short  and 
broad,  obtuse,  pointless:  pappus-scales  lanceolate. — On  the  plains;  Colorado 
and  Arizona  to  western  Texas. 

78.  DYSODIA  Cav. 

Herbs,  mostly  strong-scented,  with  alternate  or  opposite  leaves  and  soli- 
tary or  somewhat  paniculate  heads  of  yellow  flowers.  Involucre  hemispher- 
ical or  campanulate,  the  bracts  more  or  less  united  below,  often  with  some 
loose  accessory  bracts.  Pappus  of  6-10  scales,  which  are  erose-truncate  or 
more  usually  resolved  into  numerous  rather  stiff  bristles.  Achenes  mostly 
terete,  striate,  and  pubescent. — (Includes  Hymenatherum.) 

Leaves  mostly  opposite;  ill-scented  .         .         .         .         .         .  1.  D.  papposa. 

Leaves  mostly  alternate;  not  ill-scented 2.  D.  aurea. 

1.  P-rsodia  papposa  (Vent.)  Hitch.  Trans.  St.  Louis  Acad.  5:  503.  1891. 
Much-branched  and  ill-scented  annual,  leafy  up  to  the  subsessile  or  short- 
pedunculate  small  heads:  leaves  1-2-pinnately  parted  into  linear  lobes:  in- 
volucre purplish-tinged  or  greenish,  of  8  or  10  scarious-tipped  oblong  bracts, 
and  some  linear,  loose,  accessory  ones:  rays  few  and  inconspicuous,  not  sur- 
passing the   disk.     D.   chrysanthemoides. — From  Arizona  and   Colorado  to 
Minnesota  and  Louisiana,  and  now  spreading  eastward  to  the  Atlantic  States. 

2.  Dysodia  aurea  (Gray)  A.  Nels.    Erect  or  diffuse,  1-2  dm.  high,  much- 
branched,  bearing  numerous  short-peduncled  heads:  leaves  mostly  alternate, 
pinnately  parted  into  7-9  linear-filiform  pointless  divisions:  involucre  5-6  mm. 
high:  rays  about  12,  oblong,  6  mm.  long:  pappus  of  6  or  8  quadrate  or  oblong 
and  erose-truncate  scales,  in  length  little  exceeding  the  breadth  of  the  achene. 
Hymenatherum   aureum.      (Lowellia   aureum   Gray,   PI.   Fendl.  91.  1848.) — 
Colorado  to  Texas. 

79.  PECTIS  L. 

Mostly  low  and  spreading  herbs,  usually  glabrous  and  scented,  with  narrow, 
opposite  leaves  conspicuously  dotted  with  round  oil-glands,  small  heads  of 
yellow  flowers,  and  slender,  rigid  bristles  fringing  at  least  the  base  of  the 
leaves.  Heads  radiate,  several-many-flowered.  Involucre  naked  at  base,  or 
nearly  so,  cylindrical  or  campanulate,  of  few  or  several  equal  carinate  bracts 
in  a  single  series.  Disk-corollas  5-lobed,  1  or  2  sinuses  often  deeper,  thus  be- 
coming bilabiate.  Achenes  linear,  terete  or  angled.  Pappus  of  few  or  nu- 
merous bristles  or  awns,  sometimes  chaffy-dilated  at  base,  or  of  scales. 

1.  Pectis  angustifolia  Torr.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  2:  214.  1828.  Smooth, 
1-3  dm.  high:  leaves  narrow-linear:  heads  subsessile  or  short-peduncled,  fas- 
tigiate  or  cymose  at  the  end  of  the  branches;  bracts  of  the  involucre  about  8, 


564  COMPQSITAE  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY) 

linear,  at  length  with  involute  margins:  pappus  a  crown  of  4  or  5  mostly  con- 
nate scales,  and  not  rarely  1  or  2  slender  usually  short  awns. — Dry  ground; 
Colorado  and  Arizona  to  Texas. 

80.  ANTHEMIS  L.     MAYWEED.     DOG  FENNEL 

Annual  or  perennial  herbs,  with  pinnatifid  or  dissected  alternate  leaves 
and  peduncled  heads  terminating  the  branches.  Involucre  hemispheric,  the 
bracts  imbricated  in  several  series,  scarious-margined,  appressed,  the  outer 
shorter.  Receptacle  convex,  conic  or  oblong,  chaffy  at  least  toward  the  sum- 
mit, the  chaff  subtending  the  disk-flowers.  Ray-flowers  pistillate  and  fertile, 
or  neutral,  the  tube  terete  or  2-winged,  the  ray  white  or  yellow,  entire  or 
2-3-toothed;  disk-flowers  perfect,  fertile,  yellow,  the  corollas  with  5-cleft 
limbs.  Achenes  oblong,  angled,  ribbed  or  striate.  Pappus  none,  or  a  short 
coroniform  border. 

1.  Anthemis  Cotula  L.  Sp.  PI.  894.  1753.  Stems  rather  low;  herbage  un- 
pleasantly strong-scented:  leaves  finely  3-pinnately  dissected:  receptacle 
conical:  rays  mostly  white,  neutral  or  abortive:  achenes  10-ribbed,  rugose 
or  tuberculate. — An  excessively  common  weed  eastward,  now  not  infrequent 
in  waste  ground  in  our  range. 

81.  ACHILLEA  L.     YARROW.     MILFOIL 

Ours  an  erect  strongly  scented  perennial  herb  with  finely  dissected  alternate 
leaves.  Heads  radiate,  cymose  at  the  ends  of  the  stem  and  branches.  Ray- 
flowers  few,  pistillate,  fertile.  Involucral  bracts  appressed,  imbricated  in 
few  series,  the  outer  shorter.  Receptacle  nearly  flat,  the  chaff  membranous 
and  subtending  fertile  disk-flowers.  Achenes  linear  or  oblong  to  obovate, 
obcompressed.  Pappus  none. 

1.  Achillea  millefolium  L.  Sp.  PI.  899.  1753.  From  villous-lanate  to  gla- 
brate;  stems  simple,  2-6  dm.  high:  leaves  elongated  and  narrow  in  outline, 
sessile,  bipinnately  dissected  into  numerous  small  and  linear  to  setaceous- 
subulate  divisions:  heads  numerous,  crowded  in  a  fastigiate  cyme;  involucre 
oblong;  the  bracts  pale  or  sometimes  fuscous-margined,  or  even  wholly  brown- 
ish: rays  4-5,  about  the  length  of  the  involucre,  white,  occasionally  rose- 
color.  A.  lanidosaNvtt.  and  A.  alpicola  Rydb.  are  merely  forms  of  a  some- 
what variable  species,  though  there  is  more  homogeneity  in  this  species  than 
in  many  which  no  one  has  yet  thought  to  disintegrate.— -Common  throughout 
the  northern  hemisphere. 

82.  MATRICARIA  L. 

Ours  glabrous  annuals  with  alternate  leaves  pinnately  dissected  into  narrowly 
linear  segments.  Heads  solitary  or  somewhat  cymose,  with  many  greenish- 
yellow  or  white  flowers.  Receptacle  mostly  slender-conical,  naked.  Bracts 
of  the  involucre  imbricated  in  few  series,  the  outer  ones  a  little  shorter  than 
the  inner,  persistent,  scarious-margined.  Corollas  tubular  and  without  limb 
in  our  species.  Pappus  reduced  to  a  coroniform  border,  or  none.  Achenes 
glabrous,  irregularly  nerved. 

1.  Matricaria  matricarioides  (Less.)  Porter,  Mem.  Torr.  Club  5:  341. 
1894.  Annual,  somewhat  aromatic,  glabrous,  1-2  dm.  high,  very  leafy: 
leaves  2-3-pinnately  dissected  into  short  and  narrow  linear  lobes:  heads  all 
short-ped uncled;  bracts  of  the  involucre  broadly  oval,  white-scarious  with 
greenish  center,  hardly  half  the  length  of  the  well-developed  greenish-yellow 
ovoid  disk:  achenes  oblong,  somewhat  angled,  with  an  obscure  coroniform  mar- 
gin at  summit,  which  is  occasionally  produced  into  1  or  2  conspicuous  oblique 
auricles  of  coriaceous  texture.  M .  discoidea. — California  and  far  northward 
and  east  to  Wyoming  and  Montana;  becoming  naturalized  farther  eastward. 


COMPOSITAE  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY)  565 

83.  CHRYSANTHEMUM  L.     OXEYE  DAISY 

Perennial  herbs,  with  toothed,  pinnatifid,  or  divided  leaves,  and  single  or 
corymbed  heads.  Heads  many-flowered;  rays  white,  numerous,  fertile. 
Bracts  of  the  broad  and  flat  involucre  imbricated,  with  scarious  margins. 
Receptacle  flat  or  convex,  naked.  Disk-corollas  with  a  flattened  tube.  Achene 
of  disk  and  ray  similar,  striate,  without  pappus. 

1.  Chrysanthemum  Leucanthemum  L.  Sp.  PL  888.  1753.  Glabrous,  3-6 
dm.  high,  simple  or  sparingly  branched:  cauline  leaves  spatulate,  and  the 
upper  gradually  narrower,  becoming  small  and  linear,  pinnately  dentate  or 
incised,  partly  clasping  at  base;  the  radical  broader,  petioled:  head  broad  and 
flat:  rays  about  2.5  cm.  long. — Becoming  naturalized  about  Denver,  and 
probably  elsewhere  in  our  range;  of  European  origin  but  common  in  the 
eastern  United  States. 

84.  TANACETUM    L. 

Herbs  or  suffruticose  plants  with  alternate  variously  dissected  leaves  and 
solitary  or  corymbose  heads  of  yellow  flowers.  Heads  many-flowered,  discoid; 
the  flowers  all  tubular  and  perfect,  with  3-5-toothed  corolla,  or  the  marginal 
ones  pistillate  with  more  or  less  oblique  or  imperfectly  ligulate  corolla.  Bracts 
of  the  involucre  imbricated,  in  few  or  several  ranks.  Styles  deciduous. 
Achenes  5-ribbed  or  3-5-angled,  with  broad  truncate  summit  bearing  a 
coroniform  pappus  or  none. — Sphaeromeria  Nutt.  as  to  our  species.  The  com- 
mon garden  TANSY  may  occur  as  an  escape  from  gardens. 

Leaves  linear  and  simple  or  nearly  so     .         .         .         .         .         .         .     1.  T.  simplex. 

Leaves  3-5-cleft. 

Leaves  cleft  into  linear  lobes 2.  T.  capitatum. 

Leaves  broadly  cuneate  and  obtusely  3-5-lobed  .         .         .         .         .3.  T.  Nuttallii. 

1.  Tanacetum  simplex  A.  Nels.  Bull.  Tor.  Bot.  Club  26:  484.  1899.    Caudex 
of  few  short  crowded  branches,  the  crowns  scarcely  above  the  surface  of  the 
ground:  leaves  crowded  on  the  crowns,  closely  and  finely  appressed-silvery- 
canescent,  erect,  mostly  simple  and  linear,  a  few  bifid  or  trifid  at  the  apex,  only 
2-3  cm.  long:  stems  few,  rising  singly  from  the  crowns,  slender,  6-12  cm.  high, 
bearing  2-3  small  linear  leaves  and  a  single  head:  head  6-8  mm.  high,  many- 
flowered;  involucral  bracts  oval  to  obovate,  in  two  rows,  with  slightly  thick- 
ened greenish  midrib  and  scarious  margins:  corolla- tubes  thin  and  somewhat 
transparent:  the  pistillate  flowers  in  one  series:  achenes  oblong,  or  slightly 
enlarged  upward,  obtuse. — On  stony  hillsides;  southern  Wyoming. 

2.  Tanacetum  capitatum   (Nutt.)   T.   &   G.   Fl.   2:  415.  1842.     Silyery- 
canescent,  densely  caespitose :  leaves  simple  or  pedately  3-5-parted  into  linear 
lobes:  flowering  stems  scapiform  or  2-4-leaved:  heads  10  or  more,  sessile  in  a 
globose  glomerule. — Frequent  on  barren  arid  hills;  Wyoming  and  in  adjacent 
Utah,  Idaho,  and  Montana. 

3.  Tanacetum  Nuttallii  T.  &  G.  1.  c.     Silvery-canescent,  loosely  caespitose, 
10-15  cm.  high:  leaves  short,  mostly  broad-cuneate  with  tapering  base,  ob- 
tusely 3-5-lobed  at  the  broad  summit;  those  of  the  flowering  stems  usually 
oblong  or  linear  and  entire:  heads  few,  somewhat  paniculate  or  loosely  clus- 
tered, some  of  them  slender-pedunculate:  involucre  very  scarious. — Dry  hills; 
same  range  as  the  preceding. 

85.  ARTEMISIA  L.     SAGEBRUSH.    WORMWOOD. 

Bitter  aromatic  herbs  or  shrubs  with  alternate  leaves  and  small,  paniculately 
disposed,  commonly  nodding  heads  of  yellow  or  whitish  flowers.  Heads  few  to 
many-flowered,  small,  wholly  discoid;  heterogamous,  the  pistillate  flowers  with 
small  and  slender  tubular  corolla,  and  the  hermaphrodite  either  sterile  or 
fertile;  or  homogamous,  with  the  flowers  all  hermaphrodite  and  fertile.  In- 
volucre imbricated  in  few  or  several  rows.  Anthers  commonly  tipped  with 


566 


COMPOSITAE  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY) 


subulate-acuminate  appendages.     Achenes  obovate  or  oblong,  mostly  with 
small  epigynous  disk  and  no  pappus. 

Plants  spiny;  achenes  with  long  cobwebby  hairs      .         .         .         .       1.  A.  spinescens. 
Plants  not  spiny;  achenes  not  cobwebby,  sometimes  pubescent. 
Flowers  of  two  kinds,  the  marginal  ones  pistillate  and  fertile,  the 

inner  hermaphrodite  but  sometimes  sterile. 
Inner  flowers  sterile,    the    style   mostly  entire  and  the  ovary 

aborting. 
Plants  herbaceous,  or  woody  at  the  base  only. 

Herbage  green  and  glabrous,  and  sweet-aromatic      .  2.  A.  aromatica. 

Herbage  grayish-pubescent  or  canescent. 
Heads  2-3  mm.  wide;  flowers  yellow. 

Plants  tall,  3-7  dm.  high 3.  A.  canadensis. 

Plants  very  dwarf,  5-1 5  cm.  high          ....       4.  A.  pedatifida. 
Heads  4-5  mm.  wide;  flowers  brown      .         .         .         .       5.  A.  borealis. 
Plants  shrubby,  with  filiform  leaves;  heads  numerous,  narrow, 

few-flowered 6.  A.  filifolia. 

Inner  flowers  also  fertile,  the  style  2-cleft. 
Receptacle  beset  with  long  woolly  hairs. 

Heads  small  (4-5  mm.  broad)  and  numerous     .         .  7.  A.  frigida. 

Heads  large  (6-12  mm.  broad)  and  few  or  solitary. 

Heads  several  in  a  spike-like  raceme      .         .         .  8.  A.  scopulorum. 

Heads  solitary  or  few  in  a  close  terminal  cluster     .  9.  A.  Pattersonii. 

Receptacle  naked  (no  woolly  hairs  among  the  flowers). 

A  tall  biennial 10.  A.  biennis. 

Perennials. 

Plants  herbaceous  or  woody  at  the  base  only. 
Silky-pubescent  or  glabrous,  never  tomentose. 

Leaves  pinnate,  wholly  glabrous       .         .         .         .11.  A.  subglabra. 

Leaves  twice  3-7-parted  .         .         .         .         .     12.  A.  saxicola. 

Tomentose  at  least  on  the  lower  face  of  the  leaves. 
Involucres  densely  tomentose. 

Leaves  permanently  tomentose  on  both  faces. 
Leaves  with  revolute  margins. 

Leaves  entire,  long-linear       .         .         .  13.  A.  natronensis. 

Leaves  pinnatifid,  with  narrowly  linear  or  fili- 
form lobes       .         .         .  .         .     14.  A.  Wrightii. 

Leaves  entire,  toothed  or  pinnatifid,  oblong  to 

short-linear,  margins  not  revolute. 
Heads  small,  numerous,  in  dense  thyrse-like 

panicles  .         .         .          .         .  15.  A.  gnaphalodes. 

Heads  large  (6-8  mm.  in  diameter),  few  in 

spike-like  racemes  .         .         .         .     18.  A.  paucicephala. 

Leaves  usually  glabrate  above  in  age. 

Stems  and  involucres  usually  tomentose    .         .     16.  A.  ludoviciana. 
Stems  and  involucres  greenish  and  only  lightly 

pubescent  ......     17.  A.  mexicana. 

Involucres  glabrous  or  glabrate,  at  least  in  age. 

Divisions  of  the  leaves  broadly  linear  or  lanceolate     19.  A.  franserioides. 
Divisions  of  the  leaves  mostly  narrowly  linear. 

Leaves  1-2-pinnately  parted     .         .         .         .     20.  A.  discolor. 

Leaves  3-7-parted  (southern)    .         .         .         .     14.  A.  Wrightii. 

Shrubby,  with  tridentate  cuneate  leaves       .         .         .     21.  A.  Bigelovii. 
Flowers  all  alike,  hermaphrodite,  fertile;  plants  shrubby. 
Leaves  3-toothed  or  3-parted  at  apex. 

Leaf-segments  long-linear  or  filiform      .....     22.  A.  trifida. 

Leaves  toothed  or  lobed  at  apex  or  entire. 

Heads  few,   rather  large,  in  a  narrow  subsimple  panicle 

leaves  lobed          .......  23.  A.  arbuscula. 

Heads  many,  small;  leaves  3-toothed. 

Shrubs  4  dm.  to  5  m.  high;  involucres  tpmentose     .  24.  A.  tridentata. 

Shrubs  less  than  4  dm.  high;  involucres  glabrate      .  25.  A.  nova. 

Leaves  all  linear  and  entire  or  nearly  so  .         .         .  '26.  A.  cana. 

1.  Artemisia  spinescens  Eat.  Bot.  King's  Exp.  180.  pi.  19.  1871.  Stems 
stout  and  densely  branched,  rigid,  1-4  dm.  high,  white-tomentose :  leaves  4-8 
mm.  long,  pedately  3-5-parted,  the  divisions  3-lobed:  heads  globose,  race- 
mosely  glomerate  on  short  and  leafy  branchlets  which  become  slender,  per- 
sistent spines;  bracts  of  the  involucre  5-6,  broadly  obovate,  obtuse:  pistillate 
flowers  1-4,  with  truncate  corolla;  the  hermaphrodite  sterile  flowers  4-8,  the 
corollas  ventricose-campanulate  from  a  narrow  base,  5-toothed:  achenes 
oblong-obovate.  (Picrothamnus  desertorum  Nutt.  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  7: 
417.  1841.)  BUD-BRUSH  is  the  sheepmen's  name. — Alkali  desert  areas;  Col- 
orado to  Montana  and  far  westward. 


COMPOSITAE  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY)  567 

2.  Artemisia   aromatica  A.  Nels.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  27:    273.    1900. 
Dark  green  and  nearly  or  quite  glabrous,   heavily  but  rather  pleasantly 
aromatic  scented;  stems  tufted,  mostly  simple,  sometimes  sparingly  branched 
from  the  base,  more  or  less  branched  in  the  inflorescence,  striate,  4-8  dm. 
high:  leaves  nearly  all  entire,  some  of  the  lower  3-cleft,  narrowly  to  broadly 
linear,  1-several  cm.  long,  numerous:  inflorescence  leafy;  the  heads  numerous, 
nodding  on  short  slender  pedicels,  3-4  mm.  in  diameter;  involucre  glabrous, 
the  bracts  oblong-elliptic,  obtuse,  dark  green  with  scarious  margins:  flowers 
numerous,  the  fertile  10-20,  the  sterile  hermaphrodite  about  twice  as  many. 
A.  dracunculoides.* — Mountain  valleys  and  on  the  plains;  frequent  throughout 
our  range  and  westward. 

3.  Artemisia  canadensis  Michx.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  Sept.  2:  129.  1803.     Gla- 
brous, or  mostly  with  at  least  the  radical  and  sometimes  all  the  leaves  either 
sparsely  or  canescently  silky-pubescent;  stems  3-6  dm.  high  from  a  perennial 
root:  leaves  mostly  bipinnately  divided  into  linear  or  almost  filiform  divisions: 
heads  very  numerous,  2-4  mm.  long,  in  a  compound,  oblong  or  pyramidal, 
virgate   panicle;    involucre   greenish,    glabrous,    or   rarely   pubescent.      [A. 
Scouleriana  (Besser)  Rydb.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  33:  157.  1906;  A.  Forwoodii 
Wats.  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  25:  133.  1890.]— Throughout  the  northern  part  of  the 
United  States  and  in  the  Canadian  provinces,  and  southward  in  the  Rocky 
Mountains. 

4.  Artemisia  pedatifida  Nutt.  1.  c.  399.    Caespitose,  with  a  stout  lignescent 
caudex,  very  dwarf,  canescent  throughout  with  a  fine  and  close  pubescence: 
leaves  chiefly  crowded  in  radical  tufts  and  on  the  base  of  the  (3-6  cm.  high) 
rather  naked  flowering  stems,  once  or  twice  3-parted  into  narrowly  spatulate 
or  nearly  linear-obtuse  entire  divisions:  heads  (about  3  mm.  broad)  few, 
loosely  spicately  or  racemosely  disposed,  canescently  pubescent. — Dry  ground; 
on  the  plains  of  Wyoming,  Montana,  and  Idaho. 

5.  Artemisia   borealis    Pall.   Iter.   3:    129.   1871.     Stems    1-3   dm.   high, 
from  a  stout  caudex;  stems  simple:  leaves  silky-pubescent  or  silky- villous ; 
radical  and  lower  1-2-ternately  or  pinnately divided  into  linear  lobes;  the  up- 
permost linear  and  entire  or  3-parted:  heads  4  mm.  broad,  comparatively  few, 
crowded  in  a  narrow  (rarely  compound)  spiciform  thyrsus  with  leaves  inter- 
spersed ;  involucre  pilose  or  glabrate,  pale  fuscous  to  brownish.    (A .  spithamaea 
Pursh,  Fl.  2:  522.  1814.) — In  the  alpine  region  of  Colorado,  and  far  north- 
ward across  the  continent. 

6.  Artemisia  filifolia  Torr.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  2:  211.  1828.    Stem  branched, 
3-6  dm.  high,  the  rigid  branches  nearly  erect:  leaves  2-5  cm.  long,  nearly  all 
3-parted  into  filiform  entire  segments  less  than  1  mm.  wide,  or  the  uppermost 
undivided:   heads  exceedingly  numerous,   about    1   mm.   broad,    racemose- 
paniculate,  very  short-peduncled,  3-5-flowered;  involucre  oblong,  the  bracts 
densely  canescent:  receptacle  small,  naked  or  slightly  fimbrillate:  central 
1-3  flowers  sterile. — Dry  plains;  eastern  Wyoming  and  adjacent  Nebraska  to 
Texas,  Utah,  and  Mexico. 

7.  Artemisia  frigida  Willd.  Sp.  PI.  3:  1838.  1804.     Herbaceous  from  a 
suffrutescent  base,  silky-canescent  and  silvery,  2-3  dm.  high;  stems  simple  or 
branching,  bearing  numerous  racemosely  disposed  heads  in  an  open  panicle: 
leaves  mainly  twice  ternately  or  quinately  divided  or  parted  into  linear, 
crowded  lobes,  and  usually  a  pair  of  simple  or  3-parted  stipuliform  divisions 
at  base  of  the  petiole:  heads  globular,  3-4  mm.  in  diameter;  involucre  pale, 
canescent,  the  outer  bracts  narrow  and  herbaceous:  corollas  glabrous. — From 
Minnesota  to  Texas  and  westward  to  New  Mexico,  Nevada,  and  Idaho. 

8.  Artemisia  scopulorum  Gray,  Proc.  Acad.  Phila.  66. 1863.    Herbaceous, 
1-2  dm.  high,  from  a  multicioital  caudex,  silky-canescent;  stems  simple,  bear- 
ing 3-12  spicately  or  racemosely  disposed  hemispherical   (rarely  solitary) 
heads:  radical  and  few  lower  cauline  leaves  pinnately  5-7-divided,  and  the 

*  Artemisia  dracunculoides  Pursh  is  often  reported  from  our  range.  That  species  is  paler 
green,  much  taller,  with  numerous  drooping  branches  and  smaller  heads  of  only  15-20 
flowers;  inodorous  or  at  least  not  sweet-aromatic.  Doubtfully  in  our  range,  the  typical  form 
pf  it  in  the  central  and  lower  Mississippi  valley, 


568  COMPOSITAE  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY) 

divisions  3-parted  into  spatulate-linear  lobes;  the  uppermost  simply  3-5-parted 
or  entire:  involucre  4  mm.  broad,  villous,  the  bracts  brown-margined:  corollas 
hirsute  at  summit. — Alpine  region;  mountains  of  Colorado,  Utah,  and  Wyo- 
ming. 

9.  Artemisia  Pattersonii  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  1:  453.  1886.     More  dwarf  and 
white-tomentose,  but  sometimes  glabrate  in  age:  leaves  3-5-parted  or  cleft,  or 
the  uppermost  entire:  heads  much  larger  and  broader,  solitary  or  2-5,  40-50- 
flowered:  corollas  glabrous:  receptacle  extremely  loose-woolly. — Lower  alpine 
region  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  in  Colorado. 

10.  Artemisia  biennis  Willd.  1.  c.  1842.     Wholly  glabrous,  inodorous  and 
nearly  insipid;  stem  strict,  3-12  dm.  high,  leafy  to  the  top,  bearing  close 
glomerules  of  small  heads  in  the  axils  from  toward  the  base  of  the  stem  to  the 
somewhat  naked  and  spiciform  summit:  leaves  1-2-pinnately  parted  into 
lanceolate  or  broadly  linear-laciniate  or  incisely  toothed  lobes;  or  the  upper- 
most small,  sparingly  pinnatifid  and  less  toothed. — Open  grounds  from  Cali- 
fornia and  Oregon  to  Hudson's  Bay;  also  now  spreading  to  the  eastern  sea- 
board farther  south.  I 

11.  Artemisia  subglabra  A.  Nels.  1.  c.  27:  36.     Stems  rather  few,  erect, 
ascending,  slender,  more  or  less  branched  above,  very  obscurely  glandular- 
pniinose,  otherwise  green  and  glabrous  as  are  also  the  leaves,  3-5  dm.  high: 
leaves   pinnate   or  bipinnate;   the   segments  linear  or  sometimes  broader, 
widely  divaricate,  the  margins  more  or  less  re  volute:  inflorescence  racemiform 
or  narrowly  paniculate;  heads  medium  size  (3-5  mm.),  shortly  pediceled, 
spreading  or  deflexed;  involucral  bracts  green,  oblong,  with  ciliate-lanate 
margins:  flowers  12-20,  all  fertile,  the  pistillate  with  flattened  or  grooved 
spatulate  styles. — On  the  stony  banks  of  the  Yellowstone  river  in  the  National 
Park. 

12.  Artemisia  saxicola  Rydb.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  32:  128.  1905.    Rather 
stout,  1-5  dm.  high,  from  villous  or  pubescent  to  glabrate:  leaves  twice  3-7- 
parted  into  linear  or  lanceolate  or  more  dilated  segments:  heads  8-10  mm. 
broad,  many-flowered,  loosely  racemose  or  racemose-paniculate,  most  of  them 
long-peduncled ;  bracts  of  the  involucre  broadly  brown-margined:  corollas 
loosely  pilose,  rarely  almost  glabrous.     A.  norvegica;  true  A.  norvegica  does 
not  occur  on  this  continent. — High  mountains  of  our  range  and  northward. 

12a.  Artemisia  saxicola  Parryi  A.  Nels.  Smaller  than  the  species  in  all  of 
its  parts,  with  a  tendency  to  become  glabrate.  (A.  Parryi  Gray,  Proc.  Am. 
Acad.  7:  361.  1868.)— Type  locality  only,  Sangre  de  Cristo  Pass,  Colorado. 

13.  Artemisia  natronensis  A.  Nels.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  26:  485.  1899. 
Stems  herbaceous,  from  a  woody,  persistent  crown,  suberect,  simple,  virgate, 
silvery-white-tomentose  as  are  also  the  leaves,  floriferous  for  nearly  half  their 
length,  3-6  dm.  high:  leaves  long-linear  to  narrowly  lanceolate,  in  age  the 
margins  revplute,  the  midrib  becoming  conspicuous  below:  panicle  narrow, 
the  raceme-like  clusters  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves  which  become  gradually 
smaller  and  bract-like  upward  or  wholly  wanting;  heads  rather  large,  cam- 

Culate,  about  5  mm.  high,  erect  or  nearly  so  even  at  maturity,  about  20- 
rered;  the  bracts  ovate  to  oval. — On  the  strongly  saline  shores  of  alkali 
lakes;  Wyoming  and  Colorado. 

14.  Artemisia  Wrightii  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  19:  48.  1883.     Cinereous, 
canescent,  or  glabrate,  the  radical  shoots  sometimes  white-tomentose,  2-5  dm. 
high,  very  leafy  up  to  the  rather  narrow  dense  panicle:  leaves  pinnately  5-7- 
parted  into  narrow,  linear  and  by  re  volution  filiform,  entire  divisions:  involucre 
cinereous-canescent    (sometimes   woolly),    becoming   glabrate;   heads   small, 
sessile  or  short-peduncled,  often  spreading.     (A.  kansana  Brit,  in  Brit.   & 
Brown,  111.  Fl.  3:  466.  1898,  more  white-woolly  than  the  type;  A.  stenoloba 
Rydb.) — From  Kansas  to  Colorado  and  southward. 

14a.  Artemisia  Wrightii  coloradensis  (Osterh.)  A.  Nels.  To  be  distin- 
guished mainly  by  the  coarser  leaves  and  their  broader  segments.  (A.  colo- 
radensis Osterh.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  27:  506.  1900.)— Represents  the 
northern  extension  of  the  species  in  Colorado. 

15.  Artemisia    gnaphalodes    Nutt.    Gen.    2:  143.  1818.      Stems    white- 


COMPOSITAE  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY)  569 

tomentose,  usually  much  branched,  3-12  dm.  high:  leaves  lanceolate  or  oblong, 
3-7  cm.  long,  4-12  mm.  wide,  entire  or  the  lower  somewhat  toothed,  white- 
tomentose  on  both  sides,  acute  or  acuminate,  sessile  or  the  lower  narrowed 
into  short  petioles:  heads  numerous,  erect,  spicate-paniculate,  above  3  mm. 
broad;  involucre  oblong,  tomentose.  (A.  rhizomata  A.  Nels.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot. 
Club  27:  34.  1900;  A.  pudica  Rydb.  1.  c.  32:  130;  A.  pabularis  Rydb.  1.  c.  33: 
157;  probably  A.  candicans  and  A,  floccosa  Rydb.  1.  c.  24:  296;  A.  Purshiana 
Bess.) — From  the  Missouri  river  to  the  Pacific.  This  as  well  as  A.  ludoviciana 
includes  a  multitude  of  forms  impossible  of  discrimination.  Some  of  the  more 
important  ones  that  have  received  specific  names  are  indicated  and  a  few  are 
given  varietal  rank.  Leaf  outline  and  incision  are  wholly  valueless  as  diag- 
nostic characters,  since  all  possible  gradations  occur  in  both  groups. 

15a.  Artemisia  gnaphalodes  diversifolia  A.  Nels.  Many  or  most  of  the 
leaves  deeply  pinnately  cleft  into  narrow  lobes.  (A.  diversifolia  Rydb.  1.  c. 
28:  20.  1901.) — Colorado  to  Montana. 

16.  Artemisia  ludoviciana  Nutt.  1.  c.     Perennial,  ascending  or  erect,  lower 
than  the  preceding,  3-5  dm.  high,  branched;  stem  somewhat  tomentose:  leaves 
oblanceolate  or  somewhat  cuneate  in  outline,  2-5  cm.  long,  densely  white- 
tomentose  beneath,  floccose  but  greener  above,  deeply  3-7-lobed  with  lanceo- 
late lobes,  or  the  upper  entire:  heads  very  small  and  numerous,  somewhat 
nodding;  involucre  oblong-campanulate,  tomentose,  but  less  so  than  in  the 
preceding.     (A.  Underwoodii  and  A.  Brittonii  Rydb.  1.  c.  32:  129;  A.  latiloba 
Rydb.  Mem.  N.  Y.  Bot.  Card.  1:  429.  1900.)— In  the  western  half  of  North 
America. 

17.  Artemisia  mexicana  Willd.  Spreng.  Syst.  3:  490.  1825.  Paniculately 
branched,  4-10  dm.  high,  less  tomentose:  leaves  narrow-lanceolate  to  linear, 
commonly  attenuate,    some   3-5-cleft   or  parted;   radical  cuneate,    incisely 
pinnatifid  or  trifid:  heads  very  numerous  in  an  ample  loose  panicle,  many- 
pedicellate,  3-4  mm.  long;  involucre  arachnoid-canescent  or  glabrate,  largely 
scarious. — From  Nevada  through  the  southern  part  of  our  range  to  Texas. 

17a.  Artemisia  mexicana  silvicola  (Osterh.)  A.  Nels.  "Distinguished  by 
its  fewer  and  larger  leaves,  the  more  lax  inflorescence,  and  larger  heads." 
These  differences  probably  due  to  the  moisture  and  shade  of  its  habitat. 
(A,  silvicola  Osterh.  1.  c.  28:  645.) — Northern  Colorado,  on  shaded  stream 
banks. 

176.  Artemisia  mexicana  Bakeri  (Greene)  A.  Nels.  A  slender  form  with 
short,  linear,  entire  leaves  on  the  branchlets  and  the  lower  with  remote  pinnate 
segments:  the  whole  plant  greenish  but  lightly  arachnoid-canescent.  (A. 
Bakeri  Greene,  PI.  Baker.  3:  31.  1901.) — Canon  of  the  Gunnison,  Colorado. 

18.  Artemisia  paucicephala  A.  Nels.  1.  c.  35.    Tufted  on  woody  rhizomes, 
thinly  but  permanently  silvery-tomentose  throughout;  stems  numerous,  leafy 
to  the  summit,  erect,  simple  or  sparingly  branched,  2-4  dm.  high:  leaves  4-8 
cm.  long,  entire  or  deeply  pinnatifid,  linear  to  lanceolate,  some  with  a  broad, 
3-5-cleft  apex,  nearly  all  with  a  narrowed,   petiole-like   base:    heads   few, 
racemosely  disposed  on  the  main  stem  and  its  slender  branches  (if  any),  rather 
large,  sessile  or  short-pediceled,  broadly  campanulate,  about  5  mm.  in  diam- 
eter (40-60-flowered) ;  involucral  bracts  oval  or  ovate,  scarious-margined :  the 
pistillate  flowers  few,  very  slender,  with  linear-clavate  styles.     (A.  gracilenta 
A.  Nels.  1.  c.) — Sandy  banks  near  Yellowstone  Lake. 

19.  Artemisia  franserioides  Greene,  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  10:  42.  1883. 
Glabrous  except  on  the  lower  face  of  the  leaves,  or  minutely  and  obscurely 
puberulent;  stem  rather  stout,  4-8  dm.  high:  leaves  comparatively  ample, 
green  above,  pale  and  cinereous  beneath;  the  lower  bipinnately  and  the  upper 
simply  pinnately  parted  into  lanceolate-oblong  obtuse,  entire  or  2-3-cleft 
divisions  and  lobes:  heads  numerous,  loosely  racemose  on  the  branches  of  the 
leafy  elongated  panicle,  4-6  mm.  broad. — Mountains  of  Colorado,  New  Mex- 
ico, and  Arizona. 

20.  Artemisia  discolor  Dougl.  in  Herb.  Hook.;  DC.  Prodr.  6:  109.  1837. 
Stems  mostly  slender,  2-3  dm.  high,  from  a  slender  lignescent  caudex:  leaves 
1-2-pinnately  parted  into  narrow  linear  or  lanceolate-entire  or  sparingly 


570  COMPOSITAE  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY) 

laciniate  divisions  and  lobes,  white  beneath  with  close  cottony  tomentum, 
glabrate  above:  heads  glomerate  in  an  interrupted  spiciform  or  virgate 
panicle,  3-4  mm.  high;  involucre  hemispherical-campanulate,  greenish  and 
scarious,  glabrous  or  soon  becoming  so,  20-30-flowered.  [A.  elatior  (T.  &  G.) 
Rydb.  as  to  our  range.] — In  the  mountains;  Colorado  to  Montana  and  Wash- 
ington. 

20a.  Artemisia  discolor  incompta  (Nutt.)  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  1:  373.  1886. 
Stouter,  with  coarser  or  less  dissected  leaves,  having  mostly  broader  lobes,  or 
the  upper  entire. — Mountains;  Wyoming  and  Montana  to  California  and 
Washington. 

21.  Artemisia  Bigelovii  Gray,  Pacif.  R.  R.  Rept.  4:  110.  1856.     Silvery- 
canescent  throughout,  2-4  dm.  high:  leaves  oblong-  to  linear^cuneate,  mostly 
3-toothed  at  the  truncate  apex,  10-14  mm.  long:  heads  very  numerous  and 
crowded  in  the  oblong  or  virgate  thyrsiform  panicle,  tomentose-canescent, 
containing  only  1  or  2  hermaphrodite  and  as  many  pistillate  flowers,  all  fer- 
tile.— Rocky  banks;  Colorado,  on  the  Upper  Canadian  and  Arkansas. 

22.  Artemisia  trifida  Nutt.  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  7:  398.  1841.     Silky- 
canescent;  stems  2-6  dm.  high,  much-branched:  leaves  3-cleft  toward  the 
apex  or  3-parted,  the  lobes  and  entire  upper  leaves  narrowly  linear  or  slightly 
spatulate-dilated :  heads  numerous  in  the  contracted  leafy  panicle,  or  spi- 
cately  disposed  on  its  branches;  involucre  3-9-flowered,  the  outer  or  accessory 
bracts  oblong  to  short-linear  or  lanceolate.     (A.  tripartita  Rydb.  Mem.  N.  Y. 
Bot.  Gard.  1 :  432.  1900.) — Elevated  plains  in  our  range  and  west  to  the  coast 
States. 

23.  Artemisia  arbuscula  Nutt.  1.  c.     Dwarf,  1-3  dm.  high,  with  a  stout 
base  and  slender  flowering  branches:  leaves  short,  cuneate  or  flabelliform, 
3-lobed  or  parted,  with  the  lobes  obovate  to  spatulate-linear,  sometimes  again 
2-lobed;  those  subtending  the  heads  usually  entire  and  narrow:  panicle  strict 
and  comparatively  simple  and  naked,  often  spiciform  and  reduced  to  few 
rather  scattered  sessile  heads:  involucre  5-9-flowered.    (A.  spiciformis  Osterh. 
Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  27:  507.  1900.)— High  mountains  and  elevated  plains; 
Colorado  and  Wyoming  to  the  northwest. 

24.  Artemisia  tridentata  Nutt.  1.  c.    A  shrub  or  small  tree  0.5-5  m.  high, 
much-branched:  leaves  cuneate,   15-30  mm.  long,  3-7-toothed  or  lobed  at 
the  truncate   summit,  uppermost   cuneate-linear:   heads   very  numerous,  in 
large   dense    panicles;   involucre    5-8-flowered,  oblong,  the   outer  or  acces- 
sory bracts  short,  ovate-obtuse,  tomentose-canescent.     The  common  SAGE- 
BRUSH; also  called  BLACK  SAGE. — Dry  plains  and  mountains;  west  of  the 
Missouri. 

25.  Artemisia  nova  A.  Nels.  1.  c.  27:  274.    The  shrubby  base  low,  scrag"gy- 
branched,  the  herbaceous  stems  numerous,  fascicled,  slender,  simple,  1-2  dm. 
high  including  the  narrow  spike-like  panicle,  grayish  with  a  thin  tomentum 
or  merely  pubescent,  as  also  are  the  leaves:  leaves  very  narrowly  cuneate, 
1-2  cm.  long,  3-toothed  at  apex,  the  middle  tooth  usually  longest:  panicle 
leafy  at  base,  naked  above,  strict  and  nearly  simple;  heads  small,  very  nu- 
merous, only  3-4  mm.  long,  usually  3-flowered  but  often  only  1  or  2;  invo- 
lucral  bracts  closely  imbricated,  greenish,  only  slightly  puberulent. — Hillsides 
and  ridges  in  the  foothills  and  on  the  plains;  Colorado  and  Wyoming. 

26.  Artemisia  cana   Pursh,   Fl.   2:  521.  1814.     Shrubby,   densely  .white- 
canescent;  stem  much-branched,  3-7  dm.  high:  leaves  linear,  linear-oblong,  or 
narrowly  lanceolate,  sessile,  acute  at  both  ends,  3-5  cm.  long,  3-6  mm.  wide, 
usually  quite  entire,  rarely  with  2  or  3  acute  teeth  or  lobes:  heads  numerous, 
about  3  mm.  broad,  glomerate  or  sometimes  solitary  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves, 
or  crowded  into  a  naked  thyrsus  at  the  summit,  5-9-flowered;  involucre  ob- 
long, canescent,  the  inner  bracts  oblong  or  lanceolate,  obtuse,  usually  with 
1-3  shorter  outer  ones. — Plains  and  mountain  valleys;  throughout  our  range 
and  to  the  northwest. 

26a.  Artemisia  cana  viscidula  Osterh.  1.  c.  The  herbage  tending  to  become 
glabrate  and  obscurely  Viscidulous.  (A.  viscidula  Rydb.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot. 
Club  33:  157.  1906.)— Colorado  and  Wyoming. 


COMPOSITAE  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY)  571 

86.  PETASITES  L.     BUTTERBUR.     SWEET  COLTSFOOT 

Perennial  herbs,  with  thickish  and  creeping  rootstocks  sending  up  scapi- 
form  simple  flowering  stems  and  ample  radical  leaves  on  strong  petioles, 
cottony-tomentose  or  glabrate.  Flowers  whitish  or  purplish.  Involucre  a 
series  of  soft  herbaceous  bracts.  Heads  subdioecious,  racemosely  or  corym- 
bosely  disposed.  Achenes  narrow,  5-10-costate,  with  elongating  soft  and 
white  pappus. 

1.  Petasites  sagittata  Gray,  Bot.  Cal.  1:  407.  1880.  Leaves  deltoid-oblong 
to  reniform-hastate,  acute  to  rounded-obtuse,  repand-dentate,  very  white- 
tomentose  beneath,  when  full  grown  1.5-2  dm.  long:  heads  short-racemose 
becoming  corymbose. — Wet  ground;  in  the  mountains  of  Colorado  and  north- 
ward ;  across  the  continent  in  northern  latitudes. 

87.  HAPLOESTHES  Gray 

Herbs  with  opposite  leaves.  Heads  radiate;  flowers  all  fertile.  Invo- 
lucre short-campanulate,  of  4-5  similar,  rather  fleshy,  orbicular  or  broadly 
oval  bracts,  the  outer  strongly  overlapping  the  inner.  Ligules  of  the  rather 
few  and  short  ray-flowers  oval.  Achenes  linear,  terete,  striate-costate,  gla- 
brous. Pappus  a  single  series  of  rather  rigid  and  scabrous  whitish  bristles. 

1.  Haploesthes  Greggii  Gray,  PI.  Fendl.  109.  1859.  Somewhat  fleshy, 
herbaceous  or  suffrutescent,  3-6  dm.  high,  fastigiately  branched,  glabrous, 
leafy  up  to  the  loose  cymes  of  a  few  slender-pedunculate  naked  heads:  leaves 
all  opposite,  very  narrowly  linear  or  filiform,  entire;  the  lower  connate  at  base: 
heads  4-6  mm.  high:  flowers  yellow:  ligules  2-4  mm.  long. — Saline  soil; 
southeast  Colorado  to  western  Texas. 

88.  ARNICA  L. 

Perennial  herbs  with  erect  stems,  mostly  opposite  leaves,  and  comparatively 
large  heads  of  yellow  flowers.  Heads  many-flowered,  conspicuously  radiate, 
or  the  rays  rarely  wanting.  Involucre  campanulate,  of  several  thin-herbaceous 
oblong-lanceolate  to  linear  equal  bracts  in  a  single  or  somewhat  double  series. 
Receptacle  flat,  sometimes  fimbrillate  or  villous.  Corollas  of  the  disk-flowers 
with  a  commonly  elongated  hirsute  tube  and  funnelform  or  cylindraceous 
5-lobed  limb.  Achenes  linear,  more  or  less  5-10-costate  or  angled.  Pappus 
a  single  series  of  numerous  rather  rigid  capillary  bristles,  scabrous  to  barbel- 
late,  or  subplumose. 

Heads  radiate. 

Radical  or  rhizome  leaves  in  fascicles,  long-petioled,  and  with  broad 

and  more  or  less  cordate  blade. 
Stem  leaves  evidently  cordate,  at  least  the  lower. 

Heads  mostly  solitary  and  long-pedunculate    .         .         .  1.  A.  cordifolia. 

Heads  corymbose  or  paniculate      .         .         .         .         .         .       2.  A.  paniculata. 

Stem  leaves  suborbicular  to  ovate-lanceolate. 

Plants  tall,  4-8  dm.  high,  with  large  thin  subsessile  leaves         .       3.  A.  ventorum. 
Plants  rarely  3  dm.  high. 

Leaves  glabrate;  heads  one  or  more,  usually  several,  the  in- 
volucres turbinate          .         .         .         .         .         .         .       4.  A.  gracilis. 

Leaves  sparsely  but  evidently  pubescent;  heads  one  or  more 

but  usually  solitary,  the  involucres  hemispherical  .         .       5.  A.  pumila. 
No  cordate  leaves. 

Fascicles  of  oblong  or  obovate  radical  or  rhizome  leaves  present. 
Involucre  turbinate-campanulate,  nearly  glabrous. 

Stem  leaves  large,  broadly  ovate  or  elliptic,  thin    .         .         .       3.  A.  ventorum. 
Stem  leaves  small,  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  acute  or  acumi- 
nate        4.  A.  gracilis. 

Involucre  broadly  hemispherical,   hirsute        .         .         .  6.  A.  subplumosa. 

Fascicles  of  radical  or  rhizome  leaves  usually  wanting,  if  present 

lanceolate  or  oblanceolate. 
Stems  leafy  throughout. 

Not  growing  in  tufts,  the  plants  mostly  single. 


572  COMPOSITAE  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY) 

Heads  large,  solitary,  or  often  3,  rarely  5,  stout-peduncled. 

Leaf-blades  not  decurrent 6.  A.  subplumosa. 

Leaf-blades  decurrent  on  the  petioles    .         .         .  7.  A.  mollis. 

Heads  smaller,  few  to  several,  on  rather  short,  slender 

pedicels,  often  crowded. 
Leaves  merely  grayish,  or  densely  villous  or  tomentulose. 

Leaves  broadly  oblong  to  lanceolate  .         .         .  8.  A.  rhizomata. 

Leaves  mostly  narrowly  lanceolate    .         .         .         .       9.  A.  foliosa. 

Leaves  grayish-green  with  a  fine  pubescence  and  often 

granular-glandular          .         .         .         .'        .         .     10.  A.  celsa. 

Growing  in  clumps  or  broad  caespitose  mats. 

Leaves  long  (7-15  cm.),  often  tapering  to  a  slender  acu- 

mination    .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .     11.  A.  longifolia. 

Leaves  shorter  (3-7  cm.),  oblong-lanceolate. 

Rays  orange;  achenes  sparsely  hispidulous     .         .         .12.  A.  arcana. 
Rays  lemon-yellow;  achenes  white  silky-villous    .         .     13.  A.  Rydbergii. 
Stems  more  or  less  naked-pedunculate  upward. 
Leaves  lanceolate  to  linear. 

Heads  large,  long-pedunculate,  usually  solitary  but  often 

3-5;  involucral  bracts  green 14.  A.  fulgens. 

Heads  smaller,  mostly  5  on  short-clustered  slender  pedun- 
cles; involucral  bracts  purple-tipped  .         .         .         .15.  A.  stricta. 
Lower  stem  leaves  broad,  very  obtuse,  decurrent  on  the 

petiole 7.  A.  mollis. 

Heads  eradiate 16.  A.  Parryi. 

1.  Arnica  cordifolia  Hook.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  1:  331.  1834      Stems  3-6  dm. 
high,  from  creeping  rootstocks;  herbage  pubescent,  the  stems  and  peduncles 
commonly  hirsute  or  villous:  lower  leaves  long-petioled,  deeply  cordate  to 
ovate,  obtuse,  dentate;  upper  leaves  small,  sessile:  heads  either  solitary  and 
terminating  the  simple  stem  or  several  and  long-peduncled  in  a  loose  cyme; 
involucre  about  15  mm.  high:  rays  about  2.5-3  cm.  long:  achenes  somewhat 
hirsute. — In  the  mountains;  Colorado  to  Montana  and  west  to  the  Sierras. 

2.  Arnica  paniculata  A.  Nels.    Stems  rather  stout,  4-7  dm.  high,  granular- 
puberulent  and  sparsely  ciliate-hirsute:  leaves  softly  and  sparsely  hirsute;  the 
radical  long-petioled,  triangular-lanceolate,  mostly  with  cordate  base,   the 
blade  6-10  cm.  long;  stem  leaves  3-4  pairs,  ovate-lanceolate;  the  lower  on 
petioles  longer  than  the  blades,  smaller  and  shorter  petioled  (or  sessile)  up- 
ward: inflorescence  an  open  foliar-bracted  panicle  of  several  to  many  rather 
large  heads,  glandular-pubescent  on  the  peduncles  and  the  linear-lanceolate 
involucral  bracts:  pappus  obscurely  scabro-plumose:  achenes  dark,  with  short, 
sparse  pubescence. — Mountains  of  southern  Wyoming. 

3.  Arnica  ventorum  Greene,  Pitt.  4:  173.  1900.     Stems  2-4  dm.  high, 
slender,  with  thin  and  delicate  glabrous  foliage:  radical  leaves  orbicular  to 
cordate-ovate,  5-8  cm.  long,  on  petioles  as  long;  the  cauline  ovate  or  oblong- 
ovate,  mostly  in  2  pairs  only,  sessile;  all  repand-denticulate,  delicately  cilio- 
late,  otherwise  glabrous:  heads  1-3,  long-peduncled;  involucres  narrow  and 
somewhat  turbinate,  of  about  10  thin  and  green  elliptic-lanceolate,  acuminate, 
ciliolate,  and  slightly  glandular-puberulent  bracts:  rays  rather  few,  deep  yel- 
low, 7-nerved,  3-dentate,  the  middle  tooth  notably  larger  than  the  other  two: 
achenes  glandular-scabrellous;  pappus  fine,  white.    A.  latifolia  in  part.    [A: 
platyphylla  A.  Nels.  Bot.  Gaz.  31:  407.  1901;  A.  grandifolia  Greene,  1.  c. 
172  (?).] — Subalpine;  Colorado  to  Montana  and  northwestward. 

4.  Arnica  gracilis  Rydb.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  24:  297.  1897.    Stem  slender, 
1-2  dm.  high;  whole  plant  glabrous,  except  a  little  glandular  puberulence  on 
the  pedicels  and  involucre:  basal  leaves  broadly  ovate,  petioled,  dentate, 
3-ribbed;  stem  leaves  about  2  pairs,  similar,  the  upper  sessile:  heads  1-3; 
disk  10-15  mm.  high;  bracts  12-15,  oblong-lanceolate,  acuminate:  rays  about 
15  mm.  long:  achene  almost  glabrous.    A.  latifolia  in  part. — In  the  mountains 
of  our  range. 

5.  Arnica  pumila  Rydb.  Mem.  N.  Y.  Bot.  Card.  1:  432.  1900.    Stem  low, 
generally  1-2  dm.,  seldom  3  dm.  high,  more  or  less  hirsute,  and  the  upper 
portion  somewhat  woolly  and  glandular:  leaves  comparatively  firm,  ovate, 
the  basal  ones  petioled;  stem  leaves  1-2  pairs,  very  short -petioled  or  sessile; 
all  puberulent:  head  turbinate  or  campanulate,  about  2  cm.  high;  bracts  oblong- 
lanceolate,  acute,  puberulent  and  slightly  villous  at  the  base:  achenes  slightly 


COMPOSITAE  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY)  573 

tapering  upward,  puberulent.    [A.  parvifolia  Greene,  PI.  Baker.  3:  28.  1901; 
A.  coloradensis  Rydb.  1.  c.  32:  131*  (?).] — In  the  mountains  of  our  range. 

6.  Arnica  subplumosa  Greene,  Pitt.  3:  104.  1896.     Stems  erect,  4-8  dm. 
high,  the  internodes  long,  often  10-15  cm.,  exceeding  the  leaves  or  rarely 
shorter;  pubescence  of  two  kinds,  a  short,  dense,  glandular  puberulence  and 
some  scattering  white  crisped  hairs:  leaves  3-5  pairs,  denticulate;  the  lowest 
oblong-ob lanceolate,  6-10  cm.  long,  on  slender  petioles  often  as  long;  the 
upper  pairs  sessile  by  a  broad  base,  ovate  to  oblong,  3-12  cm.  long:  heads 
1-3,  mostly  single  and  long-peduncled,  large;  disk  15-20  mm.  high,  20-30 
mm.  broad;  rays  10-15,  20-30  mm.  long,  6-8  mm.  broad;  involucral  bracts 
14-20,  lanceolate,  acute,  shorter  than  the  disk:  achenes  striate,  nearly  linear, 
obscurely  short-hispid,  about  5  mm.  long,  equaling  the  sordid,  subplumose 
pappus.     A.  chamissonis,  largely,  as  to  our  range.     (A.  chamissonis  longino- 
dosa  A.  Nels.  Bot.  Gaz.  30:  199.  1900;  A.  rivularis  Greene,  1.  c.  4:  163.  1900.) 
— Boggy  stream  banks  in  the  mountains  of  our  range  and  northwestward. 

6a.  Arnica  subplumosa  sylvatica  (Greene)  A.  Nels.  Smaller  throughout, 
clammy  glandular-pubescent,  the  internodes  shorter  than  the  leaves.  (A. 
sylvatica  Greene,  PL  Baker.  3:  27.  1901.) — Wet  places  in  pine  and  spruce 
woods. 

66.  Arnica  subplumosa  macillenta  (Greene)  A.  Nels.  As  tall  as  the  species 
but  less  stout,  thinner  leaved,  and  less  glandular,  the  pappus  scarcely  less 
plumose.  (A,  macillenta  Greene,  Pitt.  4:  161.  1900.) — Stream  banks  at 
lower  stations. 

7.  Arnica  mollis  Hook.  1.  c.     Softly  villous,  puberulent,  or  nearly  glabrous, 
2-4  dm.  high:  lower  leaves  broadly  ovate  or  oblanceolate,  obtuse,  mostly 
5-nerved,  abruptly  tapering  into  a  short,  margined  petiole,  more  or  less  den- 
tate: heads  rather  larger;  the  involucral  bracts  broadly  oblong  or  narrower, 
acute  or  obtuse,  somewhat  villous:  rays  light  yellow:  achenes  lightly  pubes- 
cent or  glabrate.      A.  chamissonis  in  part,  but  mostly  A.  latifolia  as  to  our 
range.     (A.  latifolia  Gray,  Bot.  Cal.  1:  415.  1885;  A.  tomentulosa  Rydb.  1.  c. 
28:  20.  1901.) — Northern  Wyoming  and  Montana  to  the  Pacific  States. 

8.  Arnica  rhizomata  A.  Nels.  1.  c.  31:  409.  June,  1901.     Conspicuously 
rhizomatous,  the  creeping  rootstocks  sheathing-bracteate  at  the  nodes,  giv- 
ing rise  at  intervals  to  the  erect  leafy  stems  and  a  few  fleshy  roots ;  pubescence 
whitish,  soft,  almost  arachnoid,  minutely  granular-glutinous  underneath  the 
pubescence  on  the  inflorescence;  stems  2-5  dm.  high:  leaves  5-7  pairs,  rather 
uniformly  distributed,  oblong-lanceolate,  obtuse  to  acute;  the  lowest  pair 
with  short   scarious-margined   petioles,   early  deciduous;  the   next    1   or  2 
pairs  6-9  cm.  long,  about  2  cm.  broad,  on  short,  margined  petioles  which 
dilate  at  base  to  form  the  short  sheaths;  the  upper  pairs  sessile,  shorter:  heads 
3-5,  10-12  mm.  high,  or  sometimes  more  numerous  and  then  smaller;  pedun- 
cles mostly  short,  erect,  the  lateral  often  exceeding  the  terminal;  involucre 
campanulate,  the  bracts  much  shorter  than  the  disk,  narrowly  oblong,  ob- 
tusish:  corolla  long-pubescent  on  the  tube,  sometimes  a  few  straggling  hairs 
on  the  lobes:  achenes  linear,  almost  glabrous:  pappus  fulvous  or  dirty- white. 
[A.  bmulosa  Greene,  PL  Baker.  3:  26.  Nov.,  1901.] — In  the  mountains  of  our 
range. 

9.  Arnica  foliosa  Nutt.*  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  7:  407.  1841.    Stems  from 
slender  horizontal  rootstocks,  slender,  3-4  dm.  high,  erect,  leafy,  more  or 
less  finely  granular-glandular  and  pubescent:  leaves  6-10  pairs,  ascending  or 
erect,  broadly  to  narrowly  lanceolate,  entire,  subacute   or  obtuse,  smaller 
upward,  all  but  the  uppermost  much  exceeding  the  short  internodes;  petioles 
slender,  dilated  at  the  base  and  connate,  the  pair  forming  a  sheath  which  in 
the  lowest  leaves  is  2-3  cm.  long,  the  sheath  and  petioles  gradually  shorter 
upward  to  about  the  middle  of  the  stem  where  both  become  wholly  absent: 
heads  1 -several;  if  more  than  3,  mostly  somewhat  racemose;  terminal  head 

*  A.  exigua  A.  Nels.  Bot.  Gaz.  30:  202.  1900,  may  or  may  not  be  distinct  from  this.  It  is 
dwarf,  branched,  and  polycephalous,  and  with  the  pubescence  of  A.  rhizomata. — Shores  of 
Yellowstone  Lake. 


574  COMPOSITAE  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY) 

largest;  disk  10-12  mm.  high,  exceeding  the  oblong,  obtusish  bracts,  about  15 
mm.  broad;  rays  about  1  cm.  long;  lateral  heads  somewhat  reduced;  pedicels 
variable,  rather  slender,  very  lightly  woolly-pubescent:  achenes  nearly  gla- 
brous, lightly  striate,  about  equaling  the  soft  pappus.  (A.  ocreata  A.  Nels.  1.  c. 
30:  201,  from  which  this  description  is  drawn.) — On  moist  bottom  lands  at 
middle  altitudes;  Colorado  to  Montana  and  westward. 

10.  Arnica  celsa  A.  Nels.  1.  c.  31:  408.    Stems  from  horizontal  rootstocks, 
erect,  tall,  4-6  dm.  high,  lightly  striate,  sparsely  pubescent  with  flat  spread- 
ing hairs,  upwardly  becoming  also  obscurely  glandular- viscid :  leaves  (exclu- 
sive of  the  foliar  bracts)  6-8  pairs,  puberulent  and  sprinkled  with  microscopic, 
shining  resin  particles,  narrowly  oblong  or  oblanceolate,  tapering  to  both 
ends,  many  of  them  3-nerved;  the  lower  small,  2-3  cm.  long,  equaled  by  the 
slender  petioles  which  abruptly  dilate  into  the  equally  long  sheaths;  middle 
stem  leaves  longest  (8-10  cm.),  sessile  or  with  short  petioles  and  sheaths; 
lower  internodes  short,  much  exceeded  by  the  leaves,  gradually  longer  up- 
wards and  above  much  exceeding  the  leaves:  heads  3-5,  on  rather  slender 
leafy-bracted  peduncles;   involucral  bracts   uniserial,   oblong,   shorter  than 
the  12-15  mm.  high  disk:  rays  12-20,  10-14  mm.  long:  tube  of  disk-corollas 
slender  and   pubescent  below:   achenes  subglabrous,   nearly  linear. — Rich, 
moist  soils  of  stream  banks;  Wyoming  and  Colorado. 

11.  Arnica  longifolia  Eat.  in  Wats.  Bot.  King's  Exp.  186.  1871.    Minutely 
scabrous-puberulent ;  stems  3-6  dm.  high,  many  from  a.  scaly  caudex:  leaves 
in  5-6  pairs,  elongated-lanceolate,  acuminate,   15-20  mm.  broad,  entire  or 
denticulate;  the  upper  pairs  sessile  and  slightly  connate-amplexicaul ;  the  lower 
with  sheathing  connate  petioles;  the  very  lowest  reduced  to  sheathing  scales: 
heads  few-many,    not   large;   involucral   bracts   lanceolate,    acute:   achenes 
minutely  glandular  but  not  hispid.    (A.  polycephala  A.  Nels.  1.  c.  30'  202.) — 
In  dense  clumps  among  the  rocks;  infrequent;  Colorado  to  Montana  and  far 
westward. 

12.  Arnica  arcana  A.  Nels.  1.  c.  37:  276.  1904.     Tufted  or  caespitose  in 
rock  crevices,  about  3  dm.  high,  minutely  granular-glandular:  leaves  dark 
green,  denticulate;  root  leaves  oblong-ob lanceolate,  2-4  cm.  long,  on  slender 
petioles  longer  than  the  blade ;  lower  stem  leaves  small,  broadly  oblong,  sub- 
acute  at  apex,  abruptly  narrowed  at  base  to  short-margined  connate-sheathing 
petioles;  middle  stem  leaves  lanceolate,  sessile  or  nearly  so,  3-5  cm.  long: 
heads  usually  3,  on  subequal  peduncles  5-10  cm.  long;  rarely  1  or  2  smaller 
ones;  involucre  turbinate-campanulate,  about  1  cm.  high,  the  bracts  in  2  series; 
the  outer  broadly  linear,   short-acuminate,   minutely  glandular;  the  inner 
narrower,  subscarious:  rays  orange-yellow,  obscurely  3-toothed:  disk-corollas 
with  narrow,  minutely  pubescent  tube  as  long  as  the  gradually  dilated  throat : 
achenes  linear,  dark,  sparsely  hispidulous. — Big  Horn  Mountains,  Wyoming. 

13.  Arnica  Rydbergii  Greene,  Pitt.  4:  37.  1899.    Generally  2-4  dm.  high, 
striate,  sparingly  hirsute,  usually  with  3  or  4  pairs  of  stem  leaves,  and  3  heads: 
basal  leaves  ovate-lanceolate  with  a  winged  petiole,  sinuately  dentate,  acute ; 
stem  leaves  similar,  sessile,  with  a  broad,  clasping,  sometimes  slightly  dilated 
base:  heads  decidedly  turbinate,  12-15  mm.  high;  the  bracts  rather  few,  8-16, 
lanceolate,  sparingly  hirsute  and  puberulent:  achenes  silky-pubescent.    (A. 
caespitosa  A.  Nels.  1.  c.;  A.  tennis  Rydb.  1.  c.;  A.  aurantiaca  Greene,  Torreya 
1:  42.  1901.) — On  dry  mountain  slopes;  Colorado  to  Montana  and  Washington. 

14.  Arnica  fulgens  Pursh,  Fl.  2:  527.  1814.     Pubescent,  hirsute,  or  at 
summit  yillous;  stems  2-4  dm.  high,  strict,  simple,  usually  monocephalous : 
leaves  thickish,  narrowly  oblong  to  lanceolate  or  the  radical  oblong-spatulate 
and  small,   uppermost  linear,   entire  or  denticulate,  3-nerved;  base  of  the 
cauline  barely  or  not  at  all  connate :  heads  conspicuously  radiate,  solitary  or 
very  few,  mostly  long-peduncled :  achenes  hirsute-pubescent,  rarely  glabrate. 
A.  alpina.     (A.  pedunculata  Rydb.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  24:  297.  1897;  A. 
monocephala  Rydb.  Mem.  N.  Y.  Bot.  Gard.  1:  435.  1900.)— Colorado  to  Mon- 
tana and  far  northwestward. 

15.  Arnica  stricta  A.  Nels.  1.  c.  31:  407.    Very  erect,  2-3  dm.  high,  tomen- 
tose-pubescent  throughout:  leaves  about  5  pairs,  the  lower  2  or  3  pairs  petioled, 


COM  POSIT AE  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY)  575 

exceeding  the  internodes ;  the  upper  and  smaller  pairs  sessile  and  distant,  giv- 
ing the  upper  half  of  the  stem  a  naked-scapose  appearance:  inflorescence  of 
about  5  heads  in  a  close  corymb;  terminal  head  much  the  largest,  10-12  mm. 
high  and  about  as  broad;  involucral  bracts  in  2  series,  narrowly  oblong,  ob- 
tusish,  the  tip  tinged  with  purple  and  tomentose-ciliate :  rays  few,  short,  broad: 
tube  of  disk-corollas  pubescent,  the  glabrous  throat  scarcely  dilated :  achenes 
very  minutely  pubescent:  pappus  dirty-white,  minutely  scabrous. — Southern 
Wyoming  (Saratoga)  and  Colorado  (Sapinero). 

16.  Arnica  Parryi  A.  Gray,  Am.  Nat.  8:  213.  1874.  Stems  2-5  dm.  high, 
slender,  simple,  somewhat  hirsutely  pubescent  and  above  glandular:  leaves 
commonly  denticulate;  radical  oval  to  ovate-oblong,  3-8  cm.  long,  abruptly 
or  cuneately  contracted  at  base  into  a  short-margined  petiole;  the  cauline  re- 
mote, narrower:  involucre  hirsute  and  glandular,  10-14  mm.  high;  heads  ray- 
less,  occasionally  some  outermost  corollas  ampliate :  achenes  glabrous  or  with 
a  few  sparse  hairs.  [A.  eradiata  (Gray)  Heller.] — Throughout  our  mountains 
and  westward. 

89.  TETRADYMIA  DC. 

Low  rigid  shrubs  of  arid  districts.  Herbage  clothed  with  dense  and  matted 
or  floccose  wool  which  is  deciduous  in  some  species.  Leaves  alternate,  entire, 
solitary  or  fascicled,  the  primary  ones  often  modified  into  spines.  Involucre 
cylindric  to  oblong,  composed  of  4-6  firm,  concave,  overlapping  bracts  which 
are  often  enlarged  and  thickened  at  base.  Heads  discoid,  4-9-flowered.  Re- 
ceptacle flat,  small.  Corollas  yellow;  lobes  spreading,  longer  than  the  short- 
campanulate  throat,  much  shorter  than  the  elongated  tube.  Anthers  exserted, 
sagittate  at  base,  the  tips  triangular-lanceolate.  Style-branches  flat,  obtuse. 
Achenes  terete,  faintly  5-nerved.  Pappus  of  fine  and  soft  scabrous  capillary 
bristles,  white  or  whitish. 

Involucres  4-flowered;  pappus  very  copious;  achenes  either  villous  or  gla- 

brate. 
Wholly  unarmed  shrubs. 

Leaves  permanently  woolly-canescent         .         .         .         .         .  1.  T.  inermis. 

Leaves  small,  fascicled,  green     .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .     2.  T.  glabrata. 

Spinescent  from  the  axils 3.  T.  Nuttallii. 

Involucres  5-9-flowered;  pappus  less  copious;  achenes  white-tomentose     .     4.  T.  spinosa. 

1.  Tetradymia  inermis  Nutt.  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  7:  415.  1841.    Wholly 
unarmed,  the  shrubby  base  tufted,  much-branched,  spreading-assurgent ;  the 
herbaceous  annual  stems  numerous,  somewhat  fascicled,  simple  or  branched, 
erect,  8-15  cm.  long,  permanently  canescent  with  a  dense,  appressed  tomen- 
tum:  leaves  numerous  but  not  fascicled,  narrowly  oblong  with  tapering  ends, 
acute  at  apex,  nearly  sessile,  like  the  stems  permanently  canescent,  15-25  mm. 
long,  midrib  usually  evident,  the  pair  of  lateral  nerves  obscure:  flowers  in  very 
compact  terminal  clusters  of  10-20  heads  with  bract-like  leaves  intermingled : 
heads  12-14  mm.  high,  4-bracted  and  4-flowered:  pappus  copious;  achenes 
villous.     (T.  multicaulis  A.  Nels.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  26:  482.  1899;   T. 
linearis  Rydb.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  32:  130.  1905.)— Throughout  our  range 
and  scarcely  distinguishable  from  T.  canescens  DC.,  which  is  confined  mostly 
to  the  Pacific  States. 

2.  Tetradymia  glabrata  Gray,  Pacif.  R.  R.  Rep.  11:  122.  pi.  5.  1855.    Shrub 
3-10  dm.  high  with  slender  spreading  branches,  whitened  with  loose  at  length 
deciduous  tomentum:  leaves  at  length  naked  and  green,  primary  ones  slender- 
subulate,  cuspidate,  on  young  shoots  appressed,  12  mm.  long;  those  of  the 
fascicles  in  their  axils  spatulate-linear,  fleshy,  pointless:  heads  mostly  short- 
pedunculate;  involucre  often  glabrate:  achenes  villous. — Scarcely  in  our  range, 
but  reaching  Utah  from  the  west. 

3.  Tetradymia  Nuttallii  T.&G.F1. 2:  447.  1841.    Shrubby,  much-branched, 
woolly  when  young,  canescent :  primary  leaves  mostly  converted  into  subulate 
spines;  the  others  densely  fascicled  in  their  axils,  thickish,  linear-spatulate, 
obtuse,  the  tomentum  somewhat  deciduous:  heads  fascicled  and  in  corymbose 


576 


COMPOSITAE  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY) 


clusters,  on  very  short  peduncles;  scales  of  the  involucre  4-5. — Wyoming  to 
Idaho  and  Utah. 

4.  Tetradymia  spinosa  II.  &  A.  Bot.  Beech.  360.  1840.  A  rigidly  branched 
shrub  6-12  dm.  high;  stems  densely  white-tomentose:  primary  leaves  modi- 
fied into  rigid  spines  which  may  be  either  straight  or  recurved,  1-4  cm.  long, 
tomentose  or  glabrate;  secondary  fascicled  leaves  commonly  present,  small, 
linear-clavate,  glabrous  or  early  glabrate:  heads  on  stout  peduncles  arising 
from  the  leaf-axils;  involucre  about  8  mm.  high,  usually  6  or  7-flowered; 
bracts  5  or  6,  the  outer  ones  oblong,  the  inner  ones  broadly  oblong  to  nearly 
orbicular,  all  obtuse:  achenes  with  soft  white  wool  nearly  equaling  the  rigid 
pappus-bristles. — Desert  areas;  from  Wyoming  and  Colorado  to  California  and 
Oregon. 

90.  SENECIO  L. 

Herbs  or  woody  plants  with  alternate  leaves  and  with  heads  in  terminal 
cymes  or  rarely  solitary.  Heads  many-flowered,  radiate  or  discoid;  flowers 
in  our  species  yellow.  Involucre  cylindrical  to  campanulate,  of  several  or 
numerous  connivent-erect  herbaceous  equal  bracts,  mostly  with  1  or  2  rows 
of  outer  erect  bracteoles  at  base,  which  are  elongated  and  exceed  the  proper 
involucre  in  a  few  species.  Receptacle  flat,  naked.  Anthers  mostly  rounded 
at  base.  Style-branches  truncate.  Achenes  terete.  Pappus  of  abundant 
white  and  soft  bristles. 

Heads  large,  15-25  mm.  high,  usually  more  or  less  nodding. 
Rayless. 

Heads  15-20  mm.  long 1.  S.  Bigelovii. 

Heads  8-12  mm.  long 2.  S.  cernuus. 

Rays  present. 

Stem  leaves  clasping 3.  S.  amplectens. 

Stem  leaves  usually  short-petioled,  not  clasping. 
Leaves  tapering  gradually  to  the  petiole. 

Plant  glabrous 4.  S.  Holmii. 

Plant  arachnoid-tomentose .         .         .       5.  S.  taraxacoides. 

Leaves  tapering  abruptly  into  the  petiole     .         .         .  6.  S.  Soldanella. 

Heads  smaller,  less  than  15  mm.  high,  not  noticeably  nodding. 
Biennials  or  perennials. 

Leaves  not  at  all  pinnate  or  pinnatifid. 

Stems  often  numerously  and  always  nearly  equably  leafy  to 

the  top. 
Leaves  not  linear. 

Leaves  obovate   to  elliptic,   entire  to  repand-dentate, 
obtuse. 

Peduncles  very  short 7.  S.  carthamoides. 

Peduncles  distinctly  surpassing  the  leaves       .  8.  S.  Fremontii. 

Leaves  triangular  to  lance-linear,  acute. 

Some  or  all  of  the  leaves  triangular  or  lance-cordate    .       9.  S.  triangularis. 
None  of  the  leaves  triangular  or  lance-cordate. 

Stems  5-12  dm.  high;  leaves  sessile,  serrate     .         .     10.  S.  serra. 
Stems  4  dm.  or  less  high;  leaves  petioled. 

Rays  preseht U.S.  crassulus. 

Rays  wanting 12.  S.  rapifolius. 

Leaves  linear 40.  S.  spartioides. 

Stems  either  few-leaved  or  with  the  upper  leaves  reduced  in 

size. 

Tall  (7-15  dm.)  bog-plant  with  glaucous,  fleshy  leaves      .     13.  S.  hydrophilus. 
Lower,  6  dm.  or  less  high. 
Stems  more  or  less  leafy. 

Leaves  glabrous  or  glaucous  (at  least  in  age). 
Leaves  sharply  dentate. 

Rays  wanting 12.  S.  rapifolius. 

Rays  present      .         .         .         .         .         .         .11.  S.  crassulus. 

Leaves  entire  or  callous-denticulate. 

Leaves  not  glaucous  .....     16.  S.  integerrimus. 

Leaves  glaucous  or  glaucescent. 

Involucral  bracts  black-tipped        .         .         .     14.  S.  glaucescens. 
Involucral  bracts  not  black-tipped  .         .     15.  S.  anacletus. 

Leaves  and  stems  at  first  woolly-pubescent  or  floccose, 

but  often  early  glabrate. 

Loosely  woolly-pubescent,  becoming  glabrate. 
Leaves    entire;    involucral    bracts    not    black- 
tipped          .         .         .         .  .         .     16.  S.  integerrimus. 

Leaves  dentate  or  denticulate;  involucral  bract 
black-tipped. 


COMPOSITAE  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY) 


577 


Teeth  of  leaves  callous-tipped 
Teeth  of  leaves  not  calloused        .  ' 
Permanently  tomentose  or  hoary. 

Stems  tall  (4  dm.  or  more);  leaves  denticulate 

or  dentate. 

Stems  leafy  to  the  summit      .... 

Stems  subnaked  above  .... 

Stems  lower  (less  than  4  dm.);  at  least  the  lower 

leaves  entire        .          .          .          .          .         ,. , 

Stems    scapose,    the    leaves    mostly    rosulate   on    the 

crowns. 

Leaves  elliptic  to  linear-oblanceolate,  mostly  entire. 
Leaves  linear-spatulate  ..... 

Leaves  elliptic 

Leaves  reniform,  orbicular  or  obovate,  toothed  at 
least  at  the  apex         ...... 

Leaves,  or  some  of  them  pinnate  or  pinnatifid. 
Leaves  more  or  less  reduced  upward. 

Stem  and  leaves  more  or  less  floccose,  tardily  glabrate. 
Basal  leaves  entire,  white-tomentose     .... 

Basal  leaves,  at  least  some  of  them,  toothed  or  pinnati- 
fid. 
Basal  leaves  only  dentate  or  crenate. 

Plants  more  or  less  tufted 

Plants  usually  solitary  (not  tufted) 
Basal  leaves,  or  some  of  them,  more  or  less  pinnatifid. 
At  least  some  of  the  tomentum  persisting. 

Some  of  the  basal  leaves  simple  and  serrate  or, 
if  pinnate,  the  terminal  lobe  much  the  larg- 
est   

All  of  the  basal  leaves  pinnately  toothed    . 
All  of  the  tomentum  wanting  at  maturity 
Stems  and   leaves  glabrous,    or   slightly  floccose  when 

young  only. 
Rays  present. 

Heads  several  to  many. 
Leaves  fleshy-thickened. 

Basal  leaves  tapering  gradually  to  the  petiole, 

variously  toothed         .          .  . 

Basal  leaves  abruptly  contracted  into  the  petiole, 
some  of  them  deeply  toothed  or  pinnately 
lobed. 

Upper  leaves  sessile  by  an  enlarged  base 
Upper  leaves  not  dilated  at  base  . 
Leaves  thin   ........ 

Heads  solitary  (rarely  two).       ..... 

Basal  leaves  cordate,  oval,  or  obovate. 
Basal  leaves  larger  than  the  others 
Basal  leaves  small  and  soon  deciduous  . 
Basal  leaves  obovate  to  oblanceolate,  never  cor- 
date. 

Stem  leaves  closely  pinnatifid 
Stem  leaves  with  few  short  broad  pinnae 
Rays  wanting        ........ 

Leaves  equable  in  size  and  distribution. 
Leaves  pinnately  or  bipinnately  toothed 
Leaves  with  few  to  many  linear-filiform  lobes. 
Plants  more  or  less  permanently  tomentose    . 
Plants  glabrous  or  soon  glabrate. 

Most  of  the  leaves  pinnately  divided 

Most  of  the  leaves  linear-entire          .... 

Annual,  often  a  weed.         ........ 


14.  S.  glaucescens. 
17.  S.  perplexus. 


18.  S.  atratus. 

19.  S.  altus. 


20.  S.  canus. 


21.  S.  werneriaefolius. 

22.  S.  perennans. 

23.  S.  petrocallis. 


20.  S.  canus. 


24.  S.  Nclsonii. 

25.  S.  Fcndleri. 


i.  plattei 
25.  S.  Fendlen. 
27.  S.  uintahensis. 


28.  S.  Rydbergii. 


29.  S.  crocatus. 

30.  S.  cymbalarioides. 
27.  S.  uintahensis. 

31.  S.  subnudus. 

32.  S.  pseudaureus. 

33.  S.  longipetiolatus. 


34.  S.  Balsamitae. 

35.  S.  mutabilis. 

36.  S.  discoideus. 

37.  S.  eremophilus. 

38.  S.  filifolius. 

39.  S.  Riddellii. 

40.  S.  spartioides. 

41.  S.  vulgaris. 


1.  Senecio  Bigelovii  Gray,  Pacif.  R.  R.  Rep.  4:  111.  1857.  Robust,  4-8 
dm.  high,  leafy  nearly  to  the  racemiform  or  simply  paniculate  inflorescence,  at 
length  glabrate:  leaves  elongated-oblong  to  lanceolate,  denticulate  or  dentate, 
acute  or  acuminate;  the  radical  and  lower  cauline  1-2  dm.  long,  abrupt  at 
base  and  naked-petioled,  or  tapering  into  a  winged  petiole  or  partly  clasping 
base;  the  upper  cauline  lanceolate  with  partly  clasping  base:  heads  rayless, 
nodding,  in  small  plants  few  or  solitary.  S.  contristatus  Greene,  PI.  Baker. 
3:  24.  1901;  S.  chloranthus  Greene,  Pitt.  4:  118.  1900. — In  the  mountains  of 
southern  Colorado,  and  in  adjacent  New  Mexico  and  Arizona. 

la.  Senecio  Bigelovii  Hallii  Gray,  Proc.  Phila.  Acad.  67.  1863.  Leaves 
almost  all  lanceolate,  more  or  less  woolly-pubescent,  hairs  articulated;  cau- 
line leaves  all  sessile  or  the  lowest  contracted  into  a  winged  petiole:  heads 

ROCKY  MT.  EOT. 37 


578  COMPOSITAE  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY) 

few-several,  rarely  solitary.     (S.  scopulina  Greene,  1.  c.  117.) — In  the  moun- 
tains of  Colorado  and  southern  Wyoming. 

2.  Senecio  cernuus  Gray,  Am.  Jourri.  Sci.  33:  239.  1862.    Quite  glabrous, 
4-8  dm.  high:  leaves  lanceolate  or  the  larger  oblong-lanceolate,  entire,  den- 
ticulate, rarely  with  a  few  scattered  coarser  teeth,. all  tapering  at  base  into  a 
barely  margined  petiole,  or  the  upper  into  a  narrowed  not  clasping  base:  heads 
several  or  numerous  in  the  panicle,  most  of  them  decidedly  nodding:  flowers 
pale  yellow.     (S.  pudicus   Greene,  1.  c.   118;   S.  accedens   Greene,  Erythea 
3:  105.  1895,  probably.) — In  the  mountains  of  Colorado  and  New  Mexico. 

3.  Senecio  amplectens  Gray,  I.e.  240.    Lightly  floccose- woolly  at  first,  soon 
glabrate,    2-3   dm.   high,   few-several-leaved,  terminated   by   1    or   2   long- 
pedunculate  nodding  heads:  leaves  denticulate  to  conspicuously  and  sharply 
dentate;  ijhe  radical  obovate  to  spatulate,  tapering  into  a  winged  petiole;  the 
cauline  as  large  or  larger,  oblong  or  narrower,  half-clasping  or  more,  the  upper 
by  a  broad  base :  involucre  dark-pubescent,  15-20  mm.  high,  of  linear  bracts  and 
a  few  loose  calyculate  ones:  rays  linear,  2  cm.  or  more  long,  acute  or  acutely 
2-3-toothed  at  tip. — Alpine  and  subalpine  region;  mountains  of  Colorado. 

4.  Senecio  Holmii  Greene,  Pitt.  4:  120.  1900.     Commonly  1-2  dm.  high, 
the  stoutish  stems  mostly  several  from  a  branching  rootstock,  leafy  at  base 
only,  the  pedunculiform  stem  with  only  1  or  2  reduced  leaves;  herbage  ap- 
pearing glabrous,  minutely  hirtellous  at  base  of  involucre,  on  the  peduncles, 
and   occasionally  the   leaf-margins:    leaves   ovate   to   obovate  and  oblong- 
lanceolate,  callous-dentate  or  denticulate,  5-10  cm.  long,  on  petioles  nearly  as 
long:  heads  1-5,  large  and  nodding:  rays  20  mm.  long  or  more,  5-7-nerved. 
(S.  pagosanus  Heller,  Muhl.  1:  7.  1900;  S.  lactucinus  Greene,  1.  c.  121.  1900, 
not  S.  lactucinus  Greene,  Erythea  3:  223.  1893. 1.  c.)— In  the  alpine  regions 
of  Colorado. 

5.  Senecio  taraxacoides  (Gray)  Greene,  1.  c.  119.     Dwarf,  the  leafy  and 
usually  monocephalous  stem  only  5-8  cm.  high,  erect  from  an  erect  rather 
stout  and  fleshy  rootstock;  herbage,  the  involucre  excepted,  permanently 
arachnoid-tomentulose :  leaves  3-5  cm.  long,  more  or  less  runcinate-pinnatifid, 
the  whole  leaf-margin  commonly  revolute:  head  only  horizontally  nodding; 
involucre  dark  green,  glabrous  except  for  a  few  white  arachnoid  hairs:  rays 
10-14  mm.  long,  light  yellow,  4-nerved. — Alpine  in  the  Colorado  mountains. 

6.  Senecio    Soldanella    Gray,    ProcJAcad.   Phila.   67.    1863.     Apparently 
glabrous  from  the  first,  8-14  cm.  high,  somewhat  succulent:  leaves  mostly 
radical  and  long-petioled,  round-reniform  to  spatulate-obovate,  denticulate 
or  entire;  the  cauline  1,  or .2,  or  none:  head  solitary,  erect,  18-25  mm.  high; 
involucral  bracts  lanceolate  and  a  very  few  calyculate  ones:  rays  6-10,  oblong, 
7-10  mm.  long. — High  alpine,  in  the  mountains  of  Colorado. 

7.  Senecio  carthamoides  Greene,  1.  c.  122.    Stems  tufted,  decumbent,  and 
becoming  leafless  below,  the  whole  plant  1-3  dm.  high:  leaves  variously  obo- 
vate and  obovate-oblong,  commonly  4-5  cm.  long  or  more,  sessile  by  a  broad 
somewhat  hastate  and  clasping  base,  the  margin  coarsely  and  doubly  dentate, 
the  teeth  callous-tipped:  heads  10-14  mm.  high,  erect,  subcampanulate,  either 
very  short-peduncled  or  subsessile  and  scarcely  exceeding  the  subtending 
foliage,  few-many:  rays  short,  not  as  long  as  the  diameter  of  the  head:  achenes 
short,  canescent  with  a  minute  strigillose  pubescence.     S.  Fremontii.     (S. 
blitoides  Greene  and  S.  invenustus  Greene,  1.  c.  123  &  124.) — Among  the  rocks 
in  alpine  stations;  Colorado. 

8.  Senecio  Fremontii  T.  &  G.  Fl.  2:  445.  1842.    Very  near  the  preceding, 
smaller,  the  stems  persistently  leafy  to  the  base:  leaves  smaller,  relatively 
broader,  often  oval  to  orbicular:  heads  on  longer  peduncles  distinctly  sur- 
passing the  foliage.     (S.  Fremontii  occidentalis  Gray  in  part,  not  S.  occiden- 
talis  Greene,  1.  c.,  which  is  a  plant  of  Nevada  and  California;  S.  occidentalis 
rotundatus  Rydb.  Mem.  N.  Y.  Bot.  Card.  1:  438.  1900.)— High  mountains; 
northwest  Wyoming  and  in  Idaho  and  Montana. 

9.  Senecio  triangularis  Hook.  Fl.  Bot.  Am.  1:  332.  1834.     Rather  stout, 
glabrate;  stem  simple,  6-15  dm.  high,  bearing  several  or  somewhat  numerous 
heads  in  a  corymbiform  open  cyme:  leaves  all  more  or  less  petioled  and 


COMPOSITAE  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY)  579 

thickly  dentate,  deltoid-lanceolate  or  the  lower  triangular-hastate  or  deltoid- 
cordate  and  the  uppermost  lanceolate  with  cuneate  base:  heads  about  12  mm. 
high;  involucre  campanulate,  mostly  25-30-flowered,  the  oblong-linear  rays 
6-12.  (S.  saliensRydb.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  24:  298.  1897 ;  S.  trigonophyllus 
Greene,  Pitt.  3:  106.  1896.) — Wet  places  in  the  mountains  of  our  range 
and  westward  to  the  coast  States. 

10.  Senecio  serra  Hook.  1.  c.  333.    Strict,  7-12  dm.  high,  very  leafy,  com- 
monly branching  at  summit,  and  bearing  numerous  corymbosely  paniculate 
smaller  heads:  leaves  8-14  cm.  long,  all  lanceolate   and  tapering  to  both 
ends,  sessile  by  a  narrow  base,  or  the  lowest  short-petioled,  usually  with  the 
whole  margin  thickly  serrate  or  serrulate  with  very  acute  salient  teeth:  in- 
volucre oblong-campanulate,   20-30-flowered :  rays  5-8,   oblong-linear.     (S. 
andinus  Nutt.  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  7:  409.  1841;  S.  serra  integriusculus 
Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  1:  387.  1886.) — Along  streams,  middle  elevations  and  upward; 
Northern  Wyoming,  northward  and  westward. 

10a.  Senecio  serra  admirabilis  (Greene)  A.  Nels.  Not  constantly  separable 
from  the  species,  usually  of  more  vigorous  growth  and  with  fewer  and  larger 
heads  but  these  often  40  or  more.  (S.  admirabilis  Greene,  Erythea  3:  23. 
1895.) — In  the  mountains  of  Colorado  and  southern  Wyoming. 

11.  Senecio  crassulus  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  19:  54.  1883.    Stems  2-4  dm. 
high,  glabrous,  -5-7-leaved,  bearing  3-8  pedunculate  rather  large  and  thick 
heads:  leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  apiculate-acute,  5-21  cm.  long;  the  radical 
and  lowest  cauline  spatulate  or  obovate-oblong,  narrowed  into  a  short-winged 
petiole ;  the  upper  sessile  by  partly  clasping  or  decurrent  base :  involucre  40-50- 
flowered,  of  12  fleshy-thickened  but  thin-edged  bracts,  the  base  also  thick- 
ened, the  whole  becoming  conical  and  many-angled  in  fruit:  rays  about  8. 
(S.  semiamplexicaulis  Rydb.  Mem.  N.  Y.  Bot.  Gard.  1:  440.  1900;  S.  lapathi- 

folius  Greene,  PI.  Baker.  3:  25.  1901.) — In  the  mountains  of  our  range. 

12.  Senecio  rapifolius  Nutt.  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  7:  409.  1841.     Stem 
rather  low,  only  2-4  dm.  high:  leaves  ovate  or  oblong,  very  sharply  and  un- 
equally dentate  throughout,  somewhat  fleshy;  the  radical  tapering  into  a 
petiole;  the  cauline  clasping  by  a  broad  subcordate  base:  heads  numerous, 
cymose-paniculate,  only  5-6  mm.  high,  always  rayless,  about  15-flowered. — 
Middle  elevations  on  the  eastern  slope  of  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

13.  Senecio   hydrophilus   Nutt.   1.   c.     Very  glabrous  and   smooth,   tall, 
strict  and  simple-stemmed,  with  a  cluster  of  coarse  fibrous  roots,  5-15  dm. 
high:  leaves  fleshy-coriaceous,  all  entire  or  barely  denticulate,  mostly  lanceo- 
late; the  radical  oblanceolate  and  stout-petioled,  sometimes  3  dm.  long;  the 
upper  cauline  sessile  or  partly  clasping:  heads  numerous  in  a  branching  cyme; 
bracts  8-12:  disk-flowers  15-30:  rays  3-6  and  small,  or  none.     (S.  hydrophi- 
loides  Rydb.  1.  c.  441.; — In  wet  or  partially  flooded  grounds;  throughout  our 
range  and  northward  and  westward. 

14.  Senecio  glaucescens  Rydb.  1.  c.     The  short  caudex  with  a  cluster  of 
fibrous  roots,  glabrous  or  at  first  slightly  hairy;  stem  2-7  dm.  high,  striate, 
shining,  often  tinged  with  red:  basal  leaves  and  lower  stem  leaves  5-10  cm. 
long,  spatulate  or  oblanceolate  or  even  oval,  callous,  dentate  or  very  rarely 
subentire,  acute  or  obtuse,  with  a  distinct  winged  petiole,  rather  thick  and 
often  somewhat  glaucous;  upper  sytem  leaves  reduced,  lanceolate  and  sessile: 
cyme  corymb  if  orm ;  heads  about  1  cm.  high;  bracts  linear-lanceolate,  acute, 
with  conspicuous  black  tips:  rays  about  8  mm.  long:  achenes  oblong-cylindric, 
glabrous.    (S.  exaltalus  Nutt.  1.  c.  as  to  our  range;  S.  Flintii  Rydb.  Bull.  Torr. 
Bot.  Club  33:  157.  1906.) — Colorado  and  Utah  to  Montana  and  Idaho. 

15.  Senecio  anacletus  Greene,  Pitt.  4:  307.  1901.    Stem  3-6  dm.  high,  from 
a  short  rootstock  or  caudex:  leaves  thickish  and  firm;  the  radical  obovate 
to  oblong,  obscurely  veiny,  mostly  acute,  numerously  denticulate,  5-15  cm. 
long,  tapering  into  shorter  wing-margined  petioles;  the  cauline  sessile,  few 
and  oblong-lanceolate,  or  commonly  only  1  or  2  small  and  bract-like  ones  sub- 
tending the  rather  few-headed  branches  of  the  cyme:  heads  10-12  mm.  high; 
involucral  bracts  linear:  rays  6-10,  conspicuous.     (S.  microdontus  Heller,  Bull. 
Torr.  Bot.  Club  24: 497. 1897.)— Southern  Colorado,  New  Mexico,  and  Arizona. 


580  COMPOSITAE  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY) 

16.  Senecio  integerrimus  Nutt.  Gen.  2:  165.  1818.     Stem  simple,  strict, 
3-5  dm.  high:  leaves  somewhat  fleshy,  wholly  glabrous  and  entire;  the  lower 
oblong-lanceolate  or  elongated-oblong;  the  upper  becoming  gradually  much 
reduced  and  linear-lanceolate:  heads  few,  mostly  in  a  simple  corymb  or  in  a 
sub  umbellate  cyme,  medium  size  with  rather  conspicuous  rays;  bracts  of 
the  involucre  narrow. — This  species  seems  to  occur  in  just  the  form  originally 
characterized,  and  when  thus  limited  it  is  a  plant  of  the  plains  region  adjacent 
to  the  "  Great  Bend  "  of  the  Missouri,  hence  scarcely  in  our  range. 

17.  Senecio  perplexus  A.  Nels.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  27:  271.  1900.    Root- 
stock  short,  with  numerous  semifleshy  roots;  the  single  stem  erect,  rather 
stout,  2.5-5  dm.  high,  loosely  arachnoid  or  floccose-woolly  when  young  as  are 
also  the  leaves,  becoming  glabrate  but  usually  some  of  the  woolly  hairs  per- 
sisting even  at  maturity,  rather  leafy  below:    leaves  entire  or  denticulate, 
often  crisped  on  the  margin;  the  lower  leaves  oblanceolate  or  broader  or 
tapering  uniformly  to  both  ends,  mostly  obtuse,  5-10  cm.  long,  the  margined 
petiole  usually  shorter  than  the  blade;  the  middle  leaves  mostly  sessile  and 
narrower;  the  uppermost  small  and  bract-like:  heads  several  (8-15),  in  a 
cymose  corymb,  10-12  mm.  high,  the  central  peduncles  very  short,  the  lower 
or  outermost  elongating  and  often  overtopping  the  others;  the  rays  conspic- 
uous, few  (5-10);  the  involucral  bracts  linear,  black-tipped,  about  7  mm.  long: 
achenes  brownish,  finely  striate,  glabrous,  linear,  equaling  or  longer  than  the 
fine  soft  pappus.    S.  lugens  of  the  Manual  and  of  Gray's  Syn.  Fl.,  in  large  part. 
(S.  columbianus  Rydb.  in  Fl.  Col.,  not  S.  columbianus  Greene,  of  which  S. 
atriapiculatus  Rydb.  is  a  synonym.) — Exceedingly  common  at  middle  ele- 
vations in  our  range. 

17a.  Senecio  perplexus  dispar  A.  Nels.  Merely  one  of  the  many  forms 
of  this  variable  species,  characterized  by  its  somewhat  greater  size,  the 
somewhat  longer  and  slender  petioles,  and  the  striking  inequality  in  the  length 
of  the  rays  of  the  sub  umbellate  cyme.  (S.  dispar  A.  Nels.  1.  c.  272;  S.  Hookeri 
Rydb.  in  Fl.  Col.,  not  of  Gray.) — Same  range  as  species. 

18.  Senecio  atratus  Greene,  Pitt.  3:  105.  1896.     Stems  several  or  many, 
tufted,  decumbent  at  base,  stoutish,  3-6  dm.  high,  leafy  up  to  the  dense 
compound  corymbiform  cyme  of  small  heads;  herbage  finely  tomentose  even 
in  maturity:  radical  leaves  1.5-2.5  dm.  long,  oblanceolate,  acutish,  dentate 
or  denticulate,  those  of  the  stem  smaller  and  gradually  diminished  in  size 
toward  the  inflorescence:  bracts  of  the  narrow  involucre  only  8  or  10,  firm, 
oblong,  obtuse,  either  wholly  black  or  the  inner  ones  with  blackened  mid- 
vein  and  tip:  rays  few  or  none;  disk-corollas  salmon-color:  achenes  greenish, 
glabrous;  pappus  firm,  persistent.    S.  lugens  foliosus  in  part.     (S.  mitteflorus 
Greene,  Pitt.  4:  116.  1900.)— In  the  mountains  of  Colorado. 

19.  Senecio  altus  Rydb.  Mem.  N.  Y.  Bot.  Gard.  1:  443.  1900.     Stems 
6-10  dm.  high,  striate,  sparingly  woolly  when  young,  leafy  below:  basal  leaves 
2-3  dm.  long,  rather  firm,  oblanceolate,  tapering  into  a  winged  petiole,  sin- 
uately  dentate,  more  or  less  woolly  when  young;  lower  stem  leaves  similar, 
smaller,   short-petioled  or  subsessile,   the  upper  much  reduced,  bract-like, 
linear-lanceolate,  distant:  heads  in  a  contracted  corymbiform  cyme,  about 
1  cm.  high;  bracts  linear,  rather  thick,  brownish  and  tipped  with  black:  rays 
about  8  mm.  long:  achenes  hispidulous,  especially  on  the  angles,  short.    S. 
lugens  foliosus  in  part. — Wet  meadows  at  middle  altitudes;  Wyoming,  Mon- 
tana, and  Idaho. 

20.  Senecio  canus  Hook.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  1:  333.  pi.  116.  1834.    Perennial, 
densely  and  persistently  white-tomentose  to  the  inflorescence;  stems  slender, 
usually  tufted,  1-3  dm.  high:  basal  and  lower  leaves  spatulate  or  oval,  entire, 
or  rarely  somewhat  repand,  very  obtuse,  3-5  cm.  long,  narrowed  into  petioles; 
upper  leaves  oblong  or  spatulate,  obtuse  or  acute,  mostly  sessile,  smaller,  en- 
tire or  dentate:  heads  several  or  numerous,  10-14  mm.  broad,  usually  slender- 
peduncled;  involucre  campanulate,  or  at  first  short-cylindric ;  the  bracts  linear- 
lanceolate,  acute,  sparingly  tomentose  or  glabrate,  usually  with  no  exterior 
smaller  ones:  rays  8-12:  achenes  glabrous,  at  least  below.     (S.  Harbourii 
Rydb.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  33:  158.  1906;  S.  Howellii  Greene,  Bull.  Torr. 


COMPOSITAE  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY)  581 

Bot.  Club  8:  98.  1881.) — Dry  hills;  Colorado  to  Montana  and  far  northwest- 
ward. 

20a.  Senecio  canus  Purshianus'  (Nutt.)  A.  Nels.  Usually  lower,  more 
densely  tufted,  and  the  leaves  largely  linear.  (S.'  Purshianus  Nutt.  Trans. 
Am.  Phil.  Soc.  7:  412.  1841.) — Dry  slopes  and  ravines;  Colorado  to  Montana 
and  Oregon. 

21.  Senecio  werneriaefolius  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  19:  54.  1883.    Woolly 
and  canescent,  tardily  glabrate:  leaves  thick  and  coriaceous,  tapering  into  a 
petiole,  crowded  on  the  multicipital  caudex,  quite  entire,  erect  or  ascending, 
spatulate-linear  (5-8  cm.  long,  including  the  petiole-like  base)  to  elongated- 
oblong  and  short-petioled,  the  margins  sometimes  revolute:  scape  about  1  dm. 
high,  rather  stout,  bearing  2-8  heads,  which  are  8-10  mm.  high:  rays  10-12, 
oblong,  3-4  mm.  long,  rarely  few  or  wanting. — Alpine;  mountains  of  Colorado. 

22.  Senecio  perennans  A.  Nels.  1.  c.     Caespitose  in  habit  or  surculose- 
spreading,  forming  large  mats;  stems  simple,  1-2  dm.  high:  leaves  crowded 
on  the  crowns  of    the  caudex  and  at  the  base  of  the  scapose  stems,  of  2 
forms;  the  larger  narrowly  elliptic  to  oblong,  2-4  cm.  long,  obtuse  or  acute  or 
more  rarely  3-toothed,  tapering  into  a  petiole  as  long  as  the  blade  or  longer, 
nearly  glabrous  at  flowering;  the  smaller  leaves  tomentose,  interspersed  bract- 
like  among  the  larger  ones;  bract-like  leaves  of  the  scape  small,  linear  from  a 
broad  tomentose  base:  heads  3-8,  or  rarely  only  1  or  2,  cymose-corymbose, 
the  terminal  one  overtopped  by  most  of  the  others,  9-12  mm.  high:  rays  5-9, 
oblong-elliptic,    5-7  mm.   long:   achenes  glabrous. — Moist  places  on  canon 
sides;  Wyoming  and  Colorado,  at  middle  elevations. 

23.  Senecio  petrocallis  Greene,  Pitt.  4:  116.  1900.    Glabrous  or  early  gla- 
brate: leaves  orbicular-obovate  or  oval  (7-14  mm.  long)  to  cuneate-oblong, 
entire  or  3-7-crenate-toothed  at  the  broad  summit,  abruptly  petioled :  scapes 
3-10  mm.  high,  bearing  solitary  or  several  clustered  heads,  which  are  8-10 
mm.  high:  rays  6-10,  golden-yellow,  5-6  mm.  long.    S.  petraeus. — High  alpine 
throughout  our  range. 

24.  Senecio  Nelsonii  Rydb.  1.  c.  26:  483.  1899.     Many-stemmed  from  a 
densely  tufted  caudex  whose  numerous  branches  are  reduced  to  short  leafy 
crowns,  green  and  becoming  glabrate,  the  thin  tomentum  in  part  deciduous: 
leaves  numerous,  crowded  on  the  crowns,  and  several  on  the  stems,  oblong, 
lanceolate,  or  oblanceolate,  pinnately  toothed  to  deeply  lobed  or  sometimes 
divided  nearly  to  the  midrib;  the  segments  obtuse  or  acute,  often  incisely 
toothed;  stem  leaves  slightly  reduced  upward:  stems  2-4  dm.  high,  simple, 
terminating  in  a  crowded  corymbose  cyme,  the  upper  pedicels  subumbetlate: 
heads  7-10  mm.  high;  calyculate  bracts  small,  only  1  or  2:  rays  few  (6-12), 
rather  large:  achenes  brown,  glabrous,  distinctly  striate,  2-3  mm.  long.     (S. 
rosulatus  Rydb.  1.  c.  27:  188.  1900.) — Gravelly  banks  and  slopes;  Wyoming 
and  Colorado. 

25.  Senecio   Fendleri  Gray,  PL  Fendl.   108.  1848.     Very  canescent  with 
floccose  wool,  the  stem  in  part  and  the  leaves  on  the  upper  surface  becoming 
glabrate  in  age;  stem  solitary  or  few  from  the  crown,  erect,  2-5  dm.  high: 
leaves  rosulate  on  the  crown  and  scattered  on  the  stem,  generally  all  of  them 
sinuate  or  pectinate-dentate,  but  the  lower  often  barely  sinuate:  heads  several, 
in  corymbose  cyme:  rays  6-9,  usually  less  than  1  cm.  long:  achenes  glabrous. 
[S.  salicinus  and  S.  canovirens  Rydb.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  27:  186  &  187. 
1900;  S.  lanatifolius  Osterh.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  32:  612.  1905  (?).     The 
last  has  been  collected  but  once  and  the  specimens  look  as  if  they  might 
be  abnormal.] — Southern  Colorado,  New  Mexico,  and  probably  Arizona. 

26.  Senecio   plattensis  Nutt.  1.  c.     Perennial,  more  or  less  densely  and 
persistently  tomentose  or  woolly-canescent;  stems  rather  stout,  solitary,  or 
sometimes  tufted,  3-4  dm.  high:  basal  leaves  oval,  ovate,  or  oblong,  some  or 
all  of  them  more  or  less  pinnatifid,  with  the  terminal  segment  much  larger 
than  the  lateral  ones,  crenulate  or  dentate,  long-petioled:  heads  several  or 
numerous,  compactly  or  loosely  corymbose,  conspicuously  radiate. — In  the 
eastern  part  of  our  range  to  the  Missouri. 

27.  Senecio  uintahensis  A.  Nels.    Perennial  from  a  short  caudex,  which  is 


582  COMPOSITAE  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY) 

often  branched  at  summit,  generally  early  glabrate  throughout;  stems  few  or 
many  and  tufted,  2-4  dm.  high:  leaves  crowded  on  the  crowns,  rather  remote 
on  the  stems,  lyrately  pinnatifid,  the  lobes  either  obtusely  or  acutely  and 
irregularly  toothed:  heads  few  to  many  in  a  corymbose  cyme,  8-10  mm.  high; 
calyculate  bracts  small,  few  or  wanting:  achenes  glabrous.  (S.  Nelsonii 
uintahensis  A.  Nels.  1.  c.  26:  484.)  Closely  allied  to  S.  multilobatus  T.  &  G. 
PL  Fendl.  109.  1848,  which  is  a  winter  annual  or  biennial,  extending  from 
southern  Utah  to  Arizona  and  western  Texas. — Western  Colorado  and  eastern 
Utah  to  Wyoming  and  Idaho. 

28.  Senecio  Rydbergii  A.  Nels.    Simple  and  glabrous  perennial  with  a  very 
short  caudex;  stem  2-3  cm.  high:  basal  leaves  oblanceolate,  thick  and  some- 
what fleshy,  with  the  petiole  about  as  long  as  the  blade,  dentate  or  subentire; 
lower  stem  leaves  spatulate,  with  a  winged  petiole,  coarsely  dentate;  upper 
stem  leaves  sessile,  with  an  auricled  base,  lobed  with  triangular  or  triangular- 
lanceolate  lobes,  acute:  cyme  corymbose  and  rather  dense;  heads  about  8  mm. 
high;  bracts  about   15,  acute,  the  lanceolate  ones  few,  lanceolate:  achene 
striate,  glabrous:  rays  4-5  mm.  long.    (S.fulgens  Rydb.  1.  c.  177,  not  S.fulgens 
Nichols.) — Throughout  the  mountains  of  northern  Wyoming  into  Idaho  and 
Montana. 

29.  Senecio  crocatus  Rydb.  1.  c.  24:  299.  1897.    A  glabrous  perennial  with  a 
short  erect  rootstock;  stem  1.5-3  dm.  high:  basal  leaves  2-3  cm.'  long,  obovate 
or  spatulate,  crenate  or  subentire,  with  a  winged  petiole;  lower  stem  leaves 
similar,  but  with  broader  winged  petioles  which  are  somewhat  auricled  at  the 
base,  or  else  oblong  without  distinction  between  blade  and  petiole  and  then 
more  auricled;  upper  stem  leaves  ovate  or  triangular,  with  very  large  and 
large-toothed  auricles:  cyme  small  and  compact  with  heads,  which  are  8-10 
mm.  high;  bracts  about  20,  linear:  rays  7-8  mm.  long,  orange  to  pale  yellow: 
achenes  striate,  glabrous.     S.  aureus  croceus.     (S.  dimorphophyllus  Greene, 
Pitt.  4:  109.  1900;  S.  heterodoxus  Greene,  ace.  to  Rydb.  Fl.  Col.) — Colorado 
and  Wyoming. 

30.  Senecio  cymbalarioides   Nutt.  Trans.   Am.   Phil.   Soc.   7:  412.  1841. 
Closely  allied  to  the  preceding,  generally  lower  but  sometimes  4  dm.  high: 
radical  leaves  thickish,  obovate,  cuneate-spatulate  and  oval,  the  petioles  not 
wing-margined,  and  the  upper  leaves  not  auricled-clasping:  corymb  of  few  or 
numerous  heads  with  rays  varying  from  yellow  to  orange:  achenes  angled, 
glabrous.    S.  aureus  borealis.    (S.  Jonesii,  S.  subcuneatus,  S.  acutidens  Rydb. 
1.  c.  179  &  180,  and  S.  oodes  Rydb.  1.  c.  33:  158  seem  to  be  impossible  to  dis- 
criminate satisfactorily.) — In  the  mountains  of  our  range. 

31.  Senecio  subnudus  DC.  Prodr.  7:  428.  1837.    Very  glabrous  throughout ; 
stems  often  decumbent  at  base,  simple,  slender,  1-3  dm.  high,  nearly  leafless 
above  and  usually  bearing  a  single  head:  radical  leaves  obovate,  slender- 
petioled,  coarsely  dentate;  the  cauline  very  few,  sessile,  oblong  to  linear,  incised 
or  somewhat  pinnatifid:  involucre  open-campanulate,  8-10  mm.  high,  of  linear- 
acute  bracts:   rays  8-12,   elongated-oblong:   achenes   glabrous,   striate.     S. 
aureus  subnudus.    (S.  solitarius  Rydb.  Mem.  N.  Y.  Bot.  Card.  1:  444..  1900.)— 
In  marshy  grounds;  from  Wyoming  and  Montana  to  California  and  Oregon. 

32.  Senecio    pseudaureus   Rydb.    Bull.    Torr.    Bot.    Club    24:  298.  1897. 
Perennial  from  a  creeping  rootstock,  perfectly  glabrous  except  the  tips  of 
the  bracts;  stem  5-8  dm.  high:  basal  leaves  broadly  ovate,  somewhat  cordate 
at  the  base,  serrate,  4-7  cm.  long,  long-petioled ;  stem  leaves  more  or  less 
laciniate  at  the  base,  the  upper  sessile:  inflorescence  corymbose,  flat-topped, 
of  8  or  more  heads  about  8  mm.  high;  bracts  linear;  rays  orange,  about  8  mm. 
long.     S.  aureus.     (S.  platj/lobus  Rydb.  1.  c.  27:  181;  S.  Hartianus  Heller, 
Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  26:  622.  1899.) — Replacing  the  true  S.  aureus  through- 
out our  range. 

33.  Senecio   longipetiolatus  Rydb.  1.  c.   176.      A  tall,    simple,   perfectly 
glabrous  perennial,  with  a  short,  erect  rootstock;  stem  strict,  3-6  dm.  high, 
terete:  basal  leaves  oblanceolate,  5-12  cm.  long,  with  a  slender  petiole,  ser- 
rate to  subentire;  lower  stem  leaves  similar;  the  upper  reduced,  lanceolate, 
sessile,  sharply  serrate  or  laciniate-dentate,  often  auricled  at  the  base:  cyme 


COMPOSITAE  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY)  583 

dense,  corymbif orm ;  heads  8-9  mm.  high;  bracts  about  20,  linear,  acute,  the 
calyculate  ones  few,  minute:  rays  dark  orange,  4-7  mm.  long,  3-4-nerved: 
achenes  angled,  glabrous.  (S.  pyrrhochrous  Greene,  PI.  Baker.  3:  24.  1901; 
S.  Tracyi  Rydb.  1.  c.  33:  159.) — Wyoming  and  Colorado. 

34.  Senedo  Balsamitae  Muhl.  Willd.  Sp.  PI.  1999.  1804.    Light  or  yellowish- 
green  slender  perennial,  in  age  glabrate  or  slightly  floccose  at  the  base  of  the 
leaves;  stem  3-4  dm.  high,  striate,  pale:  basal  leaves  3-8  cm.  long,  obovate  or 
broadly  oval,  generally  tapering  into  the  petioles,  but  sometimes  truncate  at 
the  base,  obtuse,  crenate  or  sinuate,  light  green;  lower  stem  leaves  oblanceolate 
in  outline  and  petioled;  the  upper  lanceolate  or  linear  in  outline  and  sessile;  all 
deeply  pinnatifid  with  narrow  oblong  or  linear  segments :  cymes  corymbif  orm ; 
heads  7-8  mm.  high;  bracts  linear,  acute;  calyculate  ones  few,  linear,  small 
and  crisped:  rays  yellow,  about  6  mm.  long:  achenes  hispid-puberulent  on  the 
angles.     S.  aureus  Balsamitae.     (S.  ftavulus  Greene,  Pitt.  4:  108.  1,900;  £. 
flavovirens  and  S.  aurellus  Rydb.  1.  c.  181  &  182.) — Across  the  continent;  ours 
thought  by  some  to  be  distinct;  if  so,  the  name  S.  flavulus  will  stand. 

35.  Senecio  mutabilis  Greene,  1.  c.  113.    Stems  in  a  small  dense  tuft,  erect 
or  ascending,  1-3  dm.  high;  pubescence  varied,  from  tomentulose  or  loosely 
floccose-hoary  to  almost  or  quite  wanting:  leaves  obovate-spatulate  to  broadly 
linear  or  lanceolate,  nearly  entire  or  serrate  to  sinuately  or  pectinately  or 
even  somewhat  lyrately  pinnatifid,  the  apex  often  tridentate:  heads  few  to 
many,  8-10  mm.  high,  the  involucres  glabrous:  rays  mostly  tridentate  and 
4-nerved,  light  yellow  to  nearly  orange-color.    S.  aureus  compactus.    (S.  com- 
pactus  Rydb.  Mem.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  5:  342.  1893,  not  S.  compactus  Kirk;  S. 
oblanceolatus  and  S.  tridenticulatus  Rydb.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  27:  175  &  176. 
1900;  S.  condensatus  Rydb.  Fl.  Col.,  not  S.  condensatus  Greene,  which  is  a 
plant  of  the  Blue  Mountains,  Washington.) — Wyoming  to  New  Mexico  and 
Utah. 

36.  'Senecio   discoideus    (Hook.)    Brit.   111.   Fl.  3:  479.  1898.     Perennial, 
glabrous  except  for  small  tufts  of  wool  in  the  axils  of  the  lower  leaves;  stem 
rather  stout,  3-6  dm.  tall:  basal  leaves  oval  to  ovate,  obtuse,  thin,  sharply 
dentate,  abruptly  narrowed  into  petioles  longer  than  the  blade;  stem  leaves 
few,  small,  more  or  less  laciniate:  heads  few  or  several,  slender-peduncled, 
corymbose;  bracts  of  the  involucre  narrowly  linear,  6-10  mm.  long:  rays 
usually  very  short,  or  none.    S.  aureus  discoideus.     (S.  fedifolius  Rydb.  1.  c. 
183;  S.  nephrophyllus  Rydb.  Mem.  N.  Y.  Bot.  Gard.  1:  446.  1900.) — Wet 
places  in  the  valleys  in  our  range;  across  the  continent  northward. 

37.  Senecio  eremophilus  Rich.  App.  Frankl.  Journ.  2:  31.  1823.     Stems 
freely  branching,  leafy  up  to  the  inflorescence :  leaves  mostly  oblong  in  outline, 
laciniately  pinnatifid  or  pinnately  parted,  the  lobes  usually  incised  or  acutely 
dentate:   heads  numerous  in  corymbif  orm  cymes,   8-10  mm.   high,   short- 
peduncled;  involucre  campanulate  or  narrower,  minutely  bracteolate;  proper 
bracts  commonly  purple-tipped:  rays  7-9,   4-6  mm.   long:  achenes  either 
minutely  papillose-cinereous  or  glabrous.    (S.  MacDougallii  Heller,  1.  c.  "592.) — 
Extending  southward  through  the  Rocky  Mountains  (from  British  America) 
to  New  Mexico  and  Arizona. 

38.  Senecio  filifolius  Nutt.  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  7:  414.  1841.     More  or 
less  permanently  tomentose;  stems  suffruticose  at  base,  much-branched,  the 
branches  diffuse,  very  leafy  to  the  summit:  leaves  pinnately  5-9-parted;  the 
segments  very  narrowly  linear,  entire,  obtusish,  often  unequal,  mostly  with 
re  volute  margins:  heads  (rather  large)  corymbose,  on  short  peduncles,  calycu- 
late with  a  few  small  subulate  scales:  rays^ about  7,  linear,  somewhat  elongated: 
achenes  strigose-canescent. — In  valleys;  from  Colorado  and  Utah  to  Arizona 
and  Texas.  , 

39.  Senecio  Riddellii  T.  &  G.  Fl.  2:  444.  1842.    Glabrous  throughout;  stem 
terete,  very  leafy,  corymbose  at  the  summit:  cauline  leaves  pinnately  5-9- 
parted;  the  segments  narrowly  linear,  obtuse,  entire,  flat,  somewhat  dilated 
towards  the  apex  (thickish  and  rather  rigid):  heads  (large  and  showy)  on 
short  peduncles,  disposed  in  a  compound  corymb,  calyculate  with  subulate 
bracts;  rays  about  127  linear,  elongated:  achenes  minutely  puberulent.    (S. 


584  COMPOSITAE  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY) 

multicapitatus  Greenm.  ex  Rydb.  1.  c.  33:  160.) — Nebraska  and  Colorado  to 
Texas  and  Arizona. 

40.  Senecio  spartioides  T.  &  G.  1.  c.  438.     Glabrous  throughout;  stems 
suffruticose,  2-4  dm.  high,  very  numerous  from  the  same  ligneous  taproot, 
rigid,  corymbose  at  the  summit,  leafy:  leaves  fleshy,  narrowly  linear,  per- 
fectly entire  or  sparingly  pinnately  parted,  rather  obtuse,  sessile:  heads  (large 
and  showy)  fastigiate-corymbose,  on   short  minutely  bracteolate  peduncles: 
the  calyculate  bracts  subulate,  minute;  bracts  of  the  cylindrical  involucre 
about  12,  lanceolate-linear,  acutish:  rays  mostly  7,  oblong-linear,  elongated: 
achenes  silky-canescent.     This  and  the  two  preceding  were  included  in  the 
Manual  under  S.  Douglasii,  a  Californian  species. — Wyoming  to  Arizona  and 
Texas. 

41.  Senecio  vulgaris  L.  Sp.  PI.  867.  1753.    An  erect  annual,  1-3  dm.  or 
more  high;  herbage  somewhat  succulent,  glabrous  or  with  a  little  loose  to- 
mentum:  leaves  sessile,  auricled,  pinnatifid,  the  lobes  oblong  and  with  irregu- 
larly dentate  margin:  heads  in  terminal  cymose  clusters;  involucre  6  or  7  mm. 
high;  principal  bracts  about  20,  their  tips  black  and  often  penicillate;  small 
outer  bracts  several,  black:  achenes  slightly  pubescent.— Occasionally  found 
in  waste  grounds;  introduced  from  Europe;  flowering  the  whole  season  through; 
commonly  called  GROUNDSEL. 

91.  CARDUUS  L.    THISTLE 

Stout  herbs,  mostly  biennial.  Leaves  mostly  sessile  or  decurrent,  and  with 
sharply  spinose  lobes  or  teeth.  Heads  large,  ovoid  or  subglobose;  the  pluri- 
serial  and  imbricated  involucral  bracts  usually  prickly  tipped.  Receptacle 
densely  villous-setose.  Flowers  all  alike,  crimson,  purple,  or  white,  the  seg- 
ments of  the  cort>lla  long  and  linear-filiform.  Achenes  obovate  or  oblong, 
compressed,  smooth,  not  striate.  Pappus  a  single  series  of  long  and  barbellate 
or  plumose  slender  bristles  united  at  base  and  deciduous  in  a  ring,  often 
clavellate-dilated  at  the  naked  tip. — Cnicus. 

Dioecious;  heads  small;  perennial  by  spreading  rootstocks      .         .       1.  C.  arvensis. 
Hermaphrodite;  heads  larger;  biennials  or  rarely  perennials. 

Bracts  of  the  involucre  (at  least  most  of  them)  with  notably  di- 
lated fringed  tips. 
Bracts  conspicuously  arachnoid-pubescent;  foliage  green  and 

becoming  glabrate    .         .         .         .         .         .         .  2.  C.  Parryi. 

Bracts  not  arachnoid-pubescent  or  only  slightly  so  on  the 
edges;  foliage  green  above,  more  or  less  white-lanate  be- 
neath       .         .         ...         .         .         .         .         .  3.  C.  americanus. 

Bracts  of  the  involucre  (at  least  some  9f  them)  with  spiny  tips. 
Bracts  not  with  a  glandular  dorsal  ridge. 

Bracts  conspicuously  arachnoid-pubescent  .         .         .  4.  C.  Hookerianus. 

Bracts  not  arachnoid  or  only  moderately  so  on  the  edges. 
Inner  bracts  innocuous,  long-attenuate. 

More  or  less  dilated,  crisped,  twisted,  or  laciniate  .  5.  C.  foliosus. 

Usually  not  at  all  dilated,  crisped  or  twisted. 
Erect  or  only  the  tips  or  spines  squarrose. 

Stem  simple,  very  strict  (or  wanting);  heads  soli- 
tary, few,  glomerate        .         .         .         .  6.  C.  Drummondii. 

Stem  more  or  less  branched;  heads  less  crowded     .       7.  C.  bipinnatus. 
Bracts  squarrose  or  the  lower  even  reflexed     .  8.  C.  neo-mexicanus. 

Inner  bracts  also  spine-tipped .         .         .         .         .         .       9.  C.  lanceolatus. 

Bracts  with  a  glandular  dorsal  ridge. 
Flowers  ochroleucous. 

Spine  of  involucral  bracts  short,  flat,  widely  spreading       .     10.  C.  Nelsonii. 
Spine  of  involucral   bracts  long,   not  flattened,   mostly 

erect 11.  C.  plattensis. 

K  lowers  rose  or  purple. 

Leaves  permanently  tomentose  on  both  sides. 

Involucres  usually  less  than  4  cm.  broad     .         .         .12.  C.  undulatus. 
Involucres  usually  4-6  cm.  broad. 

Spines  half  as  long  as  the  bracts     .         .         .         .     13.  C.  megacephalus. 

Spines  as  long  as  the  bracts 14.  C.  ochrocentrus. 

Leaves  becoming  green  and  glabrate  on  the  upper  side      .     15.  C.  filipendulus. 

1.  Carduus  arvensis  (L.)  Robs.  Brit.  Fl.  163.  1777.  Stems  3-8  dm.  high, 
from  creeping  perennial  rootstocks,  corymbosely  branching,  usually  glabrate 


COMPOS  IT  AE  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY)  585 

and  green:  leaves  lanceolate,  pinnatifid  and  toothed,  furnished  with  abundant 
weak  prickles:  heads  loosely  cymose,  2-3  cm.  high,  dioecious;  in  staminate 
plants  ovate-globular,  with  the  flowers  well  exserted;  the  pistillate  oblong- 
campanulate,  the  flowers  less  exserted;  bracts  of  the  involucre  appressed, 
short,  with  very  small,  weak,  prickly  points. — A  troublesome  weed  introduced 
from  Europe;  becoming  too  common  in  Canada  and  our  range. 

2.  Carduus  Parryi  (Gray)  Greene,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  Sci.  Phila.  362.  1892. 
Green,  lightly  arachnoid  and  villous  when  young,  3-7  dm.  high:  leaves  lanceo- 
late, sinuate-dentate,  not  decurrent,  moderately  prickly:  heads  several  and 
spicately  glomerate  or  more  racemosely  paniculate,  more  or  less  bractose- 
leafy  at  base;  accessory  and  outer  proper  bracts  or  some  of  them  pectinately 
fimbriate-ciliate  down  the  sides;  the  innermost  with  more  or  less  dilated  or 
margined,  mostly  lacerate-fimbriate  tips:  corollas  pale  yellow,  the  lobes  longer 
than  the  throat:  pappus  of  fine,  soft  bristles,  none  of  them  obviously  clavellate. 
Cnicus  Parryi.    (C.  viridiflorus  Greene,  in  herb.) — Colorado  and  Utah  to  New 
Mexico  and  Arizona. 

3.  Carduus  americanus  (Gray)  Greene,  1.  c.    Stems  rather  slender,  3-8  dm. 
high,   branching  above,  the  branches  bearing  solitary  or  scattered  naked 
heads:  leaves  white-tomentose  beneath,  lanceolate  or  broader,  sinuately  pin- 
natifid or  some  merely  dentate,  others  pinnately  parted,  weakly  prickly:  heads 
erect,  about  25  mm.  high;  principal  bracts  of  the  involucre  naked-edged  or 
merely  fimbria,te-ciliate  below,  and  the  dilated  scarious  apex  as  broad  as  long, 
fimbriate-lacerate,  tipped  with  barely  exserted  cusp  or  mucro;   innermost 
with  lanceolate,  nearly  entire,  scarious  tips:  flowers  ochroleucous:  stronger 
pappus-bristles  dilated-claveHate  at  tip.     (C.  Centaureae  Rydb.  Bull.  Torr. 
Bot.  Club  28:  507.  1901;  C.  erosus  Rydb.  1.  c.;  C.  griseus  Rydb.  1.  c.)— 
Mountains  of  our  range  and  northwestward. 

3a.  Carduus  americanus  perplexans  (Rydb.)  A.  Nels.  Leaves  oblanceolate 
to  lanceolate,  merely  toothed,  and  with  weak,  yellowish  prickles:  flowers 
sometimes  pink  or  purplish;  the  bracts  slightly  glandular  on  the  back.  C. 
perplexans  Rydb.  1.  c.  32:  132.  1905.) — Wyoming  and  Colorado. 

4.  Carduus    Hookerianus    (Nutt.)    Heller,   Cat.    N.   A.    Plants   7.  1898. 
Arachnoid  white-woolly  to  glabrate,  stout:  leaves  pinnatifid;  the  short  lobes 
rather  distant,  sparsely  prickly  base  little  or  not  at  all  decurrent:  heads  few 
and  sessile  in  a  terminal  cluster  or  scattered,  3-4  cm.  high,  somewhat  bracteose- 
leafy  at  base;  proper  bracts  tapering  from  a  broadish  base  into  a  rather  rigid, 
subulate,  prickly  point,  also  somewhat  yiscidly  long- woolly:  corollas  white  or 
whitish:  pappus-bristles  not  clavellate-tipped.     (C.  Osterhoutii  Rydb.  1.  c.  32: 
131.  1905;  C.  Kelseyi  Rydb.  Mem.  N.  Y.  Bot.  Card.  1:  449.  1900.)— Moun- 
tains of  our  range  and  farther  northward. 

4a.  Carduus  Hookerianus  eriocephalus  (Gray)  A.  Nels.  More  arachnoid- 
pubescent  on  the  involucre  and  the  leaves  usually  greener  and  more  glabrate. 
(Cnicus  eriocephalus  Gray;  Carduus  scopulorum  Greene,  1.  c.;  C.  Tweedyi  Rydb. 
1.  c.;  C.  araneosus  Osterh.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  32:  612.  1905;  C.  Eatonii 
Gray,  a  form  usually  more  glabrate  on  the  involucre  though  often  arachnoid- 
woolly  on  the  herbage;  C.  canovirens  Rydb.  1.  c.  (?) ;  C.  pulcherrimus  Rydb.  Bull. 
Torr.  Bot.  Club  28:  510.  1901.) — Same  range  as  the  species. 

46.  Carduus  Hookerianus  hesperius  (Eastw.)  A.  Nels.  The  anthers 
pubescent,  not  essentially  different  otherwise.  (Cnicus  hesperius  Eastw.  Proc. 
Cal.  Acad.  Sci.  III.  1 :  122.  1898.)— On  Mt.  Hesperus,  Colorado. 

5.  Carduus  foliosus  Hook.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  1:  303.  1833.     Stems  erect,  strict, 
striate,  3-5  dm.  high,  somewhat  woolly,  leafy  to  the  cluster  of  few  sessile 
heads:    leaves   commonly   elongated,    linear-lanceolate,    laciniately   dentate, 
•with  rather  rigid  prickles,  aracfrnoid-tomentose  beneath:  heads  broad,  4-5 
cm.  high,  leafy-bracteose;  involucral  bracts  thin-coriaceous,  some  of  the  inner 
with  more  conspicuous,  erose,  scarious  tips:  corollas  pale  or  white,  with  lobes 
equaling  or  longer  than  the  throat.    [C.  scariosus  (Nutt.)  Heller,  is  merely  the 
more  tomentose  form;  C.  coloradensis  Rydb.  1.  c.  132.]— -Colorado  to  Montana 
and  Oregon. 

6.  Carduus  Drummondii  (T.  &  G.)  Coville,  Contr.  U.  S.  Nat.  Herb.  4:  142. 


586  COMPOSITAE  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY) 

1893.  Stem  simple,  4  dm.  or  less  high,  glabrous  and  leafy  up  to  the  heads, 
which  are  terminally  clustered:  leaves  oblong  or  oblanceolate,  deeply  sinuate- 
pinnatifid  with  spinulose  lobes  to  nearly  entire,  somewhat  arachnoid-woolly, 
especially  beneath:  involucre  3.5-4  cm.  high;  the  bracts  chartaceous,  the 
inner  with  weak  scarious  tips  which  vary  from  entire  and  acute  to  obviously 
dilated  and  fimbriate,  the  outer  gradually  shorter  and  becoming  ovate,  the 
tips  acute  and  short-spinose :  corollas  white,  the  lobes  not  longer  than  the 
throat:  anthers  very  acuminate.  (C.  oreophilus  Rydb.  1.  c.  28:  509.  1901.) 
— Mountain  valleys  of  our  range  and  far  westward  and  northward. 

6a.  Carduus  Drummondii  acaulescens  (Gray)  Coville,  1.  c.  Includes  the 
low  forms  of  the  species,  in  which  the  stem  may  be  wholly  wanting,  and  the 
usually  smaller  heads  sessile  in  the  rosette  of  radical  leaves.  In  the  same 
patch  may  often  be  found  the  normal  form  and  all  stages  to  the  depressed 
rosette  type.  (C.  americanus  Rydb.  and  C.  acaulescens  Rydb.  1.  c.  508.) — 
Mountain  meadows;  range  of  the  species. 

7.  Carduus  bipinnatus  (Eastw.)  Heller,  Cat.  N.  A.  Plants  5.    1900.    Gla- 
brous except  for  some  arachnoid  tomentum;  stems  leafy,  3-7  dm.  high,  branch- 
ing: leaves  with  numerous  linear-lanceolate  divisions  which  are  2^6  cm.  long, 
margin  laciniate-dentate,  spiny;  radical  leaves  petiolate,  2-3  dm.  long;  the  cau- 
line,  sessile,  10-15  cm.  long:  heads  at  the  ends  of  the  leafy  branches,  almost 
sessile;  involucre  of  appressed,  imbricated  bracts,  in  several  ranks  succes- 
sively shorter,  the  lower  ones  pointed  with  a  weak  prickle,  the  upper  atten- 
uate to  a  scarious  tip,  puberulent:  flowers  purple;  corolla  with  throat  about 
one  third  as  long  as  the  linear  divisions:  stamens  surpassing  the  corolla: 
achenes   glabrous,  flattened,  ob ovate-oblong.    [C.  pulchella  and  C.  truncatus 
Greene  (?);  C.  spathulatus  Osterh.  1.  c.] — In  mountain  parks;  Colorado. 

8.  Carduus  neo-mexicanus  (Gray)  Greene,  1.  c.     Stout,  5-10  dm.  high; 
herbage  and  commonly  squarrose  involucre  copiously  white-woolly:  leaves 
sinuate-dentate  to  pinnatifid,  not  very  prickly:  heads  solitary,  terminating  the 
stem  and  branches,  often  4-5  cm.  high  and  broad;  principal  bracts  of  the  in- 
volucre with  spinescent,  rigid,  reflexed  tips,  or  the  bracts  in  part  reflexed :  co- 
rolla white  to  pale  purple.     (C,  leucopsis  Greene.) — Plains  of  Colorado  and 
New  Mexico  to  Utah  and  Arizona. 

9.  Carduus  lanceolatus  L.  Sp.  PL  821.  1753.     Stems  stout,  4-10  dm. 
high,  much-branched,  more  or  less  villous-hirsute :  leaves  lanceolate,  deeply 
pinnatifid  with  lanceolate  lobes,  rigidly  prickly,  upper  face  strigose-setulose ; 
the  base  decurrent  on  the  stem  into  interrupted  prickly  wings:  heads  obovoid, 
3-5  cm.  high,  terminating  the  stems  and  branches;  bracts  of  the  involucre 
arachnoid-woolly,  lanceolate  and  mostly  attenuate  into  slender,  spreading 
spines:   corollas   rose-purple. — Pastures  and   waste   places   throughout   the 
northern  United  States;  naturalized  from  Europe;  COMMON  THISTLE  or  often 
called  BULL  THISTLE. 

10.  Carduus  Nelsonii  Pammel,  Proc.  Iowa  Acad.  Sci.  8:  22.  1901.     A 
branching  biennial,  4-10  dm.  high,  bearing  numerous  ochroleucous  heads, 
which  terminate  the  branches;   stems  prominently  striate,  white-woolly  at 
first,  becoming  smoothish  with  age:  radical  leaves  1-3  dm.  long,  deeply  pin- 
natifid, the  prominent  lobes  with  yellow  spines;  lower  surface  densely  tomen- 
tose;  the  upper  woolly,  becoming  glabrate  with  age;  stem  leaves  sessile  and 
decurrent,  with  prominent  spiny  lobes:  heads  3-4  cm.  high,  or  rarely  larger; 
involucre  somewhat  turbinate,  the  bracts  with  a  prominent  glutinous  ridge 
tipped  with  a  yellow  spine ;  outer  bracts  ovate-lanceolate ;  inner  long-acuminate 
and  straw-colored,  tips  minutely  serrated:  corolla-tube  twice  as  long  as  the 
lobes,  strongly  clavate:  anther-tips  acute,  bases  sagittate;  filaments  hair}  : 
achene  light  brown  throughout,  with  dark  longitudinal  striae;  pappus  of, 
outer  flowers  merely  barbellate,  inner  plumose  with  strongly  clavate  tips. 
(C.  Tracyi  Rydb.  1.  c.  32:  133.  1905.)— Frequent  on  the  plains  of  Wyoming; 
probably  more  widely  distributed. 

11.  Carduus  plattensis  Rydb.  Contr.  U.  S.  Nat.  Herb.  3:  167.  pi.  2.    189,:. 
Perennial  or  biennial,  the  root  thick  and  deep-set;  stem  stout,  simple,  or  little 
branched,  4-7  dm.  high,  densely  white-felted:  leaves  deeply  pinnatifid,  white.. 


COMPOSITAE  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY)  587 

(•mientose  beneath,  green,  loosely  tomentose,  or  glabrate  above;  the  lower 
12-17  cm.  long,  the  lobes  lanceolate  to  oblong,  acute,  prickly  tipped  and 
margined:  heads  few,  4-5  cm.  high  and  broad;  outer  bracts  of  the  involucre 
lanceolate  to  ovate-lanceolate,  firm,  dark,  tipped  with  short,  weak,  spreading 
prickles;  the  inner  linear-lanceolate,  unarmed,  tipped  with  scarious,  reflexed, 
crose  appendages:  pappus  of  outer  flowers  merely  barbellate. — Sandy  soil; 
Nebraska  to  Wyoming  and  Montana. 

12.  Carduus   undulatus   Nutt.   Gen.   2:  130.  1818.     Persistently  white- 
•  tomentose,  3-10  dm.  high:  leaves  lanceolate  or  oblong-lanceolate,  sessile  or 

decurrent,  or  the  lowest  petioled,  undulate,  lobed  or  pinnatifid;  the  lobes 
dentate,  triangular,  often  very  prickly:  heads  3-4  cm.  broad,  nearly  as  high, 
solitary  at  the  ends  of  the  branches;  principal  bracts  of  the  involucre  mostly 
thickened  on  the  back  by  the  broad  glandular-viscid  ridge,  comparatively 
narrow,  tipped  with  short,  spreading  prickles:  corollas  rose-color  or  pale  purple 
to  white,  with  lobes  equaling  or  longer  than  their  throats.  (C.  nebraskensis 
Brit,  in  Brit.  &  Brown  Fl.  3:  487.  1898;  C.  floccosus  Rydb.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot. 
Club  32:  133.  1905.) — Dry  plains  of  our  range  and  extending  both  east- 
ward and  westward  north  of  our  range. 

12a.  Carduus  undulatus  canescens  (Nutt.)  Porter,  Mem.  Torr.  Club  5:  345. 
1894.  Apparently  a  perennial  form  from  rhizomes  or  thickened  roots:  heads 
mostly  smaller,  and  the  leaves  varying  from  deeply  pinnatifid  to  subentire. 
(Cirsium  canescens  Nutt.;  Cnicus  undulatus  canescens  Gray.) — Same  range  as 
the  species,  but  infrequent. 

13.  Carduus  megacephalus  (Gray)  A.  Nels.     Stems  low,  3-5  dm.  high, 
simple  or  branched,  the  stem  or  branches  each  bearing  one  large  pedunculate 
head  6-8  cm.  high  and  broad:  leaves  rather  broadly  lanceolate,  more  or  less 
deeply  laciniate-toothed,  each  tooth  tapering  into  the  stout,  yellowish  spine: 
otherwise  like  C.  undulatus.     (Cnicus  undulatus  megacephalus  Gray,  Proc. 
Am.  Acad.  10:  42.  1874.) — Nebraska  and  Wyoming  to  Kansas,  New  Mexico, 
and  Texas. 

14.  Carduus  ochrocentrus  (Gray)  Greene,  1.  c.     Similar  to  Carduus  un- 
dulatus, but  commonly  taller  and  more  leafy,  often  2  m.  high,  equally  white- 
tomentose:  leaves  oblong-lanceolate  in  outline,  usually  very  deeply  pinnatifid 
into  triangular-lanceolate,  serrate  or  entire  segments,  armed  with  numerous 
long  yellow  prickles;  lower  leaves  often  15-30  cm.  long:  heads  about  5  cm. 
broad,  4-5  cm.  high,  solitary  at  the  ends  of  the  branches;  outer  bracts  of  the 
involucre  lanceolate,  tipped  with  stout  yellow  prickles  of  nearly  or  quite  their 
own  length;  the  inner  narrowly  lanceolate,  long-acuminate:  flowers  purple. — 
Dry  plains;  Nebraska  to  Nevada  and  Texas. 

15.  Carduus  filipendulus   (Engelm.)   Rydb.  1.  c.   33:  157.  1906.     Stem 
comparatively  slender,  5-10  dm.  high,  somewhat  angled  and  striate,  more 
or  less  covered  with  a  cottony  pubescence:  leaves  more  or  less  floccose,  but 
green  above,  densely  white-tomentose  beneath,  deeply  divided  into  linear- 
oblong  or  lanceolate  acute  lobes  tipped  with  rather  weak,  yellowish  spines: 
heads  campanulate  or  sometimes  nearly  cylindric;  bracts  imbricated,  the 
outer  much  shorter,  ovate,  the  inner  lanceolate,  all  more  or  less  floccose  on 
the  margins,  especially  when  young,  and  with  a  narrow  glandular  ridge,  all 
but  the  innermost  tipped  with  a  weak,  erect  or  slightly  spreading  spine: 
corolla  rose  or  reddish-purple:  achenes  striate;  pappus  plumose.     (C.  Flod- 
manii  Rydb.  Mem.  N.  Y.  Bot.  Card.  451.  1900;  C.  oblanceolatus  Rydb.  Bull. 
Torr.  Bot.  Club  28:  510.  1901.) — Wyoming  to  New  Mexico  and  eastward  to 
the  Missouri. 

92.  CICHORIUM  L.    CHICORY 

Erect  herbs,  the  leaves  mostly  near  the  base,  those  of  the  stiff  branching 
stem  reduced  and  bract-like.  Receptacle  without  bracts.  Bracts  of  the  ob- 
long involucre  herbaceous,  in  2  series;  the  outer  somewhat  spreading;  the 
inner  erect,  the  lower  part  half  infolding  the  marginal  achenes.  Achenes 
5-angled,  truncate,  beakless.  Pappus  of  1-3  series  of  short  blunt  scales. 


588  COMPOSITAE  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY) 

1.  Cichorium  Intybus  L.  Sp.  PL  813.  1753.  Perennial  from  a  long  deep-set 
taproot;  stems  slightly  hispid,  stiff,  branched,  3-9  dm.  high:  basal  leaves 
spreading  on  the  ground,  runcinate-pinnatifid,  spatulate  in  outline,  8-16  cm. 
long,  narrowed  into  long  petioles;  upper  leaves  much  smaller,  lanceolate  or 
oblong,  lobed  or  entire,  clasping  or  auricled  at  the  base:  heads  numerous, 
25-40  mm.  broad,  1-4  together  in  sessile  clusters  on  the  nearly  naked  or 
bracted  branches:  flowers  bright  blue,  rarely  white. — Naturalized  from 
Europe;  rare  in  our  range. 

93.  STEPHANOMERIA  Nutt. 

Mostly  smooth  and  glabrous,  with  branching  or  rarely  virgate  and  often 
rigid  or  rush-like  stems,  small  or  merely  scale-like  leaves  on  the  flowering 
branches,  and  usually  paniculate  heads  of  rose-colored  or  flesh-colored  flowers. 
Heads  3-20-flowered.  Involucre  cylindraceous  or  oblong,  of  several  appressed 
and  equal  plane  membranaceous  bracts  and  some  short  calyculate  ones,  not 
rarely  with  2  or  3  of  intermediate  length,  thus  becoming  imbricate.  Achenes 
5-angled  or  ribbed,  sometimes  with  intermediate  ribs.  Pappus  a  series  of 
plumose  bristles. — Ptiloria  Raf. 

Perennials. 

Pappus  plumose  to  the  base;  stems  herbaceous,  slender,  erect      .         .     1.   S.  tenuifolia. 
Pappus  plumose  nearly  to  the  base;  stems  woody  'at  the  base,  shorter 

and  numerous 2.  S.  pauciflora. 

Annuals  or  biennials. 

Pappus  plumose  to  the  base;  leaves  entire  or  sinuate    .         .         .         .     3.  S.  virgata. 
Pappus  plumose  above  the  middle  only;  lower  leaves  more  or  less  pin- 

natifid  .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .     4.  S.  exigua. 

1.  Stephanomeria  tenuifolia  (Torr.)  Hall,  Comp.  S.  Cal.  256.  1907.    Stems 
herbaceous,  from  a  perennial  root,  erect,  with  numerous  ascending  slender 
branches,  the    whole   plant   1-5  dm.  high;  herbage   pale,   glabrous:   leaves 
commonly  erect,  slender  and  almost  grass-like,  even  the  rameal  mostly  2-5 
cm.  long;  the  early  lower  ones  more  or  less  runcinate:  heads  terminal;  in- 
volucre 8-10  mm.  high,  usually  of  5  principal  bracts  and  5-flowered:  achenes 
striate;   pappus-bristles   15-25,   white   or  sordid,   plumose  throughout.     S. 
minor.     (Ptiloria  ramosa  Rydb.  Mem.   N.  Y.   Bot.   Gard.   1:  453.  1900.) — 
Throughout  our  range,  west  to  the  Sierras,  and  north  to  the  Canadian  bound- 
ary. 

2.  Stephanomeria  pauciflora  (Torr.)  Nels.    Similar  to  the  preceding,  usually 
lower,  smaller  in  all  of  its  parts,  and  somewhat  woody  at  the  base:  the  lower 
leaves  at  least  more  or  less  runcinate-pinnatifid:  pappus  plumose  nearly  to 
the  base.     S.  runcinata  in  part.     (Ptiloria  pauciflora  Raf.  Atl.  Journ.  145. 
1832.) — Sparingly  if  at  all  in  our  range;  on  the  plains;  from  Nebraska  to  Texas. 

3.  Stephanomeria   virgata   Benth.    Bot.    Sulph.    32.  1844.     Stems   rigid, 
virgate  or  usually  with  virgate  branches,  sometimes  widely  and  paniculately 
branched,  3-20  or  even  40  dm.  high;  herbage  usually  glabrous:  lower  leaves 
oblong  or  spatulate,  often  sinuate  or  pinnatifid;  upper  leaves  linear,  small 
and  entire:  heads  subsessile  along  the  naked  branches,  mostly  4-16-flowered; 
involucre  7  mm.  high:  ligules  reddish-purple  on  the  back,  lighter  on  the  upper 
surface,  sometimes  clear  white:  achenes  subclavate  or  oblong,  longitudinally 
ribbed,  the  intervening  spaces  more  or  less  rugose  and  traversed  by  a  deep 
narrow  groove:  pappus  clear  white,  plumose  almost  throughout,  fragile  but 
the  base  commonly  persistent. — Probably  reaching  our  range  from  the  west. 

4.  Stephanomeria  exigua  Nutt.  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  7:  428.  1841.    Plant 
2-6  dm.  high;  stem  with  numerous  ascending  or  spreading  branches,  glabrous 
below,  often  minutely  glandular-pubescent  above:  lower  leaves  narrowly  ob- 
long, remotely  lobed,  auriculate-clasping,  the  upper  cauline  small  and  bract- 
like:  heads  scattered  or  somewhat  paniculate,  numerous;  involucre  6  or  7  mm. 
high,  of  about  5  principal  bracts,  mostly  5-flowered :  ligules  at  first  rose-color, 
soon  turning  sordid-yellow,  5  mm.  long:  achenes  linear-oblong,  5-angled,  with 
a  double  row  of  tubercles  between  the  angles;  principal  pappus-bristles  8-18, 


COMPOSITAE  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY)  589 

plumose  above,    naked  on  the  lower  third. — In  the  desert  areas  of  our  range, 
and  westward. 

94.  TRAGOPOGON  L.     SALSIFY.     OYSTER  PLANT 

Tall  and  erect  perennial  herbs,  with  slender  fleshy  taproots,  alternate  grass- 
like  flaccid  leaves  clasping  at  the  base,  and  large  heads  of  purple  or  yellow 
flowers  which  are  open  only  during  the  morning.  Involucral  bracts  in  a 
single  series,  united  at  the  very  base.  Rays  5-toothed  at  the  truncate  apex. 
Receptacle  naked.  Achenes  muricate,  5-10-ribbed,  long-beaked  or  the  outer- 
most beakless.  Pappus-bristles  connate  at  the  base,  plumose  with  inter- 
webbed  branches. 

1.  Tragopogon  porrifolius  L.  Sp.  PI.  789.  1753.  Commonly  5-8  dm.  high: 
peduncle  strongly  clavate-thickened  and  fistulous  for  5-8  cm.  beneath  the 
head,  which  becomes  7-8  cm.  high:  flowers  violet-purple,  mostly  surpassed 
by  the  involucre:  outermost  achenes  squamellate-muricate. — Sparingly  in 
fields  and  near  dwellings,  as  an  escape  from  cultivation. 

T.  pratensis  L.,  very  similar  but  with  yellow  flowers,  the  bracts  not  exceed- 
ing the  ligules,  has  been  reported  also  as  an  escape  from  cultivation  within 
our  range. 

95.  KRIGIA  Schreb. 

Low  herbs,  with  rather  large  heads  of  yellow  flowers  on  slender  naked 
peduncles  or  scapes.  Ours  belongs  to  the  section  Cynthia,  in  which  the  invo- 
lucral  bracts  are  9-18  and  thin,  and  pappus  of  10-15  oblong  scales  and 
15-20  slender  capillary  bristles.  Achenes  short-columnar,  many-ribbed,  terete 
or  somewhat  angular,  with  broad  truncate  summit. 

1.  Krigia  virginica  (L.)  A.  Nels.  Caulescent,  not  tuberiferous,  glaucous; 
stem  3-5  dm.  high,  1-3-leaved,  bearing  one  or  two  or  few  somewhat  umbellate 
heads  on  moderately  long  peduncles:  leaves  oblong  or  oval,  obtuse,  entire, 
repand  and  denticulate,  or  radical  somewhat  lyrately  lobed;  these  contracted 
into  winged  petioles;  the  cauline  partly  clasping  by  a  broad  base.  K.  amplexi- 
caulis  [Adopogon  virginicum  (L.)  Kuntze,  Rev.  Gen.  PL  304.  1891.] — In  the 
eastern  border  of  our  range  to  the  Atlantic  States. 

96.  NOTHOCALAIS  Greene 

Perennials,  with  linear-attenuate  undulate  or  crisped  radical  leaves  marked 
by  white-tomentulose  margins  and  monocephalous  scapose  peduncles.  In- 
volucre oblong-campanulate;  bracts  in  two  series,  narrowly  lanceolate,  mem- 
branaceous,  with  thinner  somewhat  hyaline  margins,  nearly  equal,  none 
calyculate.  Receptacle  flat,  alveolate.  Achenes  fusiform,  contracted  or 
rostrate-attenuate  at  summit,  10-striate-ribbed.  Pappus  very  white  and  soft, 
of  10-30  scabrous-margined,  narrow,  unequal  scales,  with  or  without  some 
capillary  bristles. — (Microseris  §  Nothocalais  Gray.) 

1.  Nothocalais  cuspidata  (Pursh)  Greene,  Bull.  Cal.  Acad.  2:  55.  1886. 
Leaves  linear,  long-acuminate,  thick,  pubescent  or  glabrate,  1-2  dm.  long, 
4-10  mm.  wide,  somewhat  conduplicate,  the  margins  conspicuously  white- 
tomentose  and  crisped,  or  entire:  scape  stout,  tomentose,  at  least  above, 
shorter  than  or  equaling  the  leaves:  head  3-5  cm.  broad;  involucre  usually 
quite  glabrous,  nearly  25.  mm.  high:  achenes  slightly  contracted  at  the  sum- 
mit, about  6  mm.  long;  pappus  of  40-50  unequal  scales  and  bristles.  Troximon 
cuspidatum. — From  Montana  to  Colorado  and  eastward  to  the  Mississippi. 

97.  PTILOCALAIS  Greene 

Glabrous  perennials,  with  fusiform  roots,  stems  mostly  leafy  at  base  with 
laciniate  foliage,  and  long-peduncled  heads  which  are  nodding  in  the  bud. 


590  COMPOSITAE  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY) 

Involucre  campanulate;  bracts  herbaceous,  imbricated  in  several  scries,  the 
inner  long-acuminate,  the  outer  successively  shorter  and  acute.  Receptacle 
flat  or  convex,  foveolate  or  alveolate.  Achenes  linear  or  somewhat  turbinate, 
8-10-costate  or  -striate,  truncate  at  summit,  the  basal  callosity  acute  and  not 
expanded;  areola  lateral.  Pappus  bright  white,  soft  and  fragile,  double, 
namely,  of  a  single  short  external  bristle,  and  15-20  short  truncate  or  emar- 
ginate  scales  terminating  in  a  long  gracefully  recurving  soft-plumose  capillary 
bristle  or  awn. — Microseris. 

1.  Ptilocalais  nutans  (Geyer)  Greene,  Bull.  Cal.  Acad.  2:  54.  1886.  Slen- 
der, 1-3  dm.  high;  fusiform  roots  either  fascicled  or  solitary:  leaves  entire 
and  spatulate-ob  ovate  to  pinnately  parted  into  narrow  linear  lobes:  heads 
8-20-flowered,  slender-peduncled;  involucre  of  8-10  linear-lanceolate,  gradu- 
ally acuminate  principal  bracts:  bristles  of  pappus  several  times  longer  than 
the  oblong  scale  at  the  base!  Microseris  nutans. — From  British  Columbia 
and  Montana  to  southwestern  Colorado  and  California. 

98.  MALACOTHRIX  DC. 

Leafy-stemmed  or  sometimes  scapose  herbs,  with  alternate  or  all  radical 
leaves  and  long-peduncled  panichd  or  solitary  heads  of  yellow  or  white 
flowers  that  are  usually  nodding  in  the  bud.  Involucre  many-flowered,  the 
bracts  either  imbricated  or  only  calyculatc.  Receptacle  with  or  without  deli- 
cate capillary  bristles  among  the  flowers.  Achenes  not  flattened,  short-oblong 
or  columnar,  glabrous,  terete  and  striately  5-15-costate,  or  4-5-angled  by 
the  prominence  of  the  stronger  ribs,  slightly  if  at  all  narrowed  either  way, 
with  broad  truncate  apex  having  an  entire  or  denticulate  border  or  sharp  edge. 
Pappus  a  series  of  soft  and  scabrous,  or  near  the  base  barbellulate  bristles, 
which  are  deciduous  more  or  less  in  connection,  and  commonly  1-8  outer  and 
stouter  ones  which  are  more  persistent  and  smoother. 

The  outer  pappus  of  2-8  persistent  bristles 1.  M.  Torreyi. 

The  pappus  a  single  series  and  all  deciduous. 

Summit  of  achene  bordered  by  1 5  minute  teeth    .         .         .         .         .2.  M.  sonchoides. 

Summit  of  achene  cupulate  but  entire       .         .         .         .         .         .     3.  M.  Fendleri. 

1.  Malacothrix  Torreyi  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  9:  213.  1874.     Stems  1-3 
dm.  high,  from  an  annual  root,  branching  from  the  base:  lower  leaves  oblong, 
rather  short,  pinnatifid  with  short  and  dentate  lobes,  teeth  and  lobes  callous- 
mucronate:  heads  seldom  less  than  12  mm.  high,  broadish-campanulate,  short- 
peduncled  on  the  leafy  branches;  bracts  of  the  involucre  lanceolate,  acuminate: 
achenes  linear-oblong,  5-angled  by  as  many  salient  often  almost  wing-like  ribs, 
a  much  less  prominent  pair  in  each  interval:  outer  pappus  of  2-8  stout  per- 
sistent bristles,  between  the  thickish  bases  of  which  are  minute  teeth. — 
Southeastern  Oregon  to  Nevada  and  Utah. 

2.  Malacothrix  sonchoides  (Nutt.)  T.  &  G.  Fl.  2:  486.  1843.     Stem  freely 
branching,  the  branches  ascending  and  sparsely  leafy  except  near  the  base; 
herbage   glabrous  or  early  glabrate:   leaves  oblong  or  the  upper  narrowly 
lanceolate,  pinnatifid  with  short  callous-toothed  lobes:  peduncles  3  cm.  or  less 
long:  involucre  about  8  mm.  high;  the  bracts  linear-acuminate:  ligules  bright 
yellow,  a  full  cm.  long:   achenes  15-striate,  5  of  the  ribs  stronger  than  the 
others,  rendering  the  achene  somewhat  5-angled,  crowned  with  a  15-denticulate 
white  border;  permanent  pappus-bristles  none.     (M.  runcinata  A.  Nels.  Bull. 
Torr.  Bot.  Club  26:  485.  1899.) — From  Wyoming  and  Colorado  to  California. 

3.  Malacothrix  Fendleri  Gray,  PL  Wright.  2:  104.  1852.     Low,  glabrate; 
stems  from  a  slender  root,  few  or  several,  diffuse:  earliest  leaves  sparsely 
arachnoid;  the  radical  runcinate-pinnatifid,  the  teeth  and  lobes  cuspidate- 
mucronate;  the  cauline  few,  linear,  the  uppermost  entire:  achenes  cylindrical, 
equally  15-costate   the  summit  bordered  by  a  cupulate  crown,  white  within 
and  with  entire  margin;  all  the  pappus  deciduous  or  rarely  with  1  or  2  per- 
sistent bristles. — New  Mexico  and  westward. 


COMPOSITAE  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY)  591 

99.  LYGODESMIA  Don 

Mostly  smooth  and  glabrous,  with  usually  rush-like  rigid  or  tough  stems, 
linear  or  scale-like  leaves,  and  terminal  or  scattered  heads  which  are  always 
erect.  Heads  3-12-flowered,  erect,  the  flowers  pink  or  rose-color.  Achenes 
terete,  obscurely  few-striate  or  angled,  commonly  linear  or  slender-fusiform. 
Pappus  of  copious  and  usually  unequal  capillary  bristles,  either  soft  or  rigid- 
ulous,  sordid-whitish  to  white. 

Erect  perennials. 

None  of  the  branchlets  spine-like. 

Involucres  5-flowered,  about  10  mm.  high J.  L.  juncea. 

Involucres  6-10-flowered,  15-25  mm.  high 2.  L.  grandiflora. 

Some  of  the  branches  spine-like          .         .         .         .         .         .         .     3.  L.  spinosa. 

Paniculately  branched  annual;  leaves  long  and  linear    .         .         .         .4.  L.  rostrata. 

1.  Lygodesmia  juncea  Don.  Edinb.  Phil.  Journ.  6:  311.  1829.     Perennialby 
a  thick  woody  root;  stems  stiff,  much-branched,  1-4  dm.  high,  striate-angled, 
not  spinescent:  lower  leaves  lanceolate,  rigid,  entire,  acute  or  acuminate, 
1-4  cm.  long;  the  upper  similar  but  smaller,  or  reduced  to  subulate  scales: 
heads  mostly  5-flowered,  solitary  at  the  ends  of  the  branches;  involucre  about 
10-12  mm.  high,  the  bracts  usually  gland-tipped:  achenes  narrowly  columnar 
or  shortly  tapering  to  the  summit;  pappus  light  brown. — Dry  plains;  widely 
distributed  west  of  the  Missouri. 

2.  Lygodesmia  grandiflora  T.  &  G.  Fl.  2:  485.  1842.     Stems  separate  or 
few  from  the  root,  simple  below,  1-3  dm.  high;  the  larger  plants  leafy,  corym- 
bosely  branched   above,   and  bearing  few  or  numerous   short-pedunculate 
heads:  leaves  all  entire,  of  firm  and  thickish  texture,  linear-attenuate,  5-10  cm. 
long,  only  the  very  uppermost  reduced  to  scales:  involucre  fully  20-25  mm. 
long,  6-10-flowered:  ligules  of  equal  length,  showy,  rose-red. — Gravelly  hills; 
Wyoming  and  Colorado  to  Utah. 

3.  Lygodesmia  spinosa  Nutt.  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  7:  444.  1841.    Stems 
slender,  rigid,  low,  much-branched  from  an  indurated  and  matted-woolly 
perennial  base,  otherwise  glabrous;  branchlets  divergent,  spinescent,  bearing 
minute  scales  in  place  of  leaves,  and  lateral,  very  short-peduncled  heads: 
lower  cauline  leaves  linear,  entire,  thickish,  above  soon  reduced  to  scales: 
involucre  3-5-flowered ;  the  principal  bracts  not  more  numerous,  rather  loose, 
lanceolate;  the  unequal  and  more  imbricated  calyculate  ones  comparatively 
broad  and  large:  achenes  much  shorter  than  the  pappus,  not  at  all  narrowed 
upward,  4-5-costate;  pappus  white,  of  unequal  bristles. — Gravelly  hills  and 
plains;  eastern  Oregon  to  California,  Nevada,  and  Idaho. 

4.  Lygodesmia  rostrata  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  9:  217.  1874.    Stem  erect, 
2-7  dm.  high,  stria te,  leafy,  corymbose-paniculate:  leaves  narrowly  linear, 
attenuate  to  both  ends,  entire,  obscurely  3-nerved;  the  cauline  8-15  cm.  long, 
barely  3-4  mm.  wide;  the  uppermost  slender-subulate:  heads  numerous,  on 
scaly-bracteolate  erect  peduncles;  involucre  8-9-flowered,  of  as  many  very 
narrowly  linear  bracts:  rays  small  and  narrow,  probably  purplish:  achenes 
slender-fusiform,  distinctly  attenuate  at  summit,  longer  than  the  soft,  rather 
dull  white  pappus. — Plains;  from  the  Saskatchewan  to  Wyoming  and  Colorado. 

100.  PRENANTHELLA  Rydb. 

Low  diffusely  branched  annuals,  with  numerous  small  heads  terminating 
the  branches.  Lower  leaves  ample,  oblong  or  spatulate  in  outline,  more  or 
less  runcinate;  the  upper  reduced  and  bract-like.  Involucres  oblong,  4-5- 
flowered,  with  as  many  oblong  bracts  and  1  or  2  small  calyculate  ones.  Achenes 
gradually  tapering  downward  from  the  truncate  summit,  4-5-ridged.  Pappus 
of  white,  soft,  capillary  bristles. 

1.  Prenanthella  exigua  (Gray)  Rydb.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  33:  161.  1906. 
Stems  1-2  dm.  high,  effusely  paniculate  from  the  base,  bearing  numerous 
small  heads  terminating  short-filiform  divergent  branchlets  or  peduncles; 


592  COMPOSITAE  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY) 

branches  not  striate:  radical  leaves  spatulate  or  oblong,  from  nearly  entire 
to  runcinate-pinnatifid ;  the  cauline  small  and  entire,  soon  reduced  to  minute 
bracts:  involucre  oblong,  4  mm.  high,  4-5-flowered,  of  as  many  bracts  and 
1  or  2  very  small  calyculate  ones:  achenes  2-3  mm.  long,  gradually  tapering 
from  the  truncate  summit  to  base,  broadly  4-5-costate,  or  rather  narrowly 
4-5-sulcate,  somewhat  longer  than  the  bright  white  pappus.  (Lygodesmia 
exigua  Gray.) — Southern  Colorado  through  the  desert  areas  to  California. 

101.  PRENANTHES  Vaill.     RATTLESNAKE  ROOT 

Perennial  herbs,  with  alternate,  mostly  petioled,  dentate,  lobed,  or  pinnatifid 
leaves,  or  the  upper  auriculate  and  clasping,  and  numerous  small  heads  of 
ligulate  white,  yellowish,  or  purplish  flowers  in  open  or  spike-like  terminal 
panicles,  or  also  in  axillary  clusters,  usually  drooping.  Involucre  cylindric, 
usually  narrow,  the  principal  bracts  in  1  or  2  series,  nearly  equal,  with  a  few 
smaller  exterior  ones  at  the  base.  Receptacle  flat,  naked.  Rays  truncate 
and  5-toothed  at  the  summit.  Style-branches  slender.  Achenes  oblong  or 
narrowly  columnar,  truncate,  terete  or  4-5-angled,  mostly  10-ribbed.  Pappus 
of  copious,  rather  rigid,  simple,  white,  or  reddish-brown  bristles. 

Basal  leaves  obovate         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .     1.  P.  racemosa. 

Basal  leaves  triangular-sagittate 2.  P.  sagittata. 

1.  Prenanthes  racemosa  Michx.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  2:  83.  1803.    Stems  simple, 
3-12  dm.  high,  leafy  up  to  the  inflorescence,  with  the  leaves  glabrous  and 
glaucous:  leaves  ordinarily  only  denticulate;  radical  and  lower  leaves  spatulate- 
oblong  to  obovate,  tapering  into  winged  petioles;  the  upper  cauline  lanceolate 
to  ovate^ partly  clasping  the  broader  ones  by  a  cordate  or  auriculate  base: 
heads  not  at  all  drooping,  crowded  in  an  elongated  thyrsus,  1-5  dm.  long; 
involucre  loosely  hirsute:  flowers  purplish:  achenes  about  15-nerved,  some- 
what angled  by  4  or  5  of  the  stronger  nerves.    Nabalus  racemosus  DC. — From 
Colorado  to  the  Saskatchewan,  thence  eastward  across  the  continent. 

2.  Prenanthes  sagittata  (Gray)  A.  Nels.     Glabrous  or  nearly  so,  2-5  dm. 
high,  the  larger  plants  branching:  leaves  sagittate  or  hastate,  with  basal  lobes 
mostly  slender  and  prolonged :  heads  in  a  virgate  panicle ;  involucre  pale  green, 
very  glabrous:  achenes  slender,  about  6  mm.  long,  usually  tapering  a  little 
upwards.     P.  alata  sagittata.     (Nabalus  sagittatus  Rydb.  Mem.  N.  Y.  Bot. 
Gard.  1:  463.  1900.) — Montana  and  Idaho  and  probably  in  Wyoming. 

102.  CREPIS  L. 

Perennial  or  annual  herbs,  with  alternate  or  all  radical  mostly  toothed  or 

Einnatifid  leaves  and  small  or  middle-sized  heads  of  yellow  flowers.  Involucre 
jw-  to  many-flowered,  cylindric,  campanulate,  or  swollen  at  base,  the  princi- 
pal bracts  in  one  series,  equal,  with  a  number  of  exterior  small  ones.  Re- 
ceptacle mostly  flat,  naked  or  short-fimbrillate.  Achenes  columnar  to  fusi- 
form, 10-20-ribbed  or  -nerved,  not  transversely  rugose,  narrowed  at  the  base 
and  apex.  Pappus  of  copious  white  and  usually  soft  capillary  bristles. 

Achenes  dilated  or  discoid  at  the  insertion  of  the  pappus;  low  glaucous 

plants,  with  entire  or  merely  repand  leaves. 

From  running  rootstocks;  leaves  mainly  radical      .         .         .  1.  C.  nana. 

From  a  taproot;  leaves  mainly  cauline      ......       2.  C.  elegans. 

Achenes  not  dilated  or  discoid  at  the  insertion  of  the  pappus;  leaves 

usually  more  or  less  laciniate-pinnatifid,  rarely  entire. 
Herbage  green,  glabrous  or  sometimes  slightly  hirsute,  never  white- 
pubescent  or  scurfy. 
Leaves  usually  somewhat   glaucous;  the  involucre  glabrous  or 

only  puberulent  when  young         .         .         . "  "  .         .         .       3.  C.  glauca. 
Leaves  not  glaucous,  glabrous  or  often  somewhat  pubescent  or 

hirsute;  involucre  pubescent  to  glandular-hispidulous. 
Involucre  pubescent  or  hirsute        . .       '  .         .         .         .         .       4.  C.  runcinata. 

Involucre  glandular-hispid        .         .         .         .         .         .  5.  'C.  riparia. 

Herbage  minutely  white-pubescent  or  scurfy. 

Involucres  glabrous,  5-7-flowered         .         .         ,         .         .  6.  C.  acuminata. 


COMPOSITAE  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY)  593 

Involucres  not  glabrous. 

Involucral  bracts  not  setosely  barbed. 

Pubescence  wholly  canescent  (in  no.  8,  sometimes  nearly 

wanting). 
Leaf-blades  and  their  lobes  mostly  lanceolate    .  7.  C.  intermedia. 


Leaf-blades  and  their  lobes  mostly  linear  -. 
Pubescence  canescent  with  intermingled  black  hairs. 
Bristly  hairs  glandular       ..... 
Bristly  ,hairs  not  glandular 
Involucral  bracts  setosely  barbed  on  the  carinate  midrib 


8.  C.  gracilis. 

9.  C.  occidentalis. 

10.  C.  scopulorum. 

11.  C.  barbigera. 


1.  Crepis  nana  Rich.  App.  Frank.  Journ.  ed.  2.  757.  1823.    Forming  de- 
pressed tufts  on  creeping  rootstocks:  leaves  chiefly  radical,  obovate  to  spatu- 
late,  entire,   repand-dentate,   or  lyrate,   commonly  equaling  the  clustered 
scapes  or  stems:  heads  in  fruit  nearly  12  mm.  high:  achenes  linear,  unequally 
ribbed,  obscurely  contracted  under  the  moderately  dilated  pappiferous  disk. — 
Alpine  mountain  summits  in  Colorado  and  California,  thence  far  northward. 

2.  Crepis  elegans  Hook.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  1:  297.  1834.    Many-stemmed  from 
a  taproot,  diffusely  branched:  leaves  entire  or  nearly  so;  the  radical  spatulate; 
the  cauline  lanceolate  to  linear:   heads  smaller:   achenes   linear,   fusiform, 
minutely  scabrous  on  the  equal  narrow  ribs,  attenuate  into  a  short  slender 
beak,  which  is  discoid-dilated  at  summit. — From  Wyoming  and  Dakota  to 
the  Saskatchewan. 

3.  Crepis  glauca  T.  &  G.  Fl.  2:  488.  1841.     Perennial,  scapose  or  rarely 
with  1  or  2  leaves  on  the  stem,  2-6  dm.  high,  glabrous  and  glaucous  through- 
put: basal  leaves  spatulate,  ob lanceolate,  or  obovate,   gradually  narrowed 
into  margined  petioles,  entire,  dentate,  or  pinnatifid,  5-15  cm.  long,  1-2  cm. 
wide:  heads  not  numerous,   long-peduncled,    12-25  mm.  broad:  peduncles 
glabrous:  involucre  campanulate,  the  principal  bracts  lanceolate,  acute,  the 
outer  ones  very  short,  ovate,  appressed:  achenes  oblong-cylindric,  strongly 
10-ribbed. — In  moist  saline  soils;  west  of  the  Missouri  to  Nevada. 

4.  Crepis  runcinata  T.  &  G.  1.  c.     Perennial,  similar  to  the  preceding 
species  but  not  glaucous  or  scarcely  so,  often  pubescent  below;  stem  leafless 
or  with  1  or  2  small  leaves,  3-9  dm.  high:  basal  leaves  spatulate,  obovate,  or 
oblong,  obtuse  or  acute,  entire,  repand,  dentate,  or  rarely  runcinate-pinnatifid, 
5-15  cm.  long,  2-3  cm.  wide:  heads  several,  long-peduncled,  nearly  25  mm. 
broad;  involucre  campanulate,  the  principal  bracts  linear-lanceolate,  acute, 
outer  ones  short,   lanceolate,   appressed:   achenes  linear-oblong,    10-ribbed. 
(C.  platyphylla  Greene,  Pitt.  3:  27.  1896;  C.  glaucdla  Rydb.  Bull.  Torri  Bot. 
Club  28:  512.  1901;  C.  tomentulosa,  C.  perplexans,  and  C.  petiolata  Rydb. 
Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  32:  134  &  135.   1905.    To  recognize  the  foregoing  one 
would  first  have  to  assume  a  hypothetical  C.   runcinata.} — In  wet  soils; 
Utah  and  Colorado  to  Washington  and  the  Saskatchewan. 

5.  Crepis  riparia  A.  Nels.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  26:  486.  1899.     Stems 
1'  or  more,  2-4  dm.  high,  subscapose,  minutely  and  sparsely  pubescent,  up- 
ward becoming  clammy  or  glandular:  radical  leaves  few,  rather  large,  oblong 
to  elliptic,  obtuse  to  subacute,  entire  or  coarsely  and  irregularly  dentate  and 
at  base  more  or  less  runcinate,  10-18  cm.  long,  on  petioles  of  about  half  the 
length,  glabrous  except  on  the  petioles  and  midrib:  inflorescence  corymbose- 
paniculate;  heads  15-20  mm.  high,  many-flowered;  involucre  dark,  glandular- 
pubescent;  bracts  linear,  in  2  rows;  the  outer  few  and  short;  the  inner  more 
numerous  (12-16):  achenes  tapering  gradually  from  base  to  summit,  about 
6  mm.  long,  rather  uniformly  10-striate,  light  brown;  pappus  soft  and  white, 
shorter  than  the  achene. — Wet  grassy  banks  at  middle  elevations;  through- 
out our  range. 

5a.  Crepis  riparia  parva  A.  Nels.  Not  distinguishable  from  the  species 
except  by  the  small  size,  usually  solitary  heads,  and  small  glabrous  leaves. 
(C.  denticulate  Rydb.  1.  c.;  C.  alpicola  A.  Nels.  Bot.  Gaz.  40:  65.  1905.)— In 
subalpine  parks;  our  range. 

6.  Crepis  acuminata  Nutt.  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  7:  437.  1841.    Perennial, 
slender,  3-8  or  9  dm.  high,  cymosely  branched  above;  herbage  cinereously 
puberulent  but  the  inflorescence  nearly  glabrous:  lower  leaves  15-25  cm. 
long,  broadly  lanceolate  in  outline,  pinnatifid  with  narrow  spreading  or  re- 

ROCKY  MT.  BOT. — 38 


594  COMPOSITAE  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY) 

trorse  lobes,  attenuate  below  into  a  petiole  and  above  into  a  tail-like  prolon- 
gation 8  cm.  or  less  long:  involucre  narrow,  10-12  mm.  high;  minute  outer 
bracts  canescent;  inner  bracts  5-8,  bright  green,  glabrate:  flowers  5-10: 
achenes  fusiform,  somewhat  narrowed  at  summit. — Dry  ground,  middle 
elevations;  in  our  range  and  west  to  the  Pacific  States. 

7.  Crepis  intermedia  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  1:  432.  1886.     Habit  and  foliage  of 
the  preceding,  or  less  tall,  more  cinereous-puberulent,  usually  with  fewer 
heads:  involucre  12  mm.  or  more  long,  canescent ly  puberulent;  the  bracts  in 
age  more  carinate  by  thickened  midrib:  achenes  acutely  10-costate  at  ma- 
turity, oblong-fusiform,  slightly  attenuate  upward,  longer  than  or  equaling 
the  pappus. — Rocky  Mountains  in  Colorado  to  the  Sierra  Nevada,  California, 
and  north  to  Washington. 

8.  Crepis  gracilis   (Eat.)   Rydb.  Mem.   N.  Y.   Bot.  Gard.   1:  461.  1900. 
Closely  related  to  the  preceding  but  lower  and  very  slender:  the  body  of  the 
leaves  very  narrow  and  with  linear-attenuate  apical  prolongation  and  mostly 
with  upwardly  turned  linear-acuminate  lobes:  as  in  the  preceding  the  princi- 
pal bracts  of  the  involucre  and  the  flowers  each  7-8.     (C.  angustata  Rydb. 
Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  32:  135.  1905.) — Colorado  to  Montana  and  Washington. 

9.  Crepis  occidentalis  Nutt.  Journ.  Acad.  Phila.  7:  29.    1834.     Stem  stout, 
usually  several  from  the  strong  perennial  root,  branching  above,  the  whole 
plant  1-2  dm.  high;  herbage  tomentose  (the  tomentum  sometimes  with  a 
tendency  to  fall  in  age)  and  often  glandular-hirsute  above,  especially  on  the 
peduncles:   leaves  thickish,   runcinately  toothed   or  deeply  pinnatifid  into 
linear  or  lanceolate  lobes,  the  uppermost  portion  entire,  acuminate:  involucre 
10-30-flowered,  12-15  mm.  high,  calyculate,  the  8-24  bracts  oblong-lanceolate: 
achenes  brown,  fusiform,   10-18-costate,  8-9  mm.  long.     (C.  pumila  Rydb. 
Mem.  N.  Y.  Bot.  Gard.  1:  462.  1900.) — Dry  open  or  semi-wooded  hillsides;  in 
our  range  and  west  to  the  Pacific  States. 

10.  Crepis  scopulorum  Coville,  Contrib.  Nat.  Herb.  3:  563.  1896.    Tomen- 
tose, often  glabrate  in  age,  and  bearing  toward  the  base  scattered  eglandulose 
bristles;  stems  rather  slender,  1-4  dm.  high,  solitary  or  few  from  the  same 
caudex,  bearing  1-5  heads:  leaves  broadly  lanceolate  in  outline,  10-15  cm. 
long,  pinnately  or  bipinnately  divided  into  linear-lanceolate  lobes:  peduncles 
slender,  usually  thickened  just  below  the  heads:  involucre  12-16  mm.  high; 
the  bracts  linear-lanceolate  and  barely  acute,  or  the  shorter  ones  acuminate: 
achenes  8-12  mm.  long,  fusiform,  truncate  at  the  apex,  not  costate,  but 
sometimes  obscurely  striate. — Same  range  as  the  preceding. 

11.  Crepis  barbigera  Leiberg,  Contr.  Nat.  Herb.  3:  565.  1896.     Slightly 
tomentose  with  a  minute  somewhat  flpcculent  tomentum,  not  at  all  hirsute; 
stems  several  from  the  crown  on  a  thick  perennial  root,  3-6  dm.  high,  spar- 
ingly leafy  and  bearing  an  ample  corymbose  cyme  of  rather  small  heads: 
leaves  broadly  lanceolate  in  outline,  1-2  dm.  long,  runcinately  toothed  'or 
deeply  cut  into  linear-lanceolate  lobes:  involucre  10-14  mm.  high,  of  linear, 
mostly  obtuse  principal  bracts  and  a  few  very  small  ovate  or  lanceolate  acute 
ones  at  base,  all  canescent-tomentose  and  more  or  less  bristly  with  setaceous 
white  bristles.     (C.  atribarba  Heller,  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  26:  314.  1898.) 
— Reaching  our  range  in  Yellowstone  Park  and  adjacent  Idaho  and  Montana. 

103.  HIERACIUM  L.     HAWKWEED 

Perennial  herbs,  with  alternate  or  all  radical  leaves  and  small  to  large  erect 
heads  of  yellow  rarely  white  or  red  flowers  in  panicles  or  corymbs,  or  solitary. 
Involucre  several-many-flowered,  of  narrow  equal  bracts  and  some  short 
calyculate  ones,  or  sometimes  imbricated,  not  thickened  at  base  or  with 
thickened  midrib.  Achenes  oblong  or  columnar,  smooth  and  glabrous,  mostly 
10-ribbed  or  striate,  either  terete  or  4-  or  5-angled,  slightly  contracted  at  the 
very  base,  commonly  of  the  same  thickness  to  the  truncate  summit.  Pappus 
of  rather  rigid,  scabrous,  fragile  bristles,  brown  or  brownish,  rarely  white  and 
soft. 


COMPOSITAE  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY)  595 

Involucre  imbricated,  i.  e.,  the  bracts  in  2  or  more  successively 

shorter  series;  leaves  numerous. 

Leaves  usually  subentire  and  narrowly  lanceolate      .         .         .     1.  H.  umbellatum. 
Leaves  usually  broadly  lanceolate  or  ovate-oblong,  and  acutely 

dentate 2.  H.  canadense. 

Involucre  not  regularly  imbricated,  a  series  of  equal  bracts  and 


some  short  calyculate  ones;  leaves  relatively  few. 

Achenes  tapering  from  base  to  summit 3.  H.  Fendleri. 

Achenes  cylindrical. 


Flowers  white  or  ochroleucous          . .  .         .         .         .  4.  H.  albiflorum. 

Flowers  yellow. 

Heads  small,  black-hairy 5.  H.  gracile. 

Heads  large,  white-hairy  or  glabrate. 

Leaves  densely  long-hirsute       .         .         .         .  •      .         .  6.  H.  Scouleri. 

Leaves  nearly  smooth *  .  7.  H.  cynoglossoides. 

1.  Hieracium  umbellatum  L.  Sp.  PI.  804.  1753.     Stems  3-6  dm.  high, 
strict,  bearing  a  few  somewhat  umbellately  disposed  heads:  leaves  narrowly 
or  sometimes  broadly  lanceolate,  nearly  entire,  sparsely  denticulate,  occa- 
sionally laciniate-dentate,  all  narrow  at  base:  involucre  usually  livid,  gla- 
brous or  nearly  so;  outermost  bracts  loose  or  spreading.     (H.  columbianum 
Rydb.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  28:  513.  1901.) — Across  the  continent  through 
the  northern  part  of  our  range. 

2.  Hieracium  canadense  Michx.  Fl.   2:  86.  1803.     Taller,   robust,   with 
cormybosely  or  paniculately  cymose  heads:  leaves  lanceolate  to  ovate-oblong, 
acute,  sparsely  and  acutely  dentate  or  even  laciniate,  at  least  the  upper  partly 
clasping  and  broad  or  broadish  at  base:   involucre  usually  pubescent  when 
young,  becoming  glabrate,  occasionally  glandular;  the  narrow  outermost  bracts 
loose:  pappus  sordid. — Across  the  continent  through  the  northern  part  of 
our  range,  and  far  northward. 

3.  Hieracium   Fendleri   Schultze   Bip.    Bonplandia   9:    173.    1861.     Sub- 
scapose,  not  rarely  1  or  2  leaves  toward  base  of  the  simple  or  paniculately 
branching  stem,  sparsely  setose-hirsute:  radical  leaves  spatulate  or  broader; 
the  cauline  verging  to  lanceolate,  reduced  above  to  linear  bracts:  heads  few 
and  racemif  orm-paniculate,  or  more  numerous  and  corymbosely  disposed :  in- 
volucre puberulent  or  glabrate,  with  or  without  scattered  setose  hairs:  achenes 
tapering  from  near  the  base  to  summit,  sometimes  reddish,  at  length  commonly 
blackish:  pappus  copious,  soft,  sordid-whitish. — Colorado  and  New  Mexico. 

4.  Hieracium  albiflorum  Hook.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  1:  298.  1834.    Stems  5-9  dm. 
high,  leafy  below,  nearly  naked  above,  ending  in  a  panicle  of  white-flowered 
heads;  herbage  thickly  beset  below  with  tawny  bristly  hairs,  glabrous  above 
except  for  a  minute  glandular  pubescence  and  sometimes  a  few  soft  hairs  on 
the  inflorescence :  lower  leaves  oblong,  narrowed  at  base  to  a  winged  petiole, 
10-15  cm.  long,  2-4  cm.  broad,  entire  to  saliently  repand-dentate ;  upper  leaves 
oblanceolate  to  linear,  those  of  the  inflorescence  linear-attenuate:  pappus  dull 
white. — In  open  coniferous  woods,  in  the  mountains;  our  range  and  westward. 

5.  Hieracium  gracile  Hook.  1.  c.    Pale  green,  in  tufts:  leaves  nearly  all  in 
radical  clusters,  obovate-  to  oblong-spatulate  and  attenuate  into  petioles, 
entire  or  repand-denticulate :  stems  or  scapes  slender,  2-4  dm.  high,  cinereous 
above,  bearing  few  or  several  racemosely  disposed  livid  heads,  the  lower 
linear-bracteate:   involucre  usually  blackish-hairy  at  base:   achenes  short- 
columnar. — Mountains  of  Colorado,  Utah,  and  northward. 

5a.  Hieracium  gracile  detonsum  Gray.  A  reduced  form  with  most  of  the 
dark  hairs  wanting,  except  a  few  on  the  involucre. — High  mountains;  west- 
ern part  of  our  range.  * 

56.  Hieracium  gracile  minimum  A.  Nels.  A  dwarf  alpine  form,  sometimes 
but  a  few  cm.  high  and  with  a  solitary  head. — In  the  higher  mountains. 

6.  Hieracium  Scouleri  Hook.  1.  c.     Strikingly  pubescent  with  long  crisp 
hairs,  pale  and  more  or  less  glaucescent;  stems  3-7  dm.  high,  very  leafy: 
leaves  lanceolate,  sessile  or  the  lowest  short-petioled,  5-15  cm.  long:  heads 
rather  few,  in  a  loose  irregular  panicle;  involucre  12  mm.  high;  the  bracts 
linear-lanceolate,   often  acuminate,  imbricated  in  2  or  3  series,  the  outer 
successively  shorter,  all  beset  with  long  bristly  hairs,  and  more  or  less  glan- 
dular: pappus  whitish. — Coming  into  our  range  from  the  north  Pacific  States. 


596  COMPOSITAE  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY) 

6a.  Hieracium  Scouleri  griseum  (Rydb.)  A.  Nels.  The  long  white  hairs 
largely  absent  from  the  involucre.  (H.  griseum  Rydb.  Mem.  N.  Y.  Bot.  Gard. 
1:  465.  1900.) — Colorado  to  Montana  and  westward. 

7.  Hieracium  cynoglossoides  Arvet-Touv.  Spicil.  Hier.  20.  1881.  More 
or  less  pubescent  with  somewhat  hispid  hairs,  and  the  inflorescence  glandular; 
stems  3-6  dm.  high,  numerous  from  the  crown  of  a  perennial  root,  leafy: 
leaves  lanceolate,  mostly  acute,  5-15  cm.  long;  the  upper  sessile  by  a  narrow 
base;  the  lower  narrowed  to  a  winged  petiole:  heads  few-several  in  an  open 
corymbose  cyme;  involucre  12-16  mm.  high;  the  linear-acute  bracts  and  short 
peduncles  rather  densely  hirsute  with  short  black  hairs  as  well  as  glandular: 
achenes  rather  short. — In  open  woods;  British  Columbia  to  California  and  the 
Rocky  Mountains. 

104.  LACTUCA  L.     LETTUCE 

Mostly  tall  herbs,  with  milky  juice,  leafy  stems,  and  paniculate  heads  of 
yellow,  blue,  or  whitish  flowers.  Involucre  glabrous  and  smooth,  cylindra- 
ceous,  or  in  fruit  somewhat  conoidal,  several-many-flowered.  Achenes  obcom- 
pressed,  and  with  a  beak  or  narrowed  summit,  which  is  more  or  less  expanded 
at  apex  into  a.pappiferous  disk.  Pappus  of  bright  white  or  rarely  sordid  bris- 
tles, falling  separately. 

Pappus  brown;  achenes  beakless 1.  L.  spicata. 

Pappus  bright  white;  achenes  with  a  slender  beak. 

Leaves  spiny-margined  and  often  with  spiny  midrib  and  veins. 

Leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  sinuate-pinnatifid          .         .         .         .     2.  L.  Scariola. 
Leaves  oblanceolate,  merely  irregularly  denticulate     .         .         .     3.  L.  integrata. 
Leaves  not  spinose. 
Flowers  yellow. 

Involucre  irregularly  calyculate         .         .         .         .         .         .     4.  L.  canadensis. 

Involucre  imbricated 5.  L.  ludoviciana. 

Flowers  blue  (in  no.  7  often  purplish). 

Achenes  striate-nervose     .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .     6.  L.  pulchella. 

Achenes  1  -3-nerved,  transversely  rugose 7.  L.  graminifolia. 

1.  Lactuca   spicata   (Lam.)   Hitch.  Trans.  Acad.  St.  Louis   5:  506.  1891. 
Stem  3-10  dm.  high,  stout,  leafy  up  to  the  pyramidal  rather  crowded  panicle: 
leaves  ample,  sinuately  or  runcinately  pinnatifid,  coarsely  and  irregularly  or 
doubly  dentate ;  the  upper  cauline  sessile  by  a  mostly  narrowed  but  auriculate 
or  partly  clasping  base:  involucre  oblong,  10  mm.  high:  flowers  bluish  to  yel- 
lowish or  whitish:  pappus  sordid  or  fuscous.    L.  leucophaea. — Across  the  con- 
tinent from  Oregon  to  the  mountains  of  Carolina  and  northward. 

2.  Lactuca   Scariola  L.  Sp.  PI.  Ed.   2.  1119.     1763.     Biennial,   glabrous 
throughout  or  hirsute  at  the  base,  green  and  glaucous;  stem  stout,  6-15  dm. 
high,  leafy,  usually  paniculately  branched :  leaves  lanceolate  to  oblong,  sinuate- 
toothed  or  pinnatifid,  sessile  or  auriculate-clasping,  midrib  below  beset  with 
weak  prickles:  heads  small,  6-12-flowered,  very  numerous,  in  an  open  panicle: 
corollas  pale  yellow:  achenes  pale,  obovate-oblong,  several-nerved,  margined, 
about  as  long  as  the  filiform  beak. — Becoming  common  in  fields  and  waste 
places;  adventive  from  Europe. 

3.  Lactuca  integrata  (Gren.  &  Godr.)  A.  Nels.     Similar  to  the  preceding 
and  confused  with  it:  leaves  oblong  to  oblanceolate,  finely  irregularly  den- 
ticulate, rarely  slightly  sinuate:  achenes  dark-colored.     (L.  virosa  of  Am.  au- 
thors, not  L.  virosa  L.) — A  weed  in  waste  ground;  from  our  range  to  the  At- 
lantic States.  » 

4.  Lactuca  canadensis  L.  Sp.  PL  796.  1753.    Biennial  or  annual,  glabrous 
and  glaucescent;  stem  strict,  1-2  m.  high,  very  leafy  up  to  the  elongated 
narrow  panicle:  leaves  mostly  sinuate-pinnatifid,  1-3  dm.  long,  with  margins 
entire  or  sparingly  dentate,  and  midrib  naked  or  rarely  some  sparse  bristles, 
most  of  the  cauline  partly  clasping  by  a  sagittate  or  auriculate  base :  involucre 
10-12  mm.  high,  12-20-flowered:  flowers  yellow:  achenes  blackish,  obscurely 
scabrous-rugulose,  lightly  1-nerved  on  the  middle  of  each  face,  broadly  oval, 
with  distinct  thin  margins,  rather  longer  than  the  beak;  pappus  white. — Across 
the  continent. 


COMPOSITAE  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY)  597 

5.  Lactuca    ludoViciana    (Nutt.)    DC.    Prodr.    9:    141.    1838.      Biennial, 
glabrous  throughout,  leafy  up  to  inflorescence,  paniculately  branched,  6-15 
dm.  high:  leaves  oblong  to  ovate-oblong,  acute  or  acutish,  5-10  cm.  long, 
auriculate-clasping,   spinulose-denticulate  to  pinnatifid  with  spinulose  seg- 
ments: heads  6-10  mm.  broad,  numerous  in  an  open  panicle;  involucre  cy- 
lindric  or  ovoid-cylindric,  glabrous,  the  bracts  successively  shorter  and  broader, 
the  lower  ones  ovate:  rays  yellow:  achenes  oval  to  obovate,  flat. — From  Mon- 
tana and  the  Dakotas  to  Texas. 

6.  Lactuca  pulchella  (Pursh)  DC.  1.  c.  131.     Perennial,  glabrous,  more  or 
less  glaucous;  stems  erect,  3-7  dm.  tall,  corymbosely  paniculate  above:  leaves 
5-20  cm.  long,  numerous,  linear  to  lanceolate,  entire,  toothed,  or  pinnatifid, 
acute  or  obtuse,  those  of  basal  and  lower  stem  leaves  sometimes  with  winged 
petioles,  those  of  upper  stem  leaves  sessile  and  partly  clasping:  peduncles  often 
copiously  scaly:  involucres  16-20  mm.  long;  inner  bracts  linear-lanceolate, 
acute  or  obtusish:  ligulesblue  or  violet:  achenes  black,  the  body  rather  ellip- 
tic, ribbed,  4  mm.  long,  beak  shorter  than  the  body.     (L.  sylvatica  A.  Nels. 
Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  26:  486.  1899.)— In  our  range,  and  northward  almost 
across  the  continent. 

7.  Lactuca  graminifolia  Michx.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  2:  85.  1803.     Biennial  or 
perennial,  glabrous  or  nearly  so,  glaucescent;  stems  erect,  6-15  dm.  tall, 
paniculately  branched  above:  leaf-blades  elongated-linear  or  narrowly  linear- 
lanceolate,  10-40  cm.  long,  entire  or  with  a  few  spreading  or  deflexed  lobes; 
both  the  entire  and  pinnatifid  types  often  on  the  same  plant:  peduncles  often 
with  minute  scales:  involucres  12-15  mm.  high;  bracts  linear-lanceolate  to 
lanceolate,  the  inner  scarious-margined :  ligules  purple,  blue,  or  rarely  white 
or  yellowish:  achenes  elliptic  or  elliptic-oblong,  4-4.5  mm.  long,  the  beak 
much  shorter  than  the  body. — In  the  southeastern  part  of  our  range  to  South 
Carolina  and  Texas. 

105.  SONCHUS  L.     Sow  THISTLE 

Leafy-stemmed,  coarse,  succulent  herbs,  chiefly  smooth  and  glaucous. 
Heads  cymose  or  umbellate,  swollen  at  base  or  jug-shaped.  Involucral  bracts 
few,  thin,  with  many  shorter  ones  at  base;  these  becoming  callous-thickened. 
Flowers  yellow.  Achenes  obcompressed,  ribbed,  not  beaked.  Pappus  co- 
pious, of  cottony-white  exceedingly  soft  and  fine  hairs,  mainly  falling  together. 

Heads  large;  involucre  glandular-pubescent  .         .  .  .  .  .  1.  S.  arvensis. 

Heads  medium-sized;  involucre  glabrous. 

Leaves  prickly  toothed;  auricles  rounded  .  .  .  .  .  2.  S.  asper. 

Leaves  with  soft  teeth;  auricles  acute    .  .         .  .  .  .  .  3.  S.  oleraceus. 

1.  Sonchus  arvensis  L.  Sp.  PI.  793.  1753.     Rootstocks  creeping;   stems 
5-10  dm.  high,  naked  at  summit,  bearing  few  or  several  and  corymbosely 
paniculate    showy   heads:    leaves   runcinate-pinnatifid    or   some    undivided, 
denticulate-spinulose ;  the  cauline  partly  clasping  at  base :  peduncles  and  invo- 
lucre more  or  less  glandular-bristly;  head  20-25  mm.  high:  achenes  oblong, 
about  10-costate,  rugulose  on  the  ribs. — This  weed,  naturalized  from  Europe, 
is  spreading  in  our  range. 

2.  Sonchus  asper   (L.)  Hill,  Herb.  Brit.  1:  47.  1769.     Stem  often  stout, 
3-15  dm.  high,  from  an  annual  root:  leaves  undivided,  lobed,  or  pinnatifid, 
spinulose-dentate;  the  lower  spatulate^to  lanceolate,  more  or  less  distinctly 
petioled;  the  upper  clasping  by  an  auriculate  base,  the  auricles  rounded:  in- 
volucre glabrous,  about  12  mm.  high:  achenes  smooth,  3-nerved  on  each  side. 
— Common  in  fields  and  waste  places;  naturalized  from  Europe. 

3.  Sonchus  oleraceus  L.  Sp.  PI.  794.  1753.    Fibrous-rooted  annual;  stem 
nearly  simple,  5-20  dm.  high:  lower  leaves  petioled,  lyrate-pinnatifid,  1-2  dm. 
long,  the  terminal  segment  commonly  large  and  triangular,  the  margins  den- 
ticulate with  mucronate  or  scarcely  spiny  teeth;  the  upper  pinnatifid,  clasp- 
ing by  an  auriculate  or  sagittate  base,  the  auricles  acute:  involucre  12-16  mm. 
high:  achenes  flat,  longitudinally  ribbed  and  transversely  rugose. — Common 
in  fields  and  waste  places;  naturalized  from  Europe. 


598  COMPOSITAE  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY) 

106.  TROXIMON  Nutt. 

Herbs,  mostly  acaulescent,  with  tufted  usually  sessile  basal  leaves  and 
solitary  heads  of  yellow  or  rarely  purple  flowers  at  the  end  of  a -naked  or 
bracted  scape.  Involucre  campanulate  or  oblong,  the  bracts  imbricated  in 
several  rows,  appressed  or  with  spreading  tips,  membranous  or  herbaceous, 
not  thickened  after  flowering,  the  outer  ones  gradually  shorter  and  broader. 
Receptacle  flat,  naked  or  foveolate.  Rays  truncate  and  5-toothed  at  the 
apex.  Anthers  sagittate  at  the  base.  Style-branches  slender.  Achenes 
oblong,  obovate,  or  linear,  10-ribbed,  not  flattened,  beaked  at  the  summit. 
Pappus  of  copious,  slender,  simple,  white  bristles. 

Achenes  tapering  to  a  stout-nerved  beak  shorter  than  the  body; 

flowers  yellow,  often  roseate  in  drying. 
Leaves  entire  or  coarsely  and  irregularly  toothed. 
Leaves  more  or  less  pubescent  even  in  age. 

Narrowly  lanceolate  or  linear,  and  often  somewhat  laciniate- 

toothed  .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .       1.  T.  pubescens. 

Lanceolate  or  oblanceolate,  often  broadly  so  and  obtuse       .       2.  T.  villosum. 
Leaves  glabrous  at  least  in  age;  the  involucre  glabrous  or  some- 
what pubescent.    * 

Leaves  not  2-ranked 3.  T.  glaucum. 

Leaves  2-ranked,  linear 4.  T.  parviflorum. 

Leaves  narrowly  linear,  or  laciniately  parted  into  linear  divisions        5.  T.  arachnoideum. 
Achenes  with  slender  beak,  as  long  as  or  longer  than  the  body. 
Flowers  orange,  in  age  or  on  drying  often  purplish;  more  or  less 

woolly-pubescent  under  the  involucre. 
Plant  low  (1-2  dm.);  leaves  tapering  to  a  short- winged  petiole, 

or  sessile        .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .  6.  T.  aurantiacum. 

Plant  taller  (2-5  dm.);  leaves  tapering  into  a  long,  slender, 

winged  petiole 7.  T.  purpureum. 

Flowers  yellow,  scarcely  changing  when  dry. 
Involucre  glabrous. 

Somewhat   woolly-pubescent   below   the  involucre   on   the 

peduncle         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .  8.  T.  arizonicum. 

Not  woolly-pubescent  on  the  peduncle        .         .         .  9.  T.  elatum. 

Involucre  more  or  less  pubescent 10.  T.  montanum. 

1.  Troximon  pubescens  (Rydb.)  A.  Nels.     Perennial  with  a  taproot  and 
short,  branching  caudex:  leaves  narrowly  oblanceolate,  about  1  dm.  long, 
5-15  mm.  wide,  acuminate,  slightly  glaucous  but  even  in  age  villous-pubescent ; 
scape  1.5-3  dm.  high,  sparingly  villous:  involucre  about  2  cm.  high,  villous 
and  somewhat  viscid;  bracts  with  a  dark  median  line  and  sometimes  tinged 
with  purple,  the  outer  ones  ovate-lanceolate,  about  two  thirds  the  length  of  the 
linear-lanceolate,  long-acuminate  inner  ones:  flowers  yellow,  the  outer  often 
striate  or  tinged  with  purple:  beaks  of  the  achenes  short  and  striate  through- 
out.    (Agoseris  pubescens  Rydb.   Bull.  Torr.   Bot.  Club  28:  511.  1901;  A. 
attenuata  Rydb.  1.  c.  32:  136.  1905.)— In  the  foothills;  Wyoming  and  Colo- 
rado. 

2.  Troximon  villosum  (Rydb.)  A.  Nels.    Leaves  oblanceolate,  more  or  less 
pubescent,  especially  on  the  margins  and  veins;  scape  1-2  dm.  high,  often 
sparingly  hairy  and  villous  under  the  head:  involucre  campanulate,  about  2 
cm.  high;  outer  bracts  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  more  or  less  villous  especially 
on  the  margins,  dotted  with  blackish  dots;  inner  bracts  lanceolate:  ligules 
yellow  or  the  outer  tinged  with  reddish:  achenes  with  a  short  striate  beak. 
(Agoseris  villosa  Rydb.  Mem.  N.  Y.  Bot.  Gard.  1:  458.  1900;  A.  maculata 
Rydb.  Bull.  Torr.  Club  32:  136.  1905,  the  original  description  of  which  is 
here  used.) — Colorado  to  Montana. 

3.  Troximon  glaucum  Nutt.  Gen.  2:  128.  1818.     Perennial,  pale  or  glau- 
cous, glabrous  throughout  or  a  little  woolly  below:  leaves  linear,  lanceolate, 
or  oblong,  entire,  dentate,  or  pinnatifid,  5-25  cm.  long,  4-20  mm.  wide,  acu- 
minate at  the  apex,  narrowed  at -the  base,  sometimes  into  margined  petioles: 
scapes  stout,  glabrous  or  slightly  pubescent,  longer  than  the  leaves,  often 
4  dm.  high:  involucre  oblong-campanulate,  or  broader  in  fruit,  commonly 
quite   glabrous,    the  bracts    lanceolate,    acuminate:    achenes    conspicuously 
beaked;  pappus  of  rather  rigid,  scabrous  or  denticulate  bristles.     (T,  roseum 
Nutt.  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  7:  434.  1841;  see  also  Greene,  Pitt.  2:  77  &  176. 


COMPOSITAE  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY)  599 

1901;  Agoseris  agrestis  Osterh.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  28:  645.  1901;  A.  roseola 
Rydb.  1.  c.) — Throughout  our  range  and  northward  and  westward. 

3a.  Troximon  glaucum  dasycephalum  T.  &  G.  Fl.  2:  490.  1843.  "This 
plant  differs  from  T.  glaucum  only  in  having  a  pubescent  involucre.  It  is 
scarcely  worth  nomenclatural  recognition."  (C.  V.  Piper  in  Contrib.  U.  S. 
Nat.  Herb.  11:  542.  1906.)  (Agoseris  scorzoneraefolia  Greene,  Pitt.  2:  177. 
1891;  A.  aUissima  Rydb.  Mem.  N.  Y.  Bot.  Gard.  1:  458.  1900.)— Same  range 
as  the  species. 

36.  Troximon  glaucum  pumilum  (Nutt.)  A.  Nels.  A  low,  tufted  form 
usually  with  narrow  and  often  with  laciniately-toothed  leaves:  involucre  more 
or  less  pubescent.  T.  glaucum  laciniatum  in  part.  (T.  pumilum  Nutt.  Trans. 
Am.  Phil.  Soc.  7:  434.  1841;  Agoseris  Leontodon  Rydb.  1.  c.  457.) — Colorado 
to  Montana  and  the  Dakotas. 

4.  Troximon  parviflorum  Nutt.  1.  c.     Caudex  multicipital,  the  narrowly 
linear  or  broader  and  lanceolate  leaves  strictly  2-ranked,  thus  subtending  the 
more  or  less  decumbent  scapes;  whole  plant  nearly  or  quite  glabrous:  bracts  of 
the  involucre  nearly  equal,  all  lanceolate-acuminate:  heads  and  achenes  much 
shorter  than  in  the  last,  the  latter  almost  beakless:  pappus  less  flaccid  and 
more  nearly  approaching  the  deciduous.     T.  glaucum  parviflorum. — Colorado 
and  Utah  to  Montana  and  the  Dakotas. 

5.  Troximon  arachnoideum  (Rydb.)  A.  Nels.     Dwarf,  the  few  stems  from 
the  crown  or  crowns  of  the  rather  slender  root  only  7-20  cm.  high:  leaves 
mostly  lanceolate  in  outline  but  laciniate-pinnatifid  with  linear  divisions,  or 
in  the  smaller  forms  linear  and  entire,  more  or  less  cinereous  or  lanate-pubes- 
cent:  rays  of  the  rather  small  heads  yellow,  often  purplish  externally  or  in 
drying:  the  body,  the  beak,  and  the  pappus  of  the  achene  each  about  5  mm. 
long.      T.  glaucum  laciniatum  in  part  (not   T.  laciniatum  Gray.  Proc.  Am. 
Acad.  19:  71.  1883;  Agoseris  laciniata  Greene,  1.  c.  178;  A.  arachnoideaHydb. 
Bull.  Torr.  Club  S:  511.  1901). — Open  slopes,  middle  elevation;  in  our  range 
and  west  to  the  Sierras. 

6.  Troximon  aurantiacum  Hook.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  1 :  300.  pi.  104.  1833.  Nearly 
glabrous,  deep  green  and  not  at  all  glaucous:  leaves  oblanceolate,  obtuse,  en- 
tire, narrowed  to  a  short  petiole:  involucre  15-20  mm.  high;  the  bracts  broadly 
to  narrowly  lanceolate,  acute,  or  the  outer  and  looser  ones  oblong  and  obtuse: 
flowers  orange,  drying  brownish  or  purple:  achenes  thickish,  tapering  gradually 
to  a  short,  stout  beak.      (Agoseris  carnea  Rydb.  Mem.  N.  Y.  Bot.  Gard.   1: 
458.  1900.) — Mountain  parks;  from  our  range  to  the  coast  states. 

7.  Troximon  purpureum  (Gray)  A.  Nels.    Sparsely  lanate  when  young,  in 
age  glabrate,  more  €>r  less  glaucous;  scapes  2-5  dm.  high,  enlarged  and  tomen- 
tose  at  the   summit:   leaves  linear  to  lanceolate,  saliently  or  often   runci- 
nately  toothed  or  lobed:  bracts  of  the  involucre  moderately  well  imbricated, 

x  10-25  mm.  long,  lanceolate  and  long-acuminate,  or  the  outer  ones  oblong  and 
obtuse:  corollas  deep  saffron-color,  drying  purple:  achenes  black,  fusiform, 
with  a  slender  beak  about  as  long  as  the  body:  pappus  white.  (Macro- 

(rhynchus  purpureus  Gray,  PI.  Fendl.  114.  1849;  T.  gracilens  Gray,  Proc.  Am. 

(Acad.  19:  72.  1883;  Agoseris  Greenei  Rydb.  as  to  our  range.)— -Colorado  to 
Montana  and  westward. 

8.  Troximon  arizonicum  Greene,  Pitt.  2:  78.  1890.     About  3  dm.  high, 
slender,  glabrous  except  a  woolliness  under  the  involucre:  leaves  narrowly 
oblanceolate,  entire  or  runcinately  toothed:  head  about  25  mm.  high,  few- 
flowered,  more  than  25  mm.  broad  when  expanded;  involucral  bracts  in  two 
series,  the  outer  oblong,  the  inner  lanceolate,  all  purple  in  the  middle:  ligules 
light  yellow:  beak  of  the  achene  very  much  attenuate,  longer  than  the  body; 
pappus  fragile  and  deciduous.     (Agoseris  elongata  Greene;  A.  rostrata  and  A. 
humilis   Rydb.    Bull.   Torr.   Bot.    Club  .$2:  137.  1905.)— Colorado   to   New 
Mexico  and  Arizona. 

9.  Troximon  elatum  (Nutt.)  A.  Nels.    Robust,  scapes  2-5  dm.  high:  leaves 
thickish,  lanceolate  to  spatulate,  sparingly  dentate  to  pinnatifid,   2-3  dm. 
long,  glaucous:  heads  25-30  mm.  high  and  broad;  involucral  bracts  lanceo- 
late, acute,  more  or  less  pubescent:  corollas  yellow:  achene  thickish,  6mm. 


600  COMPOSITAE  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY) 

long,  with  a  beak  as  long  or  longer.  (T.  Nuttallii  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  9: 
216.  1874;  Stylopappus  elatus  Nutt.  1.  c.  433.) — From  the  northwestern  part  of 
our  range  to  California  and  Washington. 

10.  Troximon  montanum  (Osterh.)  A.  Nels.  Perennial  from  a  several- 
stemmed  rootstock;  the  scapes  flowering  when  about  1  dm.  high  and  elongating 
to  2.5  or  3  dm.,  woolly-pubescent  beneath  the  involucre  and  at  the  base: 
leaves  oblanceolate,  1-2  dm.  long  including  the  narrow-winged  petiole, 
glabrous  at  the  time  of  flowering  or  nearly  so,  entire  or  some  of  the  larger 
with  few  teeth:  flowers  yellow,  the  ligules  little  exceeding  the  bracts,  the 
fruiting  heads  about  3  cm.  high:  involucral  bracts  woolly-pubescent,  es- 
pecially so  on  the  edges,  in  three  series,  the  outermost  ones  lanceolate-acuminate, 
the  second  series  ovate,  acuminate,  exceeding  the  outermost,  and  equaling  the 
narrow  inmost  series:  achenes  10-striate,  a  little  less  than  1  cm.  long,  tapering 
into  a  slender  filiform  beak  of  the  same  length,  which  is  crowned  by  the  bright 
white  pappus  of  about  the  same  length.  T.  grandiflorum  as  to  our  range. 
(Agoseris  montana  Osterh.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot  Club  27:  507.  1900.)— Colorado 
and  Wyoming. 

107.  TARAXACUM  Hall.    DANDELION 

Perennial  acaulescent  herbs,  with  pinnatifid  or  toothed  or  rarely  entire 
leaves  all  in  a  basal  tuft  and  large  heads  of  yellow  flowers  terminating  usually 
simple  and  naked  hollow  scapes.  Principal  bracts  of  the  involucre  nearly 
equal,  the  outer  much  shorter  and  in  several  series.  Receptacle  flat,  naked. 
Rays  5-toothed  at  the  truncate  summit.  Achenes  oblong  or  linear-fusiform, 
4  or  5-angled,  5-10-nerved,  somewhat  spinulose  above,  tapering  into  a  slender 
beak  which  bears  at  its  summit  a  copious  pappus  of  unequal  persistent  bristles. 

Outer  calyculate  bracts  appressed;  a  diminutive  alpine  plant     .         .     1.  T.  scopulorum. 
Outer  calyculate  bracts  more  or  less  spreading. 
Achenes  not  red. 

Leaves  deeply  runcinate;  outer  bracts  early  reflexed. 

The  terminal  lobe  of  leaves  large 2.  T.  officinale. 

The  terminal  lobe  of  leaves  small     .         .          .         .         .         .     3.  T.  mexicanum. 

Leaves  more  or  less  toothed  or  sinuate;  outer  bracts  tardily  re- 
flexed  or  with  merely  squarrose  or  reflexed  tips. 
Bracts  conspicuously  corniculate     .         .         .         .         .         .     4.  T.  dumetorum. 

Bracts  (at  least  the  outer  ones)  not  corniculate       .         .         .     5.  T.  angustifqlium. 
Achenes  red 6.  T.  ammophilum. 

1.  Taraxacum  scopulorum  (Gray)  Rydb.  Mem.  N.  Y.  Bot.  Gard.  1:  455. 
1900.     Minute,  leaves  and  scape  3  cm.  or  less  long:  hea(}  6  mm.  or  in  fruit 
even  10  mm.  high,  narrow,  few-flowered;  outer  involucral  bracts  lanceolate, 
rather  loose;   inner  somewhat  corniculate. — Highest  alpine  region  of  the 
Rocky  Mountains,  Colorado  to  Montana. 

2.  Taraxacum  officinale  Weber,  Prim.  Fl.  Hols.  56.  1780.    Root  thick  and 
long,  bitter:  leaves  oblong  or  spatulate  in  outline,  irregularly  dentate  to 
sinuate-pinnatifid,  from  a  few  cm.  to  nearly  3  dm.  long,  usually  pubescent 
when  young  and  somewhat  succulent:  inner  bracts  of  the  involucre  linear  or 
linear-lanceolate,  acute,  10-15  mm.  long;  outer  ones  similar  but  shorter,  re- 
flexed:  flowers  yellow:  pappus  brownish  or  white,  maturing  into  a  globose 
mass.      (T.    Taraxacum   Karst.)     COMMON   DANDELION. — Naturalized   from 
Europe  but  finding  in  our  range  a  peculiarly  favorable  environment,  hence 
overrunning  lawns  and  meadows. 

3.  Taraxacum  mexicanum  DC.  Prodr.  7:  146.  1838.     Very  similar  but 
usually  smaller:  leaves  narrow  and  the  terminal  lobe  small:  bracts  few. — In- 
digenous in  the  mountains;  from  Wyoming  and  Utah  to  Mexico. 

4.  Taraxacum  dumetorum  Greene,  Pitt.  4:  230.  1901.     Large,  the  crown 
of  the  root,  or  each  of  its  several  branches,  bearing  mostly  1  stout  erect  scape 
1-3  dm.  high  and  several  upright  leaves,  some  more  than  2  dm.  long;  herbage 
glabrous:  leaves  oblanceolate,  acutish,  the  margin  not  deeply  but  very  un- 
evenly and  laciniately  cut,  the  teeth  spreading,  seldom  at  all  runcinate: 
scape  under  the  involucre  arachnoid-tomentose:  outer  bracts  in  about  3  series, 


COMPOSITAE  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY)  601 

very  large,  pale  and  thin,  before  the  flowering  almost  equaling  the  inner  and 
nearly  concealing  them,  under  the  mature  fruit  relatively  shorter,  oblong, 
lanceolate,  narrowed  toward  the  summit,  then  again  dilated  into  an  ovate 
tip;  inner  bracts  narrowly  linear-lanceolate,  with  a  dilated  and  bifid  tip: 
achenes  distinctly  compressed,  olive-green,  spinulose  at  summit,  otherwise 
smooth,  or  the  2  prominent  angles  and  intervening  ribs  variously  tuberculate 
or  somewhat  muricate;  beak  thrice  the  length  of  the  achene.  (T.  ceratophorum 
and  T.  latilobum  DC.,  as  to  our  range;  T.  oblanceolatum  A.  Nels.  in  Herb.) — 
Common  in  the  mountains;  from  Colorado  to  British  America. 

5.  Taraxacum  angustifolium  Greene,   1.  c.   232.     Glabrous  throughout; 
crown  of  the  root  usually  much-branched  and  the  leaves  and  scape  numerous: 
leaves  oblong-linear,  8-15  cm.  long,  1-2  cm.  wide,  obtuse  or  mucronately 
acute,  sharply  and  remotely  denticulate  to  coarsely  dentate,  the  teeth  all  sim- 
ple, opposite,  seldom  runcinate:  scapes  rather  slender,  slightly  decumbent, 
in  maturity  twice  the  length  of  the  leaves:  involucres  rather  narrow  and 
few-flowered,  the  outer  bracts  few  and  small,  in  a  single  series,  or  at  least 
scarcely  biserial,  broadly  lanceolate  to  oblong,  erect :  achenes  chestnut-brown, 
spinulose-muricate  at  summit,  smooth  and  obtusely  costate  from  above  the 
middle  to  the  base ;  beak  about  thrice  the  length  of  the  achene.     T.  leiospermum 
Rydb.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  32:  137.  1905.)— Subalpine  meadows;  Colorado 
and  Wyoming. 

6.  Taraxacum  ammophilum  A.  Nels.  ex  Greene,  Pitt.  4:  233.  1901.    Stout- 
ish,  but   multicipital  and   depressed,  the  leaves  and   numerous  decumbent 
scapes  only  5-10  cm.  long;  herbage  wholly  glabrous:  leaves  oblong  or  spatulate- 
oblong,  acutish,  evenly  but  not  strongly  runcinate-toothed :  outer  involucral 
bracts  in  a  single  and  even  scanty  series,  thin  and  pale,  oval  to  ovate-lanceolate, 
erect ;  the  inner  narrowly  lanceolate,  the  tips  slightly  and  somewhat  scariously 
dilated :  achenes  distinctly  though  not  strongly  compressed,  dark  red-brown, 
muricate  at  the  acute  summit,  the  4  principal  angles  tuberculate  below,  the 
intervening  ones  similar  except  as  being  less  prominent;   stipe  of  pappus 
nearly  thrice  the  length  of  the  achenes. — Creek  banks  in  the  mountains;  south- 
ern Wyoming. 


SUMMAET 


FAMILY 


GENERA 


SPECIES 


Accepted     Synonyms 


VARIETIES 


1.  Ophnoglossaceae 1 

2.  Polypodiaceae        13 

3.  Marsileaceae 1 

4.  Equisetaceae 1 

5.  Isoetaceae 1 

6.  Lycopodiaceae        1 

7.  Selaginellaceae       ......  1 

8.  Pinaceae 5 

9.  Gnetaceae 1 

10.  Typhaceae 1 

11.  Sparganiaceae         1 

12.  Naiadaceae        4 

13.  Juncaginaceae        1 

14.  Alismaceae         2 

15.  Vallisneriaceae 1 

16.  Gramineae 65 

17.  Cyperaceae         7 

18.  Lemnaceae         2 

19.  Commelinaceae 2 

20.  Pontederiaceae 1 

21.  Juncaceae 2 

22.  Liliaceae        10 

23.  Melanthaceae 4 

24.  Convallariaceae 4 

25.  Smilaceae 1 

26.  Iridaceae 2 

27.  Orchidaceae 11 

28.  Salicaceae 2 

29.  Betulaceae .  5 

30.  Fagaceae 1 

31.  Ulmaceae 2 

32.  Moraceae 1 

33.  Urticaceae 2 

34.  Loranthaceae 2 

35.  Santalaceae 1 

36.  Polygonaceae 4 

37.  Chenopodiaceae      ......  14 

38.  Amaranthaceae 4 

39.  Nyctaginaceae        4 

40.  Aizoaceae 2 

41.  Portulacaceae         7 

42.  Caryophyllaceae 11 

43.  Nymp^aeaceae 1 

44.  Ceratophyllaceae         1 

45.  Ranunculaceae 15 

46.  Berberidaceae         1 

47.  Papaveraceae 5 

48.  Cruciferae 24 


4 

24 

2 

8 
2 
1 
3 

18 
3 
2 
5 
18 
2 
5 
1 

206 

99 

7 

3 

1 

25 

24 

7 

7 

1 

5 

19 

40 

5 

7 

2 

1 

4 

6 

2 

77 

51 

12 

17 

2 

16 

49 

1 

1 

87 


133 


2 

2 

82 
50 


6 
4 
1 

5 

12 
44 

1 


49 
25 

3 
16 

1 
12 
26 

1 

52 
2 
7 

94 


13 


603 


G04 


SUMMARY 


FAMILY 


GENERA 


SPECIES 


Accepted     Synonyms 


49.  Capparidaceae 3 

50.  Crassulaceae 2 

51.  Saxifragaceae 8 

52.  Grossulariaceae 1 

53.  Hydrangeaceae 3 

54.  Rosaceae 29 

55.  Pomaceae 4 

56.  Drupaceae 1 

57.  Leguminosae 18 

58.  Geraniaceae 2 

59    Oxalidaceae 1 

60.  Linaceae        1 

61.  Zygophyllaceae 2 

62.  Rutaceae 2 

63.  Polygalaceae 1 

64.  Euphorbiaceae 4 

65.  Callitrichaceae 1 

66.  Limnanthaceae 1 

67.  Anacardiaceae         1 

68.  Celastraceae 1 

69.  Aceraceae 1 

70.  Rhamnaceae 2 

71.  Vitaceae        *2 

72.  Malvaceae 6 

73.  Elatinaceae 1 

74.  Frankeniaceae         1 

75.  Hypericaceae 1 

76.  Violaceae 2 

77.  Loasaceae 1 

78.  Cac,taceae 4 

79.  Elaeagnaceae 2 

80.  Lythraceae         2 

81.  Onagraceae         16 

82.  Haloragidaceae 2 

83.  Araliaceae 2 

84.  Umbelliferae 29 

85.  Cornaceae 1 

86.  Pyrolaceae          3 

87.  Monotropaceae 3 

88.  Ericaceae .  7 

89.  Vacciniaceae 1 

90.  Primulaceae 9 

91.  Oleaceae 2 

92.  Gentianaceae 7 

93.  Menyanthaceae 1 

94.  Apocynaceae 2 

95.  Asclepiadaceae 3 

96.  Cuscutaceae 1 

97.  Convolvulaceae 3 

98.  Polemoniaceae        6 

99.  Hydrophyllaceae 7 

100.  Boraginaceae     .......  12 

101.  Verbenaceae 2 

102.  Labiatae        16 

103.  Solanaceae    6 

104.  Scrophulariaceae 17 


38 

13 

6 

94 

17 

6 

201 
9 
2 
6 
2 
2 
4 
20 
2 
1 
3 
1 
3. 
5 
2 
14 
1 
1 
1 

19 

12 

23 

3 

2 

56 
3 
2 

82 
3 
8 
3 
8 
5 

22 
3 

22 

1 

4 

15 

12 

10 

56 

22 

69 

7 

28 

25 

121 


3 

7 
28 
17 

79 

10 

2 

117 
9 
1 
2 
2 


20 
2 
1 
1 
6 
5 

14 
1 

19 


3 
1 
1 

41 
8 

45 
1 

10 

8 

70 


SUMMARY 


605 


SPI 

:CIES 

Accepted 

Synonyms 

105.  Pinguiculaceae        
106.  Orobanchaceae       
107.  Martyniaceae     
108.  Plantaginaceae        

1 

2 
1 
1 

2 
4 
1 

7 

5 

109    Rubiaceae 

2 

10 

2 

I 

5 

16 

g 

4 

111     Adoxaceae          ....          . 

1 

1 

112    Cucurbitaceae         - 

2 

2 

1 

113.  Campanulaceae      ...... 

2 
2 

6 
3 

2 
3 

115    Valerianaceae                                   . 

1 

4 

10 

2 

116.  Compositae         

107 

538 

563 

59 

TOTALS 

649 

.   2733 

1788 

186 

Total  number  of  accepted  species ,     .     .     .     .     2,733 

Total  number  of  species  merely  mentioned  or  believed  to  be  synonyms     .     1,788 
Total  number  of  names  of  species  or  varieties  accounted  for  in  some  way     4,707 


it 


ABBREVIATIONS  OF  AUTHORS'  NAMES 


A.  Br. — Braun,  Alexander. 
Adans. — Adanson,  Michel. 

A.  DC.— De  Candolle,  Alphonse. 
Ait. — Alton,  William. 

All.— Alliono,  Carlo. 

Anders. — Andersson,  Nils  Johan. 

Arn. — Arnott,  George  A.  Walker. 

Baill. — Baillon,  Henri  Ernest. 

Beauv. — Beauvois,  A.  M.  F.  J.  Palisot  de. 

Benth. — Bentham,  George. 

B.  &  H.— Benthain.  George,  and  Hooker, 

Joseph  Dalton. 

B.  Juss. — Jussieu,  Bernard  de. 
Bess. — Besser,  Wilhelm  S.  J.  G.  von. 
Bigel. — Bigelow,  Jacob. 

Boerh. — Boerhaave,  Hermann. 
Boiss. — Boissier,  Edmond. 
Br.,  A.  Br. — Braun,  Alexander. 
Br.,  R.  Br.— Brown,  Robert. 
Briq. — Briquet,  John. 
Brit. — Brit  ton,  Nathaniel  Lord. 
Burgsd. — Burgsdorff,  F.  A.  L.  von. 

C.  &  R. — Coulter,  J.  M.,  and  Rose,  J.  N. 
C.  A.  Mey. — Meyer,  Carl  Anton. 
Cam— Carriere,  Elie  Abel. 

Cass. — Cassini,  Henri. 

Cav. — Cavanilles,  Antonio  Jos6. 

Cham. — Chamisso,  Adalbert  von. 

Chapm. — Chapman,  Alvan  Wentworth. 

Chois. — Choisy,  Jacques-Denis. 

CW.— Cockerell,  T.  D.  A. 

CouLt. — Coulter,  John  Merle. 

DC.— De  Candolle,  Augustin  P. 

Desf. — Desfontaines,  R6ne  Louiche. 

Desv. — Desvauz,  Augustin  Nicaise. 

Dietr. — Dietrich,  Albert. 

Dougl. — Douglas,  David. 

Eat. — Eaton,  Amos. 

Ehrh.— Ehrhart,  Friedrich. 

Ell.— Elliott,  Stephen. 

Endl.— Endlicher,  Stephan  Ladislaus. 

Engelm. — Engelmann,  George. 

Esch.—  Eschscholtz,  Johann  Friedrich. 

F.  &  M. — Fischer,   F.  E.  L.  von,  and 

Meyer,  C.  A. 
Fisch. — Fischer,  F.  E.  Ludwig  von. 


Foug. — Fougerouz,  Auguste  Denis. 
Fourn. — Fournier,  Eugene. 
Fresn. — Fresenius,  J.  B.  G.  W. 
Gaertn. — Gaertner,  Joseph. 
(?t7i&.— Gilibert,  Jean  Emmanuel. 
Gmel. — Gmelin,  Samuel  Gottlieb. 
Gmd.,  J.    G.   Gmel.  —  Gmelin,    Johann 

Georg. 

Good. — Goodenough,  Samuel. 
Good,  L.  N. — Goodding,  Leslie  Newton. 
Grev. — Greville,  Robert  Kaye. 
Griseb. — Grisebach,  Heinrich  R.  A. 
Gronov. — Gronovius,  Jan  Fredrik. 
H.  &  A. — Hooker,  William  Jackson,  and 

Arnott,  G.  A.  Walker. 
Hack.—  Hackel,  Eduard. 
Haussk. — Haussknecht,  Carl. 
HBK. — Humboldt,    F.    Alexander  von, 

Bonpland,  Aime,  and  Kunth,  C.  S. 
Hitchc. — Hitchcock,  Albert  Spear. 
Holz. — Holzinger,  John  M. 
Hook. — Hooker,  William  Jackson. 
Hornem. — Hornemann,  Jens  Wilken. 
Jacq. — Jacquin,  Nicolaus  Joseph. 
Juss. — Jussieu,  Antoine  Laurent  de. 
Juss.,  B.  Juss. — Jussieu,  Bernard  de. 
Ktze. — Kuntze,  Otto. 
L. — Linnaeus,  Carolus,  or  Linne,  Carl  von 
Lag. — Lagasca,  Mariano. 
Loll. — Ave-Lallemant,  J.  L.  E. 
I/am. — Lamarck,  J.  B.  A.  P.  Monnet. 
Ledeb. — Ledebour,  Carl  F.  von. 
Lehm. — Lehmann,  J.  G.  C. 
Less. — Lessing,  Christian  Friedrich. 
L'Her.— L'Heritier  de  Brutelle,  C.  L. 
Lindl. — Lindley,  John. 
MacM. — MacMillan,  Conway. 
Maxim. — Maximowicz,  Carl  Johann. 
Medic. — Medicus,  Friedrich  Casimir. 
Meisn. — Meisner,  Carl  Friedrich. 
Merr. — Merrill,  Elmer  D. 
Mey. — Meyer,  Ernst  Heinrich  F. 
Mey.,  C.  A.  Mey. — Meyer,  Carl  Anton. 
Michx. — Michaux,  Andre. 
Mill.— Miller,  Philip. 
Moq. — Moquin-Tandon,  Alfred. 


606 


ABBREVIATIONS  OF  AUTHORS    NAMES 


607 


MueU.  Arg. — Mueller,  Jean  (of  Aargau). 
Muench. — Muenchhausen,  Otto  Freiherr 

von. 

Muhl. — Muhlenberg,  G.  H.  E. 
Murr. — Murray,  Johann  Andreas. 
Neck. — Necker,  Noel  Joseph  de. 
Nees. — Nees  von  Esenbeck,  Christian  Gott- 

fried. 

Nels.,  A.  Nets. — Nelson,  Aven. 
Nets.,  E.  Nels.—  Nelson,  Elias. 
Nutt. — NuttaU,  Thomas. 
Ort. — Ortega,  C.  G. 
Osterh. — Osterhout,  Geo.  E. 
Pall. — Pallas,  Peter  Simon. 
Part. — Parlatore,  Filippo. 
P.  Br.— Browne,  Patrick. 
Pers. — Persoon,  Christian  Hendrik. 
Planch. — Planchon,  Jules  Emile. 
Pair. — Poiret,  Jean  Louis  Marie. 
R.    &   S. — Roemer,   J.  J.,  and  Schultes, 

August. 

Raf. — Rafinesque-Schmaltz,  C.  S. 
R.  Br. — Brown,  Robert. 
Reichenb. — Reichenbach,  H,  G.  L. 
Retz. — Retzius,  Anders  Johan. 
Richards. — Richardson,  John. 
Roem. — Roemer,  M.  J. 
Rottb. — Rottboell,  Christen  Fries. 
Rupp. — Ruppius,  Heinrich  Bernhard. 
Rupr. — Ruprecht,  Franz  J. 
Rydb.— Rydberg,  Per  Axel. 
Salisb. — Salisbury,  Richard  Anthony. 


Sarg. — Sargent,  Charles  Sprague. 

Sch.  Bip. — Schultz,  Karl  Heinrich  (dis- 
tinguished as  Bipontinus,  i.  e.  of  Zwei- 
brucken). 

Schwein. — Schweinitz,  Lewis  David  de. 

Scop. — Scopoli,  Johann  Anton. 

Scribn. — Lamson-Scribner,  Frank. 

Ser. — Seringe,  Nicolas  Charles. 

Sheld. — Sheldon,  Edmund  P. 

Sm.,  J.  G.  Sm. — Smith,  Jared  Gage. 

Spreng. — Sprengel,  Kurt. 

Sternb. — Sternberg,  Caspar. 

Steud. — Steudel,  Ernst  Gottlieb. 

St.  Hil. — St.  Hilaire,  Auguste  de. 

Sudw. — Sudworth,  Geo.  B. 

Sw. — Swartz,  Olaf. 

T.  &  G. — Torrey,  John,  and  Gray,  Asa. 

Thunb. — Thunberg,  Carl  Pehr. 

Thurb. — Thurber,  George. 

Torr. — Torrey,  John. 

Tourn. — Tournefort,  Joseph  Pitton  de. 

Trel. — Trelease,  William. 

Trev. — Treviranus,  Christian  Ludolf. 

Trin. — Trinius,  Karl  Bernhard. 

Turcz. — Turczaninow,  Nicolaus. 

Underw. — Underwood,  Lucien  Marcus. 

Vent. — Ventenat,  Etienne  Pierre. 

VUl. — Villars,  Dominique. 

Walp.— Walpers,  Wilhelm  Gerhard. 

Wats. — Watson,  Sereno. 

WiLld. — Willdenow,  Carl  Ludwig. 

Wormsk. — Wormskiold,  M.  von. 


LIST  OF  NEW  NAMES  AND  COMBINATIONS  * 

[References  are  to  pages.] 

Glyceria  borealis  (Nash)  A.  Nels.    .         .       . 74 

Luzula  intermedia  (Thuill.)  A.  Nels.      .         .         .  .         .         .109 

Spiranthes  stricta  (Rydb.)  A.  Nels.      .                 125 

Quercus  Gambellii  Fendleri  (Liebm.)  A.  Nels 142 

Eriogonum  umbellatum  intectum  A.  Nels.     .         .         .         .         .         .  149 

Corispermum  imbricatum  A.  Nels.       .......  164 

Kochia  vestita  (Wats.)  A.  Nels.     .                          165 

Atriplex  pabularis  eremicola  (Osterh.)  A.  Nels 168 

Salsola  pestifer  A.  Nels 169 

Suaeda  erecta  (Wats.)  A.  Nels 169 

Suaeda  Moquinii  (Torr.)  A.  Nels 170 

Allionia  hirsuta  aggregata  (Ortega)  A.  Nels.    . 173 

Allionia  pilosa  decumbens  (Nutt.)  A.  Nels 173 

Allionia  linearis  Bodinii  (Holz.)  A.  Nels.      ......  174 

Lewisia  minima  A.  Nels 179 

Cerastium  fuegianum  (Hook.)  A.  Nels 184 

Arenaria  aequicaulis  A.  Nels •   .  185 

Arenaria  macrantha  (Rydb.)  A.  Nels •      .  186 

Spergularia  sparsiflora  (Greene)  A.  Nels 187 

Aquilegia  caerulea  leptocera  (Nutt.)  A.  Nels 191 

Delphinium  carolinianum  Penhardii  (Huth.)  A.  Nels 193 

Clematis  pseudoalpina  (Kuntze)  A.  Nels.      .         .         .         .         .         .  198 

Clematis  pseudoalpina  tenuiloba  (Gray)  A.  Nels 198 

Schoenocrambe  linifolia  pinnata  (Greene)  A.  Nels.      ....  209 

Strepanthus  coloradensis  A.  Nels. 211 

Draba  lapilutea  A.  Nels 222 

Arabis  aprica  Osterh 228 

Arabis  perelegans  A.  Nels 228 

Arabis  caduca  A.  Nels 229 

Erysimum  aridum  A.  Nels 230 

Sedum  integrifolium  (Raf.)  A.  Nels 233 

Mitella  Parryi  (Piper)  A.  Nels 236 

Tellima  bulbifera  (Rydb.)  A.  Nels. 237 

Boykinia  heucheriformis  (Rydb.)  A.  Nels.     ......  238 

Saxifraga  austrina  A.  Nels.     .........  240 

Saxifraga  micro  petala  (Small)  A.  Nels .         .  240 

Physocarpus  pubescens  (Rydb.)  A.  Nels. 248 

Physocarpus  Ramaleyi  A.  Nels 248 

Physocarpus  intermedius  (Rydb.)  A.  Nels.    ......  248 

Physocarpus  monogynus  (Torr.)  A.  Nels 248 

Physocarpus  malvaceus  (Greene)  A.  Nels 248 

Bossekia  deliciosa  (James)  A.  Nels 250 

Fragaria  ovalis  glauca  (Wats.)  A.  Nels.      .         .         .         .         .         .  252 

Sieversia  scapoidea  A.  Nels .263 

Amelanchier  alnifolia  pumila  (Nutt.)  A.  Nels 266 

Lupinus  Greenei  A.  Nels 274 

Trifolium  gymnocarpon  subcaulescens  (Gray)  A.  Nels.       .         .         .  279 

Astragalus  americanus  (Hook.)  A.  Nels.      ......  288 

Astragalus  hylophilus  (Rydb.)  A.  Nels 291 

Aragallus  podocarpus  (Gray)  A.  Nels 294 

Petalostemon  purpureus  mollis  (Rydb.)  A.  Nels 299 

*  Only  a  very  few  new  species  are  proposed  in  this  work.  It  has  been  found  necessary, 
however,  to  make  use  of  a  very  considerable  number  of  new  combinations  and  names. 
The  list,  as  given,  is  believed  to  contain  the  names  not  hitherto  used. 

608 


LIST    OF   NEW    NAMES   AND    COMBINATIONS  609 


Vicia  americana  oregana  (Nutt.)  A.  Nels 301 

Vicia  linearis  caespitosa  A.  Nels 301 

Euphorbia  manca  A.  Nels. 311 

Malvastrum  dissectum  Cockerellii  A.  Nels.     ...  .  318 

Viola  atriplicifolia  Thorii  A.  Nels 321 

Hybanthus  verticillata  (Ort.)  A.  Nels.    .  .         .         .         .         .323 

Mentzelia  latifolia  (Rydb.)  A.  Nels 324 

Mentzelia  multiflora  densa  (Greene)  A.  Nels 325 

Mentzelia  pumila  multicaulis  (Osterh.)  A.  Nels 326 

Mamillaria  neo-mexicana  (Engelm.)  A.  Nels.  .....  327 

Gaurella  canescens  (Torr.)  A.  Nels .341 

Phyllodoce  glanduliflora  intermedia  (Hook.)  A.  Nels 370 

Drosace  A.  Nels 374 

Drosace  carinata  (Torr.)  A.  Nels. 374 

Gentiana  Parryi  bracteosa  (Greene)  A.  Nels .382 

Apocynum  cannabinum  lividum  (Greene)  A.  Nels 386 

Cuscuta  Anthemi  A.  Nels 390 

Phlox  puberula  (E.  Nels.)  A.  Nels 397 

Gilia  micrantha  (Kell.)  A.  Nels 399 

Polemonium  pulcherrimum  parvifolium  (Nutt.)  A.  Nels.     .         .         .  404 

Polemonium  mellitum  speciosum  (Rydb.)  A.  Nels.      ....  405 

Phacelia  heterophylla  alpina  (Rydb.)  A.  Nels.      .         .         .         .         .  408 

Nama  angustifolia  (Gray)  A.  Nels 410 

Lappula  subdecumbens  (Parry)  A.  Nels 412 

Lappula  foliosa  A.  Nels. •    .         .  413 

Cryptanthe  flexuosa  A.  Nels .         .  416 

Oreocarya  alata  (Jones)  A.  Nels 417 

Mertensia  ciliata  polyphylla  (Greene)  A.  Nels 421 

Mertensia  ciliata  punctata  (Greene)  A.  Nels 421 

Mertensia  brevistyla  obtusiloba  (Rydb.)  A.  Nels.    .....  421 

Mertensia  papillosa  fusiformis  (Greene)  A.  Nels 421 

Mertensia  papillosa  lineariloba  (Rydb.)  A.  Nels 421 

Mertensia  lanceolata  brachyloba  (Greene)  A.  Nels 422 

Mertensia  Bakeri  amoena  A.  Nels.       .         .         .         .         .         .         .  422 

Mertensia  Bakeri  lateriflora  (Greene)  A.  Nels 423 

Pentstemon  secundiflorus  caudatus  (Heller)  A.  Nels 444 

Pentstemon  procerus  pseudoprocerus  (Rydb.)  A.  Nels.       .         .         .  444 

Pentstemon  brevifolius  (Gray)  A.  Nels.       ......  445 

Pentstemon  sepalulus  A.  Nels.      ........  449 

Synthyris  wyomingensis  gymnocarpa  A.  Nels.     .         .         .  .  450 

Castilleja  Buff umii  A.  Nels .459 

Castilleja  dubia  A.  Nels 460 

Sambucus  glauca  neo-mexicana  (Wooton)  A.  Nels.      ....  469 

Symphoricarpos  occidentalis  quercifolia  A.  Nels 470 

Symphoricarpos  oreophilus  utahensis  (Rydb.)  A.  Nels.      .         .         .  471 

Laurentia  eximia  A.  Nels.      .  475 

Valeriana  micrantha  wyomingensis  (E.  Nels.)  A.  Nels 476 

Valeriana  acutiloba  ovata  (Rydb.)  A.  Nels 476 

Brickellia  ambigens  (Greene)  A.  Nels.    .......  486 

Liatris  ligulistylis  A.  Nels ' .  488 

Chrysopsis  foliosa  amplifolia  (Rydb.)  A.  Nels.     .      *  .         .         .         .493 

Chrysopsis  foliosa  imbricata  A.  Nels 493 

Chrysothamnus  graveolens  glabrata  (Gray)  A.  Nels 496 

Sideranthus  spinulosus  glaberrimus  (Rydb.)  A.  Nels.    . 

Macronema  lineare  canescens  A.  Nels.    .......  502 

Solidago  camporum  (Greene)  A.  Nels 507 

Townsendia  exscapa  Wilcoxiana  (Wood)  A.  Nels 510 

Xylorhiza  glabriuscula  villosa  (Nutt.)  A.  Nels 511 

Aster  glaucus  formosus  A.  Nels.    .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .  513 

ROCKY  MT.  EOT. — 39 


610  LIST    OF    NEW  NAMES  AND  COMBINATIONS 


Aster  culminis  A.  Nels .                         .  513 

Aster  adscendens  anneriaefolius  (Greene)  A.  Nels.      .         .                 .  517 

Erigeron  Garrettii  A.  Nels.     .  .  .526 

Erigeron  ur  sinus  gracilis  (Rydb.)  A.  Nels.     .                                            .  527 

Erigeron  trifidus  discoideus  A.  Nels.     .         .         .         .         .                 .  529 

Erigeron  divergens  arenarius  (Greene)  A.  Nels.     ..."          .  529 

Erigeron  divergens  nudiflorus  (Buckley)  A.  Nels.       .                           .  529 

Erigeron  colo-mexicanus  A.  Nels .  529 

Erigeron  lapiluteus  A.  Nels .  530 

Wyomingia  argentata  (Gray)  A.  Nels .  531 

Wyomingia  cana  (Gray)  A.  Nels .  531 

Wyomingia  Tweedyana  (Canby  &  Rose)  A.  Nels.    ...                  .  531 

Antennaria  parvifolia  bracteosa  (Rydb.)  A.  Nels.    ...                  .  535 

Franseria  tomentosa  (Nutt.)  A.  Nels .  542 

Franseria  Grayi  A.  Nels .542 

Balsamorrhiza  macrophylla  terebinthacea  (Nutt.)  A.  Nels.     .                  .  546 

Balsamorrhiza  Hookeri  hirsuta  (Nutt.)  A.  Nels.     ...                  .  546 
Chaenactis  Douglasii  achilleaefolia  (H.  &  A.)  A.  Nels.     .                           .557 

Actinella  acaulis  caespitosa  A.  Nels .  558 

Actinella  simplex  A.  Nels 558 

Actinella  incana  A.  Nels 559 

Actinella  eradiata  A.  Nels .559 

Actinella  carnosa  A.  Nels '  .559 

Actinella  epunctata  A.  Nels .         .         .560 

Actinella  linearis  (Nutt.)  A.  Nels.    .         . 560 

Actinella  fastigiata  (Greene)  A.  Nels 560 

Dugaldia  helenioides  (Rydb.)  A.  Nels 562 

Dysodia  aurea  (Gray)  A.  Nels .  563 

Artemisia  saxicola  Parryi  A.  Nels.    ........  568 

Artemisia  Wrightii  coloradensis  (Osterh.)  A.  Nels 568 

Artemisia  gnaphalodes  diversifolia  A.  Nels 569 

Artemisia  mexicana  silvicola  (Osterh.)  A.  Nels 569 

Artemisia  mexicana  Bakeri  (Greene)  A.  Nels 569 

Arnica  panic ulata  A.  Nels.     .........  572 

Arnica  subplumosa  sylvatica  (Greene)  A.  Nels 573 

Arnica  subplumosa  macillenta  (Greene)  A.  Nels 573 

Senecio  serra  admirabilis  A.  Nels 579 

Senecio  perplexus  dispar  A.  Nels.    .                  580 

Senecio  canus  Purshianus  (Nutt.)  A.  Nels 581 

Senecio  uintahensis  A.  Nels.    .........  581 

Senecio  Rydbergii  A.  Nels 582 

Carduus  americanus  perplexans  (Rydb.)  A.  Nels 585 

Carduus  Hookerianus  eriocephalus  (Gray)  A.  Nels 585 

Carduus  Hookerianus  hesperius  (Eastw.)  A.  Nels 585 

Carduus  megacephalus  (Gray)  A.  Nels .587 

Stephanomeria  pauciflora  (Torr.)  A.  Nels 588 

Krigia  virginica  (L.)  A.  Nels 589 

Prenanthes  sagittata  (Gray)  A.  Nels .592 

Crepis  riparia  parva  A.  Nels. 593 

Hieracium  gracile  min|mum  A.  Nels.     .......  595 

Hieracium  Scouleri  griseum  (Rydb.)  A.  Nels.      .         .         .         .         .596 

Lactuca  integrata  (Gren.  &  Godr.)  A.  Nels 596 

Troximon  pubescens  (Rydb.)  A.  Nels 598 

Troximon  villosum  (Rydb.)  A.  Nels 598 

Troximon  glaucum  pumilum  (Nutt.)  A.  Nels 599 

Troximon  arachnoideum  A.  Nels 599 

Troximon  purpureum  (Gray)  A.  Nels 599 

Troximon  elatum  (Nutt.)  A.  Nels 599 

Troximon  montanum  (Osterh.)  A.  Nels 600 


GLOSSARY 


A,  as  a  prefix  in  compounds,  usually  signi- 
fies a  negative,  or  the  absence  of  some- 
thing; as,  a-petalous,  without  petals; 
a-phyllous,  leafless,  etc.  If  the  word  be- 
gins with  a  vowel,  the  prefix  is  an;  as, 
an-antherous,  destitute  of  an  anther. 

Abnormal.     Contrary  to  the  usual  structure. 

Abortive.  Imperfectly  formed  or  rudi- 
mentary. 

Abruptly  pinnate.  Pinnate  without  an  odd 
leaflet  at  the  end. 

Acaidescent.  Apparently  stemless;  the 
proper  stem,  bearing  the  leaves  and 
flowers,  being  very  short  or  subterranean. 

Accrescent.  Growing  larger  after  flower- 
ing, as  the  calyx  of  Physalis. 

Accumbent  (embryo).  Cotyledons  with  the 
edges  against  the  hypocotyl. 

Acerose.  Needle-shaped,  as  the  leaves  of 
pines. 

Achene.  A  small,  dry,  hard,  1-celled,  1- 
seeded,  indehiscent  fruit. 

Achlamydeous  (flower).  Without  floral  en- 
velopes. 

Acicular.  Needle-shaped;  more  slender 
than  acerose. 

Acrogenous.  Growing  from  the  apex,  as 
the  stems  of  ferns  and  mosses. 

Aculeate.  Armed  with  prickles  (aculei),  as 
the  rose  and  brier. 

Aculeolate.  Armed  with  small  prickles,  or 
slightly  prickly. 

Acuminate.     Taper-pointed. 

Acute.  Merely  sharp-pointed,  or  ending  in 
a  point  less  than  a  right  angle. 

Adnate.  United  in  growth;  the  anther  is 
adnate  when  fixed  by  its  whole  length  to 
'  the  filament. 

Adscendent,  Ascendent,  Ascending.  Rising 
gradually  upwards. 

Adsurgent,  Assurgent.  Same  as  adscendent, 
etc. 

Adventitious.     Out  of  the  usual  place. 

Adventive.     Imperfectly  naturalized. 

Aeguilateral.  Equal-sided;  opposed  to  ob- 
lique (in  foliar  organs). 

Aestivation.  The  arrangement  of  parts  in 
a  flower-bud. 

Ala  (plural  alae).  Awing;  the  side-petal  of 
a  papilionaceous  corolla. 

Alate.     Winged. 

Albumen.  An  old  general  name  for  nutri- 
tive tissue  in  the  seed. 


Alliaceous.  Having  the  smell  or  taste  of 
garlic. 

Alpine.  Belonging  to  high  mountains 
above  the  limit  of  forests. 

Alternate  (leaves,  branches,  etc.).  Occur- 
ring singly  at  the  nodes  of  the  axis. 

Alveolate.  Honeycomb-like,  as  the  recep- 
tacle of  the  cotton-thistle. 

Ament.     Same  as  catkin. 

Amentaceous.  Catkin-like,  or  catkin-bear- 
ing. 

Amorphous.     Without    any    definite    form. 

Amphitropous  (ovule  or  seed).  Half- 
inverted  and  straight,  with  the  hilum 
lateral. 

Amplexicaul  (leaves).  Clasping  the  axis  by 
the  base. 

Ampullaceous.  Swelling  out  like  a  bottle 
or  bladder. 

Anastomosing.  Forming  a  net-work  (anas- 
tomosis), as  the  veins  of  leaves. 

Anatropous  (ovule).  Inverted  and  straight, 
with  the  micropyle  next  the  hilum. 

Ancipital.  Two-edged,  as  the  stem  of 
blue-eyed  grass. 

Androecium.     The  whole  set  of  stamens. 

Androgynous.  Having  both  staminate  and 
pistillate  flowers  in  the  same  inflores- 
cence. 

Angiosperms.  The  great  group  of  seed- 
plants  with  ovules  (and  seeds)  inclosed 
by  an  ovary. 

Annual.  Of  only  one  year's  duration. 
Winter  annual,  a  plant  from  autumn- 
sown  seed  which  blooms  and  fruits  in 
the  following  spring. 

Annular.  In  the  form  of  a  ring,  or  forming 
a  circle. 

Annulate.     Marked  by  rings. 

Annulus.  A  ring,  like  that  of  the  spore- 
case  of  most  ferns. 

Anterior,  in  the  flower,  is  the  side  towards 
the  bracfr  (external);  while  posterior  is 
the  side  towards  the  axis. 

Anther.  The  essential  part  of  the  stamen, 
which  contains  the  pollen. 

Antheriferous.     Anther-bearing. 

Anthesis.     The  opening  of  the  flower. 

Apetalous   (flower).     Without  petals. 

Aphyllous.  Destitute  of  leaves,  at  least  of 
green  leaves. 

Apiculate.  Tipped  with  a  short  and  abrupt 
point. 


611 


612 


GLOSSARY 


Apocarpous  (pistils).  The  carpels  of  a  flower 
forming  separate  pistils,  as  in  a  butter- 
cup. 

Appressed.     Lying  close  and  flat. 

Arachnoid.  Cobwebby;  consisting  of  soft 
downy  fibers. 

Arboreous,  Arborescent.  Tree-like  in  size 
or  form. 

Archegonium  (plural  archegonia).  The  fe- 
male organ  in  mosses  and  ferns. 

Arcuate.     Bent  or  curved  like  a  bow. 

Areolate.  Marked  out  into  little  areas; 
reticulate. 

Aril,  An  appendage  growing  at  or  about 
the  hilum  of  a  seed. 

Arillate  (seed).     Furnished  with  an  aril. 

Aristate.     Awned,  like  the  beard  of  barley. 

Aristulate,  Diminutive  of  cristate;  short- 
awned. 

Articulated.     Jointed. 

Assurgent.     See  adsurgent. 

Auriculate.  Furnished  with  auricles  or  ear- 
like  appendages. 

Awl-shaped.  Sharp-pointed  from  a  broader 
base. 

Awn.     Bristle-like  appendage. 

Awned.  Furnished  with  an  awn  or  long 
bristle-shaped  tip. 

Axil.  The  upper  angle  between  a  leaf  and 
the  stem. 

Axile.  Belonging  to  the  axis,  or  occupy- 
ing the  axis. 

Axillary  (bud,  etc.).     Occurring  in  an  axil. 

Axis.  The  central  line  of  any  body;  the 
organ  round  which  others  are  attached; 
the  root  and  stem. . 

Baccate.     Berry-like. 

Barbed.     Furnished   with   rigid   points   or 

short  bristles,   usually  reflexed  like  the 

barb  of  a  fishhook. 
Barbellate.     Finely    barbed. 
Basifixed.     Attached  by  the  base. 
Bast.     The   fibrous   portion   of   the   inner 

bark. 

Beaked.    Ending  in  a  prolonged  narrow  tip. 
Bearded.     With  long  or  stiff  hairs  of  any 

sort;  awns  of  grasses  are  sometimes  called 

beard. 
Berry.    A  fruit  pulpy  or  juicy  throughout, 

as  a  currant  or  a  grape. 
Bi-,  in  compounds,  means  two  or  twice. 
Bidentate.     Having  two  teeth. 
Biennial.     Of  two  years'  duration,  spring- 
ing from  the  seed  one  season,  flowering 

and  dying  the  next. 
Bifid.    Two-cleft  to  about  the  middle. 
Bifoliolate  (leaf).     With  two  leaflets. 
Bilabiate.    Two-lipped. 
Bilocular.     Two-celled. 
Binate.     Two  together. 
Bipinnate  (leaf).     Twice  pinnate. 
Bipinnatifid.     Twice  pinnatifid. 


Biserial,  Biseriate.  Occupying  two  rows, 
one  within  the  other. 

Biserrate.  Doubly  serrate,  as  when  the 
teeth  of  a  leaf  are  themselves  serrate. 

Biternate.  Twice  ternate  (principal  divi- 
sions 3,  each  with  3  leaflets). 

Bladdery.     Thin  and  inflated. 

Bract.  In  general,  the  leaves  of  an  inflo- 
rescence, more  or  less  different  from 
ordinary  leaves;  specially,  the  small  leaf 
or  scale  in  the  axil  of  which  a  flower  or 
its  pedicel  stands. 

Bractlet.  A  bract  on  the  pedicel  or  flower- 
stalk. 

Bristle.  A  stiff,  sharp  hair,  or  any  very 
slender  body  of  similar  appearance. 

Bulb.  A  leaf-bud  with  fleshy  scales,  usually 
subterranean. 

Bulbiferous.     Bearing  or  producing  bulbs. 

Bulblet.  A  small  bulb,  especially  one  borne 
upon  the  stem. 

Bulbose,  Bulbous.    Bulb-like  in  form. 

Bullate.  Appearing  as  if  blistered  or  blad- 
dery. 

Caducous.  Dropping  off  very  early,  com- 
pared with  other  parts. 

Caespitose,  Cespitose.  Growing  in  turf-like 
patches  or  tufts. 

Calcarate.     Furnished  with  a  spur. 

Callus.  A  hard  protuberance  or  callosity; 
in  the  grasses  the  tough  often  hairy 
swelling  at  the  base  or  insertion  of  the 
lemma  or  palet. 

Calyculate  (flower).  Furnished  with  an 
outer  set  of  bracts  resembling  an  outer 
calyx. 

Calyx.     The  outer  set  of  floral  envelopes. 

Campanulate.     Bell-shaped. 

Campylotropous  (ovule  or  seed).  Curved 
so  as  to  bring  the  apex  and  base  nearly 
together. 

Canaliculate.  Channeled,  or  with  a  deep 
longitudinal  groove. 

Cancellate.  Latticed,  resembling  lattice- 
work. 

Canescent.  Grayish-white;  hoary,  usually 
because  the  surface  is  covered  with  fine 
white  hairs.  Incanous  is  whiter  still. 

Capillary.  Hair-like  in  form;  as  fine  as 
hair  or  slender  bristles. 

Capitate.  Shaped  like  a  head;  collected 
into  a  bead  or  dense  cluster. 

Capitellate.      Diminutive  of  capitate. 

Capitulum.     A  little  head. 

Capsular.     Relating  to  or  like  a  capsule. 

Capsule.  A  pod;  any  dry  dehiscent  seed- 
vessel. 

Carinate.  Keeled;  furnished  with  a  sharp 
ridge  or  projection  on  the  lower  side. 

Cariopsis,  Caryopsis.  The  one-seeded  fruit 
or  grain  of  grasses. 

Corneous.     Flesh-colored;   pale  red. 


GLOSSARY 


613 


Carnose.    Fleshy  in  texture. 

Carpel.  The  unit  of  structure  of  the  pistil, 
which  may  consist  of  a  single  carpel  or  of 
several  carpels. 

Carpophore.  The  slender  prolongation  of 
the  floral  axis  which  in  the  Umbelliferae 
supports  the  pendulous  ripe  carpels. 

Cartilaginous.  Firm  and  tough  in  texture, 
like  cartilage. 

Caruncle.  An  excrescence  at  the  hilum  of 
some  seeds,  as  those  of  Polygala. 

Carunculate.     Furnished  with  a  caruncle. 

Catkin.  A  scaly  deciduous  spike  of  flow- 
ers; an  ament. 

Caudate.     Tailed  or  tail-pointed. 

Caudex.  The  persistent  base  of  an  other- 
wise annual  herbaceous  stem. 

Caulescent.     Having  an  obvious  stem. 

Cauline.    Of  or  belonging  to  a  stem. 

Centrifugal  (inflorescence).  Produced  or 
expanding  in  succession  from  the  center 
outwards. 

Centripetal.      The   opposite   of   centrifugal. 

Cemuous.  Nodding;  the  summit  more  or 
less  inclining. 

Chaff.  Small  membranous  scales  or  bracts 
on  the  receptacle  of  Compositae;  the 
glumes  of  grasses,  etc. 

Chaffy.  Furnished  with  chaff,  or  of  the 
texture  of  chaff. 

Channeled.  Hollowed  out  like  a  gutter; 
same  as  canaliculate. 

Chartaceous.  With  the  texture  of  paper  or 
parchment. 

Ciliate  (foliar  organs).  Beset  on  the  mar- 
gin with  a  fringe. 

Cinereous.    Ash-grayish;  the  color  of  ashes. 

Circinate.  Rolled  inwards  from  the  top, 
like  a  crosier. 

Circumscissile.  Dehiscing  by  a  regular 
transverse  circular  line  of  division. 

Cirrhiferous,  Cirrhose.  Furnished  with  a 
tendril. 

Clavate.     Club-shaped;   slender  below  and 

thickened  upwards. 

^Claw.  The  narrow  or  stalk-like  base  of 
some  petals. 

Club-shaped.     See  clavate. 

Coalescence.  The  union  of  parts  or  organs 
of  the  same  kind. 

Cochleate.  Coiled  or  shaped  like  a  snail 
shell. 

Cohesion.  The  union  of  one  organ  with 
another  of  like  nature. 

Column.  The  united  stamens,  as  in  Mal- 
vaceae; or  the  stamens  and  pistils  united 
into  one  body,  as  in  Orchidaceae. 

Coma.  A  tuft  of  any  sort  (literally,  a  head 
of  hair). 

Commissure.  The  plane  of  junction  of  two 
carpels,  as  in  the  fruit  of  Umbelli- 
ferae. 

Comose.     Tufted;  bearing  a  tuft  of  hairs. 


Compressed.  Flattened  on  two  opposite 
sides. 

Conduplicate.    Folded  upon  itself  lengthwise. 

Confluent.  Blended  into  one,  or  running 
together. 

Congested,  Conglomerate.  Crowded  to- 
gether. 

Conjugate.    Coupled;  in  single  pairs. 

Connate.  United  or  grown  together  from 
the  first. 

Connective.  The  part  of  the  anther  connect- 
ing its  two  cells. 

Connivent.  Converging,  or  brought  close 
together. 

Contorted.     Twisted  together. 

Convolute.  Rolled  up  lengthwise,  as  the 
leaves  of  the  plum  in  vernation. 

Cordate.     Heart-shaped. 

Coriaceous.     Resembling  leather  in  texture. 

Corm.     A  solid  bulb,  like  that  of  Crocus. 

Corneous.  Of  the  consistence  or  appearance 
of  horn,  as  the  albumen  of  the  seed  of 
the  date,  coffee,  etc. 

Corniculate.  Furnished  with  a  small  horn 
or  spur. 

Corolla.  The  floral  envelope  (usually 
showy)  within  the  calyx. 

Corona.  A  coronet  or  crown;  an  appendage 
at  the  top  of  the  claw  of  some  petals,  as 
Silene  and  soapwort. 

Corrugate.     Wrinkled  or  in  folds. 

Cortical.     Belonging  to  the  bark   (cortex). 

Corymb.  A  flat  or  convex  flower-cluster, 
with  branches  arising  at  different  levels 
and  centripetal  blooming. 

Corymbose.  Approaching  the  form  of  a 
corymb,  or  branched  in  that  way;  ar- 
ranged in  corymbs. 

Costa.    A  rib;  the  midrib  of  a  leaf,  etc. 

Costate.     Ribbed. 

Cotyledons.    The  first  leaves  of  the  embryo. 

Crateriform.  Goblet-shaped;  broadly  cup- 
shaped. 

Creeping  (stems).  Growing  flat  on  or 
beneath  the  ground  and  rooting. 

Cremocarp.  A  half-fruit,  oj-  one  of  the  two 
carpels  of  Umbellifersc. 

Crenate.     With  rounded  teeth. 

Crested,  Cristate.  Bearing  any  elevated  ap- 
pendage like  a  crest. 

Cribrose.  Pierced  like  a  sieve  with  small 
apertures. 

Crinite.     Bearded  with  long  hairs,  etc. 

Crown.     See  corona. 

Cruciate,  Cruciform.  Cross-shaped,  as  the 
four  spreading  petals  of  the  mustard 
and  the  petals  of  all  the  flowers  of  that 
family. 

Crustaceous.  Hard  and  brittle  in  texture; 
crust-like. 

Cucullate.  Hooded  or  hood-shaped;  rolled 
up  like  a  cornet  of  paper,  as  the  spathe  of 
Indian  turnip. 


614 


GLOSSARY 


Culm.    The  stem  of  grasses  and  sedges. 
Cuneate,     Cuneiform.      Wedge-shaped. 
Cupule.    A  little  cup;  the  cup  of  the  acorn. 
Cuspidate.     Tipped  with  a  sharp  and  stiff 

point. 
Cut.    Same  as  incised;  or  applied  generally 

to  any  sharp  and  deep  division. 
Cyathiform.      With  the  shape  of  a  cup,  or 

particularly  of  a  wineglass. 
Cymbiform.     Boat-shaped. 
Cyme.    Like  a  corymb,  but  with  centrifugal 

blooming. 
Cymose.     Furnished  with  cymes,  or  like  a 

cyme. 

Deciduous.  Falling  off,  or  subject  to  fall; 
applied  to  leaves  which  fall  in  autumn, 
and  to  a  calyx  and  corolla  which  fall 
before  the  fruit  forms. 

Decompound.  Several  times  compounded 
or  divided. 

Decumbent.  Reclined  on  the  ground,  the 
summit  tending  to  rise. 

Decurrent  (leaves).  With  blade-like  exten- 
sion on  the  stem  beneath  the  insertion, 
as  in  thistles. 

Decussate.  Arranged  in  pairs  (or  whorls) 
which  are  successively  at  right  angles  (or 
alternate)  with  each  other. 

Deflexed.     Bent  downwards. 

Dehiscence.  The  natural  opening  of  a  closed 
vessel,  as  of  an  anther  or  a  pod. 

Dehiscent.  Opening  by  some  method  of 
dehiscence. 

Deltoid.  Triangular  in  shape,  like  the  Greek 
capital  A. 

Dentate.     Toothed. 

Denticulate.  Furnished  with  very  small 
teeth;  a  diminutive  of  dentate. 

Depauperate  (impoverished  or  starved ) .  Be- 
low the  natural  size. 

Depressed.  Flattened,  or  as  if  pressed  down 
from  above;  flattened  vertically. 

Dextrorse.    Turned  to  the  right. 

Di-,  as  a  prefix  in  compounds,  means  two 
or  twice. 

Diadelphous  (stamens).  United  by  fila- 
ments in  two  sets. 

Diandrous.     Having  two  stamens. 

Dichotomous.     Two-forked. 

Dicotyledonous  (embryo).  Having  a  pair 
of  cotyledons. 

Didymous.     Twin. 

Didynamous.  With  two  stamens  longer 
than  the  others. 

Diffuse.     Spreading  widely  and  irregularly. 

Digitate  (fingered).  Where  the  leaflets  of  a 
compound  leaf  are  all  borne  on  the  apex 
of  the  petiole. 

Digynous  (flower).    Having  two  pistils. 

Dimerous.  Made  up  of  two  parts,  or  with 
organs  in  twos. 

Dimorphous.     Of  two  forms. 


Dioecious,  Dioicous.  With  stamens  and 
pistils  in  separate  flowers  on  different 
plants. 

Disciform,  Disk-shaped.  Flat  and  circular, 
like  a  disk  or  quoit. 

Disk.  The  face  of  any  flat  body;  the  central 
region  of  a  head  of  flowers,  like  the  sun- 
flower, as  opposed  to  the  ray  or  margin; 
a  fleshy  expansion  of  the  receptacle  of 
a  flower. 

Dissected.  Cut  deeply  into  many  lobes  or 
divisions. 

Dissepiment.  The  partition  of  an  ovary  or 
fruit. 

Distichous.     Two-ranked. 

Divaricate.    Very  widely  divergent. 

Divided  (leaves,  etc.).  Cut  into  divisions 
extending  about  to  the  base  or  the  mid- 
rib. 

Dorsal.  Upon  or  relating  to  the  back  or 
outer  surface  of  an  organ. 

Downy.  Clothed  with  a  coat  of  soft  and 
short  hairs. 

Drupaceous.    Like  or  pertaining  to  a  drupe. 

Drupe.     A  stone-fruit. 

E-  or  Ex-,  as  a  prefix  in  compounds,  means 

destitute  of;  as  e-costate,  without  a  rib  or 

midrib. 

Eared.     See  auriculate. 
Ebracteate.     Destitute  of  bracts. 
Echinate.      Armed    with    prickles    (like    a 

hedgehog). 
Elliptical.     Oval  or  oblong,  with  the  ends 

regularly  rounded. 

Emarginate.     Notched  at  the  summit. 
Emersed.    Raised  out  of  water. 
Ensiform.     Sword-shaped,  as  the  leaves  of 

Iris. 
Entire  (foliar  organs).     The  margin  not  at 

all  toothed,  notched,  or  divided. 
Ephemeral.     Lasting  for  a  day  or  less. 
Epigynous.     Upon  the  ovary. 
Epiphyte.      A    plant    growing    on    another 

plant,  but  not  nourished  by  it;  an  air- 
plant. 
Equitant.      Astride;    used    of    conduplicate 

leaves  which    infold    each  other  in  two 

ranks,  as  in  Iris. 
Erase.    Eroded,  as  if  gnawed. 
Evergreen.     Holding  the  leaves  over  winter 

or  longer,  until  new  ones  appear. 
Excurrent.    Running  out,  as  when  a  midrib 

projects  beyond  the  apex  of  a  leaf,  or  a 

trunk  is  continued  to  the  very  top  of  a 

tree. 

Explanate.     Spread  or  flattened  out. 
Exserted.    Protruding  out  of,  as  the  stamens 

out  of  the  corolla. 
Extrorse.     Turned  outwards;  the  anther  is 

extrorse  when  fastened  to  the  filament 

so  as  to  dehisce  outwards  (away  from  the 

pistil),  as  in  Iris. 


GLOSSARY 


615 


Falcate.    Scythe-shaped;  a  flat  body  curved, 

its  edges  parallel. 
Farinaceous.     Mealy  in  texture. 
Farinose.     Covered  with  a  mealy  powder. 
Fascicle.     A  close  cluster. 
Fascicled.     Growing  in  a  bundle  or  tuft,  as 

the  leaves   of  pine  and  larch,   and   the 

roots  of  peony  and  dahlia. 
Fastigiate  (branches).     Close,  parallel. 
Faveolate,  Favose.      Honeycombed;  same  as 

alveolate. 

Fertile.     Fruit-bearing,  or  capable  of  pro- 
ducing   fruit;    also    applied    to    anthers 

when  they  produce  good  pollen. 
Fiddle-shaped.      Obovate  with  a  deep  re- 
cess on  each  side. 
Filament.    The  stalk  of  a  stamen;  also  any 

slender  thread-shaped  appendage. 
FHamentose,      Filamentous.        Bearing     or 

formed-of  slender  threads. 
Filiform.      Thread-shaped;    long,    slender, 

and  cylindrical. 
Fimbriate.          Fringed;      furnished      with 

fringes. 
Fistular,  Fistulose.    Cylindrical  and  hollow, 

as  the  leaves  of  onion. 
Flabelliform,  Flabellate.    Fan-shaped;  broad, 

rounded  at   the  summit,   and  narrowed 

at  the  base. 
Fleshy.     Composed  of  firm  pulp  or  flesh; 

succulent. 

Flexuose,  Flexuous.    Bending  gently  in  op- 
posite directions,  in  a  zigzag  way. 
Floccose.     Composed  of  or  bearing  tufts  of 

woolly  or  long  and  soft  hairs. 
Floret.     A  small  flower,  usually  one  of  a 

dense  cluster. 
Foliaceous.    Belonging  to,  or  of  the  texture 

or  nature  of  a  leaf. 
Foliose.     Leafy. 
Follicle.     A  simple  pod,  opening  down  the 

inner  suture. 
Foveate.     Deeply  pitted. 
Foveolate.     Diminutive  of  joveate. 
Free.     Not  united  with  any  other  parts. 
Fringed.     The  margin  beset  with  slender 

appendages,  bristles,  etc. 
Frond.     The  leaf  of  ferns  and  some  other 

cryptogams;  in  Lemnaceae,  the  thallus- 

like  stem  which  functions  as  foliage. 
Fruit.      The    seed-bearing    structure    of    a 

plant. 

Fugacious.     Soon  falling  off  or  perishing. 
Fulvous.     Tawny;   dull  yellow  with  gray. 
Funiculus.    The  stalk  of  a  seed  or  ovule. 
Funnelform,     Funnel-shaped.       Expanding 

gradually  upwards,  like  a  funnel. 
Furcate.     Forked. 
Fuscous.     Deep  gray-brown. 
Fusiform.     Spindle-shaped. 

Galea.    A  hooded  or  helmet-shaped  portion 
of   a   perianth,    as    the    upper   sepal    of 


Aconitum,   and   the  upper  lip   of  some 

bilabiate  corollas. 
Gamopetalous.     With  united   petals;    same 

as  monopetalous  and  sympetalous. 
Gamosepalous.     With  united  sepals;   same 

as  monosepalous . 
Geminate.    Twin,  in  pairs,  as  the  flowers  of 

Linnaea. 
Gemma.    A  bud. 
Geniculate.      Bent    abruptly,    like   a    knee, 

as  many  stems. 
Gibbous.     More  swollen  at  one  place  or  on 

one  side  than  the  other. 
Glabrate.     Becoming  glabrous  with  age,  or 

almost  glabrous. 
Glabrous.    Smooth,  having  no  hairs,  bristles, 

or  other  pubescence. 
Gland.     A  secreting  surface  or  structure; 

any  protuberance  or  appendage  having 

the  appearance  of  such  an  organ. 
Glaucous.       Covered    with     a     fine    white 

powder  that  rubs  off  (bloom),  like  that 

on  a  fresh  plum  or  a  cabbage  leaf. 
Globose.       Spherical    in    form,    or    nearly 

so. 

Globular.    Nearly  globose. 
Glochidiate    (hairs    or    bristles).      Barbed; 

tipped  with  barbs,  or  with  a  double  hooked 

point. 
Glomerate.    Closely  aggregated  into  a  dense 

cluster. 

Glomerule.     A  dense  head-like  cluster. 
Glume.     The  husks  or  floral   coverings  of 

grasses,  or  particularly  the  outer  husks 

or  bracts  of  each  spikelet. 
Gymnospermous .    Naked-seeded. 
Gymrfasperms .     The  great   group   of  seed- 
plants   with  ovules   (and  seeds)  not  in- 
closed  (naked). 
Gynandrous,       With     stamens     borne     on 

(united  with)  the  pistils. 
Gynobase.      An    enlargement    or   prolonga- 
tion    of     the     receptacle     bearing     the 

ovary. 

Gynoecium.     The  whole  set  of  pistils.     * 
Gynophore.    A  stalk  raising  a  pistil  above  the 

insertion  of  the  stamens. 

Habit.     The  general  aspect  of  a  plant,  or 

its  mode  of  growth. 
Habitat.     The  situation  in  which  a  plant 

grows  in  a  wild  state. 
Hastate.    Like  an  arrowhead,  but  with  the 

basal  lobes  pointing  outward  nearly  at 

right  angles. 
Heart-shaped.   With  the  conventional  shape 

of  a  heart. 
Helmet.    See  galea. 
Hemi-,  in  compounds,  means  half. 
Herb.     A  plant  with  no  persistent  woody 

stem  above  ground. 
Herbaceous.      With  the  texture  of  common 

herbage;   not  woody. 


616 


GLOSSARY 


Hermaphrodite  (flower).  Having  both  sta- 
mens and  pistils;  same  as  perfect. 

Heterogamous.  Bearing  two  or  more  sorts 
of  flowers  as  to  their  stamens  and  pistils, 
as  in  aster,  daisy,  and  coreopsis. 

Hexa-,  in  compounds,  means  six. 

Hirsute.  Hairy  with  stiffish  or  beard-like 
hairs. 

Hispid.    Bristly:  beset  with  stiff  hairs. 

Hispidulous.     Diminutive  of  hispid. 

Hoary.     Grayish- white;   see  canescent. 

Homogamous.  A  head  or  cluster  with 
flowers  all  of  one  kind. 

Hood.    Same  as  galea. 

Hooded.     Hood-shaped;  see  cucullate. 

Hyaline.    Transparent,  or  nearly  so. 

Hypocrateriform.     Salver-shaped. 

Hypogynous.     Inserted  under  the  pistil. 

Imbricate.  Overlapping  (as  shingles  on  a 
roof),  either  vertically  or  spirally,  where 
the  lower  piece  covers  the  base  of  the 
next  higher;  or  laterally,  as  in  the  aesti- 
vation of  a  calyx  or  corolla,  where  at 
least  one  piece  must  be  wholly  external 
and  one  internal. 

Immersed.      Growing  wholly  under  water. 

Imperfect  flowers.  Wanting  either  stamens 
or  pistils. 

Inaequilateral.  Unequal-sided,  as  the  leaf 
of  begonia. 

Incanous.     Hoary  with  white  pubescence. 

Incised.    Cut  rather  deeply  and  irregularly. 

Incumbent  (embryo).  Cotyledons  with  the 
back  of  one  of  them  against  the  hypocotyl. 

Indefinite  (stamens,  etc.).  Inconstant  in 
number  or  very  numerous. 

Indehiscent.     Not  splitting  open. 

Indigenous.    Native  to  the  country. 

Indusium.  The  shield  or  covering  of  the 
sorus  ("fruit-dot")  of  a  fern. 

Inflated.     Turgid  and  bladdery. 

Inflexed.     Bent  inwards. 

Inflorescence.  The  arrangement  of  flowers 
on  the  stem;  the  flower-cluster  as  a  whole. 

Infundibuliform.     Funnel-shaped. 

Innate  (anther).  Attached  by  its  base  to 
the  apex  of  the  filament. 

Innovation.     An   incomplete   young  shoot. 

Insertion.  The  place  or  the  mode  of  at- 
tachment of  an  organ  to  its  support. 

Internode.  The  part  of  a  stem  between 
two  nodes. 

Interruptedly  pinnate.  Pinnate  with  small 
leaflets  intermixed  with  larger  ones. 

Introrse.  Turned  or  facing  inwards  (towards 
the  axis  of  the  flower). 

Involucel.    An  involucre  of  the  second  order. 

Involucrate.     Furnished  with  an  involucre. 

Involucre.  A  whorl  or  set  of  bracts  around 
a  flower,  umbel,  or  head. 

Involute.  In  vernation;  rolled  inwards 
from  the 


Keel.  A  projecting  ridge  on  a  surface, 
like  the  keel  of  a  boat;  the  two  anterior 
petals  of  a  papilionaceous  corolla. 

Labellum.  The  odd  (lower)  petal  of  or- 
chids. 

Labiate.     Same  as  bilabiate  or  two-lipped. 

Laciniate.  Slashed;  cut  into  deep  narrow 
lobes. 

Lamellar,  Lamellate.  Consisting  of  flat 
plates. 

Lamina.  A  plate  or  blade;  the  blade  of  a 
leaf. 

Lanate.  Woolly;  clothed  with  long  and 
soft  entangled  hairs. 

Lanceolate.     Lance-shaped. 

Lanuginous.     Cottony  or  woolly. 

Lax.  Loose  in  texture,  or  sparse;  the  op- 
posite of  crowded. 

Leaflet.  One  of  the  divisions  or  "blades  of 
a  compound  leaf. 

Legume.  A  simple  pod,  dehiscent  into  two 
pieces,  like  that  of  the  pea;  the  fruit  of 
the  pea  family  (Leguminosae),  of  what- 
ever shape. 

Lemma.  The  lower  of  the  two  bracts  in- 
closing the  flower  in  the  grasses;  some- 
times called  the  flowering  glume. 

Lenticular.  Lens-shaped  (convex  on  both 
sides).' 

Lepidote.  Leprous;  covered  with  scurfy 
scales. 

Ligneous,  Lignose.    Woody  in  texture. 

Ligulate.     Furnished  with  a  ligule. 

Ligule.  The  strap-shaped  corolla  in  many 
Compositae;  the  little  membranous  ap- 
pendage at  the  summit  of  the  leaf-sheaths 
of  most  grasses. 

Limb.    The  blade  of  a  leaf,  petal,  etc. 

Linear.  Narrow  and  flat,  the  margins 
parallel. 

Lingulate,    Linguiform.      Tongue-shaped. 

Lip.  The  principal  lobes  of  a  bilabiate 
corolla  or  calyx;  the  odd  and  peculiar 
petal  in  the  orchis  family. 

Lobe.  Any  projection  or  division  (es- 
pecially a  rounded  one)  of  a  leaf,  etc. 

Loculicidal  (dehiscence).  Splitting  down 
through  the  middle  of  the  back  of  each 
cell. 

Loment.  A  pod  which  separates  trans- 
versely into  joints. 

Lunate.     Crescent-shaped. 

Lunulate.     Diminutive  of  lunate. 

Lyrate.  Lyre-shaped;  an  obovate  or  spatu- 
late  pinnatifid  leaf  with  the  end-lobe 
large  and  roundish  and  the  lower  lobes 
small. 

Macrosporangium.      Same    as    megasporan- 

gium. 

Macrospore.     Same  as  megaspore. 
Marcescent.     Withering  without  falling  off. 


GLOSSARY 


617 


Masked.     See  personate. 

Megasporangium.     The  sporangium  which 

contains  megaspores. 

Megaspore.  The  larger  spore  of  hetero- 
sporous  plants  (club  mosses,  water  ferns, 
seed-plants). 

Membranaceous,     Membranous.     With    the 
texture  of  a  membrane;  thin  and  more  or 
less  translucent. 
Microsporangium.     The  sporangium  which 

contains  microspores. 

Microstore.  The  smaller  spore  of  hetero- 
sporous  plants  (club  mosses,  water  ferns, 
seed-plants). 

Midrib.     The  middle  or  main  rib  of  a  leaf. 
Monadelphous.     Stamens  united   by   their 

filaments  into  one  set. 

Moniliform.     Necklace-shaped;  a  cylindri- 
cal body  enlarged  at  intervals. 
Monocotyledonous  (embryo).     Having  only 

one  cotyledon. 
Monoecious.     With  stamens  and  pistils  in 

separate  flowers  on  the  same  plant. 
Monopetalous  (flower).    With  united  petals; 

see  gamopetalous. 
Monosepalous.     With  united  sepals;   same 

as  gamosepalous. 
Mucronate.      Tipped  with  an  abrupt  short 

point. 

Mucronidate.     Diminutive  of  mucronate. 
Multi-,  in  compounds,  means  many. 
Muricate.    Beset  with  short  and  hard  points. 
Muticous.     Pointless;   beardless;   unarmed. 

Napiform.     Turnip-shaped. 

Naturalized.  Introduced  from  a  foreign 
country,  but  growing  wild  and  propa- 
gating freely  by  seed. 

Nectariferous.  Nectar-bearing;  having  a 
nectary. 

Nectary.    An  organ  which  secretes  nectar. 

Needle-shaped.  Long,  slender,  and  rigid, 
like  the  leaves  of  pines. 

Nerve.  A  name  for  the  ribs  or  veins  of 
foliar  organs,  especially  when  simple  and 
parallel. 

Node.  A  knot;  the  joints  of  a  stem,  from 
which  the  leaves  arise. 

Nodose.    Knotty  or  knobby. 

Nodulose.     Diminutive  of  nodose. 

Nut.  A  hard,  mostly  one-seeded,  in- 
dehiscent  fruit,  as  a  chestnut,  butternut, 


Ob-,  as  a  prefix,  signifies  inversion,  as 
follows: 

Obcompressed.  Flattened  the  opposite  of 
the  usual  way. 

Obcordate.  Heart-shaped  with  the  broad 
and  notched  end  at  the  apex  instead  of 
the  base. 

Oblanceolate.  Lance-shaped  with  the  taper- 
ing point  downwards. 


Oblong.  Two  to  four  times  as  long  as  broad, 
and  more  or  less  elliptical  in  outline. 

Obovate.  Inversely  ovate,  the  broad  end 
upward. 

Obtuse.    Blunt  or  round  at  the  end. 

Ochreate.    See  ocreate. 

Ochroleucous.  Yellowish-white;  dull  cream- 
color. 

Ocrea.     A  sheathing  stipule. 

Ocreate.     Having  sheathing  stipules. 

Octogynous.     With  eight  pistils  or  styles. 

Offset.  Short  branch  next  the  ground 
which  takes  root. 

Operculate.  Furnished  with  a  lid  or  cover 
(operculum),  as  the  capsules  of  mosses. 

Opposite.  Applied  to  leaves  and  branches 
when  an  opposing  pair  occurs  at  each 
node;  to  stamens  when  directly  in  front 
of  the  petals. 

Orbicular,  Orbiculate.  Circular  in  outline  or 
nearly  so. 

Oval.     Broadly  elliptical. 

Ovate.  Shaped  like  the  section  of  an  egg 
with  the  broader  end  downwards. 

Ovoid.    A  solid  with  an  ovate  section. 

Ovule.  The  body  which  becomes  a  seed 
after  fertilization;  the  megasporangium 
of  seed-plants. 

Palea  (plural  paleae}.  Chaff;  the  inner 
husk  of  grasses;  the  chaff  or  bracts  on 
the  receptacle  of  many  Compositae. 

Palmate.  Applied  to  a  leaf  whose  leaflets, 
divisions,  or  main  ribs  all  spread  from 
the  apex  of  the  petiole,  like  a  hand  with 
outspread  fingers. 

Palmately  lobed,  cleft,  parted,  divided,  etc. 
The  varying  depths  of  division  of  a 
palmate  leaf. 

Panduriform.     Same  as  fiddle-shaped. 

Panicle  (inflorescence).  An  open  cluster 
like  a  raceme,  but  more  or  less  compound. 

Panicled,  Paniculate.  Arranged  in  panicles, 
or  like  a  panicle. 

Papilionaceous.  Butterfly-shaped;  applied 
to  such  a  corolla  as  that  of  the  pea. 

Papilla  (plural  papillae).  A  little  nipple- 
shaped  protuberance. 

Papillate,  Papillose.    Covered  with  papillae. 

Pappus.  The  modified  calyx-limb  in  Com- 
positae, forming  a  crown  of  very  various 
character  at  the  summit  of  the  achene. 

Parietal.  Attached  to  the  walls,  as  of  the 
ovary. 

Parted.  Separated  or  cleft  into  parts  al- 
most to  the  base. 

Pectinate.  Pinnatifid  or  pinnately  divided 
into  narrow  and  close  divisions,  like 
the  teeth  of  a  comb. 

Pedate.  Like  a  bird's  foot;  palmate  or 
palmately  cleft. 

Pedicel.  The  stalk  of  each  particular 
flower  of  a  cluster. 


618 


GLOSSARY 


Pedicellate,   Pediceled.      Furnished   with   a 

pedicel. 
Peduncle.      A    flower-stalk,    whether    of   a 

single  flower  or  of  a  flower-cluster. 
Peduncled,  Pedunculate.     Furnished  with  a 

peduncle. 
Peltate.     Shield-shaped;  applied  to  a  leaf, 

whatever    its    shape,    when    the    petiole 

arises  from  the  under  surface. 
Pendent.     Hanging. 

Pendulous.     Somewhat  hanging  or  droop- 
ing. 

Penicillate.    Tipped  with  a  tuft  of  fine  hairs. 
Penta-,  in  compounds,  means  five. 
Perennial.    Lasting  from  year  to  year. 
Perfect  (flower).    Having  both  stamens  and 

pistils. 
Perfoliate.    Applied  to  a  leaf  through  whose 

base  the  stem  appears  to  pass. 
Perianth.      The    floral    envelopes    of    the 

flower,  especially  when  calyx  and  corolla 

cannot  be  distinguished. 
Pericarp.     The  wall  of  the  ripened  ovary, 

which  in  many  cases  is  the  wall  of  the 

fruit. 

Perigynium.     The   inflated   sac  which   in- 
closes the  ovary  in  Carex. 
Perigynous    (flower).      Sepals,    petals,    and 

stamens  arising  from  the  rim  of  a  tube 

or  cup  surrounding  the  pistil  or  pistils. 
Persistent.  Remaining  beyond  the  period 

when  such  parts  commonly  fall. 
Personate.    Masked;  a  bilabiate  corolla  with 

a  projection  (palate)  in  the  throat,  as  of 

the   snapdragon. 

Petal.    A  constituent  member  of  the  corolla. 
Petaloid.     Petal-like;  resembling  or  colored 

like  petals. 

Petiole.    The  leaf-stalk. 
Petioled.       Petiolate.       Furnished    with    a 

petiole. 
Petiolulate.    Applied  to  a  leaflet  which  has 

its  own  stalk  (petiolule}. 
Pilose.     Hairy;    clothed  with  soft  slender 

hairs. 
Pinnate  (leaf).    Leaflets  disposed  along  the 

main    axis    of    the    leaf;    feather-veined 

(secondary  veins  arising  from  a  midrib). 
Pinnately  lobed,  cleft,  parted,  divided,  etc. 

The  varying  depths  of  division  of  a  pin- 
nate (feather-veined)  leaf. 
Pinnatifid.     Same  as  pinnately  cleft. 
Pinnule.     A  secondary  pinna;  one  of  the 

pinnately  disposed  divisions  of  a  pinna. 
Pistil.  The  seed-bearing  organ  of  the  flower. 
Pitted.  Having  small  depressions  or  pits 

on  the  surface,  as  many  seeds. 
Placenta.      The    surface    of    the    ovary    to 

which  the  ovules  are  attached. 
Plicate.    Folded  into  plaits,  usually  length- 
wise. 
Plumose.      Feathery;    when    any    slender 

body  (such  as  a  bristle  of  a  pappus)  is 


beset   with   hairs,   like   the  beard   on   a 

feather.  . 

Pluri-,    in    compounds,     means    many    or 

several. 
Pod.     Specially  a  legume;  also  applied  to 

any  sort  of  capsule. 
Poly-,  in  compounds,  means  many. 
Polygamous.      Having    some    perfect    and 

some  staminate  and  pistillate  flowers,  on 

the  same  or  on  different  individuals. 
Polymorphous.    Of  several  forms. 
Polypetalous.       With     the    petals    distinct 

(whether  few  or  many). 
Polysepalous.    When  the  sepals  are  distinct. 
Pome.      A  fleshy  fruit,  such  as  the  apple, 

pear,  haw,  etc. 
Posterior.     On  the  side  towards  the  axis; 

see  anterior. 
Prickles.    Sharp  elevations  of  the  bark,  and 

coming  off  with  it,  as  of  the  rose. 
Procumbent.     Trailing  on  the  ground. 
Produced.     Extended  or  projecting,  as  the 

upper   sepal   of   a   larkspur   is   produced 

above  into  a  spur. 
Proliferous.     A   new  branch  arising   from 

an  older  one,  or  one  head  or  cluster  of 

flowers  from  another. 
Prostrate.     Lying  flat  on  the  ground. 
Pruinose,  Pruinate.    Frosted;  covered  with 

a  powder  like  hoar-frost. 
Puberulent.     Covered  with  fine  and  short, 

almost  imperceptible  down. 
Pubescence.     Fine  and  soft'hairs. 
Pubescent.     With  pubescence. 
Pulverulent.      Dusted;    covered   apparently 

with  fine  powder. 
Pulvinate.      Cushioned,    or    shaped   like   a 

cushion. 
Punctate.    Dotted,  either  with  minute  holes 

or  apparently  so. 
Pungent.      Very   hard    and    sharp-pointed; 

prickly-pointed. 

Raceme.  A  flower-cluster  with  one-flowered 
pedicels  along  the  axis  of  inflorescence. 

Racemose.    Bearing  racemes,  or  raceme-like. 

Rachis.  An  axis  bearing  close-set  organs; 
especially  the  axis  of  a  spike. 

Radiate,  Radiant.  Furnished  with  ray- 
flowers. 

Radical.  Belonging  to  the  root,  or  ap- 
parently coming  from  the  root. 

Rameal.     Belonging  to  a  branch. 

Ray.  The  marginal  flower  of  a  head  or 
cluster  when  different  from  the  rest,  es- 
pecially when  ligulate;  the  branch  of  an 
umbel. 

Receptacle.  The  more  or  less  expanded  or 
produced  end  of  an  axis  which  bears  the 
organs  of  a  flower  or  the  collected  flowers 
of  a  head. 

Reclined.  Turned  or  curved  downwards; 
nearly  recumbent. 


GLOSSARY 


619 


Recurved.     Curved  outwards  or  backwards. 

Reflexed.     Bent  outwards  or  backwards. 

Refracted.  Bent  suddenly,  so  as  to  appear 
broken  at  the  bend. 

Regular  (flower).  All  the  parts  of  each  set 
similar. 

Reniform.     Kidney-shaped. 

Repand.     Wavy-margined. 

Retuse.  Blunted;  the  apex  not  only  obtuse 
but  somewhat  indented. 

Revolute.  Rolled  backwards,  as  the  mar- 
gins of  many  leaves. 

Rhachis.    Same  as  rachis. 

Rhizome.     A  rootstock. 

Ringent.    Grinning;  gaping  open. 

Rostrate.  Bearing  a  beak  or  a  prolonged 
appendage. 

Rosulate  (leaves).    In  a  rosette. 

Rotate.     Wheel-shaped. 

Rotund.     Rounded  or  roundish  in  outline. 

Rudimentary.  Imperfectly  developed,  or 
in  an  early  stage  of  development. 

Rugose.  Wrinkled,  roughened  with  wrinkles. 

Runcinate.  Coarsely  saw-toothed  or  cut, 
the  pointed  teeth  turned  towards  the 
base  of  the  leaf,  as  in  dandelion. 

Runner.  A  slender  and  prostrate  branch 
rooting  at  the  end  or  at  the  joints. 

Sac.  Any  closed  membrane,  or  a  deep 
purse-shaped  cavity. 

Sagittate.    Arrow-shaped. 

Salver-shaped,  Salverform.  With  a  border 
spreading  at  right  angles  to  a  sle^ler  tube. 

Samara.    A  wing-fruit  or  key,  as  of  maple. 

Saw-toothed.     See  serrate. 

Scabrous.     Rough  or  harsh  to  the  touch. 

Scale.  A  reduced  leaf-like  body  which  is  not 
green. 

Scape.  A  peduncle  rising  from  the  ground, 
naked  or  without  ordinary  foliage. 

Scorpioid,  Scorpioidal.  Curved  or  circinate 
at  the  end. 

Scurf,  Scurfiness.  Minute  scales  on  the  sur- 
face of  many  leaves. 

Scutellate,  Scutelliform.  Saucer-shaped  or 
platter-shaped. 

Secund.  One-sided,  as  where  flowers,  leaves, 
etc.,  are  all  turned  to  one  side. 

Semi-,  in  compounds,  means  half. 

Sepal.    A  constituent  member  of  the  calyx. 

Septate.     Divided  by  partitions. 

Septum  (plural  septa).  A  partition,  as  of 
a  pod,  etc. 

Sericeous.  Silky;  clothed  with  satiny  pubes- 
cence. 

Serrate,  Serrated.  With  margin  cut  into 
teeth  (serratures)  pointing  forwards. 

Serrulate.  Diminutive  of  serrate,  that  is, 
with  finer  teeth. 

Sessile.  Without  any  stalk,  as  a  leaf  desti- 
tute of  petiole,  an  anther  destitute  of 
filament,  etc. 


Seta.  A  bristle,  or  a  slender  body  resem- 
bling a  bristle. 

Sheath.  A  tubular  envelope,  as  the  lower 
part  of  the  leaf  in  grasses. 

Shield-shaped.    Same  as  peltate. 

Shrub.  A  woody  perennial,  smaller  than  a 
tree,  usually  with  several  stems. 

Silique.    The  pod  of  the  Cruciferae. 

Silky.  Glossy  with  a  coat  of  fine  and  soft, 
close-pressed,  straight  hairs. 

Silvery.  Shining  white  or  bluish-gray,  usu- 
ally from  a  silky  pubescence. 

Simple.  Of  one  piece;  opposed  to  compound. 

Sinuate.    Strongly  wavy. 

Sinus.  The  cleft  or  recess  between  two 
lobes. 

Smooth.    Without  roughness  or  pubescence. 

Soboliferous.  Bearing  shoots,  especially 
from  the  ground. 

Spadix.    A  fleshy  spike. 

Spathe.  A  bract  which  sheaths  an  inflo- 
rescence (especially  a  spadix). 

Spatulate,  Spathulate.  Shaped  like  a 
spatula. 

Spicate.  Belonging  to  or  disposed  in  a 
spike. 

Spiciform.     Resembling  a  spike  in  form. 

Spike  (inflorescence).  Like  a  raceme,  but 
with  flowers  sessile. 

Spikelet.     A  small  or  a  secondary  spike. 

Spindle-shaped.  Tapering  to  each  end,  like 
a  radish. 

Spine.  A  sharp  woody  or  rigid  outgrowth 
from  the  stem. 

Spinescent.  Tipped  by  or  degenerating  into 
spines  or  thorns. 

Spinose,  Spiniferous.     Thorny. 

Sporangium,  sporocarp.  A  spore-case,  es- 
pecially of  ferns,  mosses,  etc. 

Spore.  A  special  reproductive  cell,  which 
is  most  obvious  among  cryptogams; 
among  seed-plants  pollen  grains  are 
spores  (microspores),  but  the  obvious 
reproductive  structure  is  the  seed. 

Spur.  Any  projecting  appendage  of  the 
flower. 

Squarrose.  Where  scales,  leaves,  or  any 
appendages  spread  widely  from  the  axis 
on  which  they  are  thickly  set. 

Stamen.     The  pollen-bearing  organ. 

Staminodium.  An  abortive  stamen  or  other 
body  in  the  position  of  a  stamen. 

Standard.  The  upper  petal  of  a  papili- 
onaceous corolla. 

Stellate.  Star-like;  several  similar  parts  ra- 
diating from  a  common  center. 

Sterile.    Barren  or  imperfect. 

Stigma.  The  region  of  the  pistil  which  re- 
ceives the  pollen. 

Stipe.  The  stalk-like  support  of  a  pistil; 
the  leaf-stalk  of  a  fern. 

Stipitate.    Furnished  with  a  stipe. 

Stipulate.    Furnished  with  stipules. 


620 


GLOSSARY 


Stipules.     The  appendages  on  each  side  of 

the  base  of  certain  leaves. 
Stolon.     Trailing   or   reclined   and  rooting 

shoots. 
Stoloniferous.     Producing  stolons. 

Strap-shaped.    Long,  flat,  and  narrow. 

Striate,  Striated.  Marked  with  slender 
longitudinal  grooves  or  channels. 

Strict.  Close  and  narrow;  straight  and  nar- 
row. 

Strigose,  Strigillose.  Beset  with  appressed, 
rigid  bristles  or  hairs. 

Strobilus.  Cone;  a  multiple  fruit  in  the 
form  of  a  cone  or  head,  as  in  hop  and  pine; 
sometimes  written  strobile. 

Strophiole.     Same  as  caruncle. 

Style.  The  beak-like  prolongation  of  the 
pistil  above  the  ovary,  which  bears  the 
stigma. 

Stylopodium.  An  enlargement  at  the  base 
of  the  style,  found  in  Umbelliferae  and 
some  other  plants. 

Sub-,  as  a  prefix,  means  about,  nearly, 
somewhat;  as  subcordate,  slightly  cordate; 
subserrate,  slightly  serrate;  subaxillary, 
just  beneath  the  axil,  etc. 

Subulate.  Awl-shaped;  tapering  from  a 
broadish  or  thickish  base  to  a  sharp  point. 

Succulent.    Juicy  or  pulpy. 

Sucker.  A  shoot  from  subterranean 
branches. 

Suffrutescent.  Slightly  shrubby  or  woody 
at  the  base  only. 

Sulcate.     Grooved  longitudinally. 

Surculose.  Producing  suckers,  or  shoots  re- 
sembling them. 

Suture.  The  line  of  junction  of  contigu- 
ous parts  that  seem  to  have  grown  to- 
gether. 

Sympetalous.    With  united  petals. 

Syngenesious.  With  stamens  united  by  their 
anthers. 

Taproot.  A  stout  vertical  root  which  con- 
tinues the  main  axis  of  the  plant. 

Tawny.  Dull  yellowish,  with  a  tinge  of 
brown. 

Tendril.  A  thread-shaped  process  used  for 
climbing. 

Terete.  Same  as  cylindrical,  only  it  may 
include  tapering. 

Ternate.     In  threes,  as  in  leaf-divisions. 

Tetra-,  in  compounds,  means  four. 

Tetradynamous.  With  four  stamens  longer 
than  the  other  two. 

Thorn.    See  spine. 

Throat.  The  orifice  of  a  gamopetalous  co- 
rolla or  calyx;  the  region  between  the 
tube  proper  and  the  limb. 

Thyrse,  Thyrsus.  A  compact  and  pyrami- 
dal panicle. 

Tomentose.  Clothed  with  matted  woolly 
hairs  (tomentum). 


Toothed.  Furnished  with  teeth  or  short 
projections  of  any  sort  on  the  margin; 
used  especially  when  these  are  sharp, 
like  saw-teeth,  and  do  not  point  forwards. 

Torose,  Torulose.  Knobby;  where  a  cy- 
lindrical body  is  swollen  at  intervals. 

Torus.    The  receptacle  of  the  flower. 

TVi-,  in  compounds,  means  three. 

Trichotomous.     Three-forked. 

Trifid.    Three-cleft. 

Trigonous.     Three-angled. 

Triquetrous.  Sharply  three-angled;  and  es- 
pecially with  the  sides  concave,  like  a 
bayonet. 

Truncate.  Ending  abruptly,  as  if  cut  off 
transversely. 

Tuber.  A  thickened  portion  of  a  subter- 
ranean stem  or  branch. 

Tubercle.    A  small  excrescence. 

Tubercled,  Tuberculate.  Bearing  excres- 
cences or  pimples. 

Tuberous.     Resembling  a  tuber. 

Tumid.     Swollen;  somewhat  inflated. 

Tunicate.  Coated;  invested  with  layers,  as 
an  onion. 

Turbinate.     Top-shaped. 

Turgid.    Swollen;  thick  as  if  swollen. 

Turio  (plural  turiones).  A  young  shoot  or 
sucker  springing  out  of  the  ground. 

Twining.  Ascending  by  coiling  round  a 
support,  like  the  hop. 

Umbel.     The  umbrella-like  form  of  inflo- 


Umbellate.     In  umbels. 

Umbellet.    A  secondary  or  partial  umbel. 

Unarmed.  Destitute  of  spines,  prickles, 
and  the  like. 

Uncinate.    Hook-shaped;  hooked  at  the  end. 

Undulate.     Wavy,  or  wavy-margined. 

Unequally  pinnate.  Pinnate  with  an  odd 
number  of  leaflets. 

Unguiculate.  Furnished  with  a  claw  (a 
narrow  base). 

Uni-,  in  compounds,  means  one. 

Unisexual.  Having  only  one  kind  of  sex- 
organs;  applied  also  to  flowers  having 
only  stamens  or  pistils. 

Urceolate.     Urn-shaped. 

Utricle.  A  small,  thin-walled,  one-seeded 
fruit. 

Utricular.    Like  a  small  bladder. 

Vaginate.    Surrounded  by  a  sheath. 

Valvate.  Opening  by  valves,  as  a  capsule; 
in  aestivation,  meeting  by  the  edges  with- 
out overlapping. 

Valve.  One  of  the  pieces  into'  which  a 
dehiscent  pod,  or  any  similar  body,  splits. 

Veinlets.    The  smaller  ramifications  of  veins. 

Veins.  The  fibrovascular  strands  in  a  leaf 
or  other  organ. 

Venation.    The  veining  of  leaves,  etc. 


GLOSSARY 


621 


Ventral.  Belonging  to  the  anterior  or  inner 
face  of  an  organ;  the  opposite  of  dorsal. 

Ventricose.  Inflated  or  swollen  on  one 
side. 

Versatile  (anther).  Attached  near  the  mid- 
dle and  turning  freely  on  its  support. 

Verticil.     A  whorl. 

Verticillate.    »Whorled. 

Vesicle.    A  little  bladder. 

VexUlum.  The  standard  of  a  papilionaceous 
flower. 

Villose.     Shaggy  with  long  and  soft  hairs. 


Vine.    Any  trailing  or  climbing  stem. 
Virgate.    Wand-shaped,  as  a  long,  straight, 

and  slender  twig. 
Viscid.     Glutinous,  sticky. 
Vitta  (plural  vittae).     The  oil-tube  of  the 

fruit  of  Umbelliferae. 

Wedge-shaped.  Broad  above  and  tapering 
by  straight  lines  to  a  narrow  base. 

Wing.     Any  membranous  expansion. 

Woolly.  Clothed  with  long  and  entangled 
soft  hairs. 


INDEX 


Latin  names  of  families  are  in  SMALL  CAPITALS.     Synonyms  and  names  of  plants 
merely  mentioned  are  in  italics. 


Abies                       28 

Actinella               558 

divergens               79 

canadensis         114 

concolor               28 

acaulis               558 

Gmelini                80 

cernuum             114 

lasiocarpa            29 

carnosa              559 

occidentale          81 

dictyotum           114 

subalpina             29 

depressa             558 

pseudorepens      80 

fibrosum              114 

Abronia                  174 

epunctata          560 

Scribneri              79 

Geyeri                114 

ammophila        175 

eradiata             559 

spicatum              79 

Nuttallii            114 

Bakeri               175 

fastigiata           560 

subvillosum         81 

recurvatum         114 

Carletonii           175 

grandiflora         561 

tenerum               80 

reticulatum       114 

carnea                 175 

incana                559 

violaceum            80 

rubrum              114 

cycloptera          175 

lanata                559 

Agrostemma          180 

Schoenoprasum 

elliptica             175 

leptoclada         560 

Gigatho             180 

114 

fattax                  175 

linearis               560 

Agrostis                    57 

sibiricum           114 

fragrans             175 

Richardsonii     561 

alba                      57 

Allocarya               414 

glabra                 175 

scaposa               560 

asperifolia            57 

Nelsonii             415 

micrantha          175 

simplex              558 

depressa               57 

scopulorum       414 

pumila                1  75 

Torreyana         559 

exarata                 57 

Alnus                      140 

salsa                   175 

Adder's      Tongue 

hiemalis                58 

tenuifolia           140 

Abutilon                318 

Family             17 

humilis                 57 

Alopecurus 

AbutUon             319 

Adiantum                19 

idahoensis            58 

fulvus                   53 

Avicennae          319 

capillus-veneris  19 

melaleuca            58 

geniculatus           53 

parvulum          319 

pedatum              19 

Rossae                  57 

occidentalis         54 

Acer                       313 

Adopogon               589 

scabra                   58 

Alpine  Avens        250 

glabrum             314 

virginicum         589 

Thurberiana        57 

Alpine  Fir                29 

grandidentatum 

Adoxa                    472 

Aira                          67 

Alsike  Clover        278 

314 

Moschatellina   472 

obtusata                67 

Alsine                     182 

Negundo            314 

ADOXACEAE           472 

AIZOACEAE             176 

baicalensis         183 

ACERACEAE                313 

Agastache              428 

Alder                      140 

calycantha          183 

Acerates                386 

anethiodora       428 

Aletes                     351 

Alsinopsis              185 

angustifolia       387 

urticifolia          428 

acaulis                352 

macrantha          186 

auriculata         386 

Agoseris                  598 

humilis               352 

obtusiloba           186 

stenophylla        387 

agrestis               599 

obovata           /  352 

propinqua          186 

viridiflora          386 

altissima            599 

Alfalfa                    277 

Alumroot               234 

Achillea                 564 

attenuate            598 

Alfilaria                  304 

Amaranth  Family 

alpicola              564 

arachnoidea       599 

Alisma                      37 

170 

lanulosa             564 

carnea                599 

brevipes                37 

AMARANTHACEAE 

millefolium       564 

elongata              599 

Plantago-aquatica 

170 

Acnida                   171 

Greenei               599 

37 

Amaranthus          170 

tamariscina       171 

humilis               599 

ALISMACEAE           37 

albus                   171 

tuberculata         171 

laciniata            599 

Allionia                  173 

blitoides             171 

Aconite                   195 

Leontodon          599 

diffusa                174 

graecizans          171 

Aconitum               195 

maculata            598 

divaricata           174 

hybridus            171 

atrocyaneum      195 

montana             600 

floribunda          173 

Palmeri              171 

Bakeri               195 

Nuttallii            599 

glandulifera       174 

Powellii              171 

Columbian  um    195 

pubescens           598 

hirsuta               173 

retroflexus         170 

insigne               195 

rostrata               599 

incamata            174 

spinosus              171 

lutescens           195 

roseata                599 

lanceolata         174 

Torreyi               171 

porrectum           195 

scorzoneraefolia 

linearis               174 

Wrightii             171 

ramosum           195 

599 

nyctaginea        173 

Amarella                382 

Acrapteris 

villosa                598 

pilosa                  173 

scopulorum        382 

septentrionale      22 

Agrimonia             263 

sessilifolia          174 

Ambrosia               541 

Acrolasia               324 

Brittoniana       263 

Allioniella              172 

artemisiaefolia 

latifolia              324 

Eupatoria          263 

oxybaphoides     173 

541 

Actaea                   190 

Agrimony              263 

Allium                    113 

psilostachya      541 

arguta                190 

Agropyron               79 

acuminatum      115 

tomentosa            542 

eburnea              190 

Bakeri                  80 

arenicola             114 

trifida                 541 

rubra                 190 

caninum              79 

Brandegei          114 

Amelanchier         265 

viridiflora          190 

dasystachyum    81 

brevistylum      114 

alnifolia             266 

624 


INDEX 


Bakeri               266 

Roseana            356 

hypericifolium  386 

dispar               294 

crenata               266 

Anorga                   338 

lividum               386 

foliolosus            293 

elliptica             266 

albicaulis           338 

scopulorum        385 

gracilis               294 

glabra                266 

Buffumii           338 

Apple                     265 

inflatus              294 

oreophila           266 

cinerea               399 

Family               265 

lagopus              293 

polycarpa           266 

coronopifolia     339 

Thorn                 436 

Lambertii          295 

prunifolia          266 

latifolia              339 

Wild  Balsam     472 

monticola          294 

pumila               266 

neo-mexicana  339 

Aquilegia                190 

multiceps          293 

rubescens            266 

Nuttallii            339 

brevistyla            192 

nanus                 293 

American  Aspen  128 

pallida               339 

caerulea             191 

Parryi                 294 

American  Cowslip 

rhizomata          338 

canadensis         191 

patens                 294 

375 

trichocalyx        339 

chrysantha        191 

podocarpus       294 

American  Ivy       316 

violacea              338 

Eastwoodiae     191 

Richardsonii     295 

American  Laurel  370 

Vreelandii         339 

ecalcarata           191 

saximontana      295 

Ammannia            332 

Antennaria            533 

elegantula          191 

sericeus              295 

coccinea            332 

anaphaloides      537 

flavescens          191 

villosus              295 

latifolia             332 

aprica                536 

Jonesii                192 

viscidulus          294 

Amorpha               295 

arida                  535 

lareniensis         191 

viscidus             294 

canescens          296 

bracteosa           535 

leptocera             191 

Aralia                     346 

fruticosa            296 

concinna            535 

oreophila            191 

nudicaulis         346 

microphylla       296 

corvmbosa         535 

saximontana     192 

ARALIACEAE         346 

nana                   296 

dimorpha           537 

thalictrifolia       191 

Arceuthobium      145 

Amphilophis           42 

ftavescens           534 

Arabis                    225 

americanum      145 

Torreyanus          42 

foliacea               535 

aprica                 228 

cryptopodum    145 

Ampelopsis            316 

fusca                  534 

Brebneriana      225 

cyanocarpum    146 

quinquefolia     316 

Holmii               536 

caduca               229 

divaricatum      145 

Amsonia                 385 

Howellii             536 

canescens           228 

Douglasii           145 

texana               385 

luzuloides          537 

Crandallii           227 

Arctostaphylos     371 

ANACARDIACEAE  312 

marginata          536 

connexa             226 

uva-ursi             371 

Anaphalis              537 

media                 534 

consanguinea     228 

Arenaria                185 

margaritacea      537 

microphylla        535 

demissa              227 

aequicaulis        185 

subalpina          537 

murconata          534 

densicaulis         227 

biflora                 186 

Andropogon            42 

nardina               535 

divaricarpa       226 

confusa              186 

furcatus               42 

oblancifolia       536 

Drummondii     226 

congesta             185 

Hallii                   42 

obovata             536 

elegans                228 

Eastwoodiae       187 

scoparius             42 

oblanceolata      537 

eremophila        229 

Fendleri             187 

Torreyanus          43 

oxyphylla          536 

exilis                   228 

Hookeri             187 

Androsace             374 

parvifolia           535 

Fendleri             229 

lateriflora           187 

capillaris            375 

pulcherrima       537 

formosa              228 

macrantha         186 

Chamajaseme    374 

racemosa           536 

fructicosa          227 

Nuttallii            186 

diffusa               375 

reflexa               534 

glabra                 226 

pinetorum           1  87 

filiformis            375 

rosea                  534 

hirsuta               227 

polycaulos          186 

occidentalis       375 

rosulata             536 

Holboellii          228 

propinqua          186 

pinetorum          375 

scariosa             536 

Lemmonii          227 

pungens              186 

puberulenta      375 

Sierrae-blancae 

lignifera             229 

sajanensis          186 

septentrionalis  375 

536 

lignipes              229 

saxosa                186 

subumbellata    375 

umbrinella        534 

Lyallii                226 

Tweedyi            186 

Anemone                195 

Anthemis              564 

microphylla      227 

uintahensis        187 

canadensis         196 

cotula                564 

Nuttallii            227 

verna                  186 

cylindrica          196 

Anticlea                  118 

oblanceolata     228 

Argemone              205 

dichotoma           196 

Aphyllon       463,  464 

oxylobula          227 

bipinnatifida     205 

globosa              196 

Apinus                     27 

oxyphylla           226 

intermedia        206 

lithophila           196 

albicaulis             27 

pendulocarpa     228 

platyceras  205,  206 

multifida            196 

flexilis                  27 

perelegans         228 

Argentina              254 

nardssiflora       196 

Aplopappus 

perfoliata           226 

anserina             254 

nemorosa            196 

499,  501,  502,  504 

recondita           227 

argentea            254 

parviflora          196 

acaulis                503 

rhodantha         228 

Argythamnia         308 

patens                 197 

crocea                 499 

rugocarpa          227 

humilis              308 

quinquefolia      196 

Fremontii          501 

Selbyi                 229 

Aristida                    47 

stylosa               196 

Nuttallii             499 

spathulata          227 

longiseta              48 

tetonensis          196 

Parryi               504 

Aragallus              292 

oligantha             47 

zephyra             196 

rubiginosus        498 

albiflorus           295 

Arnica                   571 

Angelica                355 

APOCYNACEAE      385 

alpicola             295 

alpina                574 

ampla                356 

Apocynum             385 

angustatus         295 

arcana               574 

dilatata             356 

ambigens            385 

Besseyi               294 

aurantiaca         574 

Grayi                 355 

androsaemifolium 

Blankinshipii    294 

caespitosa          574 

Lyallii                355 

385 

collinus              293 

celsa                   574 

pinnata              355 

cannabinuru      385 

deflexus             293 

chamissonis       573 

INDEX 


625 


coloradensis       573 

pedatifida         567 

ciliomarginatus 

Wootoni             516 

cordifolia           572 

pudica                569 

517 

xylorhiza            51  1 

eradiate              575 

Purshiana         569 

commutatus     515 

Astragalus             280 

exigua                573 

rhizomata           569 

conspicuus         514 

aboriginorum    285 

foliosa                573 

saxicola              568 

Cordineri           515 

acerbus                291 

fulgens              574 

scopulorum       567 

corymbiformis   517 

aculeatua          290 

gracilis               572 

Scouleriana       567 

crassulus            515 

adsurgens           284 

grandifolia         572 

silvicola              569 

culminis             513 

alpinus               285 

lanulosa             573 

spiciformis        570 

cusickii              517 

americanus        288 

latifolia              572 

spinescens         566 

denudatus          517 

amphioxus        287 

longifolia           574 

spithamaea        567 

elegans              513 

anisus                283 

macillenta          573 

stenoloba            568 

Engelmannii     513 

argophyllus        287 

mollis                 573 

subglabra          568 

ericaefolius        522 

artipes               288 

monocephala      574 

tridentata          570 

exiguus               515 

asclepiadoides  286 

ocreata                574 

trifida                 570 

falcatus               51  5 

Beckwithii         287 

paniculata         572 

tripartita            570 

Fendleri             514 

Bigelovii            283 

Parryi                575 

Underwoodii     569 

fluvialis              516 

bisulcatus          289 

parvifolia           573 

viscidula            570 

foliaceus             518 

Bodinii               292 

pedunculate       574 

Wrightii             568 

Fremontii          517 

brevicaulis         284 

platyphylla        572 

Aruncus                 249 

frondeus            518 

caespitosus        290 

polycephala       574 

.Arwnctts             250 

frondosus           513 

calycosus           284 

pumila                572 

Sylvester           249 

fulcratus            518 

campestris         291 

rhizomata          573 

ASCLEPIADACEAE 

Geyeri                516 

canadensis          283 

rivularis             573 

386 

glastifolius         518 

candicans           284 

Rydbergii          574 

Asclepias               387 

glaucus               513 

carolinianus      283 

stricta               '574 

arenaria             388 

Golden               491 

caryocarpus      283 

subplumosa       573 

brachystephana 

griseolus            517 

ceramicus          288 

sylvatica             573 

388 

griseus                515 

cerussatus         288 

tentm                 574 

cryptoceras       388 

hebecladus        515 

chamaeluce       286 

tomentulosa        573 

curvipes             388 

incanopilosus    515 

cibarus               287 

ventorum          572 

galioides            389 

incertus              518 

coloradensis       283 

Arrow  Grass  Family 

Hallii                 388 

integrifolius      514 

convallarius       291 

36 

incarnata           388 

Kingii                 513 

dementis           291 

Arrowhead              37 

Jamesii              388 

Kumleinii          514 

crassicarpus      283 

Artemisia              565 

latifolia             388 

laetevirens         516 

cyaneus              286 

arbuscula           570 

pumila               389 

laetevirens          518 

decumbens        291 

aromatica          567 

speciosa             388 

laevis                 516 

decurrens           291 

Bakeri                569 

tuberosa            387 

Lindleyanus      516 

desperatus         285 

biennis               568 

verticillata        389 

lonchophyllus     51  7 

diphysus             284 

Bigelovii            570 

Asclepiodora         389 

longifolius         517 

diversifolius      291 

borealis             567 

decumbens       389 

majusculus        517 

Drummondii     285 

Brittonii            569 

Ash                269,  378 

meritus              518 

Eastwoodiae     288 

cana                    570 

Green                378 

multiflorus        515 

elatiocarpus      289 

canadensis         567 

Mountain           269 

Nelsonii             517 

elegans               286 

candicans           569 

Ash  Trees              378 

novae-angliae  514 

exilifolius           290 

coloradensis       568 

Aspen            127,  128 

Nuttallii            517 

Fendleri             292 

discolor              569 

American          128 

oblongifolius     514 

flaviflorus          290 

diversifolia        569 

Aspidium                 21 

orthophyllus       517 

flavus                  290 

dracuculoides     567 

Filix-mas             21 

Osterhoutii         516 

flexuosus           291 

elatior                 570 

Asplenium 

paniculatus        516 

Fremontii          285 

filifolia               567 

Andrewsii            22 

Parryi                 511 

Geyeri 

floccosa              569 

filix-foemina       22 

pauciflorus        513 

giganteus            285 

Forwoodii          567 

septentrionale     22 

polycephalus      515 

gilviflorus           292 

franserioides     569 

trichomanes        22 

Porteri               516 

glabriusculus    285 

frigida               567 

viride                    22 

pratincola           517 

glareosus            287 

gnaphalodes      568 

Aster                     511 

proximus           518 

goniatus              284 

ffracilenta           569 

adscendens       517 

ptarmicoides     515 

gracilis               290 

kansana             568 

adsurgens           515 

pulchellus           522 

gr  dilator             291 

fctffloba               569 

alpinus               513 

Richardsonii     518 

Grayi                 290 

ludoviciana       569 

andinus              513 

salicifolius         516 

Hallii                 291 

mexicana           569 

Andrewsii          514 

scopulorum        522 

Haydenianus    289 

natronensis       568 

angustus            513 

spathulatus        517 

humillimus        289 

norvegica            568 

apricus               518 

subracemosus    517 

hylophilus         294 

nova                  570 

armeriaefolius  517 

subspathulatus  517 

hypoglottis-       284 

pabularis           569 

Burkei               517 

tanacetifolius     519 

ineptus               284 

Parryi               568 

caerulescens      516 

Tweedyi        '     517 

jejunus              289 

Pattersonii        568 

campestris        514 

Underwoodii     517 

junceus              291 

paucicephala     569 

Canbyi              517 

vallicola             517 

junciformis        291 

ROCKY  MT.  BOT. — 40 


626 


INDEX 


Kentrophyta      290 

Nuttallii           168 

flaccidum          199 

Black  Willow       129 

leptaleus           289 

oblanceolata       168 

longirostre        199 

Bladder  Pod         218 

lingulatus           290 

occidentalis        167 

trichophyllum  199 

Double              217 

lonchocarpus    292 

odontophora       167 

Bean  Caper  Family 

Bladderwort  Family 

lotiflorus           289 

pabularis           168 

306 

462 

Macounii           286 

patula                166 

Bearberry             371 

Blazing  Star         487 

megacarpus      288 

philonitra          167 

Beard  Grass     56,  42 

Blepharineuron      56 

microcystis        289 

spatiosa             166 

Beard-tongue       439 

tricholepis           56 

microlobus        290 

subspicata         166 

Beckmannia            64 

Blepharipappus    553 

missouriensis     286 

Suckleyana       166 

erucaeformis       64 

glandulosus        553 

niollissimus       283 

truncata             166 

Bedstraw               466 

Blitum                   163 

multiflarus         291 

volutans             167 

Beech  Family       141 

capitatum         1  63 

Newberryi         287 

Wolfii                 166 

Beggar's  Ticks     550 

hastatum            163 

nitidus               284 

Aulospermum       358 

Bent  Grass             57 

Bluebell  Family  473 

Nuttallianus     284 

angustum          359 

BERBERIDACEAE  204 

Blueberries           372 

oreophilus          283 

ibapense            359 

Berberis                204 

Blue-eyed  Grass  122 

oroboides            286 

longipes             358 

aquifolium         204 

Blue  Flag              121 

Parryi                287 

planosum           359 

Fendleri            204 

Blue  Grass              69 

Pattersonii        286 

purpureum        359 

Fremontii          204 

Blue  Spruce            28 

pauciflorus        291 

Autumn  Willow  130 

repens                 204 

Blue-stem                42 

pectinatus         289 

Avena                       61 

Berry             250,  332 

Blue  Vervain        425 

pictus                288 

americana            62 

Buffalo              332 

Bog  Rush              109 

proximus           292 

fatua                    62 

Salmon              250 

Bolophyta             540 

prunifer             283 

Mortoniana         62 

Berula                   352 

alpina                540 

Purshii              287 

sativa                   62 

erecta                 352 

Borage  Family    410 

racemosus         285 

striata                  62 

Betula                   140 

BORAGINACEAE      410 

Robbinsii           286 

Avens                    262 

Andrewsii          140 

Bossekia                250 

scaposus            284 

Alpine                    250 

fontinalis           140 

deliciosa             250 

scopulorum       285 

Awl  wort                211 

glandulosa         140 

parviflora          250 

salidae               292 

occidentalis        140 

Botrychium             17 

sericoleucus      292 

Baccharis              532 

papyrifera         140 

Coulteri               17 

Shearis              286 

Emoryi              533 

BETULACEAE         139 

lanceolatum        17 

Shortianus        286 

glutinosa            532 

Bicuculla               206 

Lunaria                17 

simplicifolius    290 

salicina               532 

Bidens                   550 

simplex                17 

sparsiflorus       285 

Wrightii            532 

Bigelovii            511 

Bottle  Brush        345 

spatulatus          290 

Bahia                     556 

bipinnata           551 

Bouteloua               63 

succulentus       283 

chrysanthemoides 

cermia               551 

hirsuta                 63 

sulphurescens  284 

557 

chrysanthemoides 

oligostachya        63 

tenellus             290 

dissecta             557 

551 

polystachya        63 

tenuifolius         291 

neo-mexicana  557 

comosa              551 

prostrata             63 

terminalis          284 

nudicaulis          556 

frondosa            551 

racemosa              64 

tridactylicus     292 

oppositifolia      556 

glaucescens       550 

Box  Elder             314 

triflorus             288 

Ball  Cactus           326 

tenuisecta         551 

Boykinia               238 

triphyllus          292 

Balm                      315 

vulgata              551 

heucheriformis  238 

uintensis            287 

Mountain          315 

Bigelovia                496 

Jamesii              238 

utahensis           287 

Balsam            29,  128 

graveolens           496 

Brachiaria               44 

vexilliflexus       291 

Balsamorrhiza      545 

Bindweed              393 

obtusa                 44 

virgultulus         284 

fioccosa              546 

Hedge               393 

Brachyactis           51  1 

viridis                290 

hirsute               546 

Trailing             393 

hybrida              516 

Wetherillii        288 

Hookeri             546 

Birch                     140 

Bracken                   19 

Wingatensis      291 

incana                546 

Canoe                140 

Brake                      19 

Wolfii                290 

macrophylla     546 

Family              139 

Cliff                      20 

Atheropogon           64 

sagittata           545 

Mountain  Bog  140 

Rock                    18 

curtipendula       64 

terebinthaceae    546 

Paper                 140 

Brassica                214 

Atragene                198 

tomentosa          546 

Rocky  Mountain 

arvensis             215 

repens                 198 

Balsam-root          545 

140 

nigra                   215 

tenutioba            198 

Baneberry             190 

Bistorta                 156 

Brauneria              543 

Atriplex                 165 

Barbarea               215 

Bitter  Cress          216 

angustifolia       543 

aptera                167 

americana         215 

Bitterroot              179 

Brickellia              486 

argentea            167 

vulgaris              215 

Bitterweed            541 

albicaulis           287 

canescens           167 

Barberry  Family  204 

Blackberries          251 

ambigens           486 

carnosa              166 

Barley                      81 

Black  Bindweed  160 

atractyloides     487 

confertifolia      167' 

Wild                    82 

Black  Bunch-grass 

grandiflora        486 

corrugata            168 

Barnyard  Grass     45 

43 

humilis              487 

cuneata             167 

Bastard  Toadflax 

Black-eyed  Susan 

linifolia              487 

eremicola            168 

146 

544 

microphylla      487 

hastata              166 

Batrachium          198 

Black  Mustard     215 

scaber                  487 

hortensis            166 

confervoides     199 

Black  Sage            570 

umbellatus         48C 

INDEX 


627 


Wrightii            487 

Wild                  210 

Campion                180 

adusta                 105 

Bristle-cone  Pine  27 

CACTACKAE           326 

Canada  Fleabane  532 

alpina                  100 

Brittle  Fern            21 

Cactus                   326 

Canary  Grass          47 

aperta                   98 

Brodiaea               115 

Ball                    326 

Canoe  Birch          140 

aquatilis              97 

Douglasii           115 

Family              326 

Caper  Family        231 

aristata               05 

Brome  Grass          76 

Cactus                   327 

Capnoides              206 

athrostachya    104 

Quake                 77 

radiosus             327 

Capnorea               406 

atrata                  99 

Bromus                   76 

Calamagrostis         58 

pumila               406 

aurea                    94 

breviaristatus       78 

canadensis           58 

CAPPARIDACEAE   231 

Backii                 93 

brizaeformis           77 

hyperborea          59 

CAPRIFOLIACEAE  468 

bella                     99 

ciliatus                78 

inexpansa            59 

Capsella                 220 

Bigelovii              98 

inermis                 77 

montanensis        59 

bursa-pastoris  220 

Bonplandi         104 

Kalmii                78 

neglecta               59 

Cardamine             216 

brunnescens       103 

marginatus          78 

purpurascens      59 

Breweri              217 

canescens           103 

polyanthus          78 

scopulorum         60 

cardiophylla      217 

capillaris              95 

Porteri                 78 

Scribneri              58 

cordifolia           217 

cephaloidea        101 

Pumpellianus     77 

Suksdorfii            59 

hirsute,               217 

chalciolepis          99 

purgans                78 

Calamovilla             60 

infausta             217 

deflexa                 92 

racemosus            77 

longifolia             60 

pennsylvanica  217 

Deweyana         103 

Richardsonii       78 

Calandrinia           179 

unijuga              217 

disticha               103 

secalinus             77 

pygmaea             179 

vallicola             217 

Douglasii           103 

tectorum              77 

Calceolaria             324 

Carduus                 584 

durifolia               93 

Brookweed            377 

verticillata         324 

acaulescens        586 

ebenea                 104 

Broom  Rape  Family 

Callirhoe                316 

americanus        585 

echinata              104 

,463 

involucrata       316 

araneosus           585 

elongate              103 

Bryanthus            370 

Callisteria              400 

arvensis             584 

elynoides              92 

Buchloe                   64 

collina                400 

bipinnatus         586 

Engelmannii       96 

dactyloides         64 

flavida                400 

canovirens          585 

f  estiva                104 

Buckbean  Family 

formosissima     400 

centaureae          585 

festucacea         105 

384 

leucantha           400 

coloradensis       585 

filifolia                  92 

Buckbrush            470 

pulchejla            400 

Drummondii     585 

filiformis              95 

Buckthorn  Family 

CALLITRICHACEAE 

Eatonii               585 

foetida               101 

314 

311 

erosus                 585 

frigida                  95 

Buckwheat   147,  160 

Callitriche             312 

filipendulus       587 

Gayana              103 

Climbing  False 

autumnalis        31  2 

floccosus             587 

Geyeri                  93 

160 

bifida                 312 

Flodmanii          587 

gravida               101 

Family              147 

palustris            312 

foliosus              585 

gynocrates          100 

Bud-brush             566 

verna                  312 

griseus                585 

Hoodii                101 

Buffalo  Berry       332 

Calochortus           116 

Hookerianus     585 

Hookeriana       101 

Buffalo  Bur          436 

Gunnisonii         117 

Kelseyi               585 

hystricina            96 

Buffalo  Grass         64 

Nuttallii            117 

lanceolatus        586 

illota                   104 

Bugseed                 163 

Caltha                    190 

leucopsis            586 

incurva               101 

Bulbilis                   64 

chionophila        190 

megacephalus  587 

Jonesii                102 

Bull  Thistle          586 

leptosepala         190 

nebraskensis      587 

lagopina             104 

Bulrush                    85 

rotundifolia       190 

Nelsonii             586 

lanuginosa           95 

Bunch-flower  Family 

Caltrop                   306 

neo-mexicanus 

leporina              105 

117 

Calymenia             173 

586 

leptalea               94 

Buplerum              350 

decumbens          173 

oblanceolatus     587 

Liddonii             105 

americanum      350 

Calypso                 123 

ochrocentrus     587 

longirostris          95 

purpureum        350 

borealis               124 

oreophilus          586 

marcida    ,          102 

ranunculoides    350 

bulbosa              123 

Osterhoutii         585 

melanocephala  100 

Bur                  46,  436 

Calyptridium        178 

Parryi                 586 

misandra             99 

Buffalo              436 

roseum              178 

perplexans         585 

monile                  96 

Sand                    46 

Calyxhymenia       173 

plattensis          585 

multinoda          104 

Bur  Marigold        550 

aggregata            173 

pulchella            586 

muricata            101 

Bur  Oak                141 

Cam  a.  -sin                  115 

pulcherrimus     585 

nebraskensis       97 

Bur-reed  Family    32 

esculenta           115 

scariosus            585 

nigricans              91 

Bursa                     220 

Camelina               220 

scopulorum        585 

nova                    99 

Bush  Morning-glory 

sativa                220 

spathulatus        586 

obtusata              94 

393 

Campanula           473 

Tracyi                586 

occidentalis       101 

Butter  and  Eggs  438 

aparinoides       473 

truncatus            586 

oreocharis             92 

Butterbur             571 

Parryi                473 

Tweedyi             585 

Parryana             99 

Buttercup             199 

petiolata            473 

undulatus          587 

pennsylvanica    92 

Family              189 

planiflora           473 

viridiflorus         585 

petasata            105 

Nuttall's           203 

rotundifolia      473 

Carex                       89 

physocarpa         97 

Trailing              202 

uniflora             473 

abbreviata          94 

polytrichoides      94 

CAMPANULACEAE 

ablata                 95 

pratensis            105 

Cabbage               210 

473 

acutina               98 

praticola            105 

628 


INDEX 


pulla                     96 

Lindheimeri      459 

parvifolius         246 

Chionophila           449 

pyrenaica            91 

linearis               461 

Cereus                    329 

Jamesii              449 

Redowskyana  100 

lineata                461 

conoideus           329 

Chokecherry         270 

Reynolds!!           99 

longispica          460 

phoeniceus         329 

Choir  ocrambe         211 

rhomboidea          98 

luteovirens         461 

Chaenactis             557 

hastatus              211 

rigida                    98 

miniata              458 

achilleaefolia     557 

Chondrophylla     380 

Rossii                  93 

minor                 458 

alpina                 557 

americana         380 

rupestris              93 

obtusiloba           460 

Douglasii           557 

Fremontii          380 

Sartwellii           102 

occidentalis       461 

pedicularia        557 

Chrysanthemum  565 

saxatilis               96 

pallescens          461 

scaposa               559 

Leucanthemum 

scirpoidea            92 

pallida               459 

stevioides          557 

565 

scoparia             105 

pilifera               460 

Chaetochloa            45 

Chrysopogon            43 

scopulorum         98 

pilosa                 460 

composita            46 

nutans                  43 

siccata               102 

puberula            461 

viridis                   46 

Chrysopsis             491 

stellulata            104 

rhexifolia          460 

Chamaebatiaria    249 

alpicola              493 

stenophylla       101 

sessiliflora          458 

millefolium        249 

amplifolia          493 

sterilis                104 

Suksdorfii          460 

Chamaechaenactis 

arida                   492 

stipata               102 

sulphurea          461 

559 

asprella              492 

straminea           105 

trinervis             459 

scaposa               559 

Bakeri                492 

tenella               100 

Tweedyi             460 

Chamaenerion      334 

caudata              493 

tenuirostris       104 

villosa                 460 

angustifolium  334 

compacta            493 

teretruscula      102 

wyomingensis    461 

latifolium          334 

Cooperi              493 

Tolmiei               98 

Catabrosa                67 

Chamaerhodos      252 

depressa             493 

Torreyi                94 

aquatica               67 

erecta                253 

floribunda          492 

Irichocarpa          96 

Catchfly                 180 

Chamaesaracha    435 

foliosa                493 

umbellata            93 

Night-blooming 

conioides           435 

fulcrata             493 

utriculata            97 

181 

coronopus          435 

hirsutissima      492 

vallicola             100 

Catmint                  428 

sordida               435 

hirtella               527 

variabilis             98 

Catnip                    428 

Charlock                215 

hispida               492 

vesicaria               96 

Cat-tail  Family      31 

Cheat                       77 

horrida               492 

vulgaris                98 

Caulanthus            210 

Cheeses         ,         317 

imbricata           493 

Carpet  Weed  Family 

crassicaulis        210 

Cheilanthes             20 

incana                493 

176 

hastatus             210 

Feei       -              20 

mollis                 493 

Carrion  Flower     121 

Ceanothus             315 

Fendleri               20 

pedunculata       493 

Carum                    351 

Fendleri            315 

lanuginosa           20 

pumila               493 

Carui                  351 

mollissimus       315 

Cheiranthus           230 

resinolens          493 

Gairdneri           351 

ovatus                 315 

aridus                 230 

villosa                493 

Garrettii            351 

pubescens           315 

Bakeri                230 

viscida                492 

Hallii                352 

subsericeus         315 

CHENOPODIACEAE 

Chrysosplenium    237 

montanum        351 

velutinus           315 

160 

alternifolium     237 

CARYOPHYLLACEAE 

CELASTRACEAE     313 

Chenopodium        160 

tetrandrum       237 

180 

Celtis                     143 

album                161 

Chrysothamnus    494 

Caryopitys               27 

occidentalis       143 

aridum               162 

affinis                 496 

edulis                    27 

Cenchrus                  46 

Botrys                161 

albicaulis           496 

monophytta          27 

tribuloides           46 

capitatum           163 

Bakeri                496 

Cassiope                369 

Centaury               379 

cornutum           161 

Bigelovii           496 

Mertensiana      370 

Cerastium              184 

desiccatum        162 

collinus              497 

Castilleja               457 

arvense              185 

Fremontii          162 

confinis              496 

angustifolia       460 

beeringinaum    184 

glaucum            161 

depressus          496 

brachyantha     458 

brachypodium  184 

hybridum          161 

elegans               495 

brevifiora            458 

Buffumae          184 

incanum             162 

falcatus              497 

brunnescens       459 

Earlei                 185 

leptophyllum    162 

filifolius             495 

Buffumii            459 

effusum              184 

olidum               161 

frigidus              497 

chromosa           458 

elongatum         184 

rubrum               162 

glaucus              495 

cognata               458 

fuegianum         184 

subglabrum       162 

graveolens         496 

collina                458 

longipeduncu- 

succosum           162 

Greenei              495 

confusa              459 

latum            184 

Watsonii           161 

Howardii           496 

crista-galli         458 

nutans               184 

Wolfii                162 

laetevirens          497 

dubia                 460 

occidental         185 

Cherry                    269 

lanceolatus        495 

exilis                  457 

oreophilum        185 

Ground              433 

leucocladus        495 

fasciculata         460 

scopulorum        185 

Sand                  270 

linifolius            494 

flava                  458 

CERATOPHYLLACEAE 

Wild  Red          270 

nauseosus         496 

gloriosa              459 

189 

Chess                       77 

Newberryi         496 

Haydenii           459 

Ceratophyllum     189 

Chickasaw  Plum  269 

oreophilus         497 

integra               459 

demersum         189 

Chickweed    182,  184 

Parryi                497 

lancifolia           460 

Cercocarpus          246 

Chicory                  587 

patens                 496 

lauta                 459 

intricatus          246 

Chimaphila           368 

pinifolius          497 

linariaefolia      458 

ledifolius           246 

umbellata         368 

plattensis          497 

INDEX 


G29 


puberulus          495 

Sweet                 277 

Cone-flower  544,  545 

coloradoides     268 

pulcherrimus    497 

White                278 

Conioselinum        354 

Doddsii              268 

pumilus             495 

White  Sweet     277 

scopulorum       355 

Douglasii           267 

scoparius           495 

Yellow  Sweet   277 

Conmitella             236 

erythropoda       268 

speciosus           496 

Club  Moss  Family  25 

CONVALLARIACEAE 

occidentalis       268 

Vaseyi               495 

Cnicus                    584 

119 

rivularis             267 

virens                 497 

eriocephalus       585 

CONVOLVULACEAE 

saligna               267 

wyomingensis  497 

hesperius            585 

392 

Sheridana          268 

Chylisma               343 

Parryi               585 

Convolvulus         393 

Wheeleri            267 

scapoidea          343 

undulatus          587 

arvenis              393 

Creeping  Winter- 

Cichorium              587 

Cockle                    182 

incanus              393 

green             371 

Intybus              588 

Corn                  J80 

repens               393 

Creosote  Bush      306 

Cinna                       56 

Wheat               182 

sepium               393 

Crepis                    592 

arundinacea        56 

Cocklebur              542 

Corallorhiza          126 

acuminata         593 

latifolia               56 

Coeloglossum        124 

innata                127 

alpicola              593 

Cinquefoil              254 

bracteatum       124 

multiflora          127 

angustata           594 

Shrubby            251 

Cogswellia             362 

ochroleuca          127 

atribarba            594 

Circaea                  344 

ambigua            363 

striata                127 

barbigera           594 

alpin'a                 345 

bicolor               363 

Vreelandii         127 

denticulate,         593 

pacifica              344 

foeniculacea      364 

Coral  Root             126 

elegans               593 

Cirsinum               587 

Grayi                 363 

Cord  Grass              63 

glauca                593 

canescens           587 

Jonesii               364 

Cordylanthus        462 

glaucella             593 

Cicuta                    351 

leptocarpa         363 

Kingii                 462 

gracilis               594 

maculata            351 

macrocarpa       364 

ramosus             462 

intermedia        594 

occidentalis       351 

montana           363 

Wrightii            462 

nana                   593 

trachypleura      351 

orientalis           364 

Coreopsis               550 

occidentalis       594 

Cladothrix             172 

platycarpa        364 

lanceolata          550 

perplexans         593 

lanuginosa         172 

Coldenia                 41  1 

tinctoria            550 

petiolata             593 

Clammy-weed       232 

Nuttallii            411 

Corispermum        163 

platyphylla        593 

Claytonia               177 

Coleogyne              247 

emarginatum    164 

pumila               594 

aurea                 177 

ramosissima      247 

hyssopifolium    164 

riparia               593 

caroliniana        177 

Coleosanthus        486 

imbricatum       164 

runcinata           593 

lanceolata         177 

anibigens            487 

marginale          164 

scopulorum       594 

megarrhiza        177 

congestus            486 

nitidum              163 

tomentulosa       593 

multicaulis        177 

Garrettii             487 

villosum             164 

Cress                       215 

triphylla            179 

petiolaris            486 

CORNACEAE               365 

Bitter                 216 

Cleavers                 466 

venulosus           487 

Corn  Cockle          180 

Water                216 

Clematis                197 

Collinsia                 439 

Cornelia                 366 

Winter               215 

alpina                198 

parviflora           439 

Cornus                    366 

Croton                    308 

Bakeri                198 

tenella                 439 

Baileyi               366 

texensis              308 

Douglasii           197 

Collomia                397 

canadensis         366 

Crowfoot                199 

eriophora           197 

linearis               398 

stolonifera         366 

Water                 198 

Jonesii               198 

micrantha          399 

Corydalis               206 

CRUCIFERAE          207 

lingusticifolia    198 

tenella                398 

aurea                  206 

Cryptanthe           415 

occidentalis       198 

Colorado  Rubber 

brachycarpum   207 

affinis                 416 

plattensis           197 

Plant              561 

Brandegei          206 

ambigua             415 

pseudoalpina    198. 

Columbine             190 

curvisiliqua       206 

crassisepala       416 

Scottii                198 

Comandra              146 

montana            206 

Fendleri             415 

verticillaris        198 

pallida               147 

Corylus                   139 

flexuosa             416 

Clementsia            233 

umbellata          146 

rostrata             139 

gracilis               416 

rhodantha          233 

Comarum              261 

Cotton  Grass          88 

multicaulis        41  6 

Cleome                  231 

palustre             261 

Cottonwood  127,  128 

Pattersonii        415 

inomata             232 

Commelina            107 

Narrow-leaf      128 

ramulosissima  415 

integrifolia        232 

crispa                 107 

Smooth-bark    128 

Torreyana         415 

lutea  -»               232 

virginica            107 

Covillea                 306 

Watsonii            416 

serrulata           231 

COMMELINACEAE  107 

tridentata          306 

Cryptogramma       18 

sonorae              232 

Common  Dandelion 

Cowania                 246 

acrostichoides     18 

Cleomella              231 

600 

mexicana          246 

Stelleri                 18 

angustifolia      231 

Common   Horsetail 

Crab  Grass        44,  61 

Cucurbita              472 

cornuta             231 

24 

Cranesbill              302 

foetidissima      472 

oocarpa              231 

Common  Mallow  317 

Crassina                543 

perennis             472 

Cliff  Brake              20 

Common  Mullein  438 

grandiflora        543 

CUCURBITACEAE    472 

Climbing  False 

Common  Nightshade 

CRASSULACEAE     232 

Cudweed               538 

Buckwheat   160 

436 

Crataegus              267 

Curled  Dock         154 

Clover                   277 

Common  Thistle  586 

cerronis              267 

Currants                241 

Alsike                278 

COMPOSITAE          476 

chrysocarpa       268 

Golden               243 

Prairie              298 

Composite  Family 

coloradensis      268 

Missouri            243 

Red                  278 

476 

Colorado             268 

Cuscuta                 390 

630 


INDEX 


Anthemi            390 

Delphinum            192 

Dogtooth  Violet  116 

convallaria        253 

arvensis             391 

albescens             193 

Dogwood               366 

fissa                    253 

Cephalanthi      391 

alpestre              194 

Family               365 

glandulosa         253 

Coryli                391 

azureum             193 

Dondia                   170 

glutinosa           254 

cuspidata          390 

Barbeyi              194 

erecta                  170 

pseudorupestris 

glomerata           390 

bicolor               193 

Moquina            170 

253 

gracilis               390 

camporum         193 

Door-  weed             158 

Dryopteris              21 

indecora             391 

carolinianum     193 

Double  Bladder  Pod 

filix-mas              21 

megalocarpa     391 

Cockerellii         194 

217 

Duckweed             106 

paradoxa           390 

cucullatum        194 

Douglasia              373 

Family              105 

plattensis           391 

dumetorum         193 

biflora                374 

Greater        -      107 

Polygonorum    391 

elongatum          194 

Jfhnstonii         374 

Dugaldia               561 

umbellata          391 

Geyeri                193 

montana            374 

helenioides        562 

CUSCUTACEAE          389 

glaucescens       194 

Douglas  Spruce      29 

Hooperii            561 

Cycloloma             164 

multiflorum       194 

Draba                     220 

Dusky  Willow      131 

atriplicifolium  164 

Nelsonii              192 

alpina                223 

Dysodia                 563 

platyphyllum     164 

Penhardii          193 

andina               222 

aurea                  563 

Cymopterus          359 

quercetorum       194 

aurea                  223 

chrysan  themoides 

acaulis               359 

ramosum            194 

auretformis        224 

563 

alpinus               354 

reticulatum       194 

Bakeri                223 

papposa             563 

Fendleri            360 

robustum           193 

cana                    223 

ibapensis            359 

sapellonis           193 

caroliniana        221 

Eatonia                   66 

lapidosus           360 

scaposum           193 

chrysantha        223 

obtusata              67 

montamis           357 

scopulorum       193 

coloradensis       222 

pennsylvanica    67 

Newberryi         360 

strictum             192 

crassifolia          221 

Echinacea              543 

Parryi                 359 

subalpinum       194 

cuneifolia           222 

Echinocactus        327 

Cynomarathrum  364 

Deschampsia           60 

decumbens          224 

glaucus              327 

Eastwoodae      365 

caespitosa            60 

densifolia           222 

Simpsonii          327 

Nuttallii            365 

elongata               60 

gladalis              223 

Whipplei           328 

CYPERACEAE           84 

Desert  Juniper       30 

graminea            223 

Echinocereus        328 

Cyperus                    84 

Deyeuxia                  58 

Helleriana         223 

aggregatus        329 

aristatus               85 

Dicentra                 206 

incana                223 

Fendleri             328 

filiculmis              85 

uniflora              206 

lapilutea            222 

gonacanthus     328 

inflexus               85 

Dicoria                   540 

lutea                   223 

Roemeri             329 

Schweinitzii        85 

Brandegei          541 

luteola                223 

viridiflorus        328 

Cypripedium         123 

Diplachne                66 

mongollonica    221 

Echinochloa            44 

Knightae           123 

acuminata           66 

montana             222 

Crus-galli             44 

parviflorurn       123 

fascicularis           66 

nemorosa           222 

Echinocystis         472 

Cyrtorhyncha       203 

Diplopappus         522 

neo-mexicana    223 

lobata                472 

neglecta             203 

ericaefolius        522 

nitida                 221 

Echinospermum    41  1 

ranunculina      203 

Disporum               120 

oligosperma       222 

floribundum       41  2 

Cystopteris               21 

trachycarpum  120 

oxyloba               223 

Redowskii          413 

fragilis                 21 

Distegia                 471 

Parryi                221 

Edwinia                  244 

Distichlis                 68 

reflexa                222 

ELA  EAGAN  ACE  AE 

Dactylis                  68 

spicata                 68 

saximontana     222 

331 

glomerata            68 

Ditaxis                  308 

spectabilis         223 

Elaeagnus              331 

Daisy             530,  565 

humilis               308 

stellata                222 

argentea            331 

Oxeye                565 

Dock                      153 

stenoloba            221 

ELATINACEAE       319 

Wyoming          530 

Curled                154 

streptocarpa     223 

Elatine                   319 

Daisy  Fleabane    529 

Dodder                  390 

surculifera         223 

americana         319 

Dalea                      297 

Family              389 

uber                    223 

Elder                      468 

Dandelion              600 

Dodecatheon         375 

ventosa               222 

Eleocharis               87 

Common           600 

conjugens          376 

Yellowstonensis 

acicularis             88 

Danthonia               62 

Cusickii             376 

222 

atropurpurea      87 

californica           62 

cylindrocarpum 

Dracocephalum    428 

olivacea               87 

intermedia           62 

376 

parviflorurn       429 

ovata                     88 

Parryi                  62 

multiflorum       376 

Dragon-head         428 

palustris              87 

sericea                  63 

pauciflorum      376 

False              i    429 

rostellata             88 

spicata                 62 

philoscia            376 

Drop-seed               51 

tenuis                  88 

unispicata           62 

puberulentum    376 

Drop-seed  Grass 

thermalis             87 

Darnel                      79 

puberulum         376 

54 

Elephantella          457 

Dasiophora           251 

pulchrum           376 

Drosace                 374 

groenlandica      457 

fruticosa            251 

radicatum         376 

carinata             374 

Ellisia                   407 

Datura                  436 

salinum             376 

DRUPACEAE          269 

Elm  Family          143 

meteloides        437 

sinuatum           376 

Dryas                    250 

Elymus 

Stramonium     437 

vulgare               376 

octopetala         250 

ambiguus 

Tatula               436 

Dogbane  Family  385 

Drymocallis          253 

brachystachys      82 

Day  Flower          107 

Dog  Fennel           564 

arguta                253 

canadensis          82 

INDEX 


631 


condensatus        83 

Erigeron                522 

ramosus             529 

salicinum           152 

glaucus                82 

acris                     530 

salsuginosus      524 

salinum               151 

hirsutiglumis       82 

annuus               529 

Scnbneri            527 

salsuginosum    148 

in  no  vat  us            83 

aphanactis          528 

simplex              526 

scoparium          151 

Macounii              82 

arenarius           529 

simulans            527 

Simpsonii           151 

robustus               82 

argentatus          531 

spathulifolius    526 

subalpinum       149 

salinus                  83 

armeriaefolius  530 

speciosus            525 

tenellum            151 

Sibiricus              82 

asper                  525 

striatus               525 

tetraneuris          150 

simplex                83 

caespitosus       528 

strigosus             529 

triste                    149 

Sitanion              84 

canadensis         532 

su&canesceus      528 

tristichum          152 

triticoides           83 

canus                  531 

subtrinervis      525 

umbellatum      149 

Elyna                      89 

cinereus              529 

superbus            524 

umbelliferum     149 

Bellardii              89 

colo-mexicanus 

tener                   526 

vegetius               149 

Emmenanthe        410 

529 

trifidus               528 

xanihum             150 

scopulina          410 

compositus        528 

Tweedyana        531 

Eriogynia              249 

salina                  410 

concinnus           528 

Tweedyi             526 

uniflora              249 

Endolepis               166 

consobrinus       525 

uniflorus            526 

Eriophorum            88 

ova  to                   166 

conspicuus         525 

ursinus               527 

gracile                 89 

Engelmann  Spruce 

corymbosus       528 

vetensis              527 

ocreatum             88 

28 

Coulteri              524 

viscidus              525 

polystachyon      88 

Enomegra             205 

curvifolius         527 

Vreelandii          525 

Eriophyllum         555 

hispida              205 

divaricatus         532 

wyomingensis    527 

integrifolium     5J56 

Ephedra                  30 

divergens           529 

yellowstonensis  530 

multiflorum       556 

antisyphilitica    31 

Droebachensis   530 

Eriocoma                 51 

Wallacei            556 

Torreyana           31 

Earlii                 525 

caduca                 51 

Eritrichium           414 

trifurca                31 

Eatonii              527 

cuspidata             51 

argenteum         414 

Epilobium             335 

elatior                524 

Eriogonum            147 

elongatum           414 

adenocaulon     337 

Engelmannii     527 

acaule                150 

Howardii           414 

alpinum             336 

eximius              525 

alatum               149 

Erocallis                 179 

anagallidifolivun 

flabellifolius       529 

andinum            152 

triphylla             179 

336 

flagellaris           529 

annuum             148 

Erodium                304 

brevistylum       337 

formosissimus  525 

arcuatum            149 

cicutarium         304 

clavatum           336 

Garrettii            526 

Bakeri                149 

Erysimum              229 

coloratum           337 

glabellus             525 

caespitosum      152 

alpestre               231 

Drummondii     336 

glacialis              524 

campanulatum 

amoenum           231 

Halleanum        337 

glandulosus       526 

152 

aridum               230 

Hornemannii    335 

gracilis               527 

cernuum            148 

asperrimum       230 

glandulosum      337 

grandiflorus       524 

chloranthum       150 

asperum             230 

latifolium           334 

inamoenus         527 

chrysocephalum 

cheiranthoides  230 

lineare               336 

incanescens        525 

152 

inconspicuum   230 

ovatifolium       337 

jucundus            530 

corymbosum     1  52 

nivale                 230 

Palmeri             337 

lapiluteus          530 

crassifolium       1  50 

oblanceolatum    230 

•    paniculatum     336 

leiomeris            526 

divergens            1  52 

parviflorum       230 

perplexans        337 

leucotrichus        526 

effusum              151 

pumilum            230 

rubescens           337 

lonchophyllus  530 

Fendleriana       152 

radicatum          230 

saximontanum 

luteus                 527 

flavum                150 

Wheeled            230 

336 

MacDougallii    529 

fusiforme            148 

Erythraea              379 

spicatum           334 

macranthus      525 

Gordonii             148 

arizonica            379 

stranineum        337 

melanocephalus 

heracleoides      149 

Douglasii           379 

suffruticosum   335 

525 

inflatum             148 

Erythronium         116 

wyomingense    336 

microlonchus    527 

Jamesii                149 

grandiflorum     116 

Epipactis               125 

montanensis      531 

Jonesii                 151 

obtusatum         116 

gigantea            125 

multifidus          528 

lachnogynum    150 

parviflorum       116 

EQUISETACEAE       23 

nauseosus           526 

latum                  149 

Bucephalus            511 

Equisetum               23 

Nelsonii             528 

lonchophyllum  151 

jormosus            513 

arvense                24 

nemataphyUus  527 

microthecum      1  51 

Euklisia                211 

fluviatile             24 

nudiflorus          529 

multiceps           151 

crassifolia          21  1 

hiemale               24 

oblanceolatus     525 

neglectum           149 

Eupatorium          484 

laevigatum          24 

oreocharis          526 

nudicaule           151 

ageratifolium  '  485 

palustre               24 

Parryi                527 

ochroleucum     1  50 

arizonicum        485 

pratense              24 

pedunculata       529 

orendense          1  52 

atromontanum  485 

variegatum         24 

philadelphicus  529 

orthocaulon         1  50 

Bruneri              485 

Eragrostis               66 

pinnatisectus    529 

ovalifolium        1  50 

Fendleri             485 

major                   66 

platyphyllus      525 

polyphyllum      1  50 

maculatum       485 

pilosa                   66 

poliospermus    527 

pauciflorum       151 

Rydbergii           485 

Purshii                66 

pumilus             528 

Piperi                 150 

texense               485 

EBICACEAE            369 

racemosus          530 

racemosum        151 

Euphorbia             309 

Eriocarpum          498 

radicatus           526 

Rydbergii          149 

albomarginata  310 

632 


INDEX 


Aliceae              311 

Grape                  17 

firma                  252 

coccinea            344 

arkansana         31  1 

Holly                   21 

glauca                252 

glabra                  344 

commutata       31  1 

Lady                    22 

ovalis                 252 

marginata          344 

cuphosperma    311 

Lip                       20 

pauciflora          252 

neo-mexicana  344 

dentata             310 

Male                    21 

platypetala       252 

parviflora          344 

dictyosperma     311 

Shield                  21 

prolifica             252 

Gaurella                 341 

Fendleri             310 

Festuca                   75 

pumila               252 

canescens           341 

glyptosperma   310 

arizonica             75 

vesca                   252 

guttulata             341 

hexagona           310 

brachyphylla      75 

virginiana         252 

Gayophytum        333 

manca                311 

campestris            76 

Fragrant  Primrose 

caesium              333 

marginata         310 

confinis                76 

339 

diffusum            333 

montana            311 

Earlii                   76 

Frankenia              319 

intermedium      334 

petaloidea         309 

elatior                  76 

Jamesii              319 

Nuttallii            333 

robusta              311 

ingrata                 75 

FRANKENIACEAE  319 

racemosum         333 

serpens              309 

Jonesii                 76 

Franseria               541 

ramosissimum  334 

serpyllifolia       310 

Kingii                  76 

acanthicarpa     542 

Gentian                  380 

strictospora       310 

minutiflora          76 

discolor               542 

Family              379 

EUPHORBIACEAE  308 

octoflora              75 

Grayi                  542 

Perennial  Fringed 

Eurotia                 168 

ovina                   75 

Hookeriana        542 

381 

lanata                168 

rubra                    76 

tenuifolia           542 

Rocky  Mt.  Fringed 

Eustoma               379 

scabrella              76 

tomentosa         542 

381 

Andrews!!          379 

tenella                   75 

Frasera                   384 

Gentiana               380 

Euthamia              507 

Thurberi              76 

angustifolia       384 

affinis                 382 

camporum         507 

vallicola               76 

macrophylla       384 

Amarella            382 

occidentalis        507 

Watsonii              76 

scabra                 384 

Andrewsii          383 

Evax                      533 

Ficoideae               176 

speciosa             384 

barbellata          381 

prolifera             533 

Field  Sorrel           153 

stenopetala         384 

Bigelovii            383 

Evening  Primrose 

Figwort                  439 

Fraxinus               378 

bracteosa            382 

337 

Family               437 

anomala             378 

calycosa            382 

Family               333 

Filago                   533 

lanceolata         378 

Clematis             382 

White                338 

prolifera            533 

viridis                 378 

distegia               382 

Everlasting           538 

Filix                          21 

French  Weed        214 

elegans               381 

Pearly                537 

fragilis                  21 

Fringed  Loosestrife 

Forwoodii          383 

Evolvulus             392 

Fir                             28 

377 

frigida                382 

argenteus          392 

Alpine                 29 

Fritillaria              115 

heterosepala     381 

pilosus               392 

Joint                    30 

atropurpurea    116 

humilis               380 

White                  28 

pudica                116 

interrupta          383 

FAGACEAE             141 

Fireweed               334 

Froelichia              172 

monantha          381 

Fallugia                 250 

Flag                       121 

floridana            172 

Moseleyi            381 

acuminata         250 

Blue                   121 

gracilis               172 

Parryi                 382 

paradoxa           250 

Flaveria                 562 

plebeja 

False  Asphodel     118 

angustifolia       562 

Gaertneria              542 

prostrata            380 

False  Boneset       485 

Flax                        305 

Grayi                  542 

Romanzovii      38? 

False  Dragon-head 

Family               304 

linearis               542 

serrata                381 

429 

Fleabane                522 

tomentosa           542 

strictiflora         382 

False  Flax            220 

Canada               532 

Gaillardia              562 

tenella                 381 

False  Goldenrod  494 

Daisy                  529 

aristata              563 

GENTIANACEAE     379 

False  Hellebore    119 

Floerkia                312 

pinnatifida        563 

GERANIACEAE       302 

False  Hemlock 

occidentalis       312 

Galium                   466 

Geranium              302 

Spruce             29 

Flower                   117 

aparine              467 

Family              302 

False  Indigo         295 

Bunch                117 

asperrimum      468 

atropurpureum 

False  Mallow        317 

Carrion              121 

bifolium             467 

303 

False       Mermaid 

Day                    107 

boreale              467 

Bicknellii           303 

Family          312 

Monkey             453 

Brandegei          468 

caespitosum      303 

False  Raspberry  250 

Pasque               197 

coloradoense     468 

carolinianum    303 

False  Redtop          70 

Twin                   469 

flaviflorum         467 

Cowenii              303 

Fatsia                    346 

Forestiera             378 

Mathewsii         468 

Fremontii          303 

horrida               346 

neo-mexicana  378 

trifidum             467 

indsum              303 

Feather  Grass        48 

Forget-me-not      423 

triflorum            467 

longipes             303 

Fendlera               245 

Four-o'clock  Family 

Vaillantii           467 

nervosum           303 

rupicola             245 

172 

Galpinsia               341 

Parryi                303 

Fendler's  Willow 

Fowl  Meadow  Grass 

lavandulaefolia 

Pattersonii         303 

130 

70 

342 

pusillum             303 

Fennel                   564 

Foxtail              46,  82 

Gaultheria            371 

Richardsonii     303 

Dog                    564 

Green                   46 

humifusa           371 

strigosum           303 

Fern                         18 

Fragaria                251 

myrsinites          371 

viscosissimum  303 

Brittle                 21 

americana         252 

Gaura                    344 

Gerardia                452 

Family                18 

bracteata            252 

coloradensis      344 

aspera                452 

INDEX 


633 


Besseyana        452 

lepidota            295 

Marsh                  63 

linearis               488 

tenuifolia           453 

Gnaphalium          538 

Meadow          '     69 

longifolia           488 

Germander            426 

angustifolium   539 

Needle                 50 

microcephala    489 

Geum                     262 

chilense             538 

Oat                61,  62 

myriacephala    489 

macrophyllum  262 

decurrens           538 

Orchard               68 

Sarothrae          489 

oregonense         262 

palustre             538 

Panic                    45 

scoparia             489 

rivale                 262 

Sprengelii          538 

Perennial  Rye    78 

Gymnolomia         544 

Rossii                263 

strictum             539 

Porcupine            50 

multiflora          544 

scopulorum        262 

sidphurescens    538 

Quake  Brome     77 

Gymnosteris         397 

strictum             262 

thermale             538 

Reed              58,  65 

nudicaulis          397 

triflorum            262 

Wrightii            538 

Reed  Canary      47 

Gyrostachys            125 

Giant  Hyssop       428 

GNETACEAE            30 

Reed  Meadow     74 

stricta                 125 

Gilia                      398 

Goat's  Beard        249 

Rice                     50 

aggregata          400 

Golden  Aster        491 

Rice  Cut              46 

Habenaria 

attenuata          400 

Golden  Currant    243 

Rush                    54 

124,  125,  126 

Bakeri                401 

Goldenrod             504 

Smooth  Brome  77 

dtiatata               124 

Brandegeei        405 

False                  494 

Spear                   69 

hyperborea         124 

caespitosa          402 

Rayless             494 

Squirreltail          82 

unalaschensis    125 

Candida              400 

Golden  Saxifrage 

Switch                 45 

Hackberry             143 

cephaloidea       401 

237 

Tape                    38 

Hair  Grass        51,  60 

congesta            401 

Goodyera                126 

Three-awned      47 

Halerpestes           202 

Crandallii          401 

Gooseberry  Family 

True  Oat             61 

cymbalaria       203 

exserta                400 

241 

Vanilla                47 

HALORAGIDACEAE 

floribunda          402 

Goosefoot  Family 

Wheat                 79 

345 

gracilis               399 

160 

Witch                  45 

Haploesthes          571 

Harknessii         402 

Goose  Grass          158 

Gratiola                 449 

Greggii               571 

Haydenii           401 

Gormania               233 

virginiana          449 

Harbouria             350 

inconspicua       399 

debilis                 233 

Grayia                    168 

trachypleura     530 

laxiflora             400 

Gourd  Family      472 

Brandegei          168 

Harebell                473 

leptomeria        399 

Grama  Grass           63 

polygaloides       168 

Hesperaster            324 

longiflora           400 

GRAMINEAE             38 

spinosa               168 

Hawkweed            594 

MerriUu,            401 

Grape                     315 

Greasewood           169 

Hawthorn              267 

micrantha         399 

Oregon               204 

Greater  Duckweed 

Hazelnut                139 

minutiflora        399 

River-bank       316 

107 

Heath            369,  370 

Nuttallii            402 

Grape  Fern             17 

Great  Ragweed    541 

Family               369 

pharnaceoides  402 

Graphephorum       73 

Green  Ash             378 

Mountain           370 

pinnatifida        400 

flexuosum            66 

Green  Foxtail         46 

Hedeoma               431 

polyantha          400 

melicoides            73 

Grindelia                489 

Drummondii     432 

polycladon        401 

Wolfii                  73 

aphanactis         490 

hispida              432 

pumila               402 

Grass               38,  234 

decumbens        490 

ovata                  432 

pungens             402 

Arrow                   36 

erecta                490 

Hedge  Bindweed  393 

roseata               401 

Barnyard            45 

fastigiata           490 

Hedge  Hyssop      449 

scariosa              400 

Beard            42,  56 

grandiflora         490 

Hedysarum           299 

spicata              401 

Bent                     57 

inornate             490 

boreale                300 

spergulifolia      401 

Black  Bunch      43 

nuda                   490 

canescens           300 

subacaulis          400 

Blue                     69 

perennis             490 

carnosulum       300 

subnuda             401 

Blue-eyed          122 

platylepis           490 

cinerascens        299 

superba              401 

Brome                  76 

scabra                491 

flavescens           300 

tenerrima          399 

Buffalo                64 

squarrosa           490 

Mackenzii         300 

Tweedyi             399 

Canary                47 

subalpina           489 

marginatum      300 

Watsonii           402 

Cord                     63 

subincisa            490 

pabulare            300 

Ginseng                  346 

Cotton                 88 

texana               490 

philoscia            300 

Family               346 

Crab        .       44,  61 

Gromwell               423 

sulphurescens  300 

Glaux                    377 

Drop  Seed           54 

GROSSULARIACEAE 

uintahense        300 

maritima           377 

Feather               48 

241 

Helenium               562 

Glecoma                 429 

Fowl  Meadow     70 

Ground  Cherry     433 

autumnale         562 

hederacea          429 

Goose                 158 

Ground  Ivy          429 

Hoopesii            562 

Globeflowei*          190 

Grama                 63 

Ground  Pine           25 

montanum         562 

Gldbe  Mallow       318 

Hair              51,  60 

Groundsel             576 

Helianthella         549 

Glyceria                  T3 

Herd's                  57 

Gum  Plant            489 

microcephala    549 

aquatica               74 

Holy                    47 

Gutierrezia            488 

multicaulis        549 

borealis               74 

Hungarian  Brome 

divaricata          489 

Parryi                549 

distans                  75 

77 

diversifolia        488 

quinquenervis  549 

fluitans                 74 

Johnson               43 

Euthamiae         489 

uniflora              549 

grandis                74 

June                     70 

filifolia               489 

Helianthus            547 

nervata               74 

Kentucky  Blue  70 

glomerella          489 

annuus               547 

pauciflora            74 

Lyme                   82 

juncea                489 

aridus                 548 

Glycyrrhiza          295 

Manna                73 

lepidota             488 

fascicularis       548 

634 


INDEX 


grosse-serratus 

Water                432 

multiflora          561 

castaneus          111 

548 

Hoafy  Vervain     425 

Osterhoutii         561 

confusus            112 

lenticularis         547 

Hoary  Willow      136 

Richardsonii     560 

Dudleyi              112 

Maximilianus    548 

Holly  Fern              21 

HYPERICACEAE     320 

Drummondii     112 

Nuttallii            548 

Holodiscus            247 

Hypericum            320 

ensifolius            110 

orgyalis              548 

dumosus            247 

formosum          320 

filiformis            113 

petiolaris           547 

microphyllus     247 

Scouleri              320 

Hallii                 112 

pumilis               548 

Holy  Grass             47 

Hypopitys            369 

intermedius        109 

rigidus                548 

Homalobus             291 

multiflora          369 

interior               112 

scaberrimus      547 

hylophilus          291 

Hyssop                   449 

longistylis          111 

subrhomboideus 

Homalocenchrus    46 

Hedge                449 

in  arginat  us        111 

548 

oryzoides             46 

Mertensianus    110 

utahensis            548 

Honeysuckle         471 

Indian  Hemp        385 

nevadensis         110 

Heliopsis                543 

Family               468 

Indian  Millet           51 

nodosus              110 

laevis                  543 

Hop                         143 

Indian  Pipe  Family 

orthophyllus     111 

scabra                543 

Hop  Tree              306 

368 

Parryi                 112 

Heliotrope            411 

Hordeum                 81 

Indian  Reed            56 

Richardsonianus 

Heliotropium        41  1 

jubatum              82 

lonactis                 522 

110 

convolvulaceum 

nodosum              82 

;   alpina                 522 

saximontanus  110 

411 

pusillum              82 

lonidium                324 

subtriflorus       112 

curassavicum    41  1 

Horkelia                254 

lineare                324 

tenuis                 112 

spathulatum     411 

Gordonii            254 

Ipomoea                 392 

Torreyi              110 

Hemicarpha            89 

Hornwort  Family 

hederacea          393 

triglumis              11 

aristulata             89 

189 

leptophylla        392 

Tweedyi            111 

Hemp                    171 

Horsemint             431 

mexicana           393 

Vaseyi               112 

Water                171 

Horsetail                 23 

pandurata         392 

xiphioides          110 

Heracleum            365 

Common              24 

purpurea            393 

June  Grass               70 

lanatum             365 

Family                 23 

IRIDACEAE             121 

Juniper                     29 

Hesperidanthus     209 

Hosackia                277 

Iris  Family           121 

Desert                  30 

Heteranthera        108 

Purshiana         277 

Iris                          121 

Rocky  Mountain 

limosa                108 

Huckleberry  Family 

missouriensis    121 

30 

Heterothrix             209 

372 

pelogonus           121 

Utah                    30 

Heuchera               234 

Hulsea                    557 

Ironweed               484 

Juniperus                 29 

bracteata           235 

carnosa              558, 

Isocoma                 498 

communis            30 

ciliata                 235 

Humulus                143 

Wrightii             498 

Knightii               30 

cylindrica           235 

lupulus               144 

ISOETACEAE                  24 

monosperma       29 

flabellifolia         235 

Hungarian  Brome 

Isoetes                     24 

sabina                  30 

grossulariifolia 

Grass                77 

Bolanderi            25 

scopulorum         30 

235 

Hutchinsia            220 

lacustris               25 

utahensis             29 

Hallii                 235 

procumbens      220 

Iva                         540 

virginiana            30 

hispida               235 

Hybanthus            323 

axillaris              540 

ovalifolia           235 

verticillata        323 

xanthifolia        540 

Kallstroemia        306 

parvifolia          236 

Hydrangea  Family 

Ivesia                      254 

brachystylis      306 

rubescens          235 

243 

Gordonii            254 

Kalmia                  370 

saxicola              235 

HYDRANGEACEAE 

Ivy        313,  316,  429 

glauca                 371 

Sitgreavesii        235 

243 

American           316 

microphylla       371 

utahensis            236 

HYDROPHYLLACEAE 

Ground              429 

polifolia             371 

Williamsii         236 

405 

Western  Poison 

Kelloggia               466 

Hieracium             594 

Hydrophyllum     406 

313 

galioides            466 

albiflorum          595 

capitatum         406 

Ivy-leaved  Morning 

Kelseya                  249 

canadense          595 

Fendleri             406 

Glory              393 

uniflora               249 

columbianum     595 

occidentals         406 

Kentucky  Blue 

cynoglossoides  596 

Hymenatherum     563 

Jamesia                 244 

Grass                70 

Fendleri             595 

aureum               563 

americana         244 

Kinriikinnick        371 

gracile                595 

Hymenopappus    554 

Jamestown  Weed 

Knot  Grass            158 

griseum              596 

arenosus            554 

437 

Knotweed             155 

Scouleri              595 

cinereus              555 

Jimson  Weed        437 

Kobresia                  89 

umbellatum      595 

filifolius             554 

Joe  Pye  Weed       485 

scirpina               89 

Hierochloe               47 

ligulaeflorus       561 

Johnson  Grass        43 

Kochia                   164 

borealis                 47 

luteus                554 

Joint  Fir  Family    30 

Americana         164 

odorata               47 

archroleucus       555 

JUNCACEAE            108 

scoparia             165 

High  Bush  Cran- 

parvulus            555 

JUNCAGINACEAE       36 

vestita               165 

berry              469 

scaposus            555 

Juncoides               1  09 

Koeleria                   67 

Hilaria                    43 

tenuifolius         554 

intermedium      109 

cristata                67 

Jamesii                43 

Hymenoxys          560 

Juncus                    109 

Krigia                     589 

Hippuris                345 

chrysanthemoides 

balticus             113 

amplexicaulis    589 

vulgaris              345 

561 

bufonius             112 

virginica            589 

Hoarhound           432 

floribunda         561 

canadensis         111 

Krynitekia            414 

INDEX 


635 


calif  arnica         414 

utahensis           302 

prostrata           219 

vulgaris              438 

crassisepala       416 

Laurel                    370 

pruinosa            220 

Linnaea                   469 

Fendleri             145 

American           370 

rosulata              219 

americana          470 

fulvocanescens  418 

Laurentia              475 

Shearis               219 

borealis               470 

glomerata           419 

carnosula           475 

spathulata          219 

Linum                    305 

Jamesii             417 

eximia               475 

utahensis           219 

arkansanum      305 

leucophaea         417 

Lavauxia              341 

valida                219 

australe             305 

Patter  sonii        415 

brachycarpa     341 

Lesser  Mistletoe   145 

compactum       305 

sericea               418 

flava                  341 

Lettuce                 596 

Kingii                 305 

virgata                419 

Howardii           341 

Leucampyx           555 

Lewisii               305 

Wateorm            416 

Layia                     552 

Newberryi         555 

perenne              305 

Kuhnia                  485 

glandulosa         553 

Leucelene              522 

puberulum        305 

eupatorioides     485 

Lead  Plant            295 

alsinoides           522 

rigidum              305 

glutinosa           485 

Ledum                   371 

arenosa               522 

Lip  Fern                  20 

Gooddingii        485 

glandulosum     371 

ericoides             522 

Lippia                     425 

Hitchcockii       485 

Legouzia                474 

hirtella               522 

cuneifolia           425 

leptophylla         486 

LEGUMINOSAE       270 

serotina              522 

lanceolata          426 

reticulata          486 

Lemna                    106 

Leucocrinum         113 

Listera                    125 

rosmarinifolia  486 

cyclostasa         106 

montanum        113 

conval  larioides 

Kunzia                   247 

gibba                 107 

Lewisia                  179 

125 

tridentata           247 

minima              106 

minima              179 

cor  data                126 

minor                 106 

pygmaea            179 

nephrophylla    126 

LABIATAE              426 

perpusilla           106 

rediviva             179 

Lithophragma        237 

Labrador  Tea       371 

triscula               106 

triphylla            179 

australis             237 

Laciniaria             488 

LEMNACEAE          105 

Liatris                    487 

bulbifera             237 

ligulistylis         488 

Leonurus               429 

ligulistylis         488 

Lithospermum      423 

Lactuca                 596 

cardiaca             430 

punctata            488 

albicans             423 

canadensis         596 

Lepachys                545 

scariosa              488 

angustifolium  424 

graminifolia      597 

Lepargyrea            332 

Licorice                  295 

asperum             424 

integrata            596 

Lepidium               212 

Ligusticella           354 

ciliolatum           424 

leucophaea         596 

alyssoides          212 

Eastwoodae      354 

Gmelinii             423 

ludoviciana       597 

apetalum           213 

Ligusticum            352 

hirtum                 423 

pulchella           596 

brachybotryum  213 

affine                  353 

linearifolium     424 

Scariola              596 

crandallii           212 

Eastwoodae        354 

multiflorum      423 

spicata               596 

crenatum            212 

filicinum            353 

pilosum              423 

Sylvatica           597 

divergens           213 

Porteri               353 

Lloydia                   116 

wrosa                  596 

Draba                 212 

scopulorum        355 

serotina              116 

Ladies'  Tresses     125 

Eastwoodiae      212 

simulans             353 

Loasa  Family       324 

Lady  Fern               22 

Fremontii          212 

tenuifolium       353 

LOASACEAE            324 

Lady's  Slipper     123 

intermedium      213 

LILIACEAE             113 

Lobelia                   474 

Lamb's  Quarters  161 

Jonesii                 213 

Lilium                    115 

Family                474 

Lappula                411 

lasiocarpum      213 

montanum         115 

cardinalis           474 

americana         412 

medium             213 

philadelphicum 

splendens           474 

caerulescens      412 

montanum        212 

115 

syphilitica         474 

calycosa             413 

pubecarpum     213 

Lily                        115 

LOBELIACEAE           474 

cenchroides       413 

ramosissimum  213 

Family               113 

Loco                        292 

cucullata           413 

ramosum           213 

Mariposa           116 

Locust                    280 

desertorum         413 

spatulatum       212 

Valley,  of  the   119 

Lodge  Pole  Pine     27 

erecta                 412 

Leptilon                532 

Water                188 

Lolium                     78 

floribunda         412 

canadensis         532 

White  Mountain 

perenne                78 

foliosa                413 

divaricatum      532 

113 

temulentum        79 

heterosperma    413 

Leptotaenia          362 

Yellow  Pond     188 

Lomatium              363 

Lappula            413 

Eatonii              362 

Lily  of  the  Valley 

purpureum        363 

occidentalis       413 

multifida           362 

Family           119 

Lonicera                 471 

subdecumbens  412 

Lesquerella            218 

Limber  Pine            27 

caerulea             471 

Larkspur                192 

alpina                219 

LlMNANTHACEAE  312 

ebractulata         471 

Larrea                    306 

argentea            218 

Limn.orchis            124 

glaucescens       471 

mexicana           306 

aurea                 220 

borealis              124 

involucrata       471 

Lathy  rus                301 

condensata        219 

laxiflora             124 

utahensis           471 

arizonicus          302 

curvipes             219 

purpurascens     124 

Loosestrife            332 

decaphyllus       301 

Engelmannii     219 

stricta                124 

Family               332 

incanus              301 

Fendleri             219 

sparsiflora          124 

Fringed              377 

leucanthus        302 

Macounii           219 

viridiflora          124 

Lophanthus            428 

myrtillifolius     302 

macrocarpa       218 

Limosella               452 

anisatus              428 

ochroleucus       302 

montana            219 

aquatica             472 

urticifolius         428 

or'natus              301 

ovalifolia            220 

LINACEAE              304 

LORANTHACEAE      145 

palustris             302 

ovata                   220 

Linaria                   438 

Lotus                      277 

polymorphic     301 

parvula              219 

canadensis        438 

americanus        277 

636 


INDEX 


Wrightii            277 

sinuatus            432 

Malvastrtim          317 

gradlis              325 

Lousewort             455 

Lycurus                   52 

coccineum         317 

ladniata             325 

Lowellia                 563 

phleoides             53 

Cockerellii         318 

laevicaulis         326 

aureum               563 

Lygodesmia          591 

dissectum          318 

latifolia             324 

Lucerne                 277 

exigua                592 

elatum               317 

multiflora          325 

Lupine                   272 

grandiflora        591 

leptophyllum    318 

Nelsonii             324 

Lupinus                 272 

juncea                591 

Munroanum      318 

nuda                  325 

aduncus              273 

rostrata              591 

Mamillaria            326 

oligosperma      324 

alpestris            275 

spinosa               591 

missouriensis    327 

ornata                 325 

alsophilus          275 

Lyme  Grass            82 

neo-mexicana  327 

pumila                326 

anamophilus      276 

Lysiella                  126 

similis                327 

Rusbyi               325 

ampins               276 

obtusata            126 

vivipara             327 

sinuata              326 

arceuthinus        276 

LYTHRACEAE         332 

Manna  Grass           73 

speciosa             326 

argenteus           274 

Lythrum                332 

Maple                    313 

stricta                 325 

argentinus          276 

alatum                332 

Family               313 

tenerrima           325 

argophyllus        275 

Mountain           314 

Tweedyi             325 

Bakeri               276 

Machaeranthera  518 

Mare's-tail             345 

MENYANTHACEAE 

barbiger             276 

aspera                519 

Marigold        190,  550 

384 

brevicaulis        273 

Bigelovii            520 

Bur                     550 

Menyanthes          384 

Burkei               276 

canescens           520 

Marsh                 190 

trifoliata            384 

caespitosus        273 

cichoriacea         519 

Marilaunidium    410 

Menziesia               370 

comatus              276 

commixta           520 

angustifolium    410 

ferruginea          370 

decumbens        275 

coronopifolia     519 

Mariposa  Lily       116 

glabella               370 

dichrous             273 

divaricata           521 

Marsh  Grass            63 

urceolaria          370 

flexuosus           274 

Fremontii          519 

Marsh  Marigold    190 

Meriolix                 342 

floribundus        274 

glabella              521 

Marsilea                  23 

serrulata            342 

Greenei              274 

latifolia              520 

oligospora            23 

Mertensia              420 

Helleri                276 

linearis               521 

vestita                 23 

alba                    422 

humicola            275 

paniculate          520 

MARSILEACEAE       23 

alpina                 420 

ingratus             274 

Pattersonii        520 

Martynia                464 

amoena               422 

Kingii                 273 

pulverulenta     521 

Family               464 

Bakeri                422 

Jonesii                275 

ramosa               521 

louisiana            464 

brachyloba          422 

laxiflorus           276 

rubricaulis         520 

MARTYNIACEAE    464 

brevistyla          421 

laxus                   276 

Selbyi                 520 

Matricaria              564 

canescens           423 

leptostachyus     274 

shastensis          521 

discoidea            564 

ciliata                 421 

leucanthus          276 

spectabilis          520 

matricarioides  564 

congesta              421 

leucophyllus     273 

subalpina           521 

Mayweed                564 

coriacea             420 

monticola          275 

superba               521 

Meadow  Grass        69 

coronata            422 

myrianihus        274 

tanacetif  ol  ia      519 

Fowl                     70 

cynoglossoides  421 

oreophilus          274 

varians               519 

Meadow  Rue         203 

foliosa                420 

ornatus              273 

viscosa               520 

Meadowsweet        248 

jusiformis          421 

parviflorus        274 

viscosula            520 

Medic                     277 

lanceolata          422 

plattensis           273 

Macrocalyx           407 

Medicago               277 

latenflora           423 

pseudoparviflorus 

Nyctelea            407 

sativa                277 

lineariloba         421 

275 

Macronema           501 

Melampodium       539 

muricidata         421 

pulcherrimus     276 

discoideum        502 

cinereum            539 

obtitsiloba           421 

pusillus              273 

grindelioides     502 

leucanthum        539 

ovata                 421 

ramosus             275 

lineare                502 

MELANTHACEAE   117 

papillosa            421 

rubricaulis         275 

obovatum          502 

Melica                      67 

Parryi                421 

Sileri                  273 

Madder  Family    466 

bulbosa                68 

perplexa             420 

Wyethii             276 

Madia                    552 

parviflora            68 

picta                   421 

Luzula                   108 

glomerata          552 

Porteri                 68 

polyphylla          421 

comosa                109 

Maidenhair              19 

Smithii                 68 

pratensis            422 

intermedia         109 

Malacothrix          590 

spectabilis           68 

punctata             421 

parviflora           109 

conshoides         590 

Melilotus                277 

sibirica               421 

spicata               109 

Fendleri             590 

alba                    277 

Tweedyi             422 

Lychnis                  182 

runcinata           590 

ofRcinalis           277 

viridis                422 

Drummondii     182 

Torreyi               590 

Mentha                   427 

Micrampelis          472 

Kingii                182 

Male  Fern               21 

canadensis         428 

Micranthes             241 

montana            182 

Mallow                  316 

spicata               428 

arnoglossa          241 

striata                 182 

Common            317 

Mentzelia              324 

Microseris             589 

LYCOPODIACEAE     25 

False                  317 

albicaulis           324 

nutans                590 

Lycopodium            25 

Family               316 

chrysantha        325 

Microsteris            399 

annotinum          25 

Globe                 318 

compacta           325 

micrantha          399 

Lycopus                  432 

Indian               318 

ctenophora         325 

Milfoil                    £64 

americanus        432 

Malva                    316 

decapetala        325 

Milkweed               387 

asper                  432 

rotundifolia      317 

densa                  326 

Family               386 

lucidus               432 

MALVACEAE          316 

dispersa             325 

Green                386 

INDEX 


637 


Milkwort    Family 

Morning-glory 

sagittata             592 

OLEACEAE             378 

307 

392,  393 

Nacrea                   531 

Oleaster  Family  331 

Mimulus                 453 

Bush                   393 

lanata                 538 

Oligoneuron           507 

floribundus        454 

Family              392 

NAIADACEAE           33 

canescens           507 

Geyeri                454 

Ivy-leaved        393 

Naias                        36 

rigidum              507 

gratioloides        453 

Moschatel  Family 

flexilis                   36 

Olive  Family        378 

Hallii                  454 

472 

guadalupensis     36 

Omphalodes           414 

Jamesii              454 

Mossy  Cup            141 

Nama                     410 

Howardii           414 

Langsdorfii       543 

Motherwort           429 

angustifolium  410 

nana                    414 

Lewisii               453 

Mountain  Ash      269 

dichotomum     410 

Onagra                   337 

membranacea    454 

Mountain  Balm    315 

Narrow-leaf  Cotton- 

Hookeri              337 

moschatus         454 

Mountain  Bog  Birch 

wood               128 

Jamesii               338 

nanus                 453 

140 

Nasturtium            215 

strigosa              337 

nasutus              454 

Mountain  Heath  370 

officinale             216 

ONAGRACEAE        333 

puberulus           454 

Mountain  Mahogany 

Naumbergia          377 

Onion                     113 

rubellus             453 

246 

thyrsiflora         377 

Wild                   113 

thermalis            454 

Mountain  Maple  314 

Navarretia            403 

Onosmodium        424 

Tolmiei             453 

Mountain  Sorrel  152 

Breweri              403 

carolinianum    424 

Mint                       427 

Mountain  Timothy 

intertexta          403 

nolle                    424 

Family              426 

53 

minima              403 

occidentale        424 

Wild                  428 

Mousetail              198 

Needle  Grass           50 

Oonopsis                500 

Mirabilis                172 

Mud  Plantain       108 

Negundo                314 

argillacea           501 

multiflora          173 

Mudwort                452 

acer  aides            314 

condensata        501 

oxybaphoides  173 

Mugwort                565 

Neillia                    248 

Engelmannii     501 

Missouri  Currant  243 

Muhlenbergia          51 

malvacea            248 

foliosa                501 

Mistletoe                146 

comata                 52 

Nelson's  Willow  137 

monocephala    501 

Lesser                145 

filiculmis              52 

Nemexia                121 

multicaulis        500 

Mitella                   236 

gracilis                 51 

herbacea            121 

Wardii                501 

Parryi                236 

gracillima            52 

Nemophila            407 

OPHIOGLOSSACEAE 

pentandra         236 

pungens               52 

parviflora          407 

17 

stauropetala     236 

racemosa             52 

Nepeta                  428 

Opulaster               247 

stenopetala         236 

Wrightii               52 

cataria               428 

bracteatus           248 

violacea             236 

Mulberry  Family  143 

hederacea           429 

glabratus   f         248 

Miterwort              236 

Mullein                   438 

Nettle  Family       144 

intermedius        248 

Mock  Orange        244 

Common             438 

Nicotiana               437 

pauciflorus        248 

Moehringia            287 

Munroa                    65 

attenuata          437 

pubescens            248 

lateriflora           187 

squarrosa             65 

trigonophylla    437 

Ramaleyi           248 

Mollugo                  176 

Muscaria               240 

N  ight-blooming 

Opuntia                 329 

verticillata        176 

delicatula           240 

Catchfly         181 

arborescens       331 

Monarda               431 

micropetala        240 

Nightshade           435 

camanchica       330 

citriodora           431 

Musenium             349 

Common            436 

Davisii               331 

comata               431 

Musineon               349 

Nothocalais           589 

fragilis             '  330 

fistidosa              431 

angustifolium    349 

cuspidata           589 

humifusa           329 

menthaefolia    431 

divaricatum      349 

Notholaena             19 

polyacantha      330 

Nuttallii            431 

Hookeri             349 

Fendleri               19 

Rafinesguii        329 

Ramaleyi          431 

pedunculatum  349 

Nuphar                  188 

rhodantha         330 

stricta                 431 

tenuifolium       350 

advena                189 

rutila                  330 

Monardella            430 

trachyspermum  349 

Nut  Pine                  27 

Schweriniana    330 

parviflora          430 

vaginatum        350 

Nuttallia                324 

tortispina          330 

Moneses                 367 

Musk  Plant           454 

Nuttall's  Buttercup 

xanthostemma 

uniflora              367 

Mustard                 214 

203 

330 

Monkey  Flower    453 

Black                 215 

NYCTAGINACEAE  172 

Orache                    167 

Monkshood            195 

Family               207 

Nymphaea             188 

Orange 

Monolepis              163 

Plains                 208 

polysepala         189 

Mock                  244 

chenopodioides  163 

Tansy                 224 

NYMPHAEACEAE   188 

Orchard  Grass        68 

Nuttalliana       163 

Treacle              230 

Orchid  Family      122 

pusilla                163 

Wild                  215 

Oak                         141 

ORCHIDACEAE       122 

Monotropa            368 

Myosotis                423 

Bur                     141 

Orchis                     124 

Hypopitys          369 

alpestris             423 

Oat  Grass          61,62 

Oreastrum             521 

uniflora              369 

sylvatica             423 

Wild                     62 

alpigineum        521 

MONOTROPACEAE 

Myosurus               198 

Odostemon             204 

Oregon  Grape       204 

368 

apetalus             198 

Oenothera                337 

Oreobatus               250 

Montia                   178 

Myriophyllum      345 

biennis               337 

deliciosus           250 

Chamissonis      178 

spicatum            345 

caespitosa          340 

Oreobroma              179 

linearis               178 

verticillatum     345 

canescens           341 

minima              1  79 

Viae                   178 

Hartwegii          342 

Oreocarya              416 

Moon  wort                17 

Nabalus                 592 

pinnatifida        338 

affinis                 419 

MORACEAE                 143 

racemosa            592 

triloba                341 

alata                 417 

638 


INDEX 


aperta               419 

caespitosus       340 

Pearl  wort              185 

gracilis              447 

Bakeri               419 

caulescens          341 

Pearly  Everlasting 

grandiflorus      444 

caespitosa         418 

eximius              340 

537 

Hallii                 443 

cana                   418 

glaber                340 

Pectis                   563 

Harbourii          446 

cristata              418 

hirsutus             340 

angustifolia       563 

Haydenii           443 

elata                  418 

macroglottis     340 

Pectocarya           414 

heterophyllus     447 

eulophus             417 

marginatus        341 

miser                  414 

humilis              445 

flava                  417 

montanus          340 

Pedicularis            455 

Jamesii              447 

flavoculata        417 

Pachystima           313 

bracteosa          456 

Kingii                448 

fulvocanescens  418 

myrsinites         313 

canadensis         455 

laricifolius         443 

glomerata          419 

Panic  Grass            45 

contorta             455 

linarioides         446 

longiflora           419 

Panicularia             74 

crenulata           455 

Moffattii            448 

multicaulis        417 

borealis                 74 

ctenophora        455 

montanus          448 

nana                   418 

Panicum                 45 

cystopteridifolia 

oreophilus          441 

sericea               418 

capillare               45 

456 

Owenii               445 

suffruticosa       417 

sanguinale           44 

Grayi                 456 

procerus             444 

thyrsiflora         419 

scoparium            45 

greenlandica     456 

procumbens        446 

virgata              419 

Scribnerianum    45 

Hallii                 456 

pseudohumilis  445 

Oreochrysum        504 

virgatum             45 

lunata                456 

pseudoprocerus  445 

Parryi                504 

Papaver                205 

montanensis      456 

radicosus           447 

Oreoxis                  354 

alpinum             205 

Parryi                456 

riparius             441 

alpina                354 

nudicaule           205 

procera               456 

Rydbergii          445 

Bakeri               354 

pygmaeum         205 

racemosa           455 

secundiflorus    444 

humilis              354 

PAPAVERACEAE    205 

scopulorum       456 

sepalulus           449 

OROBANCHACEAE  463 

Paper  Birch          140 

"Pe-ik"                 547 

similis                 447 

Orobanche            463 

Parietaria              144 

Pellaea                     20 

speciosus            442 

ludoviciana       463 

pennsylvanica  144 

atropurpurea       20 

strictiformis       441 

multiflora          463 

Parnassia               234 

Breweri                20 

strictus              441 

Orogenia                349 

fimbriata           234 

densa                    20 

suffrutescens     446 

linearifolia         349 

kotzebuei           234 

gracilis                 18 

teucrioides          446 

Orpine  Family      232 

palustris            234 

occidentalis         20 

Torreyi               441 

Orthocarpus          461 

parviflora          234 

pumila                 20 

trichander         441 

luteus.                 461 

rivularis             234 

Wrightiana         21 

unilateral  is        442 

purpureo-albus 

Parnassus,  Grass  of 

Pennyroyal           431 

utahensis           441 

462 

234 

Pentstemon           439 

Watsonii            445 

Tolmiei              462 

Paronychia            187 

acuminatus       444 

Xylus                 446 

Oryzopsis                 50 

depressa             188 

albidus               448 

Peppergrass          212 

asperifolia            51 

diffusa               188 

alpinus               441 

Peramium              126 

exigua                  50 

Jamesii               188 

ambiguus          443 

Menziesii            126 

juncea                  50 

pulvinata          188 

angustifolius     443 

ophioides           126 

miprantha            50 

sessilifolia          188 

arenicola            444 

Peraphyllum         268 

Osmorhiza             348 

Wardii               188 

aridus                 443 

ramosissimum  268 

nuda                   348 

Parosela                 297 

azureus               449 

Pectianthia            236 

OXALIDACEAE          304 

aurea                 298 

Bakeri               441 

Perennial  Fringed 

Oxalis                    304 

Dalea                 297 

barbatus            441 

Gentian         381 

coloradensis       304 

enneandra         297 

brevifolius         445 

Perennial  Rye  Grass 

stricta                304 

formosa              298 

Bridgesii           448 

78 

violacea             304 

Jamesii              298 

caeruleus            443 

Pericome               553 

Oxeye  Daisy         565 

lanata                298 

caespitosus        446 

caudata             553 

Oxybaphus             173 

Porteri               298 

caudatus             444 

Peritoma                231 

angustifolius      174 

rubescens          298 

collinus              447 

Persicaria              157 

Bodinii              174 

Parry                      212 

coloradensis       446 

Petalostemon        298 

hirsutus              173 

Parsnip  Family    346 

comarrhenus     442 

candidus            299 

nyctaginea         173 

Parthenice            539 

Crandallii          446 

compactus         299 

Oxygraphis            203 

mollis                 539 

crassifolius         442 

macrostachyus  299 

Oxypolis                362 

Parthenium           540 

cristatus             448 

mollis                 299 

Fendleri            362 

alpinum             540 

cyananthus       442 

oligophyllus      299 

Oxyria                   152 

Parthenocissus     316 

cyathophorus     444 

pubescens         299 

digyna               153 

vitacea               316 

deustus              442 

purpureus          299 

Oxytenia               450 

Paspalum                43 

Eatonii              441 

tenuifolius         299 

acerosa              540 

setaceum             44 

erianthera         448 

villosus              299 

Oxytropis               292 

Pasque  Flower     197 

erosus                 445 

violaceus           299 

campestris          295 

Pastinaca              365 

exilifolius           443 

Petasites               571 

splendens           295 

sativa                365 

Fendleri             444 

sagittata            571 

Oyster  Plant         289 

Pea                        301 

Fremontii          442 

Petradoria             504 

Ozomelis                 236 

Family               270 

fruticosus          442 

pumila                504 

Peach-leaved  Willow 

glaber               441 

Petrophyton         249 

Pachylophus         339 

130 

glaucus              445 

caespitosum      249 

INDEX 


639 


Peucedanum          362 

dasyphylla         397 

Pigweed                 160 

caesia                   70 

graveolens          365 

densa                  396 

PlNACEAE                      26 

californica            72 

nudicauLe           364 

depressa            396 

Pin-clover             304 

caUichroa              71 

simplex              364 

diapensioides     396 

Pine                         26 

compressa           70 

Phaca                    288 

Family               394 

Bristle-cone         27 

croata                    70 

americana          288 

glabrata            395 

Family                 26 

epilis                     72 

caespitosa          292 

Hoodii               395 

Limber                 27 

Fendleriana         72 

macrocarpa        292 

Kelseyi              396 

Lodge  Pole         27 

flava                    70 

pauciflora          289 

longifolia           396 

Nut                      27 

flexuosa                71 

pygmaea            287 

multiflora          396 

Pinon                   27 

glauca                   70 

Phacelia                407 

muscoides          395 

Rock                    28 

gracillima            73 

a#>o                     409 

nana                   397 

White-bark         27 

interior                 70 

alpina                408 

puberula            397 

Pinedrops              368 

jundfolia             73 

biennis               408 

scleranihifolia   395 

Pinesap                  369 

laevigata              72 

campesiris          409 

Stansburyi        397 

PlNGUICDLACEAE 

laxa                       71 

ciliosa                410 

Phoradendron       146 

462 

leptocoma             70 

cirdnata            408 

juniperinum      146 

Pink  Family          180 

Lettermannii      71 

corrugata           409 

Phragmites              65 

Pinon  Pine              27 

longiligula            72 

deserta               408 

cotnmunis            65 

Single-leaf           27 

longipedunculata 

Franklinii          409 

Phyllodoce            370 

Pinus                        26 

72 

glandulosa         409 

empetrifonnis  370 

albicaulis             27 

lucida                  73 

heterophylla     408 

glanduliflora     370 

aristata                27 

memoralis             70 

idahoensis         409 

hybrida              370 

edulis                   27 

nervosa                71 

integrifolia        409 

intermedia         370 

flexilis                  27 

nevadensis           72 

Ivesiana             409 

Physalis                 433 

monophylla         27 

occidentalis    70,  71 

Knightii             408 

Fendleri             435 

Murrayana          27 

Pattersonii          71 

leucophylla       408 

hederaefolia      434 

scopulorum         28 

phoenicea             70 

linearis               408 

heterophylla     434 

Piperia                   125 

planifolia             73 

Menziesii          408 

ixocarpa            433 

unalaschensis    125 

platyphylla          70 

neo-mexicana  409 

lanceolata          434 

Pipsissewa             368 

pratensis              70 

sericea                409 

lobata                 435 

PLANTAGINACEAE 

pratericola           73 

splendens          408 

longifolia           434 

464 

pseudopratensis  70 

Phalaris                   47 

neo-mexicana  433 

Plantago                464 

pudica                   71 

arundinacea        47 

philadelphica    433 

asiatica              465 

purpurascens       72 

caroliniana          47 

polyphylla         434 

elongata             466 

reflexa                 71 

Phegopteris             18 

pubescens           433 

eriopoda            465 

rupestris               71 

Dryopteris*          19 

pumila               434 

lanceolata          465 

rupicola               71 

Phellopterus         356 

rotundata         434 

major                 465 

Sandbergii           71 

bulbosus            357 

virginiana         434 

myosuroides       466 

serotina                70 

camporum         357 

Physaria                217 

nitrophila          465 

Sheldonii             73 

montanus           356 

acutifolia           218 

Purshii               466 

subaristata          72 

multinervatus  357 

didymocarpa    217 

pusilla                466 

subpurpurea       72 

purpurascens    357 

floribunda         218 

Rugellii              465 

tenuifolia             73 

Philadelphus        244 

Newberryi         218 

Tweedyi            465 

Traceyi                71 

Lewisii               244 

vitulifera           218 

Plantain                 464 

Wheeleri             71 

microphyllns    244 

Physocarpus         247 

Family               464 

Polanisia                232 

nitidus               244 

intermedius       248 

Mud                   108 

graveolens         232 

occidentals      244 

malvaceus         248 

Rattlesnake      126 

trachysperma  232 

Philotria                 38 

monogynus       248 

Platyschkuhria     556 

POLEMONIACEAE   394 

angustifolia         38 

opulifolius         248 

integrifolia        556 

Polemonium         403 

canadensis          38 

pubescens          248 

Pleurogyne            380 

Archibalds       404 

minor                  38 

Ramaleyi          248 

fontana              380 

Brandegeei        405 

Phippsia                  54 

Torreyi              248 

rotata                  380 

caeruleum          404 

algida                  54 

Physostegia          429 

Pleurophragma     209 

confertum         405 

Phleum                    53 

parviflora          429 

Plum                      269 

delicatum           404 

alpinum              53 

Picea                       28 

Chickasaw         269 

filicinum             404 

pratense               53 

Engelmannii       28 

Family               269 

foliosissimum    404 

Phlox                    394 

Parryana             28 

Red                    269 

grande                 404 

albomarginata  396 

pungens               28 

Wild  Yellow     269 

Grayanum         405 

alyssifolia          395 

Pickerel  Weed 

Poa                          69 

Haydenii           404 

andicola            396 

Family           108 

acuminata            71 

humile               404 

bryoides            395 

Picradenia             561 

alpina                  71 

mellitum           405 

caespitosa         395 

helenioides         562 

andina                 72 

molle                   404 

canescens          395 

macrantha         561 

annua                   69 

occidentale       404 

cernua                396 

multiflora          561 

arctica                 70 

parvifolium       404 

collina                396 

pumila               561 

arida                    73 

pterospermum  405 

condensata       395 

Picronthamnus     566 

brevipaniculata  72 

pulcherrimum  404 

costata               396 

desertorum        566 

Buckleyana        73 

robustwm           404 

640 


INDEX 


speciosum          405 

Polypody                19 

etomentosa         258 

vulgaris              429 

viscosum            405 

Polypogon               56 

iastigiata            258 

Prunus                    269 

Polygala                307 

monspeliensis     56 

filicaulis             261 

americana          269 

acanthocarpa    307 

Polypteris              555 

filipes                 258 

angustifolia       269 

alba                    307 

Hookeriana       555 

flabelliformis     258 

Besseyi               270 

subspinosa         307 

Polystichum            21 

iruticosa             251 

chicasa               269 

verticillata        307 

Lonchitis             21 

glandulosa         253 

demissa              270 

POLYGALACEAE      307 

POMACEAE             265 

glaucophylla     257 

ignota                 269 

POLYGONACEAE      147 

Pondweed  Family  33 

glomerata          257 

melanocarpa     270 

Polygonatum        119 

PONTEDERIACEAE 

gracilis               258 

pennsylvanica  270 

commutatum    120 

108 

Hippiana           261 

Pseudocymopterus 

giganteum          120 

Poplar                    127 

humifusa           257 

360 

Polygonum            155 

Poppy                    205 

jucunda              258 

aletifolius          361 

amphibium        157 

Family              205 

lateriflora           256 

anisatus             361 

aviculare            158 

Prickly               205 

leucocarpa         256 

bipinnatus         361 

bistortoides       156 

Populus                  127 

minutiflora        260 

montanus          361 

buxiforme           158 

acuminata         128 

monidensis        260 

multifidus          361 

calophylla          156 

angulata             128 

monspeliensis   256 

purpureus          361 

commixtum        159 

angustifolia       128 

Nicollettii          256 

sylvaticus          361 

consimile            159 

balsamifera       128 

nivea                  259 

tenuifolius         361 

convolvulus      160 

deltoidea             128 

norvegica            257 

Pseudotsuga           29 

Douglasii           159 

occidentalis       128 

Nuttallii            258 

Douglasii             29 

dumetorum         160 

tremuloides       127 

paradoxa           256 

mucronata           29 

emersum           157 

Wislizenii           128 

pectinisecta       258 

Psilostrophe          553 

Engelmanii        159 

Porcupine  Grass     50 

pennsylvanica  259 

Bakeri                553 

erectum             158 

Porterella               475 

pinnatifida        259 

pumila               553 

exsertum           158 

eximia                475 

pinnatisecta      260 

tagetina             553 

Hartwrightii     157 

Portulaca              179 

plattensis          260 

Psoralea                 296 

Hydropiper       158 

oleracea             179 

pseudosericea    259 

argophylla         297 

hydropiperoides 

retusa                 180 

pulcherrima       258 

campestris          297 

158 

PORTULACACEAE   176 

quinquefolia     258 

cuspidata           297 

imbricatum        160 

Potamogeton          33 

rivalis                 256 

digitata             297 

incarnatum       157 

alpinus                 34 

rubricaulis         260 

esculenta           296 

Kelloggii           160 

amplifolius          33 

rupicola             260 

floribunda           297 

laetervirens        157 

diversifolius        34 

rivalis                 256 

hypogaea           296 

lapathifolium    157 

filiformis              35 

saximontana     260 

lanceolata          297 

liladna               156 

foliosus                 35 

subjuga              258 

linearifolia         297 

linearifolia         156 

heterophyllus     34 

supina               256 

mephitica          296 

montanum        159 

lonchites              34 

tenerrima           260 

tenuiflora           297 

Muhlenbergii     1  57 

lucens                   34 

uniflora              259 

Ptelea                    306 

muriculata         157 

marinus               35 

virgulata           259 

angustifolia       307 

nodosum             157 

natans                 33 

viridescens        257 

crenulata           306 

omissum            157 

pectinatus           35 

wyomingensis  260 

trtfoliata             307 

pennsylvanicum 

perfoliatus           34 

Poterium                263 

Pteridium                19 

157 

pusillus                34 

annum               263 

aquilinum            20 

Persicaria          157 

rufescens              34 

Prairie  Clover       298 

Pteris                        20 

persicarioides    158 

Zizii                    34 

Prenanthella         591 

Pterospora            368 

plattensis            157 

Potato                   435 

exigua                591 

Andromedea     368 

polygaloides      159 

Family              433 

Prenanthes            592 

Pteryxia                357 

psychrophila      157 

Potentilla  '            254 

alata                   592 

albiflora             358 

punctatum        158 

ambigens           261 

racemosa           592 

calcarea             357 

ramosissimum  158 

anserina             254 

sagittata            592 

Ptilocalais             589 

rubescens           158 

arguta                 253 

Prickly  Poppy      205 

nutans               590 

sawatchense      158 

atrovirens         259 

Primrose                373 

Ptiloria                  588 

scandens            160 

Bakeri                257 

Evening    333,  337 

pauciftora          588 

scopulina           156 

bicrenata           257 

Family               372 

ramosa               588 

spergulariaeforme 

biennis               256 

Fragrant            339 

Puccinellia               74 

159 

Blaschkeana      258 

White  Evening 

airoides                74 

subcoriacea        157 

brunnescens       258 

338 

Puccoon                423 

tenue.                 159 

Candida             258 

Primula                  373 

Pulsatilla              197 

unifolium          160 

coloradoensis     261 

americana         373 

hirsutissima      197 

viviparum         156 

concinna            257 

angustifolia       373 

Pumpkin                472 

Wardii               157 

crinita               261 

•farinosa              373 

Purshia                  246 

Watsonii           159 

ctenophora       258 

Parryi                 373 

tridentata          247 

POLYPODIACEAE       18 

decurrens          257 

PRIMULACEAE       372 

Purslane                 179 

Polypodium            19 

dissecta              257 

Prosartes                120 

Family               176 

hesperium            19 

diversifolia        257 

trachycarpum    1  20 

Sea                      176 

vulgare                 19 

effusa                  261 

Prunella                429 

Pygmy  Weed       232 

INDEX 


641 


Pyrola                   366 

eximius              201 

Ribes                     241 

Macounii           264 

asarifolia           367 

glaberrimus       200 

americanum      243 

manca                264 

chlorantha        367 

Grayi                  201 

aureum               243 

Maximilianii    264 

elliptica             367 

inamoenus         201 

brachyanthum   242 

melina                265 

minor                367 

jovis                   201 

cereum              243 

Nutkana            264 

picta                  367 

Macauleyi         200 

coloradense  '     242 

oreophila            265 

secunda             367 

Macounii            202 

divaricatum       241 

pratincola          264 

uliginosa            367 

maximus            202 

echinatum          242 

Sayi                    264 

PYROLACEAE         366 

micropetalus      201 

fioridum             243 

stellata               265 

Pyrrocoma            499 

montanensis     202 

Hudsonianum  243 

Underwoodii     265 

acuminate,         500 

multifidus          200 

inebrians            243 

Woodsii              264 

dementis           499 

natans               200 

inerme                241 

ROSACEAE             245 

crosea                 499 

nivalis                201 

lacustre               242 

Rose                        263 

integrifolia        500 

ocreatus              201 

lentum               242 

Cliff                     246 

inuloides            500 

orthorhynchus    202 

leptanthum       242 

Family               245 

lagopus               500 

ovalis                 201 

longiflorum       243 

Rubacer                  250 

lanceolata         500 

pedatifidus        201 

oxyacanthoides  241 

parviflorum       250 

uniflora              500 

pennsylvanicus 

parvulum           242 

RUBIACEAE           466 

Vaseyi                500 

202 

petiolare             243 

Rubus                    251 

vittosa                500 

Purshii               200 

prostratum         242 

americanus        251 

Pyrus                     269 

pygmaeus          201 

pumilum            243 

deliciosus            250 

sambucifolia      269 

reptans              200 

Purpusii            241 

Nutkanus           250 

rhomboideus      201 

sanguineum       242 

strigosus            251 

Quake  Brome  Grass 

sceleratus           202 

saximontanum 

triflorus               251 

77 

unguiculatus     200 

242 

Rudbeckia             544 

Quamash                115 

Raphanus              215 

saxosum             241 

ampla                 544 

Quamoclidion        173 

raphanistrum   215 

setosum              241 

flava                   544 

multiflorum       173 

Raspberries           251 

vallicola             241 

hirta                   544 

Quercus                  141 

False                  250 

viscosissimum  242 

laciniata             544 

Eastwoodae        142 

Wild  Red          251 

Wolfii                 242 

montana            545 

FendUri             142 

Ratibida                545 

Rice  Cut-grass        46 

occidentalis       544 

Gambellii           142 

columnaris        545 

Rice  Grass               50 

Rue  Family           306 

Gunnisonii         142 

Tagetes              545 

Riddellia                553 

Rulac                      314 

leptophylla        142 

Rattlesnake  Plan- 

tagetina             553 

Negundo            314 

macrocarpa       141 

tain                 126 

River-bank  Grape 

texanum             314 

nitescens             142 

Rattlesnake  Root 

316 

Rumex                   153 

novomexicana    142 

592 

Robinia                  280 

acetosella           153 

pungens              143 

Rayless  Goldenrod 

rieo-mexicana   280 

Bakeri                155 

undulata            142 

494 

Rock  Brake             18 

brittanica           154 

utahensis           141 

Red  Clover            278 

Rock  Pine               28 

crispus                1  54 

venustula            142 

Redfieldia                65 

Rocky  Mt.  Bee-plant 

densiflorus         155 

Vreelandii          142 

flexuosa               65 

232 

Geyeri                 153 

Quillwort  Family  24 

Red  Plum              269 

Rocky  Mt.  Birch  140 

hymenosepalus 

Quincula                435 

Redtop                     57 

Rocky   Mt.    Fringed 

154 

lobata                435 

False                    70 

Gentian          381 

maritima            155 

Red  Canary  Grass 

Rocky    Mt.    Juniper 

mexicanus         154 

Rabbit  Brush       494 

47 

30 

obtusifolius       154 

Radish                    215 

Reed  Grass       65,  58 

Roman  Wormwood 

occidentalis       155 

Wild                   215 

Reed,  Indian          56 

541 

Patientia            154 

Ragweed                541 

Reed  Meadow  Grass 

Roripa                    215 

paucifolius         153 

Great                  541 

75 

curvipes             216 

persicarioides    1  55 

Western            541 

RHAMNACEAE       314 

curvisiliqua       216 

polyrrhizus        155 

RANUNCULACEAE 

Rhamnus               314 

hispida               216 

praecox               1  55 

189 

alnifolia             314 

lyrata                 216 

salicifolius          1  54 

Ranunculus          199 

Smithii               314 

Nasturtium       216 

salinus                154 

abortivus           200 

Rhinanthus           454 

obtusum             216 

subalpina           155 

acriformis          202 

Crista-galli        454 

palustris            216 

venosus              1  53 

adoneus             201 

Rhus                       312 

sinuata               216 

Ruppia                     35 

alismaefolius     200 

albida                313 

sphaerocarpa     216 

curvicarpa           35 

alpeophilus        201 

aromatica          313 

Underwoodii     216 

maritima             35 

calthaeflorus     200 

asplenifolia       313 

Rosa                      263 

Rush               85,  109 

cardiophyllus    201 

cismontana       313 

acicularis            264 

Bog                    109 

cymbalaria         203 

glabra                  313 

arkansana          264 

Spike                    87 

digitatus             201 

nitens                 313 

Engelmannii     264 

Rush  Grass              54 

Douglasii           202 

Rydbergii          313 

Fendleri             264 

Russian  Thistle    1  69 

Earlei                 202 

tessellata            313 

grosseserrata      2£5 

RUTACEAE             306 

ellipticus            200 

Toxicodendron  313 

gymnocarpa      265 

Rydbergia              561 

eremogenes       202 

trilobata            313 

MacDougalii     265 

Brandegei          561 

ROCKY  MT.  HOT. — 41 


642 


grandiflora        5§1 

petrophila          136 

cernua                239 

Rhodiola           233 

Rye                         82 

pellita                137 

chrysantha        239 

stenopetalum    233 

Wild                    82 

perrostrata          138 

cognata               239 

Selaginella               25 

Sage                       430 

pseudolapponum 

debilis                239 

densa                    26 

Black                 570 

,                  135 

flagellaris           239 

mutica                 26 

White                169 

pseudomyrsinites 

Hirculus            239 

rupestris              26 

Sagebrush     565,  570 

133 

integrifolia         240 

SELAGINELLACEAE 

Sage-leaved  Willow 

pyrifolia             133 

Jamesii              238 

25 

136 

reticulata            139 

micropetala       240 

Self-heal                 429 

Sagina                    185 

rotundifolia       133 

nivalis                240 

Senecio                   576 

Linnaei              185 

saximontana     139 

oppositifolia      239 

accedens             578 

saginoides          185 

Scouleriana       138 

oregonensis       239 

acutidens            582 

Sagittaria                37 

Seemannii         135 

punctata             240 

admirabilis        579 

arifolia                 37 

serissima            130 

rhomboidea       240 

altus                   580 

hebetiloba           37 

stenophylla         131 

saximontana     240 

amplectens        578 

latifolia               38 

sJricta                 135 

simulata             239 

anacletus           579 

longiloba              38 

subcoerulea       1  36 

subapetala         240 

andinus              579 

variabilis              37 

tenera                136 

virginiensis        240 

at  rat  us               580 

SALICACEAE          127 

Tweedyi            135 

SAXIFRAGACEAE   233 

atriapiculatiis    580 

Salicornia              165 

vestita               139 

Saxifrage               238 

aurellus              583 

herbacea             165 

Watsonii            132 

Family               233 

Balsamitae        583 

rubra                  165 

Wolfii                 134 

Golden               237 

Bigelovii            577 

Salix                       128 

Wrightii             129 

Schedonnardus       61 

blitoides              578 

aemulans            139 

wyomingensis    1  35 

paniculatus         61 

canovirens          581 

amygdaloides    129 

Salmon  Berry       250 

Schoenocrambe    208 

canus                  580 

arctica                136 

Salsify                    589 

decumbens          209 

carthamoides    578 

arogophylla        131 

Salsola                    169 

linifolia              209 

cernuus              578 

Barclayi             134 

pestifer               169 

pinnata              209 

chloranthus        577 

Barrattiana    y    135 

Tragus                169 

Scirpus                     85 

columbianus       580 

Bebbiana           138 

Saltbush                165 

americana            86 

compactus          583 

brachycarpa      135 

Salvia                     430 

atrovirens            87 

condensatus       583 

Candida              136 

lanceolata          431 

caespitosus          86 

contristatus        577 

chlorophylla      137 

Pitched              430 

campestris           86 

crassulus            579 

conjuncta            134 

Sambucus              468. 

fluviatilis             86 

crocatus             582 

cordata              132 

canadensis         469 

lacustris               86 

cymbalarioides 

Covillei              137 

glauca                468 

lineatus                87 

582 

discolor              137 

melanocarpa     469 

maritimus            86 

dimorphophylltts 

desertorum         1  34 

microbotrys      469 

microcarpus        87 

582 

Dodgeana          131 

neo-mexicana    469 

nevadensis           86 

discoideus          583 

exigua                131 

racemosa            469 

Olneyi                  86 

dispar                 580 

Fendleriana       130 

Samolus                 377 

paludosus            86 

Douglasii           584 

Fernaldii            139 

floribundus        378 

pauciflorus          85 

eremophilus      583 

fiava                   132 

Valerandi          378 

•pungens                86 

exaltatus             579 

flavescens           138 

Samphire               165 

sylvaticus             87 

jedifolius            583 

fluviatilis           131 

Sandal  wood  Family 

Scleropogon             64 

Fendleri             581 

Geyeriana          138 

146 

Karwinskianus  65 

filifolius             583 

glauca                 134 

Sandbar  Willow   131 

Scouring  Rush  23,  24 

flavovirens          583 

glaucops             135 

Sand  Bur                 46 

Scrophularia         439 

flavulus              583 

interior               131 

Sand  Cherry          270 

nodosa                 439 

Flintii                579 

irrorata              132 

Sandwort               185 

occidentalis       439 

Fremontii          578 

lasiandra            130 

Sanguisorba          263 

SCROPHULARIACEAE 

fulgens                582 

lasiolepis            132 

annua                 263 

437 

glaucescens       579 

linearifolia         131 

Sanicula                 348 

Scutellaria             427 

Harbourii           580 

longifolia            131 

marylandica     348 

Brittonii            427 

Hartianus          582 

lutea                  132 

SANTALACEAE       146 

galericulata       427 

heterodoxus        582 

luteosericea        131 

Saponaria              182 

lateriflora          427 

Holmii                578 

Mackenziana     133 

Vaccaria            182 

resinosa              427 

Hookeri              580 

macrocarpa        1  38 

Sarcobatus            169 

virgulata            427 

Howellii             580 

melanopsis        131 

vermiculatus     169 

Sea  Purslane         176 

hydrophiloides  579 

monticola          134 

Savastana                47 

Sedge                 84,  89 

hydrophilus       579 

Nelsonii             137 

Saxifraga               238 

Family                 84 

integerrimus     580 

nigra                   129 

adscendens         240 

Sedum                    233 

invenustus          578 

nivalis                139 

arguta                240 

debile                 233 

Jonesii                582 

Nuttallii             138 

austrina             240 

Douglasii           233 

lactudmis          578 

Ormsbyensis      132 

austromontana 

frigidum            233 

lanatifolius        581 

pachnophora      137 

239 

integrifolia        233 

lapathifoliiis      579 

padifolia            134 

bronchialis         239 

polygamum        233 

longipetiolatus 

padophylla         134 

caespitosa         240 

rhodanthum     233 

582 

INDEX 


643 


likens                580 

neo-mexicana  317 

Smooth  Brome  Grass 

ramosa                225 

MacDougallii   583 

nervata             317 

77 

viscosa                225 

microdontus       579 

Sideranthus           498 

Sneezeweed           562 

Sophora                  272 

milleflorus          580 

annuus               498 

Snowberry             470 

sericea               272 

multicapitatiis  582 

austral  is             499 

SOLANACEAE             433 

Sorbus                    269 

multilobatus       582 

glaberrimus       499 

Solanum                435 

scopulina           269 

mutabilis           583 

gracilis               498 

elaeagnifolium  436 

Sorghastrum           43 

Nelsonii             581 

grindelioides     498 

heterodoxum    436 

nutans                  43 

nephrophyllus   583 

puberulus          499 

interius              436 

Sorghum                  43 

oblanceolatus     583 

spinulosus         499 

Jamesii               436 

halepense            43 

occidentalis        578 

Sieversia                262 

nigrum               436 

Sorrel                      153 

oorfes                   582 

ciliata                 262 

rostratum          436 

Field                  153 

pagosanus          578 

scapoidea           263 

triflorum            436 

Mountain          152 

perennans          581 

turbinata           262 

tuberosum          436 

Sheep                  153 

perplexus           580 

Silene                      180 

villosum             436 

Sow  Thistle           597 

"petraeus             581 

acaulis                181 

Solidago                 504 

Spanish  Needles  550 

petrocallis         581 

antirrhina          181 

camporum         507 

SPARGANIACEAE     32 

plattensis          581 

Hallii                  181 

canadensis         506 

Sparganium            32 

platylobus          582 

Menziesii            181 

ciliosa                 505 

androcladum      32 

pseudaureus      582 

multicaulis        181 

concinna             506 

angustifolium      32 

ptidicus              578 

noctiflora           181 

corymbosa         505 

eurycarpum        32 

Purshianus        581 

oregana              181 

decumbens        505 

minimum             32 

pyrrhochrous      583 

Scouleri              181 

dilatata             505 

simplex                32 

rapifolius           579 

stellarioides        181 

elongata             506 

Spartina                   63 

Riddellii            583 

tetonensis          181 

gilvocanescens    506 

cynosuroides       63 

rosulatus            581 

Silverberry            331 

glaberrima          506 

gracilis                 63 

Rydbergii          582 

Silverweed             254 

glabriuscula       506 

Spatterdock          188 

salicinus            581 

Single-leaf  Pinon   27 

humilis               505 

Spear  Grass             69 

saliens                579 

Sisymbrium 

laevicaulis          505 

Spearmint              428 

scopulina           578 

209,  224,  225 

lanceolata           507 

Specularia              474 

semiamplexicaulis 

linifolium          209 

missouriensis     505 

leptocarpa         474 

579 

virgatum             225 

mollis                  507 

perfoliata           474 

serra                  579 

Sisyrinchium         122 

multiradiata      505 

Spergularia 

Soldanella         578 

alpestre      .        122 

nana                   507 

sparsiflora          187 

solitarius            582 

anceps                122 

nemoralis           507 

Sphaeralcea           318 

spartioides         584 

angustifolium   122 

occidentalis      .507 

angustifolia       318 

subcuneatus       582 

heterocarpum   122 

oreophila            505 

crandallii           318 

subnudus           582 

montanum         122 

pallida                505 

cuspidata           318 

taraxacoides     578 

mucronatum      122 

Pitcheri              506 

grandiflora         318 

Tracyi                583 

occidentale        122 

polyphylla          506 

Munroana          318 

triangularis       578 

Sitanion                   83 

pulcherrima       506 

rivularis             318 

tridenticulatus  583 

brevifolium         84 

radulina             507 

Sphaerostigma      342 

trigonophyllus   579 

elymoides              84 

rigida                  507 

andinum            343 

uintahensis        581 

glabrum                84 

rubra                   505 

contortum         343 

vulgaris              584 

hystrix                 84 

scopulorum        505 

minutiflora        343 

werneriaefolius 

longifolium          83 

serotina              506 

Nelsonii              343 

581 

molle                     84 

serra                    506 

pubens                343 

Service-berry        265 

montanum          84 

speciosa              505 

tortum                343 

Sesuvium               176 

pubeflorum          84 

trinervata          507 

utahense            343 

Portulacastrum 

rigidum                84 

Solomon's  Seal 

Spiderwort  Family 

sessile                176 

Sium                       352 

119,  120 

107 

Setaria                     46 

citutaefolium    352 

Sonchus                  597 

Spike  Rush              87 

setosa                    46 

Skullcap                 427 

arvensis              597 

Spiraea                   248 

Sheep  Sorrel          153 

Smelowskia           224 

asper                   597 

betulaefolia        249 

Shepherdia            331 

americana          224 

oleraceus            597 

densiflora           249 

argentea            332 

calycina               24 

Sophia                    224 

lucida                 248 

canadensis         332 

linearifolia         224 

andrenarum       225 

monogyna           248 

Shepherd's  Purse 

SMILACEAE            121 

canescens            225 

Spiranthes             125 

220 

Smilacina              120 

filipes                  224 

Romanzoffiana  125 

Shield  Fern             21 

ampl  exicaulis   1  20 

glandulifera       224 

stricta                 125 

Shooting  Star       375 

racemosa           120 

halictorum          225 

Spirodela                107 

Shrubby  Cinquefoil 

sessilifolia          120 

Hartwegiana     224 

polyrhiza           107 

251 

stellata              120 

incisa                  224 

Spleenwort 

Shrubby  Trefoil   306 

Smilax                    121 

intermedia         225 

Sporobolus              54 

Sibbaldia               251 

Family               121 

leptophylla        225 

airoides                55 

procumbens      251 

Sweet                  121 

ochroleuca         225 

argutus                 55 

Sidalcea                 317 

Smooth-bark  Cot- 

pinnata 

asperifolius          55 

Candida             317 

tonwood        128 

purpurascens    225 

brevifolius           54 

644 


INDEX 


confusus               55 

mongolica           48 

pinnatifida        450 

Torreyana         559 

cryptandrus        55 

Nelsonii                49 

plantaginea       450 

Teucrium              426 

filiformis              55 

neo-mexicana     50 

reflexa               451 

laciniatum         427 

heterolepis          55 

occidentalis         49 

Ritteriana         450 

occidentale        426 

simplex                55 

Richardsonii       48 

rubra                  450 

Texan  Timothy      52 

vaginaeflorus      55 

Scribneri              49 

wyomingensis  450 

Thalesia                464 

Wolfii                    54 

spartea                50 

Syringa                  244 

fasciculata         464 

Spraguea               178 

speciosa                49 

uniflora              464 

multiceps           178 

Tweedyi               50 

Talinum                177 

Thalictrum            203 

umbellate           179 

Vaseyi                 49 

parviflorum       177 

alpinum             203 

Spring  Beauty      177 

viridula                49 

teretifolium        177 

cornuti               204 

Spruce                     28 

Williamsii            49 

Tall  Fescue             76 

dasycarpum      204 

Blue                     28 

St.  John's-wort 

Tanacetum  .          565 

Fendleri             204 

Douglas               29 

Family           320 

capitatum         565 

occidentale        204 

Engelmann          28 

Stonecrop              233 

Nuttallii            565 

sparsiflorum      203 

False  Hemlock  29 

Storkbill                304 

simplex              565 

venulosum         204 

Spurge                   309 

Strawberry            251 

Tansy  Mustard     224 

Thamnosma          307 

Family               308 

Strep  tanthus         211 

Tape  Grass  Family 

texanum            307 

Squash                   472 

coloradensis      21  1 

38 

Thaspium              358 

Squirreltail  Grass  82 

cordatus            211 

Taraxacum            600 

trifoliatum        358 

Stachys                  430 

crassifolius        211 

ammophilum    601 

Thelesperma         551 

palustris            430 

longirostris        211 

angustifolium  601 

ambiguum         552 

Staff  Tree  Family 

wyomingensis  211 

ceratophorum    601 

gracile                552 

•313 

Streptopus             119 

dumetorum       600 

intermedium      552 

Stanleya                208 

amplexifolius    119 

latilobum            601 

subnudum         552 

albescens           208 

Stylopappus          600 

leiospermum      601 

tenue                    552 

arcuata              208 

elatus                  600 

mexicanum        600 

trifidum              552 

bipinnata           208 

Suaeda                   169 

oblanceolatum    601 

Thellypodiopsis     209 

glauca                 208 

depressa             170 

officinale            600 

Thelypodium        209 

integrifolia        208 

diffusa                169 

scopulorum       600 

aureum              210 

pinnata              208 

erecta                 169 

Taraxacum        600 

crenatum            212 

tomentosa         208 

Moquinii            170 

Taraxia                  342 

elegans               210 

viridiflora          208 

Torreyana          170 

breviflora           342 

integrifolium     209 

Stanleyella             209 

Subularia 

subacaulis         342 

lilacinum            209 

Starwort                 182 

aquatica             211 

Tarweed                 552 

linearifolium     209 

Water                 311 

Suckleya                168 

Tellima                   237 

longifolium        210 

Steironema            377 

petiolaris            1  68 

bulbifera            237 

micranthum       210 

ciliatum             377 

Suckleyana        168 

glabra                 237 

Nuttallii            210 

Stellaria                 182 

Suida                     366 

parviflora          237 

paniculatum     210 

borealis              183 

interior               366 

tenella                237 

sagittatum          210 

crassifolia          183 

Sullivantia             237 

Teloxys                   161 

torulosum          210 

Jamesiana         183 

halmicola           237 

cornuta               161 

Wrightii             209 

longifolia           183 

Hapemannii      238 

Tetradymia           575 

Thermopsis           271 

longipes 

Sumac  Family      312 

canascens           575 

annulocarpa      271 

obtusa               183 

Sunflower              547 

glabrata             575 

arenosa              271 

umbellata          183 

Sweet  Clover         277 

inermis               575 

divaricarpa       271 

valida                183 

Sweet  Smilax        121 

linearis               575 

montana            271 

Stenophragma      225 

Swertia                   383 

multicaulis         575 

pinetorum          271 

virgata               225 

congesta             384 

Nuttallii             575 

rhombifolia       271 

Stenotus                502 

palustris 

spinosa               576 

stricta                  271 

acaulis                503 

scopulina           383 

Tetraneuris            558 

Therophon              238 

armerioides       503 

Switch  Grass           45 

acaulis                558 

heucheriforme    238 

caespitosus        503 

Symphoricarpos  470 

angustifolia       560 

Thistle                    584 

falcatus              503 

mollis                 471 

arizonica            560 

Bull                    586 

latifolius            503 

occidentalis       470 

brevifolia            558 

Common            586 

Stephanomeria     588 

orbiculatus         470 

crandallii           560 

Russian              169 

exigua                588 

oreophilus         471 

epunctata           560 

Sow                     597 

minor                  588 

racemosus         470 

eradiata              559 

Thlaspi                   214 

pauciflora          588 

rotundifolius     470 

fastigiata            560 

alpestre               214 

rundnata           588 

tetonensis           471 

glabra                  560 

arvense              214 

tenuifolia           588 

utahensis            471 

glabriuscula       560 

coloradense       214 

virgata                588 

vaccinoides        471 

incana                559 

Fendleri             214 

Stickseed               411 

Syntherisma           44 

intermedia         560 

glaucum             214 

Stipa                        48 

sanguinalis          44 

linearis               560 

Nuttallii            214 

columbiana         49 

Synthyris              449 

mancosensis       560 

parviflorum       214 

comata                50 

alpina                 450 

pilosa                 560 

purpurascens     214 

Lettermanii         49 

flavescens           450 

simplex              559 

Thorn  Apple         436 

minor                    49 

laciniata            450 

stenophylla        560 

Thoroughwort      484 

INDEX 


645 


Three-awned  Grass 

maximus           306 

ULMACEAE            143 

canadensis        425 

47 

Tricuspis                 65 

Ulmus                    143 

hastata              425 

Tickseed               550 

acuminata           65 

americana         143 

stricta                425 

TiUaea                  233 

Trifolium               277 

UMBELLIFERAE    346 

VERBENACEAE      424 

angustifolia       233 

andinum            279 

Unamia                  51  1 

Verbesina               550 

Tillaeastrum         232 

anemophilum   279 

ptarmicoides      515 

encelioides          550 

aquaticum         232 

attenuatum       279 

Unicorn  Plant      464 

Vernonia                484 

Timothy                  53 

bracteolatum      279 

Unifolium              120 

fasciculata         484 

Mountain            53 

Brandegei          278 

liliaceum            120 

Jamesii               484 

Texan                  53 

dasyphyllum     279 

Urtica                     144 

Veronica                451 

Tissa                      187 

eriocephalum     278 

cardiophylla      145 

alpina                451 

sparsiflora         187 

Fendleri            280 

dioica                 144 

americana         452 

Toadflax               438 

gymnocarpon    279 

gracilipes           145 

anagallis-aquatica 

Bastard              146 

Haydenii           278 

gracilis               145 

451 

Tobacco                437 

Hybridum         278 

holosericea        144 

peregrina           451 

Tofieldia                118 

involucratum     280 

URTICACEAE          144 

scutellata           452 

glutinosa            118 

Kingii                278 

Utah  Juniper          30 

serpyllifolia       451 

intermedia         118 

latifolium          278 

Utricularia            462 

Warmsjoldii      451 

Tonestus               503 

longipes              278 

minor                 463 

Vervain                  424 

Lyallii                503 

montanense        279 

vulgaris             463 

Blue                   425 

pygmaeus         503 

narunii                279 

Family               424 

Touterea                 326 

nemorale            279 

Vaccaria                182 

Hoary                425 

multicaulis        326 

Parryi                279 

VACCINIACEAE      372 

Vesicaria               218 

Townsendia           507 

pauciflorum       280 

Vaccinium             372 

Ludoviciana      218 

alpina                509 

pratense             278 

caespitosum      372 

Vetch  .  280,  300,  301 

Bakeri               510 

repens                278 

erythrococcum    372 

Viburnum              469 

condensata        509 

Rydbergii          278 

globulare             372 

Lentago             469 

dejecta              510 

scariosum          279 

macrophyllum  372 

Opulus               469 

eximia                508 

stenolobum         279 

membranaceum 

pauciflorum       469 

exscapa              509 

subcaulescens     279 

372 

Vicia                       300 

Fendleri             509 

Wormsjoldii      280 

Myrtillus           372 

americana         301 

formosa              508 

Triglochin                36 

occidentale        372 

linearis               301 

glabella             510 

maritima             36 

oreophilum        372 

oregana              301 

grandiflora        509 

palustris              36 

scoparium          372 

producta            301 

incana                509 

Triodia                    65 

Vaguer  a                  120 

truncata              301 

intermedia         510 

acuminata            65 

leplopetala          120 

Vine               315,  392 

Parryi                508 

Tripterocalyx         174 

Valeriana               475 

Family               315 

pinetorum          508 

Trisetum                  61 

acutiloba      ,      476 

Wild  Potato      392 

Rothrockii         510 

montanum          61 

ceratophylla     475 

Viola                      320 

scapigera            510 

subspicatum       61 

edulis                  475 

adunca               323 

sericea                510 

Trollius                  190 

furfurescens      475 

atriplicifolia      321 

spathulata         510 

albiflorus           190 

micrantha         475 

bellidifolia         323 

strigosa              509 

Troximon              598 

occidentalis        476 

biflora                321 

Vreelandii         508 

arachnoideum  599 

oreophila            476 

biternata            321 

Watsonii            509 

arizonicum        599 

ovata                   476 

blanda                322 

Toxicoscordion      118 

aurantiacum     599 

septentrionalis  476 

canadensis         322 

Tradescantia         107 

cuspidatum        589 

sitchensis            476 

delphinifolia      321 

laramiensis        107 

elatum                599 

sylvatica             476 

demissa              323 

occidentalis       107 

glaucum             598 

trachycarpa  .     475 

erectifolia          322 

scopulorum        108 

gradlens             599 

wyomingensis    476 

flavovirens         322 

virginiana          108 

ffrandiflorum     600 

VALERIANACEAE  475 

gomphopetala    322 

Tragia                   308 

laciniatum         599 

Valerian  Family  475 

inamoena           323 

nepetaefolia       309 

montanum        600 

VALLISNERIACEAE 

LeConteana       322 

ramosa               309 

parviflorum       599 

38 

linguaefolia       322 

Tragopogon           589 

pubescens         598 

Vanilla  Grass          47 

Madoskeyi        322 

porrifolius         589 

pumilum            599 

Velesonix               238 

montanensis     323 

pratensis            589 

purpureum        599 

Venus's  Looking- 

monticola          323 

Trailing  Bindweed 

roseum               598 

glass               474 

nephrophylla    322 

393 

villosum            598 

Veratrum               119 

Nuttallii            321 

Trailing  Buttercup 

True  Oat  Grass      61 

californicum      119 

odontophora     323 

202 

Tumbleweed         171 

speciosum         119 

palustris            322 

Treacle    Mustard 

Twayblade            125 

Verbascum            438 

pedatifida          321 

230 

Twin  Flower         469 

blattaria            438 

physalodes         321 

Tree                      378 

Twisted-stalk        119 

thapsus              438 

Rafinesquii        323 

Ash                    378 

Typha                      31 

Verbena                 424 

retroscabra         323 

TrefoU                  277 

angustifolia         31 

Aubletia             425 

retusa                322 

Shrubby           306 

latifolia               31 

bipinnatifida     425 

Rydbergii           322 

Tribulus               306 

TYPHACKAE            31 

bracteosa           425 

Sheltonii            321 

646 


INDEX 


subvestita         323 

French              214 

Wild  Tomato        436 

Xanthium             542 

Thorii                321 

Jamestown        437 

Wild  Yellow  Plum 

canadense           543 

vallicola            321 

Jimson               437 

269 

commune            543 

VIOLACEAE            320 

Joe  Pye             485 

Willow                   128 

echinatum         542 

Violet                    320 

Pickerel             108 

Autumn             130 

Xerophyllum        118 

Dogtooth           116 

Pygmy               232 

Black                 129 

tenax                  118 

Family              320 

Western  Poison  Ivy 

Dusky                131 

Ximenesia             549 

White  Sweet     322 

313 

Family               127 

encelioides         550 

Virginia  Creeper 

Western  Ragweed 

Fendler's           130 

Xylorhiza              510 

316 

541 

Hoary                136 

glabriuscula      510 

Virgin's  Bower     197 

Western  Wallflower 

Nelson's             137 

Parryi                511 

VlTACEAE                    315 

229 

Peach-leaved    130 

venusta              511 

Vitis                       315 

Wheat  Cockle       182 

Sage-leaved       136 

villosa                 51  1 

riparia               316 

Wheat  Grass           79 

Sandbar             131 

vulpina              315 

White-bark  Pine    27 

Willow  Herb         335 

Yarrow                  564 

White  Clover        278 

Windflower            195 

Yellow  Pond  Lily 

Washingtonia       348 

White  Fir                28 

Winter  Cress         215 

188 

divaricata          348 

White  Mountain 

Winter  Fat            169 

Yellow  Rattle      454 

longistylis          348 

Lily                113 

Wintergreen          366 

Yellow  Sweet  Clover 

obtusa               348 

White  Sage           169 

Creeping             371 

277 

occidentalis       348 

White  Sweet  Clover 

Family               366 

Yucca                    117 

Water  Cress          216 

277 

Witch  Grass           45 

angustifolia       117 

Water  Crowfoot   198 

White  Sweet-violet 

Wolfberry             470 

baccata              117 

Water  Hemp         171 

322 

Woodsia                   21 

glauca                117 

Water  Hoarhound 

Whitlowwort        187 

oregana                22 

Harrimaniae     117 

432 

Wild  Balsam  Apple 

scopulina             22 

Waterleaf               406 

472 

Wood  Sorrel  Family 

Zannichellia            35 

Family               405 

Wild  Barley            82 

304 

palustris              35 

Water  Lily  Family 

Wild  Cabbage      210 

Wormwood            565 

Zauschneria          334 

188 

Wild  Candytuft    214 

Woundwort           430 

Garrettii            334 

Water  Milfoil  Family 

Wild  Mint            428 

Wulfenia               450 

Zinnia                    543 

345 

Wild  Mustard       215 

gymnocarpa       450 

Zizia                       350 

Water  Plantain 

Wild  Oats               62 

Wyethia                 546 

cordata             350 

Family             37 

Wild  Onion            113 

amplexicaulis    547 

Zygadenus             118 

Water  Starwort 

Wild  Potato  Vine 

arizonica            547 

coloradensis       118 

Family           311 

392 

helianthoides    546 

dilatata               118 

Waterweed              38 

Wild  Radish         215 

scabra                 547 

elegans               118 

Waterwort  Family 

Wild  Red  Cherry 

Wyoming  Daisy  530 

falcatus               119 

319 

270 

Wyomingia           530 

gramineus          118 

Wedelia                 174 

Wild  Red  Raspberry 

argentata          531 

intermedius       119 

incarnata           174 

251 

cana                   531 

Nuttallii            119 

Weed                     108 

Wild  Rye                82 

cinerea               531 

venenosus          118 

Carpet               176 

Wild  Sarsaparilla 

pulcherrima      531 

ZYGOPHYLLACEAE 

Door                  158 

346 

Tweedyana       531 

306 

A   TEXTBOOK   OF    BOTANY 

For  Colleges  and   Universities 

By  JOHN  MERLE  COULTER,  Ph.D.,  Professor  of  Plant 
Morphology,  CHARLES  REID  BARNES,  Ph.D., Late 
Professor  of  Plant  Physiology,  and  HENRY  CHAND- 
LER COWLES,  Ph.'D.,  Assistant  Professor  of  Plant  Ecol- 
ogy, of  the  Botanical  Staff  of  the  University  of  Chicago. 


Complete "...  $3.50 

Volume  I.      Morphology  and  Physiology 2.00 

Volume  II.    Ecology 2.00 


THIS    textbook    presents    the    fundamentals    of  modern 
botany  for  undergraduate  instruction.       These    funda- 
mentals are  presented  under  three  main  divisions :   Mor- 
phology,   Physiology,   and    Ecology,   subjects    of  the  varied 
work  in  botany  to-day.      The  volumes  contain  selected  mate- 
rial, general  statements  not  confused  by  exceptions,  and  a  mini- 
mum of  terminology. 

^[  In  the  part  on  morphology,  the  evolution  of  the  plant 
kingdom  has  determined  the  selection  of  material  and  of  struc- 
tures, so  that  every  plant  or  group  contributes  something  to 
the  evolutionary  sequence.  Physiology  is  presented  in  its 
modern  aspect,  the  explanation  of  plant  behavior  being  in 
terms  of  chemistry  and  physics,  as  far  as  present  knowledge  per- 
mits. Plants  are  considered  as  expressions  of  matter  and 
force.  The  comparatively  new  subject  of  ecology  is  organ- 
ized for  the  first  time  as  a  college  text. 

^[  The  work  is  strictly  modern  in  its  point  of  view.  All  anti- 
quated conceptions  have  been  carefully  discarded.  In  all  the 
parts  the  logical  presentation  is  emphasized  by  frequent  cap- 
tions that  catch  the  eye,  and  it  is  believed  that  the  orderly 
arrangement  of  material  will  facilitate  both  its  reception  and 
its  retention.  A  special  feature  of  the  book  is  its  excellent 
illustrations,  the  majority  of  which  are  original. 


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GRAY'S    NEW    MANUAL 

OF   BOTANY--SEVENTH 

EDITION 

Thoroughly  revised  and  largely  rewritten,  by  BENJAMIN 
LINCOLN  ROBINSON,  Ph.D.,  Asa  Gray  Professor 
of  Systematic  Botany,  and  MERRITT  LYNDON 
FERNALD,  S.B.,  Assistant  Professor  of  Botany,  Harvard 
University,  assisted  by  specialists  in  certain  groups. 


Regular  edition.      Cloth,  926  pages 

Tourist's  edition.      Flexible  leather,  926  pages 3.00 


AMERICAN  botanists,  who  had  been  impatiently  await- 
ing the  revision  of  this  indispensable  work,  will  be  de- 
lighted to  know  that  a  seventh,  completely  revised,  and 
copiously  illustrated  edition  has  now  been  issued.  The  re- 
vision has  entailed  years  of  work  by  skilled  specialists.  No 
effort  has  been  spared  to  attain  the  highest  degree  of  clearness, 
terseness,  and  accuracy.  The  plant  families  have  been  re- 
arranged in  a  manner  to  show  the  latest  view  of  their  affin- 
ities, and  hundreds  of  species  have  been  added.  The  synonomy 
is  copious,  and  the  ranges  are  stated  in  considerable  detail. 
^[  The  nomenclature  has  been  brought  into  thorough  accord 
with  the  important  international  rules  recently  established — a 
feature  of  great  significance.  Indeed,  the  Manual  is  the  only 
work  of  its  scope  which  in  the  matter  of  nomenclature  is  free 
from  provincialism  and  rests  upon  a  cosmopolitan  basis  of  in- 
ternational agreement.  Nearly  a  thousand  figures,  specially 
designed  for  this  edition,  have  been  added,  and  scores  of  brief 
and  lucid  keys  have  been  introduced  in  a  manner  which 
greatly  simplifies  the  problem  of  plant  identification.  The 
work  has  been  extended  to  include  Ontario,  Quebec,  and  the 
maritime  provinces  of  Canada. 


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SCIENTIFIC    MEMOIRS 

Edited  by  JOSEPH  S.  AMES,  Ph.D.,  Johns  Hopkins 
University 


THE  FREE  EXPANSION  OF  GASES.  Memoirs  by  Gay-Lussac,  Joule,  and 
Joule  and  Thomson.  Edited  by  Dr.  J.  S.  Ames.  $0.75. 

PRISMATIC  AND  DIFFRACTION  SPECTRA.  Memoirs  by  Joseph  von  Fraun- 
hofer.  Edited  by  Dr.  J.  S.  Ames.  $0.60. 

RONTGEN  RAYS.  Memoirs  by  Rontgen,  Stokes,  and  J.  J.  Thomson.  Edited 
by  Dr.  George  F.  Barker.  $0.60. 

THE  MODERN  THEORY  OF  SOLUTION.  Memoirs  by  Pfeffer,  Van't  Hoff, 
Arrhenius,  and  Raoult.  Edited  by  Dr.  H.  C.  Jones.  $i .00. 

THE  LAWS  OF  GASES.  Memoirs  by  Boyle  and  Amagat.  Edited  by  Dr. 
Carl  Barus.  $0.75. 

THE  SECOND  LAW  OF  THERMODYNAMICS.  Memoirs  by  Carnot,  Clausius, 
and  Thomson.  Edited  by  Dr.  W.  F.  Magie.  $0.90. 

THE  FUNDAMENTAL  LAWS  OF  ELECTROLYTIC  CONDUCTION.  Memoirs 
by  Faraday,  Hittorf,  and  Kohlrausch.  Edited  by  Dr.  H.  M. 
Goodwin.  $0.75. 

THE  EFFECTS  OF  A  MAGNETIC  FIELD  ON  RADIATION.  Memoirs  by  Fara- 
day, Kerr,  and  Zeeman.  Edited  by  Dr.  E.  P.  Lewis.  $0.75. 

THE  LAWS  OF  GRAVITATION.  Memoirs  by  Newton,  Bouguer,  and  Cav- 
endish. Edited  by  Dr.  A.  S.  Mackenzie.  $1.00. 

THE  WAVE  THEORY  OF  LIGHT.  Memoirs  by  Huygens,  Young,  and 
Fresnel.  Edited  by  Dr.  Henry  Crew.  $1.00. 

THE  DISCOVERY  OF  INDUCED  ELECTRIC  CURRENTS.  Vol.  I.  Memoirs  by 
Joseph  Henry.  Edited  by  Dr.  J.  S.  Ames.  $0.75. 

THE  DISCOVERY  OF  INDUCED  ELECTRIC  CURRENTS.  Vol.  II.  Memoirs 
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THE  FOUNDATIONS  OF  STEREO-CHEMISTRY.  Memoirs  by  Pasteur,  Le  Bel, 
and  Van't  Hoff,  together  with  selections  from  later  memoirs  by 
Wislicenus,  and  others.  Edited  by  Dr.  G.  M.  Richardson.  $1.00. 

THE  EXPANSION  OF  GASES.  Memoirs  by  Gay-Lussac  and  Regnault.  Edited 
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RADIATION  AND  ABSORPTION.  Memoirs  by  Prevost,  Balfour  Stewart, 
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Brace.  $1.00. 


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HUNTER'S  ELEMENTS  OF 
BIOLOGY 

By  GEORGE  WILLIAM  HUNTER,  A.  M.,  Instructor 
in  Biology,  De  Witt  Clinton  High  School,  New  York  City. 

$1.25 


THIS  work  presents  such  a  correlation  of  botany,  zool- 
ogy, and  human  physiology  as  constitutes  an  adequate 
first-year  course  in  biology.  The  foundation  principles, 
upon  which  the  present  correlation  of  subjects  is  made,  are 
that  the  life  processes  of  plants  and  of  animals  are  similar,  and 
in  many  respects  identical ;  that  the  properties  and  activities 
of  protoplasm  are  the  same  whether  in  the  cell  of  a  plant  or 
of  an  animal ;  and  that  the  human  body  is  a  delicate  machine, 
built  out  of  that  same  mysterious  living  matter,  protoplasm. 
With  such  a  foundation  this  correlation  is  simple  and  natural. 
^f  The  course  is  designed  to  give  to  students  a  general  con- 
ception of  the  wide  range  of  forms  in  plant  and  animal  life  ; 
to  lead  them  to  observe  the  various  processes  carried  on  by 
plants  and  animals,  and  to  study  only  so  much  of  structure 
as  is  necessary  for  a  clear  comprehension  of  these  processes ; 
and  to  help  them  to  understand  the  general  structure  of  the  hu- 
man body,  and  the  way  to  care  for  it. 

^f  The  treatment  follows  the  order  in  which  the  topics  are 
likely  to  be  taken  up  when  the  wont  is  begun  in  the  fall. 
The  laboratory  and  field  work  is  interesting  and  readily 
comprehended.  The  questions  are  few  and  simple;  they 
apply  to  structures  easily  found,  and  deal  with  externals  only. 
The  experiments  outlined  in  the  book  do  not  require  an  ex- 
tensive laboratory  equipment.  Excellent  results  may  be  ob- 
tained with  little  or  no  apparatus,  except  tnat  made  by  the 
pupils  and  teacher  working  together. 

*![  The  course  combines  in  excellent  proportion  text-book 
study,  laboratory  experiments,  field  work,  and  work  for 
oral  recitation,  and  is  attractive,  accurate,  and  informative. 


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HERRICK'S  GENERAL 
ZOO  LOGY 

By  GLENN  W.  HERRICK,  B.S.A.,  Assistant  Professor 
of  Economic  Entomology,  Cornell  University. 


Text-Book $1.20 

Laboratory  Exercises 60 


THIS  comprehensive  course  is  adapted  to  any  modern 
system  of  animal  study,  and  because  of  the  method  of 
treatment  and  the  types  selected  it  may  be  used  advan- 
tageously in  all  schools  from  the  Atlantic  to  the  Pacific.  The 
animal  forms  selected  for  study  give  the  pupil  a  good  concep- 
tion of  a  wide  range  of  forms  and  also  a  proper  view  of 
the  extent  and  variety  of  the  animal  kingdom.  At  the  same 
time  they  have  been  chosen  for  the  purpose  of  giving  point  to 
the  modern  theories  of  development  and  animal  history. 
^[  Each  group  is  in  turn  treated  with  a  type  form  as  a  basis, 
and  the  related  forms  are  sufficiently  numerous  to  permit  of 
the  division  of  each  group.  Provision  is  thus  made  for  a  brief 
or  an  extensive  course.  Each  group  may  be  studied  as  a  unit, 
thus  enabling  the  teacher  to  arrange  the  order  of  the  topics  to 
suit  the  needs  of  any  particular  locality,  climate,  etc.  Ample 
directions  for  field  work  are  given,  particular  attention  being 
paid  to  forms  of  economic  importance. 

^[  In  the  laboratory  manual  a  typical  member  of  each  animal 
group  has  been  selected  for  purposes  of  illustration,  but  struc- 
tural details  have  been  reduced  to  the  minimum  in  order  to 
afford  a  clear  understanding  of  the  physiological  processes.  In 
most  cases,  however,  a  sufficient  number  of  alternative  forms 
are  given  under  each  group  to  permit  the  selection  of  a  type 
familiar  to  the  pupils  of  any  locality.  The  laboratory  direc- 
tions are  clear  and  explicit,  and  recognize* fully  the  extent  and 
limitations  of  the  average  student. 


AMERICAN     BOOK    COMPANY 


AN     ELEMENTARY    TEXT- 
BOOK    OF     THEORETICAL 
MECHANICS 

By  GEORGE  A.  MERRILL,  B.S.,  Principal  of  the 
California  School  of  Mechanical  Arts,  ard  Director  of 
the  Wilmerding  School  of  Industrial  Arts,  San  Francisco 

$1.50 


MERRILL'S  MECHANICS  is  intended  for  the  upper 
classes  in  secondary  schools,  and  for  the  two  lower 
classes  in  college.  Only  a  knowledge  of  elementary 
algebra,  plane  geometry,  and  plane  trigonometry  is  required 
for  a  thorough  comprehension  of  the  work. 
^[  By  presenting  only  the  most  important  principles  and 
methods,  the  book  overcomes  many  of  the  difficulties  now 
encountered  by  students  in  collegiate  courses  who  take  up 
the  study  of  analytic  mechanics,  without  previously  having 
covered  it  in  a  more  elementary  form.  It  treats  the  subject 
without  the  use  of  the  calculus,  and  consequently  does  not 
bewilder  the  beginner  with  much  algebraic  matter,  which 
obscures  the  chief  principles. 

^j  The  book  is  written  from  the  standpoint  of  the  student 
in '  the  manner  that  experience  has  proved  to  be  the  one 
most  easily  grasped.  Therefore,  beyond  a  constant  endeavor 
to  abide  by  the  fundamental  precepts  of  teaching,  no  one 
method  of  presentation  has  been  used  to  the  exclusion  of 
others.  The  few  necessary  experiments  are  suggested  and 
outlined,  but  a  more  complete  laboratory  course  can  easily  be 
supplied  by  the  instructor. 

^[  The  explanation  of  each  topic  is  followed  by  a  few  well- 
chosen  examples  to  fix  and  apply  the  principles  involved.  A 
number  of  pages  are  devoted  to  the  static  treatment  of  force, 
with  emphasis  on  the  idea  of  action  and  reaction.  Four- 
place  tables  of  the  natural  trigonometric  functions  are  included. 


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THE    MODERN 
MATHEMATICAL     SERIES 

LUCIEN  AUGUSTUS  WAIT,  General  Editor 


ANALYTIC  GEOMETRY.  By  J.  H.  Tanner,  Ph.D.,  Professor 
of  Mathematics,  Cornell  University,  and  Joseph  Allen, 
A.M.,  Instructor  in  Mathematics,  College  of  the  City 
of  New  York.  $2.00. 

DIFFERENTIAL  CALCULUS.  By  James  McMahon,  A.M.,  Pro- 
fessor of  Mathematics,  Cornell  University,  and  Virgil 
Snyder,  Ph.D.,  Assistant  Professor  of  Mathematics, 
Cornell  University.  $2.00.  ' 

INTEGRAL  CALCULUS.  By  D.  A.  Murray,  Ph.D.,  Professor 
of  Mathematics,  Dalhousie  College.  $2.00. 

DIFFERENTIAL  AND  INTEGRAL  CALCULUS.  By  Virgil  Snyder, 
Ph.D.,  Assistant  Professor  of  Mathematics,  Cornell  Uni- 
versity, and  John  Irwin  Hutchinson,  Ph.D.,  Instructor 
in  Mathematics,  Cornell  University.  $2.00. 

ELEMENTARY  GEOMETRY — PLANE.  By  James  McMahon, 
A.M.,  Professor  of  Mathematics,  Cornell  University. 
$0.90. 

ELEMENTARY  ALGEBRA.  By  J.  H.  Tanner,  Ph.D.,  Professor 
of  Mathematics,  Cornell  University.  $1.00, 

HIGH  SCHOOL  ALGEBRA.  By  J.  H.  Tanner,  Ph.D.,  Pro- 
fessor of  Mathematics,  Cornell  University.  $1.00. 

ELEMENTARY  GEOMETRY — SOLID.  By  James  McMahon, 
A.M.,  Professor  of  Mathematics,  Cornell  University. 


THE  advanced  books  treat  their  subjects  in  a  way  that 
is  simple   and  practical,  yet  thoroughly  rigorous,  and 
attractive   to   both  teacher  and   student.      They  meet 
the  needs  of  all  students  pursuing  courses  in  engineering  and 
architecture.      The  elementary  books  implant  into    secondary 
schools  the  spirit  of  the  more  advanced  books,  and  make  the 
work  from  the  very  start,  continuous  and  harmonious. 


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INTRODUCTION    TO   POLITICAL 
SCIENCE 

By  JAMES  WILFORD   GARNER,  Ph.  D.,  Professor  of 
Political  Science,  University  of  Illinois 

$2.50 


THIS  systematic  treatise  on  the  science  of  government 
covers  a  wider  range  of  topics  on  the  nature,  origin, 
organization,  and  function's  of  the  state  than  is  found 
in  any  other  college  textbook  published  in  the  English  lan- 
guage. The  unusually  comprehensive  treatment  of  the  various 
topics  is  based  on  a  wide  reading  of  the  best  literature  on  the 
subject  in  English,  German,  French,  and  Italian,  and  the 
student  has  opportunity  to  profit  by  this  research  work  through 
the  bibliographies  placed  at  the  head  of  each  chapter,  as  well 
as  by  means  of  many  additional  references  in  the  footnotes. 
5f  An  introductory  chapter  is  followed  by  chapters  on  the 
nature  and  essential  elements  of  the  state;  on  the  various 
theories  concerning  the  origin  of  the  state ;  on  the  forms  of 
the  state ;  on  the  forms  of  government,  including  a  discussion 
of  the  elements  of  strength  and  weakness  of  each ;  on  sov- 
ereignty, its  nature,  its  essential  characteristics,  and  its  abiding 
place  in  the  state ;  on  the  functions  and  sphere  of  the  state, 
including  the  various  theories  of  state  activity ;  and  on  the 
organization  of  the  state.  In  addition  there  are  chapters  on 
constitutions,  their  nature,  forms,  and  development ;  on  the 
distribution  of  the  powers  of  government ;  on  the  electorate; 
and  on  citizenship  and  nationality. 

^|  Before  stating  his  own  conclusions  the  author  gives  an  im- 
partial discussion  of  the  more  important  theories  of  the  origin, 
nature,  and  functions  of  the  state,  and  analyzes  and  criticises 
them  in  the  light  of  the  best  scientific  thought  and  practice. 
Thus  the  pupil  becomes  familiar  with  the  history  of  the  science 
as  well  as  with  its  principles  as  recognized  to-day. 


AMERICAN    BOOK    COMPANY 


PLANE     SURVEYING 

£3.00 

By  WILLIAM  G.  RAYMOND,  C.  E.,  member  Ameri- 
can Society  of  Civil  Engineers,  Professor  of  Geodesy, 
Road  Engineering,  and  Topographical  Drawing  in 
RensseJaer  Polytechnic  Institute.* 


IN  this  manual  for  the  study  and  practice  of  surveying  the 
subject  is  presented  in  a  clear  and  thorough  manner;  the 
general  method  is  given  first  and  afterward  the  details. 
Special  points  of  difficulty  have  been  dwelt  on  wherever 
necessary.  The  book  can  be  mastered  by  any  student  who 
has  completed  trigonometry,  two  formulas  only  being  given, 
the  derivation  of  which  requires  a  further  knowledge.  The 
use  of  these  is,  however,  explained  with  sufficient  fullness. 
^j  In  addition  to  the  matter  usual  to  a  full  treatment  of  land, 
topographical,  hydrographical,  and  mine  surveying,  par- 
ticular attention  is  given  to  system  in  office-work,  labor-saving 
devices,  the  planimeter,  slide-rule,  diagrams,  etc.,  coordinate 
methods,  and  the  practical  difficulties  encountered  by  the 
young  surveyor.  An  appendix  gives  a  large  number  of 
original  problems  and  illustwrtiye  examples. 
^[  The  first  part  describes  the  principal  instruments  and  deals 
with  the  elementary  operations  of  surveying,  such  as  measure- 
ment of  lines,  leveling,  determination  of  direction  and  measure- 
ment of  angles,  stadia  measurements,  methods  of  computing 
land  surveys,  etc. 

*J[  In  the  second  part  are  treated  general  surveying  methods, 
including  land  surveys,  methods  adapted  to  farm  surveys, 
United  States  public  land  surveys,  and  city  surveys,  curves, 
topographical  surveying,  ordinary  earthwork  computations, 
hydrographic  and  mine  surveying,  etc. 

^j  Both  four-place  and  five-place  tables  are  provided.  They 
are  unusually  numerous  and  practical,  and  are  set  in  large, 
clear  type.  The  illustrations  are  particularly  helpful. 


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DESCRIPTIVE 
CATALOGUE    OF    HIGH 
SCHOOL    AND    COLLEGE 

TEXT-BOOKS 

Published  Complete  and  in  Sections 


WE  issue  a  Catalogue  of  High  School  and  College  Text- 
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teristics of  each  of  our  best  text-books.      In  most  cases  there 
are  also  given  testimonials  from  well-known  teachers,  which 
have  been  selected  quite  as  much  for  their  descriptive  qualities 
as  for  their  value  as  commendations. 

*j\  For  the  convenience  of  teachers  this  Catalogue  is  also 
published  in  separate  sections  treating  of  the  various  branches  of 
study.  These  pamphlets  are  entitled  :  English,  Mathematics, 
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^J  In  addition  we  have  a  single  pamphlet  devoted  to  Newest 
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^[  Teachers  seeking  the  newest  and  best  books  for  their 
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ii  ill  iiiiiiiiii  iii  ii  mill  mi  in  inn  i  mil  mil  ii  iiiii  ii 

m  3  2106  00253  9531 


